一、Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension
1、Question 1 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、It has given rise to much controversy.
B、It has been very favorably received.
C、It was primarily written for vegetarians.
D、It offends many environmentalists.
解析：
Conversation One
听力原文
M: Good morning and welcome to People in the News. (1) [With me today is Megan Brown, an environmental activist whose controversial new book Beyond Recycling is making headlines.]
W: Hi Brian, thanks for having me today. I’m excited to explain to the audience what my book is really about.
M: (2) [Critics of your book assert that you’re trying to force radical changes on the entire country.] Some claim that you want to force everyone to eat a vegetarian diet and make private transport illegal.
W: I’m aware of those claims, but they simply aren’t true. People who haven’t read the book are making assumptions about my arguments. They know I’m a vegetarian, that I don’t wear leather or fur, and that I always use public transportation. So their depicting me as a radical animal rights activist and environmentalist determined to force my beliefs on others.
M: But don’t you want others to adopt your practices? You campaign for animal rights and the environment for decades.
W: I’d love it if people chose to live as I do, but my life choices are based on my personal convictions. They aren’t my recommendations for others who don’t share those convictions.
M: Well, in this excerpt from your book, you argue that meat consumption and private transport are devastating the environment and that the best choices for the planet are vegetarian diets and public transport.
W: I did write that. But those are examples of what I call best practices, not what I’m actually suggesting. In my guidelines for saving the environment, (3) [I suggest modest changes, like eating vegetarian meals two days a week.]
M: You also endorse high taxes on meat and other animal products and increase taxes on gasoline. Those taxes could force poor people to adopt your life choices.
W: But the taxes I suggest aren’t that high, less than 3%, only. (4) [Plus the money generated would be allocated to environmental protection, which benefits everyone.]
1. What do we learn about the woman’s new book? （关于女士的新书，我们能了解到什么？）
解析：A。在录音一开头男士就对女士及其新书进行了介绍：今天请到的是梅根·布朗，一位环保活动者，她的新书《超越回收利用》备受争议（controversial），登上了新闻头条。A项与此内容相符，much controversy对应录音中的controversial，因此选A。
错项排除：B项的favorably received在录音中无依据，故排除。C项利用录音中的vegetarian进行干扰，但录音中是说女士是一位素食主义者（vegetarian），并非说书是为素食者而写，故C项排除。D项利用录音中的environmentalist进行干扰，但录音中是说女士是环保主义者，并非冒犯了环保主义者，故D项排除。
2、Question 2 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、She neglects people’s efforts in animal protection.
B、She tries to force people to accept her radical ideas.
C、She ignores the various benefits of public transport.
D、She insists vegetarians are harming the environment.
解析：
Conversation One
听力原文
M: Good morning and welcome to People in the News. (1) [With me today is Megan Brown, an environmental activist whose controversial new book Beyond Recycling is making headlines.]
W: Hi Brian, thanks for having me today. I’m excited to explain to the audience what my book is really about.
M: (2) [Critics of your book assert that you’re trying to force radical changes on the entire country.] Some claim that you want to force everyone to eat a vegetarian diet and make private transport illegal.
W: I’m aware of those claims, but they simply aren’t true. People who haven’t read the book are making assumptions about my arguments. They know I’m a vegetarian, that I don’t wear leather or fur, and that I always use public transportation. So their depicting me as a radical animal rights activist and environmentalist determined to force my beliefs on others.
M: But don’t you want others to adopt your practices? You campaign for animal rights and the environment for decades.
W: I’d love it if people chose to live as I do, but my life choices are based on my personal convictions. They aren’t my recommendations for others who don’t share those convictions.
M: Well, in this excerpt from your book, you argue that meat consumption and private transport are devastating the environment and that the best choices for the planet are vegetarian diets and public transport.
W: I did write that. But those are examples of what I call best practices, not what I’m actually suggesting. In my guidelines for saving the environment, (3) [I suggest modest changes, like eating vegetarian meals two days a week.]
M: You also endorse high taxes on meat and other animal products and increase taxes on gasoline. Those taxes could force poor people to adopt your life choices.
W: But the taxes I suggest aren’t that high, less than 3%, only. (4) [Plus the money generated would be allocated to environmental protection, which benefits everyone.]
2. What do some critics say about the author of the book?（一些批评人士对这本书的作者有什么看法？）
解析：B。录音中男士提到，这本书的批评者坚称，女士正试图迫使（trying to force）整个国家进行激进的改变（radical changes），其中一些人声称，女士想强迫所有人（force everyone）吃素，并将私人交通定为非法。B项是对此内容的近义概括，因此为正确答案。
错项排除：A项利用录音中的animal进行干扰，但说的是动物权利（animal rights），A项的people’s efforts in animal protection在录音中无依据，故排除。录音中说女士大力提倡公共交通和素食，C项说她忽视公共交通的好处，D项说素食者危害环境，都与录音意思相悖，故均可排除。
3、Question 3 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、They are significant.
B、They are revolutionary.
C、They are rational.
D、They are modest.
解析：
Conversation One
听力原文
M: Good morning and welcome to People in the News. (1) [With me today is Megan Brown, an environmental activist whose controversial new book Beyond Recycling is making headlines.]
W: Hi Brian, thanks for having me today. I’m excited to explain to the audience what my book is really about.
M: (2) [Critics of your book assert that you’re trying to force radical changes on the entire country.] Some claim that you want to force everyone to eat a vegetarian diet and make private transport illegal.
W: I’m aware of those claims, but they simply aren’t true. People who haven’t read the book are making assumptions about my arguments. They know I’m a vegetarian, that I don’t wear leather or fur, and that I always use public transportation. So their depicting me as a radical animal rights activist and environmentalist determined to force my beliefs on others.
M: But don’t you want others to adopt your practices? You campaign for animal rights and the environment for decades.
W: I’d love it if people chose to live as I do, but my life choices are based on my personal convictions. They aren’t my recommendations for others who don’t share those convictions.
M: Well, in this excerpt from your book, you argue that meat consumption and private transport are devastating the environment and that the best choices for the planet are vegetarian diets and public transport.
W: I did write that. But those are examples of what I call best practices, not what I’m actually suggesting. In my guidelines for saving the environment, (3) [I suggest modest changes, like eating vegetarian meals two days a week.]
M: You also endorse high taxes on meat and other animal products and increase taxes on gasoline. Those taxes could force poor people to adopt your life choices.
W: But the taxes I suggest aren’t that high, less than 3%, only. (4) [Plus the money generated would be allocated to environmental protection, which benefits everyone.]
3. What does the woman claim about the diet changes she suggested?（关于她建议的饮食改变，女士说了什么？）
解析：D。录音中女士提到，在她给出的环保指南中，建议是适度改变（modest changes），比如每周两天吃素食。D项与此内容相符，其中modest原词复现，因此选D。
错项排除：A项的significant，B项的revolutionary和C项的rational在录音中都无依据，故均可排除。
4、Question 4 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、It would help to protect the environment.
B、It would generate money for public health.
C、It would need support from the general public.
D、It would force poor people to change their diet.
解析：
Conversation One
听力原文
M: Good morning and welcome to People in the News. (1) [With me today is Megan Brown, an environmental activist whose controversial new book Beyond Recycling is making headlines.]
W: Hi Brian, thanks for having me today. I’m excited to explain to the audience what my book is really about.
M: (2) [Critics of your book assert that you’re trying to force radical changes on the entire country.] Some claim that you want to force everyone to eat a vegetarian diet and make private transport illegal.
W: I’m aware of those claims, but they simply aren’t true. People who haven’t read the book are making assumptions about my arguments. They know I’m a vegetarian, that I don’t wear leather or fur, and that I always use public transportation. So their depicting me as a radical animal rights activist and environmentalist determined to force my beliefs on others.
M: But don’t you want others to adopt your practices? You campaign for animal rights and the environment for decades.
W: I’d love it if people chose to live as I do, but my life choices are based on my personal convictions. They aren’t my recommendations for others who don’t share those convictions.
M: Well, in this excerpt from your book, you argue that meat consumption and private transport are devastating the environment and that the best choices for the planet are vegetarian diets and public transport.
W: I did write that. But those are examples of what I call best practices, not what I’m actually suggesting. In my guidelines for saving the environment, (3) [I suggest modest changes, like eating vegetarian meals two days a week.]
M: You also endorse high taxes on meat and other animal products and increase taxes on gasoline. Those taxes could force poor people to adopt your life choices.
W: But the taxes I suggest aren’t that high, less than 3%, only. (4) [Plus the money generated would be allocated to environmental protection, which benefits everyone.]
4. What does the woman say about her suggested tax increase?（关于她的增税建议，女士说了什么？）
解析：A。在录音最后女士提到，增加税收所产生的资金将用于环境保护，这对所有人都有利。A项符合题意，其中的protect the environment是对录音中environmental protection的同义替换，故为正确答案。
错项排除：B项利用录音中的the money generated进行干扰，但public health在录音中无依据，故排除。C项的support from the general public在录音中无依据，故排除。录音中提到这些税收可能会迫使穷人接受女士的生活选择，但这是男士说的，并非女士的观点，故D项排除。
5、Question 5 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、Where successful people’s strengths come from.
B、Why many people fight so hard for success.
C、How she achieved her life’s goal.
D、What makes people successful.
解析：
Conversation Two
听力原文
M: With me in the studio today is Miss Jane Logan, author of a new book, Secrets to Success. (5) [She claims to have uncovered how people achieve success.] So Miss Logan, in your book, you claim that successful people have many things in common. For instance, they know their strengths when pursuing a goal.
W: That’s right. They also tend to be motivated by a negative or positive life event. (6) [They credit their success to having someone in their life who believes in them.]
M: You also write that there are a number of different factors related to success. And while successful people are driven to achieve their goals, the ultra-successful have even greater ambition.
W: Yes, greater ambition as well as a burning desire to be the best of the best is also a common characteristic.
M: Right. So those who are determined don’t see obstacles as something that prevents success but mere inconveniences that need to be overcome.
W: Absolutely. (7) [Successful people are also optimistic as it is important to stay positive while being aware of obstacles that can deter us from achieving our goals.]
M: That’s a good point. All too often people give up at the first hurdle. Would you say, then, that most successful people make it all by themselves?
W: Not exactly. They are usually good at cooperating with people and understanding the needs of others.
M: So people will be willing to help them, I guess.
W: That’s correct. And this often leads to a great deal of mutual respect, whether it’s with a colleague, an assistant, or even a receptionist.
M: Most successful people I know are very passionate about their work. Would you say that passion is the single biggest key to success?
W: Not entirely. (8) [There’s a prerequisite, that is, you have to work in an environment that nurtures passion.] If that exists, success will follow.
5. What has the woman revealed in her book? （女士在她的书中揭示了什么？）
解析：D。在录音开头男士提到，今天和他一起的是简·洛根小姐，她是新书《成功的秘诀》的作者，她声称发现了人们是如何取得成功的。D项与此内容相符，What makes people successful是对录音中how people achieve success的同义转述，故为正确答案。
错项排除：A项利用录音中的strengths进行干扰，但录音中是说成功人士知道自己在追求目标时的优势，这是作为一个例子（For instance），并不是女士在书中揭示的内容，故排除。B项在录音中无依据，故排除。C项利用录音中的achieve和goals进行干扰，但录音中说的是成功人士的目标，并非女士的人生目标，故C项排除。
6、Question 6 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、Having someone who has confidence in them.
B、 Having someone who is ready to help them.
C、Having a firm belief in their own ability.
D、Having a realistic attitude towards life.
解析：
Conversation Two
听力原文
M: With me in the studio today is Miss Jane Logan, author of a new book, Secrets to Success. (5) [She claims to have uncovered how people achieve success.] So Miss Logan, in your book, you claim that successful people have many things in common. For instance, they know their strengths when pursuing a goal.
W: That’s right. They also tend to be motivated by a negative or positive life event. (6) [They credit their success to having someone in their life who believes in them.]
M: You also write that there are a number of different factors related to success. And while successful people are driven to achieve their goals, the ultra-successful have even greater ambition.
W: Yes, greater ambition as well as a burning desire to be the best of the best is also a common characteristic.
M: Right. So those who are determined don’t see obstacles as something that prevents success but mere inconveniences that need to be overcome.
W: Absolutely. (7) [Successful people are also optimistic as it is important to stay positive while being aware of obstacles that can deter us from achieving our goals.]
M: That’s a good point. All too often people give up at the first hurdle. Would you say, then, that most successful people make it all by themselves?
W: Not exactly. They are usually good at cooperating with people and understanding the needs of others.
M: So people will be willing to help them, I guess.
W: That’s correct. And this often leads to a great deal of mutual respect, whether it’s with a colleague, an assistant, or even a receptionist.
M: Most successful people I know are very passionate about their work. Would you say that passion is the single biggest key to success?
W: Not entirely. (8) [There’s a prerequisite, that is, you have to work in an environment that nurtures passion.] If that exists, success will follow.
6. What do successful people attribute their achievements to?（成功人士将他们的成就归功于什么？）
解析：A。录音中女士提到，成功人士把自己的成功归因于生活中有人相信他们（who believes in them）。A项符合题意，其中confidence对应录音中的believes，故为正确答案。
错项排除：B项利用录音中的having someone和willing to help them进行细节拼凑，但这并不是成功人士认为自己成功的原因，故排除。C项的a firm belief in their own ability和D项的a realistic attitude，在录音中都无依据，故均可排除。
7、Question 7 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、They adjust their goals accordingly.
B、They try hard to appear optimistic.
C、They stay positive.
D、They remain calm.
解析：
Conversation Two
听力原文
M: With me in the studio today is Miss Jane Logan, author of a new book, Secrets to Success. (5) [She claims to have uncovered how people achieve success.] So Miss Logan, in your book, you claim that successful people have many things in common. For instance, they know their strengths when pursuing a goal.
W: That’s right. They also tend to be motivated by a negative or positive life event. (6) [They credit their success to having someone in their life who believes in them.]
M: You also write that there are a number of different factors related to success. And while successful people are driven to achieve their goals, the ultra-successful have even greater ambition.
W: Yes, greater ambition as well as a burning desire to be the best of the best is also a common characteristic.
M: Right. So those who are determined don’t see obstacles as something that prevents success but mere inconveniences that need to be overcome.
W: Absolutely. (7) [Successful people are also optimistic as it is important to stay positive while being aware of obstacles that can deter us from achieving our goals.]
M: That’s a good point. All too often people give up at the first hurdle. Would you say, then, that most successful people make it all by themselves?
W: Not exactly. They are usually good at cooperating with people and understanding the needs of others.
M: So people will be willing to help them, I guess.
W: That’s correct. And this often leads to a great deal of mutual respect, whether it’s with a colleague, an assistant, or even a receptionist.
M: Most successful people I know are very passionate about their work. Would you say that passion is the single biggest key to success?
W: Not entirely. (8) [There’s a prerequisite, that is, you have to work in an environment that nurtures passion.] If that exists, success will follow.
7. What do successful people do when faced with difficulties? （成功人士面对困难时会怎么做？）
解析：C。在录音中女士提到，成功人士也很乐观，因为在意识到阻碍我们实现目标的障碍时，保持积极的心态很重要。C项与此内容相符，其中stay positive原词复现，故C项为正确答案。
错项排除：A项利用录音中的goals进行干扰，但adjust和accordingly在录音中无依据，故A项排除。B项利用录音中的optimistic进行干扰，但录音中是说成功人士都很乐观，而不是努力表现出乐观，B项曲解文意，故错误。D项的remain calm在录音中无依据，故排除。
8、Question 8 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、An understanding leadership.
B、A nurturing environment.
C、Mutual respect among colleagues.
D、Highly cooperative teammates.
解析：
Conversation Two
听力原文
M: With me in the studio today is Miss Jane Logan, author of a new book, Secrets to Success. (5) [She claims to have uncovered how people achieve success.] So Miss Logan, in your book, you claim that successful people have many things in common. For instance, they know their strengths when pursuing a goal.
W: That’s right. They also tend to be motivated by a negative or positive life event. (6) [They credit their success to having someone in their life who believes in them.]
M: You also write that there are a number of different factors related to success. And while successful people are driven to achieve their goals, the ultra-successful have even greater ambition.
W: Yes, greater ambition as well as a burning desire to be the best of the best is also a common characteristic.
M: Right. So those who are determined don’t see obstacles as something that prevents success but mere inconveniences that need to be overcome.
W: Absolutely. (7) [Successful people are also optimistic as it is important to stay positive while being aware of obstacles that can deter us from achieving our goals.]
M: That’s a good point. All too often people give up at the first hurdle. Would you say, then, that most successful people make it all by themselves?
W: Not exactly. They are usually good at cooperating with people and understanding the needs of others.
M: So people will be willing to help them, I guess.
W: That’s correct. And this often leads to a great deal of mutual respect, whether it’s with a colleague, an assistant, or even a receptionist.
M: Most successful people I know are very passionate about their work. Would you say that passion is the single biggest key to success?
W: Not entirely. (8) [There’s a prerequisite, that is, you have to work in an environment that nurtures passion.] If that exists, success will follow.
8. What is one prerequisite for passionate work according to the woman?（在女士看来，充满激情的工作的一个先决条件是什么？）
解析：B。录音中男士提到，大多数成功人士都对自己的工作充满热情，接着女士补充说到，有一个先决条件，那就是，必须在一个培养激情的环境中工作。B项符合题意，其中A nurturing environment是对录音中an environment that nurtures passion的近义替换，故为正确答案。
错项排除：A项的understanding leadership和D项的cooperative teammates在录音中都无依据，故均可排除。C项利用录音中的colleague和mutual respect进行拼凑，但录音中是说善于与人合作、别人也乐于帮助他们，这会带来极大的相互尊重，并不是说同事之间相互尊重，故C项排除。
9、Question 9 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、They use their sense of hearing to capture their prey.
B、Their food mainly consists of small animals and fish.
C、They have big eyes and distinctive visual centers.
D、Their ancestor is different from that of micro bats.
解析：
Passage One
听力原文
The saying “blind is a bat”, simply isn’t correct. The truth is that all 1,100 bat species can see and often their vision is pretty good, although not as excellent as other night-hunting animals.
There are two main groups of bats which are believed to have evolved independently of each other, but both from a common ancestor. The first group, known as megabats, are mostly medium-sized or large bats who eat fruits, flowers and sometimes small animals or fish. (9) [These species have distinctive visual centers and big eyes.] They use senses of vision and smell to capture their prey. For example, flying foxes not only see well during daylight, but can also distinguish colors. They actually rely on their daylight vision, and cannot fly during the night with no moonlight. The second group called microbats, are smaller in size and mostly eat insects. (10) [These species use echolocation to find their way and identify food.] Scientists have proven that despite their poorly developed small eyes, these bats still can see during the day. When we consider the nightly lifestyle of these bats, we will see they have to be sensitive to the changing light levels, because this is how they sense when to start hunting. Moreover, vision is used by microbats to travel over long distances, beyond the range of echolocation.
So, the truth is, there are no bats which are naturally blind. (11) [Some species use their sense of hearing more than their eyes as a matter of adaptation to a particular lifestyle,] but their eyes are still functional.
9. What do we learn about megabats?（关于巨蝙蝠，我们可以知道什么？）
解析：C。录音中提到巨蝙蝠，说这类蝙蝠有独特的视觉中心和大眼睛。C项与此内容相符，big eyes和distinctive visual centers原词复现，因此C项为正确答案。
错项排除：录音中提到巨蝙蝠利用视觉和嗅觉（senses of vision and smell）捕捉猎物，并不是用听觉，故A项排除。录音中提到巨蝙蝠吃水果、花，有时（sometimes）吃小动物或鱼，并不是主要吃小动物和鱼，故B项排除。录音中提到，有两个主要的蝙蝠群体被认为是独立进化的，但都来自同一个祖先（a common ancestor），D项的ancestor is different与此内容相悖，故排除。
10、Question 10 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、With the help of moonlight.
B、By means of echolocation.
C、With the aid of daylight vision.
D、By means of vision and smell.
解析：
Passage One
听力原文
The saying “blind is a bat”, simply isn’t correct. The truth is that all 1,100 bat species can see and often their vision is pretty good, although not as excellent as other night-hunting animals.
There are two main groups of bats which are believed to have evolved independently of each other, but both from a common ancestor. The first group, known as megabats, are mostly medium-sized or large bats who eat fruits, flowers and sometimes small animals or fish. (9) [These species have distinctive visual centers and big eyes.] They use senses of vision and smell to capture their prey. For example, flying foxes not only see well during daylight, but can also distinguish colors. They actually rely on their daylight vision, and cannot fly during the night with no moonlight. The second group called microbats, are smaller in size and mostly eat insects. (10) [These species use echolocation to find their way and identify food.] Scientists have proven that despite their poorly developed small eyes, these bats still can see during the day. When we consider the nightly lifestyle of these bats, we will see they have to be sensitive to the changing light levels, because this is how they sense when to start hunting. Moreover, vision is used by microbats to travel over long distances, beyond the range of echolocation.
So, the truth is, there are no bats which are naturally blind. (11) [Some species use their sense of hearing more than their eyes as a matter of adaptation to a particular lifestyle,] but their eyes are still functional.
10. How do microbats find their way and identify food?（微蝙蝠是如何找到它们的路并识别食物的？）
解析：B。录音中提到，第二类是微蝙蝠，它们利用回声定位（echolocation）来找到方向并识别食物。B项的echolocation原词复现，因此选B。
错项排除：A、C、D三项分别利用录音中的moonlight、daylight vision和vision and smell进行干扰，但这些内容在录音中说的都是巨蝙蝠，并不是说微蝙蝠，故A、C、D三项均可排除。
11、Question 11 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、To make up for their natural absence of vision.
B、To adapt themselves to a particular lifestyle.
C、To facilitate their travel over long distances.
D、To survive in the ever-changing weather.
解析：
Passage One
听力原文
The saying “blind is a bat”, simply isn’t correct. The truth is that all 1,100 bat species can see and often their vision is pretty good, although not as excellent as other night-hunting animals.
There are two main groups of bats which are believed to have evolved independently of each other, but both from a common ancestor. The first group, known as megabats, are mostly medium-sized or large bats who eat fruits, flowers and sometimes small animals or fish. (9) [These species have distinctive visual centers and big eyes.] They use senses of vision and smell to capture their prey. For example, flying foxes not only see well during daylight, but can also distinguish colors. They actually rely on their daylight vision, and cannot fly during the night with no moonlight. The second group called microbats, are smaller in size and mostly eat insects. (10) [These species use echolocation to find their way and identify food.] Scientists have proven that despite their poorly developed small eyes, these bats still can see during the day. When we consider the nightly lifestyle of these bats, we will see they have to be sensitive to the changing light levels, because this is how they sense when to start hunting. Moreover, vision is used by microbats to travel over long distances, beyond the range of echolocation.
So, the truth is, there are no bats which are naturally blind. (11) [Some species use their sense of hearing more than their eyes as a matter of adaptation to a particular lifestyle,] but their eyes are still functional.
11. Why do some species of bats use their sense of hearing more than their eyes? （为什么有些种类的蝙蝠更多地利用听觉而不是眼睛？）
解析：B。录音中提到，一些种类的蝙蝠更多地利用听觉而不是视觉来适应特定的生活方式（adaptation to a particular lifestyle）。B项内容符合题意，其中adapt对应是录音中的adaptation，a particular lifestyle原词复现，故B项为正确答案。
错项排除：录音中一再提到蝙蝠不是天生的瞎子，A项的natural absence of vision与此内容相悖，故排除。C项利用录音中的travel over long distances进行干扰，但这里讲的是微蝙蝠利用视觉进行远距离移动，与题干无关，故排除。D项的ever-changing weather在录音中无依据，故排除。
12、Question 12 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、They acquire knowledge not found in books.
B、They learn how to interact with their peers.
C、They become more emotionally aggressive.
D、They get much better prepared for school.
解析：
Passage Two
听力原文
A study has found that educational TV shows come with an added lesson that influences a child’s behavior. (12) [Children spending more time watching educational programs increase their emotional aggression toward other children.] This shows that children can learn the educational lesson that was intended. However, they’re also learning other things along the way.
This unintended impact has to do with the portrayal of conflict in media and how preschool-age children comprehend that conflict. TV and movie producers often incorporate an element of bad behavior. This is to teach children a lesson at the end of the program.
Educational shows have pro-education and pro-social goals. However, conflict between characters is often depicted with characters being unkind to each other, or they may use emotionally aggressive tactics with each other. (13) [Preschool children really don’t get the moral of the story. That’s because it requires that they understand how all the parts of the show fit together. You need pretty complicated cognitive skills and memory skills to be able to do that. These are still developing in young children.]
However, parents shouldn’t completely constrain children’s viewing. (14) [Parents should, instead, watch with their kids and help them to understand the plot.] (15) [Parents can comment along the way and then explain the message at the end.] They should explain how certain types of behavior were not appropriate. This will help children interpret and get the message and help them learn to watch the show for those messages.
12. What does the passage say about children watching educational programs?（关于儿童观看教育类节目，文章说了什么？）
解析：C。录音开头部分提到，儿童花更多时间观看教育节目会增加他们对其他孩子的情绪攻击。C项与此内容相符，其中的emotionally aggressive对应录音中的emotional aggression，故为正确答案。
错项排除：录音中虽然提到，他们可以学到其他东西（other things），但这些东西指的是对其他孩子的情绪攻击，并不是knowledge，故A项排除。B项中的interact with their peers在录音中无依据，故排除。D项利用pro-education children进行干扰，但这里没有说为上学做准备，D项语义理解偏差，故排除。
13、 Question 13 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、They are far from emotionally prepared.
B、They tend to be more attracted by images.
C、They can’t follow the conflicts in the show.
D、They lack the cognitive and memory skills.
解析：
Passage Two
听力原文
A study has found that educational TV shows come with an added lesson that influences a child’s behavior. (12) [Children spending more time watching educational programs increase their emotional aggression toward other children.] This shows that children can learn the educational lesson that was intended. However, they’re also learning other things along the way.
This unintended impact has to do with the portrayal of conflict in media and how preschool-age children comprehend that conflict. TV and movie producers often incorporate an element of bad behavior. This is to teach children a lesson at the end of the program.
Educational shows have pro-education and pro-social goals. However, conflict between characters is often depicted with characters being unkind to each other, or they may use emotionally aggressive tactics with each other. (13) [Preschool children really don’t get the moral of the story. That’s because it requires that they understand how all the parts of the show fit together. You need pretty complicated cognitive skills and memory skills to be able to do that. These are still developing in young children.]
However, parents shouldn’t completely constrain children’s viewing. (14) [Parents should, instead, watch with their kids and help them to understand the plot.] (15) [Parents can comment along the way and then explain the message at the end.] They should explain how certain types of behavior were not appropriate. This will help children interpret and get the message and help them learn to watch the show for those messages.
13. Why can’t preschool children get the moral conveyed in the TV programs?（为什么学龄前儿童理解不了电视节目中传达出的寓意？）
解析：D。录音中提到，学龄前儿童无法真的明白故事的寓意，是因为这需要他们了解节目的各个部分是如何结合在一起的，而要做到这一点，需要相当复杂的认知技能和记忆技能（cognitive skills and memory skills），但这些（技能）在幼儿中仍处于发展状态，也就是说幼儿缺乏认知和记忆技能。D项中的cognitive and memory skills原词复现，符合题意，故为正确答案。
错项排除：A项利用录音中的emotionally进行干扰，但prepared在录音中无依据，故排除。B项的more attracted by images在录音中无依据，故排除。C项利用录音中的conflicts和show进行干扰，但录音中是说角色之间的冲突通常被描述为角色之间对彼此不友好，这并非儿童理解不了电视节目寓意的原因，故C项排除。
14、Question 14 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、Choose appropriate programs for their children.
B、Help their children understand the program’s plot.
C、Outline the program’s plot for their children first.
D、Monitor their children’s watching of TV programs.
解析：
Passage Two
听力原文
A study has found that educational TV shows come with an added lesson that influences a child’s behavior. (12) [Children spending more time watching educational programs increase their emotional aggression toward other children.] This shows that children can learn the educational lesson that was intended. However, they’re also learning other things along the way.
This unintended impact has to do with the portrayal of conflict in media and how preschool-age children comprehend that conflict. TV and movie producers often incorporate an element of bad behavior. This is to teach children a lesson at the end of the program.
Educational shows have pro-education and pro-social goals. However, conflict between characters is often depicted with characters being unkind to each other, or they may use emotionally aggressive tactics with each other. (13) [Preschool children really don’t get the moral of the story. That’s because it requires that they understand how all the parts of the show fit together. You need pretty complicated cognitive skills and memory skills to be able to do that. These are still developing in young children.]
However, parents shouldn’t completely constrain children’s viewing. (14) [Parents should, instead, watch with their kids and help them to understand the plot.] (15) [Parents can comment along the way and then explain the message at the end.] They should explain how certain types of behavior were not appropriate. This will help children interpret and get the message and help them learn to watch the show for those messages.
14. What does the passage suggest parents do? （文章建议父母做什么？）
解析：B。录音中提到，父母应该和孩子一起观看，帮助他们理解故事情节。B项是对录音中help them to understand the plot的同义转述，故为正确答案。
错项排除：A项的appropriate programs和C项的Outline the program’s plot在录音中都无依据，故均可排除。D项利用录音中的watch with their kids进行干扰，但录音中是说陪伴孩子看节目，并不是监督孩子看电视节目，故D项排除。
15、Question 15 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、Explain its message to their children.
B、Check if their children have enjoyed it.
C、Encourage their children to retell the story.
D、Ask their children to describe its characters.
解析：
Passage Two
听力原文
A study has found that educational TV shows come with an added lesson that influences a child’s behavior. (12) [Children spending more time watching educational programs increase their emotional aggression toward other children.] This shows that children can learn the educational lesson that was intended. However, they’re also learning other things along the way.
This unintended impact has to do with the portrayal of conflict in media and how preschool-age children comprehend that conflict. TV and movie producers often incorporate an element of bad behavior. This is to teach children a lesson at the end of the program.
Educational shows have pro-education and pro-social goals. However, conflict between characters is often depicted with characters being unkind to each other, or they may use emotionally aggressive tactics with each other. (13) [Preschool children really don’t get the moral of the story. That’s because it requires that they understand how all the parts of the show fit together. You need pretty complicated cognitive skills and memory skills to be able to do that. These are still developing in young children.]
However, parents shouldn’t completely constrain children’s viewing. (14) [Parents should, instead, watch with their kids and help them to understand the plot.] (15) [Parents can comment along the way and then explain the message at the end.] They should explain how certain types of behavior were not appropriate. This will help children interpret and get the message and help them learn to watch the show for those messages.
15. What should parents do right after watching the TV program?（看完电视节目后，父母应该做什么？）
解析：A。录音中提到，家长可以在观看过程中进行评论，并在最后解释信息。A项Explain its message to their children是对录音中explain the message at the end的同义替换，故为正确答案。
错项排除：B、C、D三项在录音中都无依据，故均可排除。
16、Question 16 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、They are afraid of injuring their feet.
B、They have never developed the habit.
C、They believe a little dirt harms no one.
D、They find it rather troublesome to do so.
解析：
Recording One
听力原文
While it has long been a practice in Asian countries, many people in Western countries have yet to embrace the “No Shoes in the House” rule. For many in those countries, wiping their shoes before going inside is regarded as sufficient. (16) [After all, they may think a little dirt doesn’t hurt anyone.] But I can give you several good reasons why people should remove their shoes before going inside their homes.
Bacteria are everywhere, they collect on your shoes when you walk along sidewalks, public-toilet floors and even office carpets. In one study conducted at an American university, researchers collected microscopic germs from footwear. (17) [They found that up to 421,000 units of bacteria can collect on the outside of a single shoe.] And it only takes a little bit of dirt to damage your timber floors. The more dirt you track in, the more it scratches, and the more often you have to clean, the extra scrubbing will harm your floors over time. Shoes can also leave marks and scratches on floors, especially high heels or shoes with pointy or hard parts. These can dent and scratch your floor. And if you live in an apartment building, removing your noisy shoes is the polite thing to do out of consideration for your downstairs neighbors. Walking around with bare feet is actually better for your feet. It strengthens the muscles in your feet. Though many people are accustomed to wearing shoes during all their waking hours. The more time you spend wearing shoes, the more likely you are to incur foot injuries as a result.
And if people aren’t yet convinced by my arguments, I can give one final reason. (18) [The dust and toxic chemicals you bring into your house via your shoes can deteriorate the air quality in your home.] Toxic chemicals are everywhere in our lives: insect killing chemicals used on public grass areas; cleaning chemicals on the floors of public areas. By kicking off your shoes before you enter the home, you are denying entry to these harmful chemicals. Given the amount of time we spend in classrooms and the number of shoes that passed through them every day, you may well understand me if I were to propose a “No Shoes in the Classroom” rule.
16. Why don’t many Westerners take off shoes before entering a house? （为什么许多西方人进屋前不脱鞋？）
解析：C。录音开头说到，对于西方国家的许多人来说，在进屋之前擦鞋就足够了，他们可能认为一点污垢不会伤害任何人。C项符合题意，其中a little dirt harms no one是a little dirt doesn’t hurt anyone的同义替换，故为正确答案。
错项排除：录音中提到，穿鞋的时间越长，就越有可能脚受伤（foot injuries），因此脱鞋并不会使脚受伤，故A项排除。B项的never developed the habit和D项的troublesome to do so在录音中都无依据，属于利用常识干扰，故均可排除。
17、Question 17 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、Different types of bacteria existed on public-toilet floors.
B、There were more bacteria on sidewalks than in the home.
C、Office carpets collected more bacteria than elsewhere.
D、A large number of bacteria collected on a single shoe.
解析：
Recording One
听力原文
While it has long been a practice in Asian countries, many people in Western countries have yet to embrace the “No Shoes in the House” rule. For many in those countries, wiping their shoes before going inside is regarded as sufficient. (16) [After all, they may think a little dirt doesn’t hurt anyone.] But I can give you several good reasons why people should remove their shoes before going inside their homes.
Bacteria are everywhere, they collect on your shoes when you walk along sidewalks, public-toilet floors and even office carpets. In one study conducted at an American university, researchers collected microscopic germs from footwear. (17) [They found that up to 421,000 units of bacteria can collect on the outside of a single shoe.] And it only takes a little bit of dirt to damage your timber floors. The more dirt you track in, the more it scratches, and the more often you have to clean, the extra scrubbing will harm your floors over time. Shoes can also leave marks and scratches on floors, especially high heels or shoes with pointy or hard parts. These can dent and scratch your floor. And if you live in an apartment building, removing your noisy shoes is the polite thing to do out of consideration for your downstairs neighbors. Walking around with bare feet is actually better for your feet. It strengthens the muscles in your feet. Though many people are accustomed to wearing shoes during all their waking hours. The more time you spend wearing shoes, the more likely you are to incur foot injuries as a result.
And if people aren’t yet convinced by my arguments, I can give one final reason. (18) [The dust and toxic chemicals you bring into your house via your shoes can deteriorate the air quality in your home.] Toxic chemicals are everywhere in our lives: insect killing chemicals used on public grass areas; cleaning chemicals on the floors of public areas. By kicking off your shoes before you enter the home, you are denying entry to these harmful chemicals. Given the amount of time we spend in classrooms and the number of shoes that passed through them every day, you may well understand me if I were to propose a “No Shoes in the Classroom” rule.
17. What is the finding of one study by researchers at an American university? （美国一所大学的研究人员的一项研究有什么发现？）
解析：D。录音中提到，美国一所大学进行的一项研究中，研究人员从鞋子中采集了微生物，他们发现，一只鞋的表面可以聚集多达42.1万个细菌单位。D项符合题意，其中A large number of bacteria对应录音中的421,000 units of bacteria，a single shoe原词复现，故为正确答案。
错项排除：录音中提到，细菌无处不在，当走在人行道（sidewalks）、公共厕所地板（public-toilet floors）甚至办公室地毯（office carpets）上时，它们会聚集在你的鞋子上，A、B、C三项利用这句话中的三个地点进行干扰，但录音中并没有提到公共厕所地板上的不同细菌、人行道上细菌比家里多或者办公室地毯上细菌更多，故A、B、C三项均可排除。
18、Question 18 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、The chemicals on shoes can deteriorate air quality.
B、Shoes can upset family members with their noise.
C、The marks left by shoes are hard to erase.
D、Shoes can leave scratches on the floor.
解析：
Recording One
听力原文
While it has long been a practice in Asian countries, many people in Western countries have yet to embrace the “No Shoes in the House” rule. For many in those countries, wiping their shoes before going inside is regarded as sufficient. (16) [After all, they may think a little dirt doesn’t hurt anyone.] But I can give you several good reasons why people should remove their shoes before going inside their homes.
Bacteria are everywhere, they collect on your shoes when you walk along sidewalks, public-toilet floors and even office carpets. In one study conducted at an American university, researchers collected microscopic germs from footwear. (17) [They found that up to 421,000 units of bacteria can collect on the outside of a single shoe.] And it only takes a little bit of dirt to damage your timber floors. The more dirt you track in, the more it scratches, and the more often you have to clean, the extra scrubbing will harm your floors over time. Shoes can also leave marks and scratches on floors, especially high heels or shoes with pointy or hard parts. These can dent and scratch your floor. And if you live in an apartment building, removing your noisy shoes is the polite thing to do out of consideration for your downstairs neighbors. Walking around with bare feet is actually better for your feet. It strengthens the muscles in your feet. Though many people are accustomed to wearing shoes during all their waking hours. The more time you spend wearing shoes, the more likely you are to incur foot injuries as a result.
And if people aren’t yet convinced by my arguments, I can give one final reason. (18) [The dust and toxic chemicals you bring into your house via your shoes can deteriorate the air quality in your home.] Toxic chemicals are everywhere in our lives: insect killing chemicals used on public grass areas; cleaning chemicals on the floors of public areas. By kicking off your shoes before you enter the home, you are denying entry to these harmful chemicals. Given the amount of time we spend in classrooms and the number of shoes that passed through them every day, you may well understand me if I were to propose a “No Shoes in the Classroom” rule.
18. What is the final reason the speaker gives for removing shoes before entering a house?（讲话者给出的进屋前脱鞋的最后一个理由是什么？）
解析：A。录音中讲话人提到，可以给出最后一个理由（one final reason）：通过鞋子带入家中的灰尘和有毒化学品会恶化家中的空气质量。A项中的chemicals和deteriorate air quality原词复现，故为正确答案。
错项排除：录音中提到，如果住在公寓楼里，出于对楼下邻居的考虑，脱下有噪音的鞋子（noisy shoes）是礼貌之举，并不是说鞋子的噪音会使家人心烦意乱，故B项排除。C项利用录音中的marks进行干扰，但hard to erase在录音中无依据，故排除。录音中间部分提到，鞋子也会在地板上留下痕迹和刮痕，但这不是讲话者给出的最后理由，故D项排除。
19、Question 19 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、It is sinful and immoral.
B、It is deemed uncivilized.
C、It is an uncontrollable behavior.
D、It is a violation of faith and trust.
解析：
Recording Two
听力原文
Emotions are an essential and inseparable part of our consciousness. They are part of a built-in mechanism, which allows us to cope with the ups and downs of our lives both physically and mentally. When we hide our emotions and our true feelings, we stop being genuine, spontaneous and authentic in our relationships. When we put on cultivated and polished faces in the company of others, we stop being true to ourselves. (19) [Socially, it may be a good tactic to hide our true emotions, but morally it is also a breach of faith and trust.] Although humans are more advanced and intelligent, animals are more genuine and authentic in their behavior and responses than human beings. The more educated we are, the less transparent and reliable we become. We are drawn to our pets because pets do not lie.
(20) [One of the first steps in dealing with emotions such as anger or fear is to acknowledge them as normal and human.] There is nothing sinful or immoral about being emotional, unless your emotions make you inhuman, insensitive and cruel to others. Feelings of guilt associated with emotions are more devastating and damaging than the experience of emotion itself. So when you deal with the problem of emotions, you should learn not only how to control them but also how to accept them and manage the guilt and anguish arising from them.
Our brains are made up of a primitive inner core and a more evolved and rational outer core. Most of the time, the rational part of the mind controls the information coming from the primitive core and makes its own decisions as to what to do and how to respond. However, during critical situations, especially when a threat is perceived, the outer core loses control and fails to regulate the impulses and instinctive responses coming from the primitive brain. As a result, we let disturbing thoughts emotions arise in our consciousness and surrender to our primitive behavior.
In times of emotional turmoil, remember that emotions arise because your senses are wired to the primitive part of your mind which is self-regulated, autonomous and spontaneous. Your rational mind does not always deal with the messages coming from it effectively. These messages are part of your survival mechanism and should not be stifled simply because emotions are unhealthy and betray your weaknesses. (21) [When emotions arise, instead of stifling them, pay attention to them and try to understand the messages they are trying to deliver.] This way you make use of your emotions without losing your balance and inner stability.
19. What does the speaker say about hiding one’s emotions? （关于隐藏情绪，讲话者说了什么？）
解析：D。录音开头提到emotions，接着又围绕hide our emotions and our true feelings展开，并说到从社会层面看，这可能是隐藏真实情感的好策略，但在道德层面上，这也是对诚意和信任的破坏。其中的“这”指的就是前面提到的“隐藏情绪”，D项与此内容相符，其中的faith and trust原词复现，violation是对breach的同义替换，故为正确选项。
错项排除：录音中提到，情绪化并没有什么罪恶或不道德的，A项利用sinful or immoral 进行干扰，但这并不是关于“隐藏情绪”的，故排除。B项的uncivilized在录音中无依据，故排除。C项利用录音中的behavior进行干扰，但录音中说的是应该学会如何控制（control）情绪问题，并不是说这无法控制（uncontrollable），故排除。
20、Question 20 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、Assess their consequences.
B、Guard against their harm.
C、Accept them as normal.
D、Find out their causes.
解析：
Recording Two
听力原文
Emotions are an essential and inseparable part of our consciousness. They are part of a built-in mechanism, which allows us to cope with the ups and downs of our lives both physically and mentally. When we hide our emotions and our true feelings, we stop being genuine, spontaneous and authentic in our relationships. When we put on cultivated and polished faces in the company of others, we stop being true to ourselves. (19) [Socially, it may be a good tactic to hide our true emotions, but morally it is also a breach of faith and trust.] Although humans are more advanced and intelligent, animals are more genuine and authentic in their behavior and responses than human beings. The more educated we are, the less transparent and reliable we become. We are drawn to our pets because pets do not lie.
(20) [One of the first steps in dealing with emotions such as anger or fear is to acknowledge them as normal and human.] There is nothing sinful or immoral about being emotional, unless your emotions make you inhuman, insensitive and cruel to others. Feelings of guilt associated with emotions are more devastating and damaging than the experience of emotion itself. So when you deal with the problem of emotions, you should learn not only how to control them but also how to accept them and manage the guilt and anguish arising from them.
Our brains are made up of a primitive inner core and a more evolved and rational outer core. Most of the time, the rational part of the mind controls the information coming from the primitive core and makes its own decisions as to what to do and how to respond. However, during critical situations, especially when a threat is perceived, the outer core loses control and fails to regulate the impulses and instinctive responses coming from the primitive brain. As a result, we let disturbing thoughts emotions arise in our consciousness and surrender to our primitive behavior.
In times of emotional turmoil, remember that emotions arise because your senses are wired to the primitive part of your mind which is self-regulated, autonomous and spontaneous. Your rational mind does not always deal with the messages coming from it effectively. These messages are part of your survival mechanism and should not be stifled simply because emotions are unhealthy and betray your weaknesses. (21) [When emotions arise, instead of stifling them, pay attention to them and try to understand the messages they are trying to deliver.] This way you make use of your emotions without losing your balance and inner stability.
20. What should we do first in dealing with emotions?（在处理情绪时，我们首先应该做什么？）
解析：C。录音中提到，处理愤怒或恐惧等情绪的第一步是承认它们是正常的和人性的。C项Accept them as normal是对录音中的acknowledge them as normal的同义替换，故为正确答案。
错项排除：录音中虽然提到情绪的多种后果，但并没有说要对其进行评估，故A项排除。B项Guard against their harm和D项Find out their causes在录音中都无依据，故均可排除。
21、Question 21 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、Try to understand what messages they convey.
B、Pay attention to their possible consequences.
C、Consider them from different perspectives.
D、Make sure they are brought under control.
解析：
Recording Two
听力原文
Emotions are an essential and inseparable part of our consciousness. They are part of a built-in mechanism, which allows us to cope with the ups and downs of our lives both physically and mentally. When we hide our emotions and our true feelings, we stop being genuine, spontaneous and authentic in our relationships. When we put on cultivated and polished faces in the company of others, we stop being true to ourselves. (19) [Socially, it may be a good tactic to hide our true emotions, but morally it is also a breach of faith and trust.] Although humans are more advanced and intelligent, animals are more genuine and authentic in their behavior and responses than human beings. The more educated we are, the less transparent and reliable we become. We are drawn to our pets because pets do not lie.
(20) [One of the first steps in dealing with emotions such as anger or fear is to acknowledge them as normal and human.] There is nothing sinful or immoral about being emotional, unless your emotions make you inhuman, insensitive and cruel to others. Feelings of guilt associated with emotions are more devastating and damaging than the experience of emotion itself. So when you deal with the problem of emotions, you should learn not only how to control them but also how to accept them and manage the guilt and anguish arising from them.
Our brains are made up of a primitive inner core and a more evolved and rational outer core. Most of the time, the rational part of the mind controls the information coming from the primitive core and makes its own decisions as to what to do and how to respond. However, during critical situations, especially when a threat is perceived, the outer core loses control and fails to regulate the impulses and instinctive responses coming from the primitive brain. As a result, we let disturbing thoughts emotions arise in our consciousness and surrender to our primitive behavior.
In times of emotional turmoil, remember that emotions arise because your senses are wired to the primitive part of your mind which is self-regulated, autonomous and spontaneous. Your rational mind does not always deal with the messages coming from it effectively. These messages are part of your survival mechanism and should not be stifled simply because emotions are unhealthy and betray your weaknesses. (21) [When emotions arise, instead of stifling them, pay attention to them and try to understand the messages they are trying to deliver.] This way you make use of your emotions without losing your balance and inner stability.
21. What are we advised to do when emotions arise? （当情绪出现时，我们该怎么做？）
解析：A。录音后面部分提到，当情绪出现时，不要压抑它们，而是要关注它们，并试图理解它们所传递的信息。A项与此内容相符，其中的Try to understand ...messages原词复现，convey是录音中deliver的同义替换，故为正确答案。
错项排除：B项利用录音中的pay attention to进行干扰，但录音中是说当情绪出现时，不要压抑它们，而是要关注它们，并不是关注其后果（consequences），故B项排除。C项Consider them from different perspectives在录音中无依据，故排除。录音中提到，应该学会接受情绪问题，更要学会如何接受它们，因为有时我们的理性是无法完全抑制住情绪的，D项与此内容相悖，，故排除。
22、Question 22 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、Cultivation of new varieties of crops.
B、Measures to cope with climate change.
C、Development of more effective pesticides.
D、Application of more nitrogen-rich fertilizers.
解析：
Recording Three
听力原文
Good morning, class, my topic today is how to feed a hungry world. The world’s population is expected to grow from 6.8 billion today to 9.1 billion by 2050. Meanwhile, the world’s population more than doubled from 3 billion between 1961 and 2007. Simultaneously, food production has been constrained by a lack of scientific research. Still, the task of feeding the world’s population in 2050 seems “easily possible”.
What is needed is a second green revolution. This is an approach that is described as the “sustainable growth of global agriculture”. Such a revolution will require a wholesale shift of priorities in agricultural research. (22) [There is an urgent need for new crop varieties.] They must offer higher yields but use less water, nitrogen-rich fertilizers or other inputs. These new crops must also be more resistant to drought, heat and pests. Equally crucial is lower-tech research into basics such as crop rotation, and mixed farming of animals and plants on small farms.
Developing nations could score substantial gains in productivity by making better use of modern technologies and practices. But that requires money. It is estimated that to meet the 2050 challenge, investment must double to US$83 billion a year. (23) [Most of that money needs to go towards improving agricultural infrastructure.] Everything from production to storage and processing must improve. However research agendas need to be focused on the needs of the poorest and most resource-limited countries. It is there that most of the world’s population lives, and it is there that population growth over the next decades will be the greatest.
(24) [To their credit, the world’s agricultural scientists are embracing such a broad view. In March, for example, they came together at the first Global Conference on Agricultural Research, to begin working out how to change research agendas to help meet the needs of farmers in poorer nations.] But these plans will not bear fruit unless they get considerably more support from policy-makers.
The growth in public agricultural-research spending peaked in the 1970s and has been shrinking ever since. (25) [The big exception is China, where spending has far surpassed other countries over the past decade.] China seems set to transition to become the key supplier of relevant science and technology to poorer countries. But developed countries have a humanitarian responsibility, too. Calls by scientists large increases in the appropriation of funds for public spending on agricultural research are more than justified.
22. What is an urgent need for feeding the world’s population in 2050 according to the speaker? （根据讲话者所说，到2050年养活世界人口的迫切需要是什么？）
解析：A。录音开头讲话者就说今天的主题是如何养活一个饥饿的世界，在后面又提到，新的作物品种成为一种迫切需求。A项符合题意，其中new varieties of crops是录音中new crop varieties的同义替换，故为正确答案。
错项排除：B项的cope with climate change在录音中无依据，故排除。录音中提到，新作物还必须更耐干旱、高温和虫害（pests），但并没有说要开发杀虫剂（pesticides），故C项排除。录音中提到，新的作物必须提供的产量更高，但对于水、富氮肥料（nitrogen-rich fertilizers）或其他投入的使用更少（less），D项说富氮肥料施用更多，与录音相悖，故排除。
23、Question 23 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、The expansion of farmland in developing countries.
B、The research on crop rotation in developing countries.
C、The cooperation of the world’s agricultural scientists.
D、The improvement of agricultural infrastructure.
解析：
Recording Three
听力原文
Good morning, class, my topic today is how to feed a hungry world. The world’s population is expected to grow from 6.8 billion today to 9.1 billion by 2050. Meanwhile, the world’s population more than doubled from 3 billion between 1961 and 2007. Simultaneously, food production has been constrained by a lack of scientific research. Still, the task of feeding the world’s population in 2050 seems “easily possible”.
What is needed is a second green revolution. This is an approach that is described as the “sustainable growth of global agriculture”. Such a revolution will require a wholesale shift of priorities in agricultural research. (22) [There is an urgent need for new crop varieties.] They must offer higher yields but use less water, nitrogen-rich fertilizers or other inputs. These new crops must also be more resistant to drought, heat and pests. Equally crucial is lower-tech research into basics such as crop rotation, and mixed farming of animals and plants on small farms.
Developing nations could score substantial gains in productivity by making better use of modern technologies and practices. But that requires money. It is estimated that to meet the 2050 challenge, investment must double to US$83 billion a year. (23) [Most of that money needs to go towards improving agricultural infrastructure.] Everything from production to storage and processing must improve. However research agendas need to be focused on the needs of the poorest and most resource-limited countries. It is there that most of the world’s population lives, and it is there that population growth over the next decades will be the greatest.
(24) [To their credit, the world’s agricultural scientists are embracing such a broad view. In March, for example, they came together at the first Global Conference on Agricultural Research, to begin working out how to change research agendas to help meet the needs of farmers in poorer nations.] But these plans will not bear fruit unless they get considerably more support from policy-makers.
The growth in public agricultural-research spending peaked in the 1970s and has been shrinking ever since. (25) [The big exception is China, where spending has far surpassed other countries over the past decade.] China seems set to transition to become the key supplier of relevant science and technology to poorer countries. But developed countries have a humanitarian responsibility, too. Calls by scientists large increases in the appropriation of funds for public spending on agricultural research are more than justified.
23. Where should most of the money be invested to feed the ever-growing population? （为了养活不断增长的人口，大部分资金应该投向哪里？）
解析：D。录音中提到，为了迎接2050年的挑战，投资必须翻一番，达到每年830亿美元。大部分资金需要用于改善农业基础设施，题干中的the ever-growing population对应录音中的the 2050 challenge。D项符合题意，几乎全部原词复现，故为正确答案。
错项排除：A项利用录音中的Developing nations进行干扰，但expansion of farmland在录音中无依据，故排除。录音中提到第二次绿色革命，讲到作物轮作（crop rotation）等低技术含量的基础研究，但这并不是说资金的流向，故B项排除。C项利用录音中的the world’s agricultural scientists进行干扰，但cooperation在录音中无依据，故C项排除。
24、Question 24 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、For encouraging farmers to embrace new farming techniques.
B、For aligning their research with advances in farming technology.
C、For turning their focus to the needs of farmers in poorer countries.
D、For cooperating closely with policymakers in developing countries.
解析：
Recording Three
听力原文
Good morning, class, my topic today is how to feed a hungry world. The world’s population is expected to grow from 6.8 billion today to 9.1 billion by 2050. Meanwhile, the world’s population more than doubled from 3 billion between 1961 and 2007. Simultaneously, food production has been constrained by a lack of scientific research. Still, the task of feeding the world’s population in 2050 seems “easily possible”.
What is needed is a second green revolution. This is an approach that is described as the “sustainable growth of global agriculture”. Such a revolution will require a wholesale shift of priorities in agricultural research. (22) [There is an urgent need for new crop varieties.] They must offer higher yields but use less water, nitrogen-rich fertilizers or other inputs. These new crops must also be more resistant to drought, heat and pests. Equally crucial is lower-tech research into basics such as crop rotation, and mixed farming of animals and plants on small farms.
Developing nations could score substantial gains in productivity by making better use of modern technologies and practices. But that requires money. It is estimated that to meet the 2050 challenge, investment must double to US$83 billion a year. (23) [Most of that money needs to go towards improving agricultural infrastructure.] Everything from production to storage and processing must improve. However research agendas need to be focused on the needs of the poorest and most resource-limited countries. It is there that most of the world’s population lives, and it is there that population growth over the next decades will be the greatest.
(24) [To their credit, the world’s agricultural scientists are embracing such a broad view. In March, for example, they came together at the first Global Conference on Agricultural Research, to begin working out how to change research agendas to help meet the needs of farmers in poorer nations.] But these plans will not bear fruit unless they get considerably more support from policy-makers.
The growth in public agricultural-research spending peaked in the 1970s and has been shrinking ever since. (25) [The big exception is China, where spending has far surpassed other countries over the past decade.] China seems set to transition to become the key supplier of relevant science and technology to poorer countries. But developed countries have a humanitarian responsibility, too. Calls by scientists large increases in the appropriation of funds for public spending on agricultural research are more than justified.
24. Why does the speaker give credit to the world’s agricultural scientists? （为什么讲话者赞扬全世界的农业科学家？）
解析：C。录音中提到，值得赞扬的是，全世界的农业科学家正接受这样的广阔视野，这种广阔视野指的是前面提到的“研究议程需要关注（be focused on）最贫穷和资源最有限国家的需求”，接着在后面也进一步例证：他们在第一届全球农业研究会议上聚集在一起，开始研究如何改变研究议程，以帮助满足较贫穷国家农民的需求。C项符合题意，其中the needs of farmers in poorer countries原词复现，故为正确答案。
错项排除：A项利用录音中出现的farmers和embracing进行拼凑，但new farming techniques在录音中无依据，故排除。B项利用录音中的research进行干扰，但advances in farming technology在录音中无依据，故排除。D项利用录音中的policy-makers和Developing nations进行拼凑，但录音中是说计划如果得不到决策者更多的支持，就不会产生成果，并不是与发展中国家的决策者合作，故D项排除。
25、Question 25 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、Rapid transition to become a food exporter.
B、Substantial funding in agricultural research.
C、Quick rise to become a leading grain producer.
D、Assumption of humanitarian responsibilities.
解析：
Recording Three
听力原文
Good morning, class, my topic today is how to feed a hungry world. The world’s population is expected to grow from 6.8 billion today to 9.1 billion by 2050. Meanwhile, the world’s population more than doubled from 3 billion between 1961 and 2007. Simultaneously, food production has been constrained by a lack of scientific research. Still, the task of feeding the world’s population in 2050 seems “easily possible”.
What is needed is a second green revolution. This is an approach that is described as the “sustainable growth of global agriculture”. Such a revolution will require a wholesale shift of priorities in agricultural research. (22) [There is an urgent need for new crop varieties.] They must offer higher yields but use less water, nitrogen-rich fertilizers or other inputs. These new crops must also be more resistant to drought, heat and pests. Equally crucial is lower-tech research into basics such as crop rotation, and mixed farming of animals and plants on small farms.
Developing nations could score substantial gains in productivity by making better use of modern technologies and practices. But that requires money. It is estimated that to meet the 2050 challenge, investment must double to US$83 billion a year. (23) [Most of that money needs to go towards improving agricultural infrastructure.] Everything from production to storage and processing must improve. However research agendas need to be focused on the needs of the poorest and most resource-limited countries. It is there that most of the world’s population lives, and it is there that population growth over the next decades will be the greatest.
(24) [To their credit, the world’s agricultural scientists are embracing such a broad view. In March, for example, they came together at the first Global Conference on Agricultural Research, to begin working out how to change research agendas to help meet the needs of farmers in poorer nations.] But these plans will not bear fruit unless they get considerably more support from policy-makers.
The growth in public agricultural-research spending peaked in the 1970s and has been shrinking ever since. (25) [The big exception is China, where spending has far surpassed other countries over the past decade.] China seems set to transition to become the key supplier of relevant science and technology to poorer countries. But developed countries have a humanitarian responsibility, too. Calls by scientists large increases in the appropriation of funds for public spending on agricultural research are more than justified.
25. What makes China exceptional in comparison with the rest of the world?（与世界其他地区相比，是什么让中国与众不同？）
解析：B。录音中提到，最大的例外是中国，在过去十年里，中国的支出（spending）远远超过了其他国家，其中spending指的是前面一句提到的agricultural-research spending。B项与题意相符，其中funding对应录音中的spending，agricultural research原词复现，故为正确答案。
错项排除：A项利用录音中的transition进行干扰，但录音中说的转型，是成为向较贫穷国家提供相关科学技术的关键供应商，而非食品出口商，故A项排除。C项的leading grain producer在录音中无依据，故排除。D项利用录音中的humanitarian responsibilitiy进行干扰，但录音中是说发达国家也负有人道主义责任，D项张冠李戴，故错误。
二、Part III Reading Comprehension
If you think life is wonderful and expect it to stay that way, then you may have a good chance of living to a ripe old age, at least that is what the findings of a new study suggest. That study found that participants who reported the highest levels of optimism were far more likely to live to age 85 or (26) _____. This was compared to those participants who reported the lowest levels of optimism. It is (27) _____ that the findings held even after the researchers considered factors that could (28) _____ the link, including whether participants had health conditions, such as heart disease or cancer, or whether they experienced depression. The results add to a growing body of evidence that certain psychological factors may predict a longer life (29) _____. For example, previous studies have found that more optimistic people have a lower risk of developing chronic diseases, and a lower risk of (30) _____death. However, the new study appears to be the first to (31) _____ look at the relationship between optimism and longevity. The researchers (32) _____ that the link found in the new study was not as strong when they factored in the effects of certain health behaviors, including exercise levels, sleep habits and diet. This suggests that these behaviors may, at least in part, explain the link. In other words, optimism may (33) _____ good habits that bolster health. It is also important to note that the study found only a (34) _____, as researchers did not prove for certain that optimism leads to a longer life. However, if the findings are true, they suggest that optimism could serve as a psychological (35) _____ that promotes health and a longer life.
26、(1)
A、lofty
B、span
C、foster
D、reconciled
E、trait
F、beyond
G、noteworthy
H、henceforth
I、conceded
J、specifically
K、spiral
L、plausibly
M、correlation
N、premature
O、affect
解析：
名词
correlation 相互关系；关联
span 持续时间
spiral 螺旋形；螺旋式
trait 特征；特性
动词
affect 影响；侵袭
conceded (-ed) 承认；让与
foster 促进；收养
reconciled (-ed) 使和谐一致；调和
span 持续；贯穿
spiral 螺旋式上升（或下降）；急剧增长
形容词
foster 收养的
lofty 崇高的；高耸的
noteworthy 值得注意的
premature 未成熟的；过早的
spiral 螺旋的；螺旋式的
副词
beyond 在另一边；（时间）在……之后
henceforth 从此以后
plausibly 看似合理地
specifically 明确地；具体地
介词
beyond 在另一边；超出
26. beyond
解析：副词辨析题。空格所在句主干成分完整，因此空格处应填入副词。空格前面说到，参与者中乐观程度最高的人更有可能活到85岁或____，根据句意可知，空格处是说85岁以上，副词备选项中只有beyond填入空格能构成合理语义，表示“85岁或85岁以后”即超过85岁，符合逻辑。
27. noteworthy
解析：形容词辨析题。空格前为is，空格后为that引导的从句，因此空格处应填入形容词或动词分词形式作表语。根据空格所在句意，____，即使研究人员考虑了……的因素，结合后面表示让步的even可知，句首是为了提醒读者注意，形容词备选项中只有noteworthy代入空格符合题意，表示“值得注意的是”。
28. affect
解析：动词辨析题。空格所在部分为that引导的定语从句，修饰factors，定语从句中缺少谓语，空格前为could，因此空格处应填入动词原形。根据前文可知，the link指的是乐观与长寿之间的联系，根据后面举的heart disease or cancer的例子可知，空格处指的是各种因素（factors）对这种联系（link）的影响，动词备选项中只有affect代入空格能够构成合理语义，表示“即使研究人员考虑了可能影响这种联系的因素”，符合题意。
29. span
解析：名词辨析题。空格所在部分为that引导的同位语从句，从句宾语成分不完整，空格前面为life，空格后面为句号，因此空格处应填入名词，作predict的宾语。空格所在句意为，某些心理因素可能会预示着更长的____，根据前面可知文章主要是讨论乐观与长寿的关系，因此空格处应填入与“寿命”相关的词，名词备选项中只有span能与life搭配构成合理语义，表示“寿命”。
30. premature
解析：形容词辨析题。空格所在句主干成分完整，空格前为of，空格后为death，因此空格处应填入形容词，修饰death。空格所在句意为，以前的研究发现，更乐观的人患慢性病的风险更低，____死亡的风险更低，形容词备选项中只有premature代入空格能构成合理语义，表示“过早死亡”，符合题意。
31. specifically
解析：副词辨析题。空格所在部分主干成分完整，空格前为to，空格后为look at，因此空格处应填入副词，修饰不定式短语to look at。根据句意，这项新研究似乎是第一次____研究乐观与长寿之间的关系。副词备选项中只有specifically代入空格能构成合理语义，表示“专门研究”。
32. conceded
解析：动词辨析题。空格所在句缺少谓语，空格前为researchers，空格后为that引导的宾语从句，因此空格处应填入动词作谓语。空格所在句意为，研究人员____当他们考虑到某些健康行为的影响，包括运动水平、睡眠习惯和饮食时，新研究中发现（健康和长寿）的联系并没有那么紧密。动词备选项中只有conceded代入空格能与后面的宾语从句构成合理语义，表示“研究人员承认，……”。
33. foster
解析：动词辨析题。空格所在句缺少谓语，空格前为may，空格后为good habits，因此空格处应填入动词原形作谓语。空格所在句意为，乐观可能会____有益健康的好习惯，动词备选项中只有foster能与good habits搭配构成合理语义，表示“养成好习惯”，符合题意。
34. correlation
解析：名词辨析题。空格所在部分为that引导的宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，空格前为a，空格后为逗号，因此空格处应填入可数名词单数作found的宾语。空格所在句意为，这项研究只发现了一____，后面句子提到，研究人员并没有确切证明乐观会延长寿命，据此可知，空格处是在说乐观和延长寿命这两者的关系，备选项中只有correlation代入空格符合语义，表示“一种相关性”。
35. trait
解析：名词辨析题。空格所在句为that引导的宾语从句，从句中宾语成分不完整，空格前为a psychological，空格后为that引导的定语从句，因此空格处应填入可数名词单数作serve as的宾语。空格所在句意为，他们认为乐观可以作为一种心理____，可以促进健康和长寿，名词备选项中填入空格能构成合理语义的只有trait，表示“心理品质”，符合题意。
27、(2)
A、lofty
B、span
C、foster
D、reconciled
E、trait
F、beyond
G、noteworthy
H、henceforth
I、conceded
J、specifically
K、spiral
L、plausibly
M、correlation
N、premature
O、affect
解析：见上一题！
28、(3)
A、lofty
B、span
C、foster
D、reconciled
E、trait
F、beyond
G、noteworthy
H、henceforth
I、conceded
J、specifically
K、spiral
L、plausibly
M、correlation
N、premature
O、affect
解析：见上一题！
29、(4)
A、lofty
B、span
C、foster
D、reconciled
E、trait
F、beyond
G、noteworthy
H、henceforth
I、conceded
J、specifically
K、spiral
L、plausibly
M、correlation
N、premature
O、affect
解析：见上一题！
30、(5)
A、lofty
B、span
C、foster
D、reconciled
E、trait
F、beyond
G、noteworthy
H、henceforth
I、conceded
J、specifically
K、spiral
L、plausibly
M、correlation
N、premature
O、affect
解析：见上一题！
31、(6)
A、lofty
B、span
C、foster
D、reconciled
E、trait
F、beyond
G、noteworthy
H、henceforth
I、conceded
J、specifically
K、spiral
L、plausibly
M、correlation
N、premature
O、affect
解析：见上一题！
32、(7)
A、lofty
B、span
C、foster
D、reconciled
E、trait
F、beyond
G、noteworthy
H、henceforth
I、conceded
J、specifically
K、spiral
L、plausibly
M、correlation
N、premature
O、affect
解析：见上一题！
33、(8)
A、lofty
B、span
C、foster
D、reconciled
E、trait
F、beyond
G、noteworthy
H、henceforth
I、conceded
J、specifically
K、spiral
L、plausibly
M、correlation
N、premature
O、affect
解析：见上一题！
34、(9)
A、lofty
B、span
C、foster
D、reconciled
E、trait
F、beyond
G、noteworthy
H、henceforth
I、conceded
J、specifically
K、spiral
L、plausibly
M、correlation
N、premature
O、affect
解析：见上一题！
35、(10)
A、lofty
B、span
C、foster
D、reconciled
E、trait
F、beyond
G、noteworthy
H、henceforth
I、conceded
J、specifically
K、spiral
L、plausibly
M、correlation
N、premature
O、affect
解析：见上一题！
Do music lessons really make children smarter?
【A】A recent analysis found that most research mischaracterizes the relationship between music and skills enhancement.
【B】In 2004, a paper appeared in the journal Psychological Science, titled “Music Lessons Enhance IQ.” The author, composer and psychologist Glenn Schellenberg had conducted an experiment with 144 children randomly assigned to four groups: one learned the keyboard for a year, one took singing lessons, one joined an acting class, and a control group had no extracurricular training. The IQ of the children in the two musical groups rose by an average of seven points in the course of a year; those in the other two groups gained an average of 4.3 points.
【C】Schellenberg had long been skeptical of the science supporting claims that music education enhances children’s abstract reasoning, math, or language skills. If children who play the piano are smarter, he says, it doesn’t necessarily mean they are smarter because they play the piano. It could be that the youngsters who play the piano also happen to be more ambitious or better at focusing on a task. Correlation, after all, does not prove causation.
【D】The 2004 paper was specifically designed to address those concerns. And as a passionate musician, Schellenberg was delighted when he turned up credible evidence that music has transfer effects on general intelligence. But nearly a decade later, in 2013, the Education Endowment Foundation funded a bigger study with more than 900 students. That study failed to confirm Schellenberg’s findings, producing no evidence that music lessons improved math and literacy skills.
【E】Schellenberg took that news in stride while continuing to cast a skeptical eye on the research in his field. Recently, he decided to formally investigate just how often his fellow researchers in psychology and neuroscience make what he believes are erroneous—or at least premature—causal connections between music and intelligence. His results, published in May, suggest that many of his peers do just that.
【F】For his recent study, Schellenberg asked two research assistants to look for correlational studies on the effects of music education. They found a total of 114 papers published since 2000. To assess whether the authors claimed any causation, researchers then looked for telltale verbs in each paper’s title and abstract, verbs like “enhance”, “promote”, “facilitate”, and “strengthen”. The papers were categorized as neuroscience if the study employed a brain imaging method like magnetic resonance or if the study appeared in a journal that had “brain”, “neuroscience”, or a related term in its title. Otherwise the papers were categorized as psychology. Schellenberg didn’t tell his assistants what exactly he was trying to prove.
【G】After computing their assessments, Schellenberg concluded that the majority of the articles erroneously claimed that music training had a causal effect. The overselling, he also found, was more prevalent among neuroscience studies, three quarters of which mischaracterized a mere association between music training and skills enhancement as a cause-and-effect relationship. This may come as a surprise to some. Psychologists have been battling charges that they don’t do “real” science for some time—in large part because many findings from classic experiments have proved unreproducible. Neuroscientists, on the other hand, armed with brain scans and EEGs (脑电图), have not been subject to the same degree of critique.
【H】 To argue for a cause-and-effect relationship, scientists must attempt to explain why and how a connection could occur. When it comes to transfer effects of music, scientists frequently point to brain plasticity—the fact that the brain changes according to how we use it. When a child learns to play the violin, for example, several studies have shown that the brain region responsible for the fine motor skills of the left hand’s fingers is likely to grow. And many experiments have shown that musical training improves certain hearing capabilities, like filtering voices from background noise or distinguishing the difference between the consonants (辅音) ‘b’ and ‘g’.
【I】But Schellenberg remains highly critical of how the concept of plasticity has been applied in his field. “Plasticity has become an industry of its own,” he wrote in his May paper. Practice does change the brain, he allows, but what is questionable is the assertion that these changes affect other brain regions, such as those responsible for spatial reasoning or math problems.
【J】Neuropsychologist Lutz Jäncke agrees. “Most of these studies don’t allow for causal inferences,” he said. For over two decades, Jäncke has researched the effects of music lessons, and like Schellenberg, he believes that the only way to truly understand their effects is to run longitudinal studies. In such studies, researchers would need to follow groups of children with and without music lessons over a long period of time—even if the assignments are not completely random. Then they could compare outcomes for each group.
【K】Some researchers are starting to do just that. The neuroscientist Peter Schneider from Heidelberg University in Germany, for example, has been following a group of children for ten years now. Some of them were handed musical instruments and given lessons through a school-based program in the Ruhr region of Germany called Jedem Kind ein Instrument, or “an instrument for every child,” which was carried out with government funding. Among these children, Schneider has found that those who were enthusiastic about music and who practiced voluntarily showed improvements in hearing ability, as well as in more general competencies, such as the ability to concentrate.
【L】To establish whether effects such as improved concentration are caused by music participation itself, and not by investing time in an extracurricular activity of any kind, Assal Habibi, a psychology professor at the University of Southern California, is conducting a five-year longitudinal study with children from low-income communities in Los Angeles. The youngsters fall into three groups: those who take after-school music, those who do after-school sports, and those with no structured after-school program at all. After two years, Habibi and her colleagues reported seeing structural changes in the brains of the musically trained children, both locally and in the pathways connecting different parts of the brain.
【M】That may seem compelling, but Habibi’s children were not selected randomly. Did the children who were drawn to music perhaps have something in them from the start that made them different but eluded the brain scanners? “As somebody who started taking piano lessons at the age of five and got up every morning at seven to practice, that experience changed me and made me part of who I am today,” Schellenberg said. “The question is whether those kinds of experiences do so systematically across individuals and create exactly the same changes. And I think that is that huge leap of faith.”
【N】Did he have a hidden talent that others didn’t have? Or more endurance than his peers? Music researchers tend, like Schellenberg, to be musicians themselves, and as he noted in his recent paper, “the idea of positive cognitive and neural side effects from music training (and other pleasurable activities) is inherently appealing.” He also admits that if he had children of his own, he would encourage them to take music lessons and go to university. “I would think that it makes them better people, more critical, just wiser in general,” he said.
【O】But those convictions should be checked at the entrance to the lab, he added. Otherwise, the work becomes religion or faith. “You have to let go of your faith if you want to be a scientist.”
36、36. Glenn Schellenberg’s latest research suggests many psychologists and neuroscientists wrongly believe in the causal relationship between music and IQ.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
解析：
36. 格伦·舍伦伯格的最新研究表明，许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系。
解析：E。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s latest research、psychologists and neuroscientists和causal relationship between music and IQ可定位至E段第二、三句。这两句说到，舍伦伯格决定正式调查心理学和神经科学领域的同事在音乐和智力之间做出因果关系这一结论（他认为这是错误的，或者至少是为时过早）的频率，他5月份发表的研究结果表明，他的许多同行都是这样做的。题干中的latest research对应第三句的His results, published in May，psychologists and neuroscientists对应第二句的his fellow researchers in psychology and neuroscience，causal relationship between music and IQ是第二句中causal connections between music and intelligence的同义替换，wrongly believe对应第二句中的what he believes are erroneous，故题干是对E段第二、三句内容的近义概括。本题有一定干扰性的是G段，G段出现了cause-and-effect relationship、Psychologists、Neuroscientists等题干中的关键词，但本段中说到心理学家和神经学家在面对“不是科学”的指控时的遭遇，并不是说他们错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，因此G排除。
37. 认为音乐训练具有积极作用的观点吸引了许多本身就是音乐家的研究人员。
解析：N。根据题干中的belief、the positive effects of music training、appeals、researchers和musicians themselves可定位至N段第三句。该句主要是说，音乐研究人员就像舍伦伯格一样，本身往往是音乐家，而“音乐训练（和其他令人愉快的活动）对认知和神经产生积极作用的想法本身就很有吸引力”。题干中的belief对应该句的idea，positive和effects原词复现，appeals对应该句的appealing，researchers who are musicians themselves是对句中Music researchers tend...to be musicians themselves的同义替换，题干是对N段第三句的近义概括。
38. 格伦·舍伦伯格对音乐教育有助于提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度。
解析：C。根据题干中的doubtful、music education、enhance和children’s intelligence可定位至C段第一句。该句提到，长期以来，对于支持音乐教育增强儿童抽象推理、数学或语言能力这一观点的科学，舍伦伯格一直持怀疑态度。题干中的doubtful是该句中skeptical的同义替换，其中claims、music education、enhance原词复现，children’s intelligence对应该句children’s abstract reasoning, math, or language skills，题干是对C段第一句的同义改写。本题有一定干扰性的是E段，该段出现了关键词skeptical、music和intelligence，但本段中主要是说舍伦伯格对自己领域的研究持怀疑态度，而许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，并不是说舍伦伯格对音乐提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度，故E排除。
39. 格伦·舍伦伯格得出的结论是，大多数被评估的论文都错误地断言了音乐对智力的影响。
解析：G。根据题干中的most of the papers assessed、wrong claim和music’s effect on intelligence可定位至G段第一句。该句提到，在算完他们的评估数据后，舍伦伯格得出结论，大多数文章错误地宣称音乐训练与智力存在着因果关系。题干中的most是该句中majority的同义替换，the papers assessed对应该句中的assessment和articles，wrong claim对应该句的erroneously claimed，music’s effect on intelligence对应该句的music training had a causal effect，题干是对G段第一句的同义转述。
40. 在你成为科学家之前，必须放弃未经证实的信念。
解析：O。根据题干中的abandon、unverified beliefs和become a scientist可定位至O段最后一句。该句提到，如果你想成为一名科学家，你就必须从你的信仰（faith）中跳出来。O段第一句说，定论应该在实验开始之前进行检验，否则研究工作就有变成宗教或信仰之嫌，由此可知faith指的是前一句中未经检验的定论。题干中的unverified beliefs对应该句的faith，abandon是该句中let go的同义替换，a scientist原词复现，题干是对O段最后一句的同义转述。
41. 大量实验表明，受过音乐训练的人可以更好地区分某些声音。
解析：H。根据题干中的Lots of experiments、people with music training和differentiate certain sounds可定位至H段最后一句。该句提到，许多实验表明，音乐训练可以提高某些听力技能，比如从背景噪音中过滤声音或区分辅音b和g之间的差异。题干中的Lots of experiments是该句中many experiments的同义替换，demonstrated是shown的同义替换，music training对应该句的musical training，better differentiate certain sounds对应filtering voices from background noise or distinguishing the difference between the consonants ‘b’ and ‘g’，题干是对原文H段最后一句的同义概括。
42. 大约10年后进行的一项更大规模的研究并不支持格伦•舍伦伯格在本世纪初的发现。
解析：D。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s findings、were not supported、a larger study和ten years later可定位至D段最后两句。这两句提到，大约十年之后的2013年，教育捐赠基金会资助了一项规模更大（超过900名学生）的研究，这项研究未能证实舍伦伯格的发现。题干中Schellenberg’s findings原词复现，were not supported对应最后一句中的failed to confirm，a larger study是倒数第二句中a bigger study的同义替换，ten years later对应该句中的a decade later，故题干是对原文D段最后两句的同义概述。
43. 一位研究人员赞同格伦·舍伦伯格的观点，认为有必要进行长期的发展研究，以了解音乐训练的影响。
解析：J。根据题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view、conduct long-term developmental studies和effects of music training可定位至J段第三句。该句指出，20多年来，詹克一直在研究音乐课的效果，和舍伦伯格一样，他认为真正理解音乐课效果的唯一方法是进行纵向研究。题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view对应第三句中的like Schellenberg，conduct long-term developmental studies对应该句的run longitudinal studies，understand the effects of music training对应该句的understand their effects，题干是对原文J段第三句的同义改写。
44. 格伦·舍伦伯格的研究助理不知道他想在新研究中证明什么。
解析：F。根据题干中的research assistants、had no idea和prove可定位至F段最后一句。该句提到，舍伦伯格没有告诉他的助手他到底想证明什么。题干中的assistants和prove原词复现，had no idea对应最后一句中的didn’t tell，故题干是对F段最后一句话的同义转述。
45. 格伦·舍伦伯格承认，练习可以改变大脑的某些区域，但他怀疑这种改变是否会影响其他区域。
解析：I。根据题干中的admits、practice、change、areas、brain和doubts可定位至I段最后一句。该句提到，他承认，练习确实会改变大脑，但让人怀疑的是，这些变化会影响大脑的某些区域。题干中的admits对应最后一句中的he allows，practice can change certain areas of the brain对应该句中的Practice does change the brain，doubts that the change can affect other areas是对句中的questionable is the assertion that these changes affect other brain regions的同义改写，故题干是对原文I段最后一句的近义概述。
36. 格伦·舍伦伯格的最新研究表明，许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系。
解析：E。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s latest research、psychologists and neuroscientists和causal relationship between music and IQ可定位至E段第二、三句。这两句说到，舍伦伯格决定正式调查心理学和神经科学领域的同事在音乐和智力之间做出因果关系这一结论（他认为这是错误的，或者至少是为时过早）的频率，他5月份发表的研究结果表明，他的许多同行都是这样做的。题干中的latest research对应第三句的His results, published in May，psychologists and neuroscientists对应第二句的his fellow researchers in psychology and neuroscience，causal relationship between music and IQ是第二句中causal connections between music and intelligence的同义替换，wrongly believe对应第二句中的what he believes are erroneous，故题干是对E段第二、三句内容的近义概括。本题有一定干扰性的是G段，G段出现了cause-and-effect relationship、Psychologists、Neuroscientists等题干中的关键词，但本段中说到心理学家和神经学家在面对“不是科学”的指控时的遭遇，并不是说他们错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，因此G排除。
37. 认为音乐训练具有积极作用的观点吸引了许多本身就是音乐家的研究人员。
解析：N。根据题干中的belief、the positive effects of music training、appeals、researchers和musicians themselves可定位至N段第三句。该句主要是说，音乐研究人员就像舍伦伯格一样，本身往往是音乐家，而“音乐训练（和其他令人愉快的活动）对认知和神经产生积极作用的想法本身就很有吸引力”。题干中的belief对应该句的idea，positive和effects原词复现，appeals对应该句的appealing，researchers who are musicians themselves是对句中Music researchers tend...to be musicians themselves的同义替换，题干是对N段第三句的近义概括。
38. 格伦·舍伦伯格对音乐教育有助于提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度。
解析：C。根据题干中的doubtful、music education、enhance和children’s intelligence可定位至C段第一句。该句提到，长期以来，对于支持音乐教育增强儿童抽象推理、数学或语言能力这一观点的科学，舍伦伯格一直持怀疑态度。题干中的doubtful是该句中skeptical的同义替换，其中claims、music education、enhance原词复现，children’s intelligence对应该句children’s abstract reasoning, math, or language skills，题干是对C段第一句的同义改写。本题有一定干扰性的是E段，该段出现了关键词skeptical、music和intelligence，但本段中主要是说舍伦伯格对自己领域的研究持怀疑态度，而许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，并不是说舍伦伯格对音乐提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度，故E排除。
39. 格伦·舍伦伯格得出的结论是，大多数被评估的论文都错误地断言了音乐对智力的影响。
解析：G。根据题干中的most of the papers assessed、wrong claim和music’s effect on intelligence可定位至G段第一句。该句提到，在算完他们的评估数据后，舍伦伯格得出结论，大多数文章错误地宣称音乐训练与智力存在着因果关系。题干中的most是该句中majority的同义替换，the papers assessed对应该句中的assessment和articles，wrong claim对应该句的erroneously claimed，music’s effect on intelligence对应该句的music training had a causal effect，题干是对G段第一句的同义转述。
40. 在你成为科学家之前，必须放弃未经证实的信念。
解析：O。根据题干中的abandon、unverified beliefs和become a scientist可定位至O段最后一句。该句提到，如果你想成为一名科学家，你就必须从你的信仰（faith）中跳出来。O段第一句说，定论应该在实验开始之前进行检验，否则研究工作就有变成宗教或信仰之嫌，由此可知faith指的是前一句中未经检验的定论。题干中的unverified beliefs对应该句的faith，abandon是该句中let go的同义替换，a scientist原词复现，题干是对O段最后一句的同义转述。
41. 大量实验表明，受过音乐训练的人可以更好地区分某些声音。
解析：H。根据题干中的Lots of experiments、people with music training和differentiate certain sounds可定位至H段最后一句。该句提到，许多实验表明，音乐训练可以提高某些听力技能，比如从背景噪音中过滤声音或区分辅音b和g之间的差异。题干中的Lots of experiments是该句中many experiments的同义替换，demonstrated是shown的同义替换，music training对应该句的musical training，better differentiate certain sounds对应filtering voices from background noise or distinguishing the difference between the consonants ‘b’ and ‘g’，题干是对原文H段最后一句的同义概括。
42. 大约10年后进行的一项更大规模的研究并不支持格伦•舍伦伯格在本世纪初的发现。
解析：D。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s findings、were not supported、a larger study和ten years later可定位至D段最后两句。这两句提到，大约十年之后的2013年，教育捐赠基金会资助了一项规模更大（超过900名学生）的研究，这项研究未能证实舍伦伯格的发现。题干中Schellenberg’s findings原词复现，were not supported对应最后一句中的failed to confirm，a larger study是倒数第二句中a bigger study的同义替换，ten years later对应该句中的a decade later，故题干是对原文D段最后两句的同义概述。
43. 一位研究人员赞同格伦·舍伦伯格的观点，认为有必要进行长期的发展研究，以了解音乐训练的影响。
解析：J。根据题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view、conduct long-term developmental studies和effects of music training可定位至J段第三句。该句指出，20多年来，詹克一直在研究音乐课的效果，和舍伦伯格一样，他认为真正理解音乐课效果的唯一方法是进行纵向研究。题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view对应第三句中的like Schellenberg，conduct long-term developmental studies对应该句的run longitudinal studies，understand the effects of music training对应该句的understand their effects，题干是对原文J段第三句的同义改写。
44. 格伦·舍伦伯格的研究助理不知道他想在新研究中证明什么。
解析：F。根据题干中的research assistants、had no idea和prove可定位至F段最后一句。该句提到，舍伦伯格没有告诉他的助手他到底想证明什么。题干中的assistants和prove原词复现，had no idea对应最后一句中的didn’t tell，故题干是对F段最后一句话的同义转述。
45. 格伦·舍伦伯格承认，练习可以改变大脑的某些区域，但他怀疑这种改变是否会影响其他区域。
解析：I。根据题干中的admits、practice、change、areas、brain和doubts可定位至I段最后一句。该句提到，他承认，练习确实会改变大脑，但让人怀疑的是，这些变化会影响大脑的某些区域。题干中的admits对应最后一句中的he allows，practice can change certain areas of the brain对应该句中的Practice does change the brain，doubts that the change can affect other areas是对句中的questionable is the assertion that these changes affect other brain regions的同义改写，故题干是对原文I段最后一句的近义概述。
36. 格伦·舍伦伯格的最新研究表明，许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系。
解析：E。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s latest research、psychologists and neuroscientists和causal relationship between music and IQ可定位至E段第二、三句。这两句说到，舍伦伯格决定正式调查心理学和神经科学领域的同事在音乐和智力之间做出因果关系这一结论（他认为这是错误的，或者至少是为时过早）的频率，他5月份发表的研究结果表明，他的许多同行都是这样做的。题干中的latest research对应第三句的His results, published in May，psychologists and neuroscientists对应第二句的his fellow researchers in psychology and neuroscience，causal relationship between music and IQ是第二句中causal connections between music and intelligence的同义替换，wrongly believe对应第二句中的what he believes are erroneous，故题干是对E段第二、三句内容的近义概括。本题有一定干扰性的是G段，G段出现了cause-and-effect relationship、Psychologists、Neuroscientists等题干中的关键词，但本段中说到心理学家和神经学家在面对“不是科学”的指控时的遭遇，并不是说他们错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，因此G排除。
37. 认为音乐训练具有积极作用的观点吸引了许多本身就是音乐家的研究人员。
解析：N。根据题干中的belief、the positive effects of music training、appeals、researchers和musicians themselves可定位至N段第三句。该句主要是说，音乐研究人员就像舍伦伯格一样，本身往往是音乐家，而“音乐训练（和其他令人愉快的活动）对认知和神经产生积极作用的想法本身就很有吸引力”。题干中的belief对应该句的idea，positive和effects原词复现，appeals对应该句的appealing，researchers who are musicians themselves是对句中Music researchers tend...to be musicians themselves的同义替换，题干是对N段第三句的近义概括。
38. 格伦·舍伦伯格对音乐教育有助于提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度。
解析：C。根据题干中的doubtful、music education、enhance和children’s intelligence可定位至C段第一句。该句提到，长期以来，对于支持音乐教育增强儿童抽象推理、数学或语言能力这一观点的科学，舍伦伯格一直持怀疑态度。题干中的doubtful是该句中skeptical的同义替换，其中claims、music education、enhance原词复现，children’s intelligence对应该句children’s abstract reasoning, math, or language skills，题干是对C段第一句的同义改写。本题有一定干扰性的是E段，该段出现了关键词skeptical、music和intelligence，但本段中主要是说舍伦伯格对自己领域的研究持怀疑态度，而许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，并不是说舍伦伯格对音乐提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度，故E排除。
39. 格伦·舍伦伯格得出的结论是，大多数被评估的论文都错误地断言了音乐对智力的影响。
解析：G。根据题干中的most of the papers assessed、wrong claim和music’s effect on intelligence可定位至G段第一句。该句提到，在算完他们的评估数据后，舍伦伯格得出结论，大多数文章错误地宣称音乐训练与智力存在着因果关系。题干中的most是该句中majority的同义替换，the papers assessed对应该句中的assessment和articles，wrong claim对应该句的erroneously claimed，music’s effect on intelligence对应该句的music training had a causal effect，题干是对G段第一句的同义转述。
40. 在你成为科学家之前，必须放弃未经证实的信念。
解析：O。根据题干中的abandon、unverified beliefs和become a scientist可定位至O段最后一句。该句提到，如果你想成为一名科学家，你就必须从你的信仰（faith）中跳出来。O段第一句说，定论应该在实验开始之前进行检验，否则研究工作就有变成宗教或信仰之嫌，由此可知faith指的是前一句中未经检验的定论。题干中的unverified beliefs对应该句的faith，abandon是该句中let go的同义替换，a scientist原词复现，题干是对O段最后一句的同义转述。
41. 大量实验表明，受过音乐训练的人可以更好地区分某些声音。
解析：H。根据题干中的Lots of experiments、people with music training和differentiate certain sounds可定位至H段最后一句。该句提到，许多实验表明，音乐训练可以提高某些听力技能，比如从背景噪音中过滤声音或区分辅音b和g之间的差异。题干中的Lots of experiments是该句中many experiments的同义替换，demonstrated是shown的同义替换，music training对应该句的musical training，better differentiate certain sounds对应filtering voices from background noise or distinguishing the difference between the consonants ‘b’ and ‘g’，题干是对原文H段最后一句的同义概括。
42. 大约10年后进行的一项更大规模的研究并不支持格伦•舍伦伯格在本世纪初的发现。
解析：D。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s findings、were not supported、a larger study和ten years later可定位至D段最后两句。这两句提到，大约十年之后的2013年，教育捐赠基金会资助了一项规模更大（超过900名学生）的研究，这项研究未能证实舍伦伯格的发现。题干中Schellenberg’s findings原词复现，were not supported对应最后一句中的failed to confirm，a larger study是倒数第二句中a bigger study的同义替换，ten years later对应该句中的a decade later，故题干是对原文D段最后两句的同义概述。
43. 一位研究人员赞同格伦·舍伦伯格的观点，认为有必要进行长期的发展研究，以了解音乐训练的影响。
解析：J。根据题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view、conduct long-term developmental studies和effects of music training可定位至J段第三句。该句指出，20多年来，詹克一直在研究音乐课的效果，和舍伦伯格一样，他认为真正理解音乐课效果的唯一方法是进行纵向研究。题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view对应第三句中的like Schellenberg，conduct long-term developmental studies对应该句的run longitudinal studies，understand the effects of music training对应该句的understand their effects，题干是对原文J段第三句的同义改写。
44. 格伦·舍伦伯格的研究助理不知道他想在新研究中证明什么。
解析：F。根据题干中的research assistants、had no idea和prove可定位至F段最后一句。该句提到，舍伦伯格没有告诉他的助手他到底想证明什么。题干中的assistants和prove原词复现，had no idea对应最后一句中的didn’t tell，故题干是对F段最后一句话的同义转述。
45. 格伦·舍伦伯格承认，练习可以改变大脑的某些区域，但他怀疑这种改变是否会影响其他区域。
解析：I。根据题干中的admits、practice、change、areas、brain和doubts可定位至I段最后一句。该句提到，他承认，练习确实会改变大脑，但让人怀疑的是，这些变化会影响大脑的某些区域。题干中的admits对应最后一句中的he allows，practice can change certain areas of the brain对应该句中的Practice does change the brain，doubts that the change can affect other areas是对句中的questionable is the assertion that these changes affect other brain regions的同义改写，故题干是对原文I段最后一句的近义概述。
36. 格伦·舍伦伯格的最新研究表明，许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系。
解析：E。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s latest research、psychologists and neuroscientists和causal relationship between music and IQ可定位至E段第二、三句。这两句说到，舍伦伯格决定正式调查心理学和神经科学领域的同事在音乐和智力之间做出因果关系这一结论（他认为这是错误的，或者至少是为时过早）的频率，他5月份发表的研究结果表明，他的许多同行都是这样做的。题干中的latest research对应第三句的His results, published in May，psychologists and neuroscientists对应第二句的his fellow researchers in psychology and neuroscience，causal relationship between music and IQ是第二句中causal connections between music and intelligence的同义替换，wrongly believe对应第二句中的what he believes are erroneous，故题干是对E段第二、三句内容的近义概括。本题有一定干扰性的是G段，G段出现了cause-and-effect relationship、Psychologists、Neuroscientists等题干中的关键词，但本段中说到心理学家和神经学家在面对“不是科学”的指控时的遭遇，并不是说他们错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，因此G排除。
37. 认为音乐训练具有积极作用的观点吸引了许多本身就是音乐家的研究人员。
解析：N。根据题干中的belief、the positive effects of music training、appeals、researchers和musicians themselves可定位至N段第三句。该句主要是说，音乐研究人员就像舍伦伯格一样，本身往往是音乐家，而“音乐训练（和其他令人愉快的活动）对认知和神经产生积极作用的想法本身就很有吸引力”。题干中的belief对应该句的idea，positive和effects原词复现，appeals对应该句的appealing，researchers who are musicians themselves是对句中Music researchers tend...to be musicians themselves的同义替换，题干是对N段第三句的近义概括。
38. 格伦·舍伦伯格对音乐教育有助于提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度。
解析：C。根据题干中的doubtful、music education、enhance和children’s intelligence可定位至C段第一句。该句提到，长期以来，对于支持音乐教育增强儿童抽象推理、数学或语言能力这一观点的科学，舍伦伯格一直持怀疑态度。题干中的doubtful是该句中skeptical的同义替换，其中claims、music education、enhance原词复现，children’s intelligence对应该句children’s abstract reasoning, math, or language skills，题干是对C段第一句的同义改写。本题有一定干扰性的是E段，该段出现了关键词skeptical、music和intelligence，但本段中主要是说舍伦伯格对自己领域的研究持怀疑态度，而许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，并不是说舍伦伯格对音乐提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度，故E排除。
39. 格伦·舍伦伯格得出的结论是，大多数被评估的论文都错误地断言了音乐对智力的影响。
解析：G。根据题干中的most of the papers assessed、wrong claim和music’s effect on intelligence可定位至G段第一句。该句提到，在算完他们的评估数据后，舍伦伯格得出结论，大多数文章错误地宣称音乐训练与智力存在着因果关系。题干中的most是该句中majority的同义替换，the papers assessed对应该句中的assessment和articles，wrong claim对应该句的erroneously claimed，music’s effect on intelligence对应该句的music training had a causal effect，题干是对G段第一句的同义转述。
40. 在你成为科学家之前，必须放弃未经证实的信念。
解析：O。根据题干中的abandon、unverified beliefs和become a scientist可定位至O段最后一句。该句提到，如果你想成为一名科学家，你就必须从你的信仰（faith）中跳出来。O段第一句说，定论应该在实验开始之前进行检验，否则研究工作就有变成宗教或信仰之嫌，由此可知faith指的是前一句中未经检验的定论。题干中的unverified beliefs对应该句的faith，abandon是该句中let go的同义替换，a scientist原词复现，题干是对O段最后一句的同义转述。
41. 大量实验表明，受过音乐训练的人可以更好地区分某些声音。
解析：H。根据题干中的Lots of experiments、people with music training和differentiate certain sounds可定位至H段最后一句。该句提到，许多实验表明，音乐训练可以提高某些听力技能，比如从背景噪音中过滤声音或区分辅音b和g之间的差异。题干中的Lots of experiments是该句中many experiments的同义替换，demonstrated是shown的同义替换，music training对应该句的musical training，better differentiate certain sounds对应filtering voices from background noise or distinguishing the difference between the consonants ‘b’ and ‘g’，题干是对原文H段最后一句的同义概括。
42. 大约10年后进行的一项更大规模的研究并不支持格伦•舍伦伯格在本世纪初的发现。
解析：D。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s findings、were not supported、a larger study和ten years later可定位至D段最后两句。这两句提到，大约十年之后的2013年，教育捐赠基金会资助了一项规模更大（超过900名学生）的研究，这项研究未能证实舍伦伯格的发现。题干中Schellenberg’s findings原词复现，were not supported对应最后一句中的failed to confirm，a larger study是倒数第二句中a bigger study的同义替换，ten years later对应该句中的a decade later，故题干是对原文D段最后两句的同义概述。
43. 一位研究人员赞同格伦·舍伦伯格的观点，认为有必要进行长期的发展研究，以了解音乐训练的影响。
解析：J。根据题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view、conduct long-term developmental studies和effects of music training可定位至J段第三句。该句指出，20多年来，詹克一直在研究音乐课的效果，和舍伦伯格一样，他认为真正理解音乐课效果的唯一方法是进行纵向研究。题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view对应第三句中的like Schellenberg，conduct long-term developmental studies对应该句的run longitudinal studies，understand the effects of music training对应该句的understand their effects，题干是对原文J段第三句的同义改写。
44. 格伦·舍伦伯格的研究助理不知道他想在新研究中证明什么。
解析：F。根据题干中的research assistants、had no idea和prove可定位至F段最后一句。该句提到，舍伦伯格没有告诉他的助手他到底想证明什么。题干中的assistants和prove原词复现，had no idea对应最后一句中的didn’t tell，故题干是对F段最后一句话的同义转述。
45. 格伦·舍伦伯格承认，练习可以改变大脑的某些区域，但他怀疑这种改变是否会影响其他区域。
解析：I。根据题干中的admits、practice、change、areas、brain和doubts可定位至I段最后一句。该句提到，他承认，练习确实会改变大脑，但让人怀疑的是，这些变化会影响大脑的某些区域。题干中的admits对应最后一句中的he allows，practice can change certain areas of the brain对应该句中的Practice does change the brain，doubts that the change can affect other areas是对句中的questionable is the assertion that these changes affect other brain regions的同义改写，故题干是对原文I段最后一句的近义概述。
36. 格伦·舍伦伯格的最新研究表明，许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系。
解析：E。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s latest research、psychologists and neuroscientists和causal relationship between music and IQ可定位至E段第二、三句。这两句说到，舍伦伯格决定正式调查心理学和神经科学领域的同事在音乐和智力之间做出因果关系这一结论（他认为这是错误的，或者至少是为时过早）的频率，他5月份发表的研究结果表明，他的许多同行都是这样做的。题干中的latest research对应第三句的His results, published in May，psychologists and neuroscientists对应第二句的his fellow researchers in psychology and neuroscience，causal relationship between music and IQ是第二句中causal connections between music and intelligence的同义替换，wrongly believe对应第二句中的what he believes are erroneous，故题干是对E段第二、三句内容的近义概括。本题有一定干扰性的是G段，G段出现了cause-and-effect relationship、Psychologists、Neuroscientists等题干中的关键词，但本段中说到心理学家和神经学家在面对“不是科学”的指控时的遭遇，并不是说他们错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，因此G排除。
37. 认为音乐训练具有积极作用的观点吸引了许多本身就是音乐家的研究人员。
解析：N。根据题干中的belief、the positive effects of music training、appeals、researchers和musicians themselves可定位至N段第三句。该句主要是说，音乐研究人员就像舍伦伯格一样，本身往往是音乐家，而“音乐训练（和其他令人愉快的活动）对认知和神经产生积极作用的想法本身就很有吸引力”。题干中的belief对应该句的idea，positive和effects原词复现，appeals对应该句的appealing，researchers who are musicians themselves是对句中Music researchers tend...to be musicians themselves的同义替换，题干是对N段第三句的近义概括。
38. 格伦·舍伦伯格对音乐教育有助于提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度。
解析：C。根据题干中的doubtful、music education、enhance和children’s intelligence可定位至C段第一句。该句提到，长期以来，对于支持音乐教育增强儿童抽象推理、数学或语言能力这一观点的科学，舍伦伯格一直持怀疑态度。题干中的doubtful是该句中skeptical的同义替换，其中claims、music education、enhance原词复现，children’s intelligence对应该句children’s abstract reasoning, math, or language skills，题干是对C段第一句的同义改写。本题有一定干扰性的是E段，该段出现了关键词skeptical、music和intelligence，但本段中主要是说舍伦伯格对自己领域的研究持怀疑态度，而许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，并不是说舍伦伯格对音乐提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度，故E排除。
39. 格伦·舍伦伯格得出的结论是，大多数被评估的论文都错误地断言了音乐对智力的影响。
解析：G。根据题干中的most of the papers assessed、wrong claim和music’s effect on intelligence可定位至G段第一句。该句提到，在算完他们的评估数据后，舍伦伯格得出结论，大多数文章错误地宣称音乐训练与智力存在着因果关系。题干中的most是该句中majority的同义替换，the papers assessed对应该句中的assessment和articles，wrong claim对应该句的erroneously claimed，music’s effect on intelligence对应该句的music training had a causal effect，题干是对G段第一句的同义转述。
40. 在你成为科学家之前，必须放弃未经证实的信念。
解析：O。根据题干中的abandon、unverified beliefs和become a scientist可定位至O段最后一句。该句提到，如果你想成为一名科学家，你就必须从你的信仰（faith）中跳出来。O段第一句说，定论应该在实验开始之前进行检验，否则研究工作就有变成宗教或信仰之嫌，由此可知faith指的是前一句中未经检验的定论。题干中的unverified beliefs对应该句的faith，abandon是该句中let go的同义替换，a scientist原词复现，题干是对O段最后一句的同义转述。
41. 大量实验表明，受过音乐训练的人可以更好地区分某些声音。
解析：H。根据题干中的Lots of experiments、people with music training和differentiate certain sounds可定位至H段最后一句。该句提到，许多实验表明，音乐训练可以提高某些听力技能，比如从背景噪音中过滤声音或区分辅音b和g之间的差异。题干中的Lots of experiments是该句中many experiments的同义替换，demonstrated是shown的同义替换，music training对应该句的musical training，better differentiate certain sounds对应filtering voices from background noise or distinguishing the difference between the consonants ‘b’ and ‘g’，题干是对原文H段最后一句的同义概括。
42. 大约10年后进行的一项更大规模的研究并不支持格伦•舍伦伯格在本世纪初的发现。
解析：D。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s findings、were not supported、a larger study和ten years later可定位至D段最后两句。这两句提到，大约十年之后的2013年，教育捐赠基金会资助了一项规模更大（超过900名学生）的研究，这项研究未能证实舍伦伯格的发现。题干中Schellenberg’s findings原词复现，were not supported对应最后一句中的failed to confirm，a larger study是倒数第二句中a bigger study的同义替换，ten years later对应该句中的a decade later，故题干是对原文D段最后两句的同义概述。
43. 一位研究人员赞同格伦·舍伦伯格的观点，认为有必要进行长期的发展研究，以了解音乐训练的影响。
解析：J。根据题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view、conduct long-term developmental studies和effects of music training可定位至J段第三句。该句指出，20多年来，詹克一直在研究音乐课的效果，和舍伦伯格一样，他认为真正理解音乐课效果的唯一方法是进行纵向研究。题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view对应第三句中的like Schellenberg，conduct long-term developmental studies对应该句的run longitudinal studies，understand the effects of music training对应该句的understand their effects，题干是对原文J段第三句的同义改写。
44. 格伦·舍伦伯格的研究助理不知道他想在新研究中证明什么。
解析：F。根据题干中的research assistants、had no idea和prove可定位至F段最后一句。该句提到，舍伦伯格没有告诉他的助手他到底想证明什么。题干中的assistants和prove原词复现，had no idea对应最后一句中的didn’t tell，故题干是对F段最后一句话的同义转述。
45. 格伦·舍伦伯格承认，练习可以改变大脑的某些区域，但他怀疑这种改变是否会影响其他区域。
解析：I。根据题干中的admits、practice、change、areas、brain和doubts可定位至I段最后一句。该句提到，他承认，练习确实会改变大脑，但让人怀疑的是，这些变化会影响大脑的某些区域。题干中的admits对应最后一句中的he allows，practice can change certain areas of the brain对应该句中的Practice does change the brain，doubts that the change can affect other areas是对句中的questionable is the assertion that these changes affect other brain regions的同义改写，故题干是对原文I段最后一句的近义概述。
36. 格伦·舍伦伯格的最新研究表明，许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系。
解析：E。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s latest research、psychologists and neuroscientists和causal relationship between music and IQ可定位至E段第二、三句。这两句说到，舍伦伯格决定正式调查心理学和神经科学领域的同事在音乐和智力之间做出因果关系这一结论（他认为这是错误的，或者至少是为时过早）的频率，他5月份发表的研究结果表明，他的许多同行都是这样做的。题干中的latest research对应第三句的His results, published in May，psychologists and neuroscientists对应第二句的his fellow researchers in psychology and neuroscience，causal relationship between music and IQ是第二句中causal connections between music and intelligence的同义替换，wrongly believe对应第二句中的what he believes are erroneous，故题干是对E段第二、三句内容的近义概括。本题有一定干扰性的是G段，G段出现了cause-and-effect relationship、Psychologists、Neuroscientists等题干中的关键词，但本段中说到心理学家和神经学家在面对“不是科学”的指控时的遭遇，并不是说他们错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，因此G排除。
37. 认为音乐训练具有积极作用的观点吸引了许多本身就是音乐家的研究人员。
解析：N。根据题干中的belief、the positive effects of music training、appeals、researchers和musicians themselves可定位至N段第三句。该句主要是说，音乐研究人员就像舍伦伯格一样，本身往往是音乐家，而“音乐训练（和其他令人愉快的活动）对认知和神经产生积极作用的想法本身就很有吸引力”。题干中的belief对应该句的idea，positive和effects原词复现，appeals对应该句的appealing，researchers who are musicians themselves是对句中Music researchers tend...to be musicians themselves的同义替换，题干是对N段第三句的近义概括。
38. 格伦·舍伦伯格对音乐教育有助于提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度。
解析：C。根据题干中的doubtful、music education、enhance和children’s intelligence可定位至C段第一句。该句提到，长期以来，对于支持音乐教育增强儿童抽象推理、数学或语言能力这一观点的科学，舍伦伯格一直持怀疑态度。题干中的doubtful是该句中skeptical的同义替换，其中claims、music education、enhance原词复现，children’s intelligence对应该句children’s abstract reasoning, math, or language skills，题干是对C段第一句的同义改写。本题有一定干扰性的是E段，该段出现了关键词skeptical、music和intelligence，但本段中主要是说舍伦伯格对自己领域的研究持怀疑态度，而许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，并不是说舍伦伯格对音乐提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度，故E排除。
39. 格伦·舍伦伯格得出的结论是，大多数被评估的论文都错误地断言了音乐对智力的影响。
解析：G。根据题干中的most of the papers assessed、wrong claim和music’s effect on intelligence可定位至G段第一句。该句提到，在算完他们的评估数据后，舍伦伯格得出结论，大多数文章错误地宣称音乐训练与智力存在着因果关系。题干中的most是该句中majority的同义替换，the papers assessed对应该句中的assessment和articles，wrong claim对应该句的erroneously claimed，music’s effect on intelligence对应该句的music training had a causal effect，题干是对G段第一句的同义转述。
40. 在你成为科学家之前，必须放弃未经证实的信念。
解析：O。根据题干中的abandon、unverified beliefs和become a scientist可定位至O段最后一句。该句提到，如果你想成为一名科学家，你就必须从你的信仰（faith）中跳出来。O段第一句说，定论应该在实验开始之前进行检验，否则研究工作就有变成宗教或信仰之嫌，由此可知faith指的是前一句中未经检验的定论。题干中的unverified beliefs对应该句的faith，abandon是该句中let go的同义替换，a scientist原词复现，题干是对O段最后一句的同义转述。
41. 大量实验表明，受过音乐训练的人可以更好地区分某些声音。
解析：H。根据题干中的Lots of experiments、people with music training和differentiate certain sounds可定位至H段最后一句。该句提到，许多实验表明，音乐训练可以提高某些听力技能，比如从背景噪音中过滤声音或区分辅音b和g之间的差异。题干中的Lots of experiments是该句中many experiments的同义替换，demonstrated是shown的同义替换，music training对应该句的musical training，better differentiate certain sounds对应filtering voices from background noise or distinguishing the difference between the consonants ‘b’ and ‘g’，题干是对原文H段最后一句的同义概括。
42. 大约10年后进行的一项更大规模的研究并不支持格伦•舍伦伯格在本世纪初的发现。
解析：D。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s findings、were not supported、a larger study和ten years later可定位至D段最后两句。这两句提到，大约十年之后的2013年，教育捐赠基金会资助了一项规模更大（超过900名学生）的研究，这项研究未能证实舍伦伯格的发现。题干中Schellenberg’s findings原词复现，were not supported对应最后一句中的failed to confirm，a larger study是倒数第二句中a bigger study的同义替换，ten years later对应该句中的a decade later，故题干是对原文D段最后两句的同义概述。
43. 一位研究人员赞同格伦·舍伦伯格的观点，认为有必要进行长期的发展研究，以了解音乐训练的影响。
解析：J。根据题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view、conduct long-term developmental studies和effects of music training可定位至J段第三句。该句指出，20多年来，詹克一直在研究音乐课的效果，和舍伦伯格一样，他认为真正理解音乐课效果的唯一方法是进行纵向研究。题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view对应第三句中的like Schellenberg，conduct long-term developmental studies对应该句的run longitudinal studies，understand the effects of music training对应该句的understand their effects，题干是对原文J段第三句的同义改写。
44. 格伦·舍伦伯格的研究助理不知道他想在新研究中证明什么。
解析：F。根据题干中的research assistants、had no idea和prove可定位至F段最后一句。该句提到，舍伦伯格没有告诉他的助手他到底想证明什么。题干中的assistants和prove原词复现，had no idea对应最后一句中的didn’t tell，故题干是对F段最后一句话的同义转述。
45. 格伦·舍伦伯格承认，练习可以改变大脑的某些区域，但他怀疑这种改变是否会影响其他区域。
解析：I。根据题干中的admits、practice、change、areas、brain和doubts可定位至I段最后一句。该句提到，他承认，练习确实会改变大脑，但让人怀疑的是，这些变化会影响大脑的某些区域。题干中的admits对应最后一句中的he allows，practice can change certain areas of the brain对应该句中的Practice does change the brain，doubts that the change can affect other areas是对句中的questionable is the assertion that these changes affect other brain regions的同义改写，故题干是对原文I段最后一句的近义概述。
36. 格伦·舍伦伯格的最新研究表明，许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系。
解析：E。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s latest research、psychologists and neuroscientists和causal relationship between music and IQ可定位至E段第二、三句。这两句说到，舍伦伯格决定正式调查心理学和神经科学领域的同事在音乐和智力之间做出因果关系这一结论（他认为这是错误的，或者至少是为时过早）的频率，他5月份发表的研究结果表明，他的许多同行都是这样做的。题干中的latest research对应第三句的His results, published in May，psychologists and neuroscientists对应第二句的his fellow researchers in psychology and neuroscience，causal relationship between music and IQ是第二句中causal connections between music and intelligence的同义替换，wrongly believe对应第二句中的what he believes are erroneous，故题干是对E段第二、三句内容的近义概括。本题有一定干扰性的是G段，G段出现了cause-and-effect relationship、Psychologists、Neuroscientists等题干中的关键词，但本段中说到心理学家和神经学家在面对“不是科学”的指控时的遭遇，并不是说他们错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，因此G排除。
37. 认为音乐训练具有积极作用的观点吸引了许多本身就是音乐家的研究人员。
解析：N。根据题干中的belief、the positive effects of music training、appeals、researchers和musicians themselves可定位至N段第三句。该句主要是说，音乐研究人员就像舍伦伯格一样，本身往往是音乐家，而“音乐训练（和其他令人愉快的活动）对认知和神经产生积极作用的想法本身就很有吸引力”。题干中的belief对应该句的idea，positive和effects原词复现，appeals对应该句的appealing，researchers who are musicians themselves是对句中Music researchers tend...to be musicians themselves的同义替换，题干是对N段第三句的近义概括。
38. 格伦·舍伦伯格对音乐教育有助于提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度。
解析：C。根据题干中的doubtful、music education、enhance和children’s intelligence可定位至C段第一句。该句提到，长期以来，对于支持音乐教育增强儿童抽象推理、数学或语言能力这一观点的科学，舍伦伯格一直持怀疑态度。题干中的doubtful是该句中skeptical的同义替换，其中claims、music education、enhance原词复现，children’s intelligence对应该句children’s abstract reasoning, math, or language skills，题干是对C段第一句的同义改写。本题有一定干扰性的是E段，该段出现了关键词skeptical、music和intelligence，但本段中主要是说舍伦伯格对自己领域的研究持怀疑态度，而许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，并不是说舍伦伯格对音乐提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度，故E排除。
39. 格伦·舍伦伯格得出的结论是，大多数被评估的论文都错误地断言了音乐对智力的影响。
解析：G。根据题干中的most of the papers assessed、wrong claim和music’s effect on intelligence可定位至G段第一句。该句提到，在算完他们的评估数据后，舍伦伯格得出结论，大多数文章错误地宣称音乐训练与智力存在着因果关系。题干中的most是该句中majority的同义替换，the papers assessed对应该句中的assessment和articles，wrong claim对应该句的erroneously claimed，music’s effect on intelligence对应该句的music training had a causal effect，题干是对G段第一句的同义转述。
40. 在你成为科学家之前，必须放弃未经证实的信念。
解析：O。根据题干中的abandon、unverified beliefs和become a scientist可定位至O段最后一句。该句提到，如果你想成为一名科学家，你就必须从你的信仰（faith）中跳出来。O段第一句说，定论应该在实验开始之前进行检验，否则研究工作就有变成宗教或信仰之嫌，由此可知faith指的是前一句中未经检验的定论。题干中的unverified beliefs对应该句的faith，abandon是该句中let go的同义替换，a scientist原词复现，题干是对O段最后一句的同义转述。
41. 大量实验表明，受过音乐训练的人可以更好地区分某些声音。
解析：H。根据题干中的Lots of experiments、people with music training和differentiate certain sounds可定位至H段最后一句。该句提到，许多实验表明，音乐训练可以提高某些听力技能，比如从背景噪音中过滤声音或区分辅音b和g之间的差异。题干中的Lots of experiments是该句中many experiments的同义替换，demonstrated是shown的同义替换，music training对应该句的musical training，better differentiate certain sounds对应filtering voices from background noise or distinguishing the difference between the consonants ‘b’ and ‘g’，题干是对原文H段最后一句的同义概括。
42. 大约10年后进行的一项更大规模的研究并不支持格伦•舍伦伯格在本世纪初的发现。
解析：D。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s findings、were not supported、a larger study和ten years later可定位至D段最后两句。这两句提到，大约十年之后的2013年，教育捐赠基金会资助了一项规模更大（超过900名学生）的研究，这项研究未能证实舍伦伯格的发现。题干中Schellenberg’s findings原词复现，were not supported对应最后一句中的failed to confirm，a larger study是倒数第二句中a bigger study的同义替换，ten years later对应该句中的a decade later，故题干是对原文D段最后两句的同义概述。
43. 一位研究人员赞同格伦·舍伦伯格的观点，认为有必要进行长期的发展研究，以了解音乐训练的影响。
解析：J。根据题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view、conduct long-term developmental studies和effects of music training可定位至J段第三句。该句指出，20多年来，詹克一直在研究音乐课的效果，和舍伦伯格一样，他认为真正理解音乐课效果的唯一方法是进行纵向研究。题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view对应第三句中的like Schellenberg，conduct long-term developmental studies对应该句的run longitudinal studies，understand the effects of music training对应该句的understand their effects，题干是对原文J段第三句的同义改写。
44. 格伦·舍伦伯格的研究助理不知道他想在新研究中证明什么。
解析：F。根据题干中的research assistants、had no idea和prove可定位至F段最后一句。该句提到，舍伦伯格没有告诉他的助手他到底想证明什么。题干中的assistants和prove原词复现，had no idea对应最后一句中的didn’t tell，故题干是对F段最后一句话的同义转述。
45. 格伦·舍伦伯格承认，练习可以改变大脑的某些区域，但他怀疑这种改变是否会影响其他区域。
解析：I。根据题干中的admits、practice、change、areas、brain和doubts可定位至I段最后一句。该句提到，他承认，练习确实会改变大脑，但让人怀疑的是，这些变化会影响大脑的某些区域。题干中的admits对应最后一句中的he allows，practice can change certain areas of the brain对应该句中的Practice does change the brain，doubts that the change can affect other areas是对句中的questionable is the assertion that these changes affect other brain regions的同义改写，故题干是对原文I段最后一句的近义概述。
36. 格伦·舍伦伯格的最新研究表明，许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系。
解析：E。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s latest research、psychologists and neuroscientists和causal relationship between music and IQ可定位至E段第二、三句。这两句说到，舍伦伯格决定正式调查心理学和神经科学领域的同事在音乐和智力之间做出因果关系这一结论（他认为这是错误的，或者至少是为时过早）的频率，他5月份发表的研究结果表明，他的许多同行都是这样做的。题干中的latest research对应第三句的His results, published in May，psychologists and neuroscientists对应第二句的his fellow researchers in psychology and neuroscience，causal relationship between music and IQ是第二句中causal connections between music and intelligence的同义替换，wrongly believe对应第二句中的what he believes are erroneous，故题干是对E段第二、三句内容的近义概括。本题有一定干扰性的是G段，G段出现了cause-and-effect relationship、Psychologists、Neuroscientists等题干中的关键词，但本段中说到心理学家和神经学家在面对“不是科学”的指控时的遭遇，并不是说他们错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，因此G排除。
37. 认为音乐训练具有积极作用的观点吸引了许多本身就是音乐家的研究人员。
解析：N。根据题干中的belief、the positive effects of music training、appeals、researchers和musicians themselves可定位至N段第三句。该句主要是说，音乐研究人员就像舍伦伯格一样，本身往往是音乐家，而“音乐训练（和其他令人愉快的活动）对认知和神经产生积极作用的想法本身就很有吸引力”。题干中的belief对应该句的idea，positive和effects原词复现，appeals对应该句的appealing，researchers who are musicians themselves是对句中Music researchers tend...to be musicians themselves的同义替换，题干是对N段第三句的近义概括。
38. 格伦·舍伦伯格对音乐教育有助于提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度。
解析：C。根据题干中的doubtful、music education、enhance和children’s intelligence可定位至C段第一句。该句提到，长期以来，对于支持音乐教育增强儿童抽象推理、数学或语言能力这一观点的科学，舍伦伯格一直持怀疑态度。题干中的doubtful是该句中skeptical的同义替换，其中claims、music education、enhance原词复现，children’s intelligence对应该句children’s abstract reasoning, math, or language skills，题干是对C段第一句的同义改写。本题有一定干扰性的是E段，该段出现了关键词skeptical、music和intelligence，但本段中主要是说舍伦伯格对自己领域的研究持怀疑态度，而许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，并不是说舍伦伯格对音乐提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度，故E排除。
39. 格伦·舍伦伯格得出的结论是，大多数被评估的论文都错误地断言了音乐对智力的影响。
解析：G。根据题干中的most of the papers assessed、wrong claim和music’s effect on intelligence可定位至G段第一句。该句提到，在算完他们的评估数据后，舍伦伯格得出结论，大多数文章错误地宣称音乐训练与智力存在着因果关系。题干中的most是该句中majority的同义替换，the papers assessed对应该句中的assessment和articles，wrong claim对应该句的erroneously claimed，music’s effect on intelligence对应该句的music training had a causal effect，题干是对G段第一句的同义转述。
40. 在你成为科学家之前，必须放弃未经证实的信念。
解析：O。根据题干中的abandon、unverified beliefs和become a scientist可定位至O段最后一句。该句提到，如果你想成为一名科学家，你就必须从你的信仰（faith）中跳出来。O段第一句说，定论应该在实验开始之前进行检验，否则研究工作就有变成宗教或信仰之嫌，由此可知faith指的是前一句中未经检验的定论。题干中的unverified beliefs对应该句的faith，abandon是该句中let go的同义替换，a scientist原词复现，题干是对O段最后一句的同义转述。
41. 大量实验表明，受过音乐训练的人可以更好地区分某些声音。
解析：H。根据题干中的Lots of experiments、people with music training和differentiate certain sounds可定位至H段最后一句。该句提到，许多实验表明，音乐训练可以提高某些听力技能，比如从背景噪音中过滤声音或区分辅音b和g之间的差异。题干中的Lots of experiments是该句中many experiments的同义替换，demonstrated是shown的同义替换，music training对应该句的musical training，better differentiate certain sounds对应filtering voices from background noise or distinguishing the difference between the consonants ‘b’ and ‘g’，题干是对原文H段最后一句的同义概括。
42. 大约10年后进行的一项更大规模的研究并不支持格伦•舍伦伯格在本世纪初的发现。
解析：D。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s findings、were not supported、a larger study和ten years later可定位至D段最后两句。这两句提到，大约十年之后的2013年，教育捐赠基金会资助了一项规模更大（超过900名学生）的研究，这项研究未能证实舍伦伯格的发现。题干中Schellenberg’s findings原词复现，were not supported对应最后一句中的failed to confirm，a larger study是倒数第二句中a bigger study的同义替换，ten years later对应该句中的a decade later，故题干是对原文D段最后两句的同义概述。
43. 一位研究人员赞同格伦·舍伦伯格的观点，认为有必要进行长期的发展研究，以了解音乐训练的影响。
解析：J。根据题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view、conduct long-term developmental studies和effects of music training可定位至J段第三句。该句指出，20多年来，詹克一直在研究音乐课的效果，和舍伦伯格一样，他认为真正理解音乐课效果的唯一方法是进行纵向研究。题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view对应第三句中的like Schellenberg，conduct long-term developmental studies对应该句的run longitudinal studies，understand the effects of music training对应该句的understand their effects，题干是对原文J段第三句的同义改写。
44. 格伦·舍伦伯格的研究助理不知道他想在新研究中证明什么。
解析：F。根据题干中的research assistants、had no idea和prove可定位至F段最后一句。该句提到，舍伦伯格没有告诉他的助手他到底想证明什么。题干中的assistants和prove原词复现，had no idea对应最后一句中的didn’t tell，故题干是对F段最后一句话的同义转述。
45. 格伦·舍伦伯格承认，练习可以改变大脑的某些区域，但他怀疑这种改变是否会影响其他区域。
解析：I。根据题干中的admits、practice、change、areas、brain和doubts可定位至I段最后一句。该句提到，他承认，练习确实会改变大脑，但让人怀疑的是，这些变化会影响大脑的某些区域。题干中的admits对应最后一句中的he allows，practice can change certain areas of the brain对应该句中的Practice does change the brain，doubts that the change can affect other areas是对句中的questionable is the assertion that these changes affect other brain regions的同义改写，故题干是对原文I段最后一句的近义概述。
36. 格伦·舍伦伯格的最新研究表明，许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系。
解析：E。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s latest research、psychologists and neuroscientists和causal relationship between music and IQ可定位至E段第二、三句。这两句说到，舍伦伯格决定正式调查心理学和神经科学领域的同事在音乐和智力之间做出因果关系这一结论（他认为这是错误的，或者至少是为时过早）的频率，他5月份发表的研究结果表明，他的许多同行都是这样做的。题干中的latest research对应第三句的His results, published in May，psychologists and neuroscientists对应第二句的his fellow researchers in psychology and neuroscience，causal relationship between music and IQ是第二句中causal connections between music and intelligence的同义替换，wrongly believe对应第二句中的what he believes are erroneous，故题干是对E段第二、三句内容的近义概括。本题有一定干扰性的是G段，G段出现了cause-and-effect relationship、Psychologists、Neuroscientists等题干中的关键词，但本段中说到心理学家和神经学家在面对“不是科学”的指控时的遭遇，并不是说他们错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，因此G排除。
37. 认为音乐训练具有积极作用的观点吸引了许多本身就是音乐家的研究人员。
解析：N。根据题干中的belief、the positive effects of music training、appeals、researchers和musicians themselves可定位至N段第三句。该句主要是说，音乐研究人员就像舍伦伯格一样，本身往往是音乐家，而“音乐训练（和其他令人愉快的活动）对认知和神经产生积极作用的想法本身就很有吸引力”。题干中的belief对应该句的idea，positive和effects原词复现，appeals对应该句的appealing，researchers who are musicians themselves是对句中Music researchers tend...to be musicians themselves的同义替换，题干是对N段第三句的近义概括。
38. 格伦·舍伦伯格对音乐教育有助于提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度。
解析：C。根据题干中的doubtful、music education、enhance和children’s intelligence可定位至C段第一句。该句提到，长期以来，对于支持音乐教育增强儿童抽象推理、数学或语言能力这一观点的科学，舍伦伯格一直持怀疑态度。题干中的doubtful是该句中skeptical的同义替换，其中claims、music education、enhance原词复现，children’s intelligence对应该句children’s abstract reasoning, math, or language skills，题干是对C段第一句的同义改写。本题有一定干扰性的是E段，该段出现了关键词skeptical、music和intelligence，但本段中主要是说舍伦伯格对自己领域的研究持怀疑态度，而许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，并不是说舍伦伯格对音乐提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度，故E排除。
39. 格伦·舍伦伯格得出的结论是，大多数被评估的论文都错误地断言了音乐对智力的影响。
解析：G。根据题干中的most of the papers assessed、wrong claim和music’s effect on intelligence可定位至G段第一句。该句提到，在算完他们的评估数据后，舍伦伯格得出结论，大多数文章错误地宣称音乐训练与智力存在着因果关系。题干中的most是该句中majority的同义替换，the papers assessed对应该句中的assessment和articles，wrong claim对应该句的erroneously claimed，music’s effect on intelligence对应该句的music training had a causal effect，题干是对G段第一句的同义转述。
40. 在你成为科学家之前，必须放弃未经证实的信念。
解析：O。根据题干中的abandon、unverified beliefs和become a scientist可定位至O段最后一句。该句提到，如果你想成为一名科学家，你就必须从你的信仰（faith）中跳出来。O段第一句说，定论应该在实验开始之前进行检验，否则研究工作就有变成宗教或信仰之嫌，由此可知faith指的是前一句中未经检验的定论。题干中的unverified beliefs对应该句的faith，abandon是该句中let go的同义替换，a scientist原词复现，题干是对O段最后一句的同义转述。
41. 大量实验表明，受过音乐训练的人可以更好地区分某些声音。
解析：H。根据题干中的Lots of experiments、people with music training和differentiate certain sounds可定位至H段最后一句。该句提到，许多实验表明，音乐训练可以提高某些听力技能，比如从背景噪音中过滤声音或区分辅音b和g之间的差异。题干中的Lots of experiments是该句中many experiments的同义替换，demonstrated是shown的同义替换，music training对应该句的musical training，better differentiate certain sounds对应filtering voices from background noise or distinguishing the difference between the consonants ‘b’ and ‘g’，题干是对原文H段最后一句的同义概括。
42. 大约10年后进行的一项更大规模的研究并不支持格伦•舍伦伯格在本世纪初的发现。
解析：D。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s findings、were not supported、a larger study和ten years later可定位至D段最后两句。这两句提到，大约十年之后的2013年，教育捐赠基金会资助了一项规模更大（超过900名学生）的研究，这项研究未能证实舍伦伯格的发现。题干中Schellenberg’s findings原词复现，were not supported对应最后一句中的failed to confirm，a larger study是倒数第二句中a bigger study的同义替换，ten years later对应该句中的a decade later，故题干是对原文D段最后两句的同义概述。
43. 一位研究人员赞同格伦·舍伦伯格的观点，认为有必要进行长期的发展研究，以了解音乐训练的影响。
解析：J。根据题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view、conduct long-term developmental studies和effects of music training可定位至J段第三句。该句指出，20多年来，詹克一直在研究音乐课的效果，和舍伦伯格一样，他认为真正理解音乐课效果的唯一方法是进行纵向研究。题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view对应第三句中的like Schellenberg，conduct long-term developmental studies对应该句的run longitudinal studies，understand the effects of music training对应该句的understand their effects，题干是对原文J段第三句的同义改写。
44. 格伦·舍伦伯格的研究助理不知道他想在新研究中证明什么。
解析：F。根据题干中的research assistants、had no idea和prove可定位至F段最后一句。该句提到，舍伦伯格没有告诉他的助手他到底想证明什么。题干中的assistants和prove原词复现，had no idea对应最后一句中的didn’t tell，故题干是对F段最后一句话的同义转述。
45. 格伦·舍伦伯格承认，练习可以改变大脑的某些区域，但他怀疑这种改变是否会影响其他区域。
解析：I。根据题干中的admits、practice、change、areas、brain和doubts可定位至I段最后一句。该句提到，他承认，练习确实会改变大脑，但让人怀疑的是，这些变化会影响大脑的某些区域。题干中的admits对应最后一句中的he allows，practice can change certain areas of the brain对应该句中的Practice does change the brain，doubts that the change can affect other areas是对句中的questionable is the assertion that these changes affect other brain regions的同义改写，故题干是对原文I段最后一句的近义概述。
36. 格伦·舍伦伯格的最新研究表明，许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系。
解析：E。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s latest research、psychologists and neuroscientists和causal relationship between music and IQ可定位至E段第二、三句。这两句说到，舍伦伯格决定正式调查心理学和神经科学领域的同事在音乐和智力之间做出因果关系这一结论（他认为这是错误的，或者至少是为时过早）的频率，他5月份发表的研究结果表明，他的许多同行都是这样做的。题干中的latest research对应第三句的His results, published in May，psychologists and neuroscientists对应第二句的his fellow researchers in psychology and neuroscience，causal relationship between music and IQ是第二句中causal connections between music and intelligence的同义替换，wrongly believe对应第二句中的what he believes are erroneous，故题干是对E段第二、三句内容的近义概括。本题有一定干扰性的是G段，G段出现了cause-and-effect relationship、Psychologists、Neuroscientists等题干中的关键词，但本段中说到心理学家和神经学家在面对“不是科学”的指控时的遭遇，并不是说他们错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，因此G排除。
37. 认为音乐训练具有积极作用的观点吸引了许多本身就是音乐家的研究人员。
解析：N。根据题干中的belief、the positive effects of music training、appeals、researchers和musicians themselves可定位至N段第三句。该句主要是说，音乐研究人员就像舍伦伯格一样，本身往往是音乐家，而“音乐训练（和其他令人愉快的活动）对认知和神经产生积极作用的想法本身就很有吸引力”。题干中的belief对应该句的idea，positive和effects原词复现，appeals对应该句的appealing，researchers who are musicians themselves是对句中Music researchers tend...to be musicians themselves的同义替换，题干是对N段第三句的近义概括。
38. 格伦·舍伦伯格对音乐教育有助于提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度。
解析：C。根据题干中的doubtful、music education、enhance和children’s intelligence可定位至C段第一句。该句提到，长期以来，对于支持音乐教育增强儿童抽象推理、数学或语言能力这一观点的科学，舍伦伯格一直持怀疑态度。题干中的doubtful是该句中skeptical的同义替换，其中claims、music education、enhance原词复现，children’s intelligence对应该句children’s abstract reasoning, math, or language skills，题干是对C段第一句的同义改写。本题有一定干扰性的是E段，该段出现了关键词skeptical、music和intelligence，但本段中主要是说舍伦伯格对自己领域的研究持怀疑态度，而许多心理学家和神经学家错误地相信音乐和智商之间存在因果关系，并不是说舍伦伯格对音乐提高儿童智力的说法持怀疑态度，故E排除。
39. 格伦·舍伦伯格得出的结论是，大多数被评估的论文都错误地断言了音乐对智力的影响。
解析：G。根据题干中的most of the papers assessed、wrong claim和music’s effect on intelligence可定位至G段第一句。该句提到，在算完他们的评估数据后，舍伦伯格得出结论，大多数文章错误地宣称音乐训练与智力存在着因果关系。题干中的most是该句中majority的同义替换，the papers assessed对应该句中的assessment和articles，wrong claim对应该句的erroneously claimed，music’s effect on intelligence对应该句的music training had a causal effect，题干是对G段第一句的同义转述。
40. 在你成为科学家之前，必须放弃未经证实的信念。
解析：O。根据题干中的abandon、unverified beliefs和become a scientist可定位至O段最后一句。该句提到，如果你想成为一名科学家，你就必须从你的信仰（faith）中跳出来。O段第一句说，定论应该在实验开始之前进行检验，否则研究工作就有变成宗教或信仰之嫌，由此可知faith指的是前一句中未经检验的定论。题干中的unverified beliefs对应该句的faith，abandon是该句中let go的同义替换，a scientist原词复现，题干是对O段最后一句的同义转述。
41. 大量实验表明，受过音乐训练的人可以更好地区分某些声音。
解析：H。根据题干中的Lots of experiments、people with music training和differentiate certain sounds可定位至H段最后一句。该句提到，许多实验表明，音乐训练可以提高某些听力技能，比如从背景噪音中过滤声音或区分辅音b和g之间的差异。题干中的Lots of experiments是该句中many experiments的同义替换，demonstrated是shown的同义替换，music training对应该句的musical training，better differentiate certain sounds对应filtering voices from background noise or distinguishing the difference between the consonants ‘b’ and ‘g’，题干是对原文H段最后一句的同义概括。
42. 大约10年后进行的一项更大规模的研究并不支持格伦•舍伦伯格在本世纪初的发现。
解析：D。根据题干中的Glenn Schellenberg’s findings、were not supported、a larger study和ten years later可定位至D段最后两句。这两句提到，大约十年之后的2013年，教育捐赠基金会资助了一项规模更大（超过900名学生）的研究，这项研究未能证实舍伦伯格的发现。题干中Schellenberg’s findings原词复现，were not supported对应最后一句中的failed to confirm，a larger study是倒数第二句中a bigger study的同义替换，ten years later对应该句中的a decade later，故题干是对原文D段最后两句的同义概述。
43. 一位研究人员赞同格伦·舍伦伯格的观点，认为有必要进行长期的发展研究，以了解音乐训练的影响。
解析：J。根据题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view、conduct long-term developmental studies和effects of music training可定位至J段第三句。该句指出，20多年来，詹克一直在研究音乐课的效果，和舍伦伯格一样，他认为真正理解音乐课效果的唯一方法是进行纵向研究。题干中的shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view对应第三句中的like Schellenberg，conduct long-term developmental studies对应该句的run longitudinal studies，understand the effects of music training对应该句的understand their effects，题干是对原文J段第三句的同义改写。
44. 格伦·舍伦伯格的研究助理不知道他想在新研究中证明什么。
解析：F。根据题干中的research assistants、had no idea和prove可定位至F段最后一句。该句提到，舍伦伯格没有告诉他的助手他到底想证明什么。题干中的assistants和prove原词复现，had no idea对应最后一句中的didn’t tell，故题干是对F段最后一句话的同义转述。
45. 格伦·舍伦伯格承认，练习可以改变大脑的某些区域，但他怀疑这种改变是否会影响其他区域。
解析：I。根据题干中的admits、practice、change、areas、brain和doubts可定位至I段最后一句。该句提到，他承认，练习确实会改变大脑，但让人怀疑的是，这些变化会影响大脑的某些区域。题干中的admits对应最后一句中的he allows，practice can change certain areas of the brain对应该句中的Practice does change the brain，doubts that the change can affect other areas是对句中的questionable is the assertion that these changes affect other brain regions的同义改写，故题干是对原文I段最后一句的近义概述。
37、37. The belief in the positive effects of music training appeals to many researchers who are musicians themselves.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
解析：见上一题！
38、38. Glenn Schellenberg was doubtful about the claim that music education helps enhance children’s intelligence.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
解析：见上一题！
39、39. Glenn Schellenberg came to the conclusion that most of the papers assessed made the wrong claim regarding music’s effect on intelligence.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
解析：见上一题！
40、40. You must abandon your unverified beliefs before you become a scientist.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
解析：见上一题！
41、41. Lots of experiments have demonstrated that people with music training can better differentiate certain sounds.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
解析：见上一题！
42、42. Glenn Schellenberg’s findings at the beginning of this century were not supported by a larger study carried out some ten years later.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
解析：见上一题！
43、43. One researcher shares Glenn Schellenberg’s view that it is necessary to conduct long-term developmental studies to understand the effects of music training.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
解析：见上一题！
44、44. Glenn Schellenberg’s research assistants had no idea what he was trying to prove in his new study.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
解析：见上一题！
45、45. Glenn Schellenberg admits that practice can change certain areas of the brain but doubts that the change can affect other areas.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
解析：见上一题！
The trend toward rationality and enlightenment was endangered long before the advent of the World Wide Web. As Neil Postman noted in his 1985 book Amusing Ourselves to Death, the rise of television introduced not just a new medium but a new discourse: a gradual shift from a typographic (印刷的) culture to a photographic one, which in turn meant a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment. In an image-centered and pleasure-driven world, Postman noted, there is no place for rational thinking, because you simply cannot think with images. It is text that enables us to “uncover lies, confusions and overgeneralizations, and to detect abuses of logic and common sense. It also means to weigh ideas, to compare and contrast assertions, to connect one generalization to another.”
The dominance of television was not confined to our living rooms. It overturned all of those habits of mind, fundamentally changing our experience of the world, affecting the conduct of politics, religion, business, and culture. It reduced many aspects of modern life to entertainment, sensationalism, and commerce. “Americans don’t talk to each other, we entertain each other,” Postman wrote. “They don’t exchange ideas, they exchange images. They do not argue with propositions, they argue with good looks, celebrities and commercials.”
At first, the web seemed to push against this trend. When it emerged towards the end of the 1980s as a purely text-based medium, it was seen as a tool to pursue knowledge, not pleasure. Reason and thought were most valued in this garden—all derived from the project of the Enlightenment. Universities around the world were among the first to connect to this new medium, which hosted discussion groups, informative personal or group blogs, electronic magazines, and academic mailing lists and forums. It was an intellectual project, not about commerce or control, created in a scientific research center in Switzerland. And for more than a decade, the web created an alternative space that threatened television’s grip on society.
Social networks, though, have since colonized the web for television’s values. From Facebook to Instagram, the medium refocuses our attention on videos and images, rewarding emotional appeals—‘like’ buttons—over rational ones. Instead of a quest for knowledge, it engages us in an endless zest (热情) for instant approval from an audience, for which we are constantly but unconsciously performing. (It’s telling that, while Google began life as a PhD thesis, Facebook started as a tool to judge classmates’ appearances.) It reduces our curiosity by showing us exactly what we already want and think, based on our profiles and preferences. The Enlightenment’s motto (座右铭) of ‘Dare to know’ has become ‘Dare not to care to know’.
46、46. What did Neil Postman say about the rise of television?
A、It initiated a change from dominance of reason to supremacy of pleasure.
B、It brought about a gradual shift from cinema going to home entertainment.
C、It started a revolution in photographic technology.
D、It marked a new age in the entertainment industry.
解析：
解析：A。根据题干中的Neil Postman和the rise of television可定位至第一段第二句。该句提到，尼尔·波兹曼在其1985年的著作《娱乐至死》中指出，电视的兴起不仅带来了一种新的媒介，也带来了一种新的话语：从印刷文化逐渐转变为图片文化，这同时意味着从理性转向情感，从阐释转向娱乐。A项与此相符，其中change是第二句中shift的同义替换，reason是rationality的同义替换，pleasure对应entertainment，故为正确答案。
错项排除：B项利用第一段第二句中的a gradual shift进行干扰，但文章并无出现cinema和home的相关内容，故B项排除。C项利用第一段第二句的photographic进行干扰，但文中是说从印刷文化逐渐转变为图片（photographic）文化，并不是说摄影技术的革命，故C项排除。第一段第二句提到，电视的兴起不仅带来了一种新的媒介（a new medium），也带来了一种新的话语（a new discourse），并不是说这标志着娱乐业的新时代，故D项排除。
47、47. According to the passage, what is the advantage of text reading?
A、It gives one access to huge amounts of information.
B、It allows more information to be processed quickly.
C、It is capable of enriching one’s life.
D、It is conducive to critical thinking.
解析：
解析：D。根据题干中的advantage和text reading可定位至文章第一段倒数第二句。该句提到，文本让我们能够“发现谎言、混乱和过度泛化，甄别滥用逻辑和常识的情况”。D项与此内容相符，其中的critical thinking是对该句话中uncover lies, confusions and overgeneralizations, and to detect abuses of logic and common sense概括总结，故D项为正确答案。
错项排除：A项中的huge amounts of information和B项的information to be processed在文章中无依据，故排除。C项利用常识进行干扰，看似合理，但enriching one’s life在文中并无依据，故排除。
48、48. How has television impacted Americans?
A、It has given them a lot more to argue about.
B、It has brought celebrities closer to their lives.
C、It has made them care more about what they say.
D、It has rendered their interactions more superficial.
解析：
解析：D。根据题干中的television和Americans可定位至原文第二段。从第一句可以看出本段主要是讲电视的影响，本段前三句说到电视对人们的整体影响，后面引用波兹曼的话指出电视对美国人的具体影响：美国人相互之间并不交谈，而是互相娱乐，他们不做想法的交流，他们进行影像交流。他们并不是围绕观点讨论，他们围绕美貌、名人和商业广告争论。由此可知，美国人之间的互动是表面的、浅层次的，D项与此内容相符，其中superficial是对最后两句中人们之间互动的概括总结，故正确。
错项排除：文中第二段最后虽然提到了argue，但说的是人们争论的内容，并非争论变多了（a lot more to argue），故A项排除。B项利用第二段最后一句中的celebrities进行干扰，但说的是人们围绕名人展开争论，并非名人更贴近人们的生活，B项语义理解偏差，故排除。C项的care more about在文章中无依据，故排除。
49、49. What does the passage say about the World Wide Web?
A、It was developed primarily for universities worldwide.
B、It was created to connect people in different countries.
C、It was viewed as a means to quest for knowledge.
D、It was designed as a discussion forum for university students.
解析：
解析：C。文章第一段开头出现World Wide Web，在第三段中又出现web（即World Wide Web），根据题文同序原则，可定位至原文第三段。该段第一句提到，起初，网络似乎与这种趋势方向相反。接着第二句进行解释：20世纪80年代末，网络的出现是以纯文本为基础，它被视为追求知识而不是娱乐的工具。由此可知，万维网在20世纪80年代出现时最初是作为追求知识的工具，C项与此内容相符，其中means是该句中tool的同义替换，quest for对应该句中pursue，knowledge原词复现，故C项为正确答案。需要注意本题难点是找准定位句，根据World Wide Web很容易定位在第一段，在快速浏览，结合选项无法得出正确答案的情况下，应该定位在同样出现web的第三段。
错项排除：第三段第四句提到，世界各地的大学是最早一批接触到这一新型媒介（new medium）的，根据前文可知，new medium指的就是万维网，所以说万维网是世界各地的大学首先接触到的，并不是为其开发的，故A项排除。B项利用第三段第四句的connect和最后一句的created进行拼凑，D项利用第四句中University、discussion和forums进行拼凑，但文中并没有提到万维网建立是为了将不同国家的人连接起来，或是为了给大学生设计一个讨论论坛，故B、D两项排除。
50、50. What do we learn about users of social media?
A、They are bent on looking for an alternative space for escape.
B、They are constantly seeking approval from their audience.
C、 They are forever engaged in hunting for new information.
D、They are unable to focus their attention on tasks for long.
解析：
解析：B。根据题干中users和social media可定位至最后一段。该段主要是讲社交网络对人们的影响，举了社交媒体Facebook和Instagram点赞按钮的例子，在第三句中又提到，这不是对知识的追求，而是为了获得人们的即时认可，将自己置于无尽的狂热中，为此我们一直在不自觉地进行表演。B项与文意相符，其中constantly、approval和audience原词复现，故为正确答案。
错项排除：A项利用第三段最后一句中的alternative space进行干扰，但原文是说网络创造了一个替代空间，并不是说社交媒体的用户寻求替代空间逃避，故A项错误。C项利用最后一段第三句中的engages和endless进行干扰，但hunting for new information在原文中无依据，故排除。最后一段第二句提到，这一媒介将我们的注意力（attention）重新聚焦（refocuses）在视频和图像上，D项利用个别词进行干扰，但unable和tasks在文中无依据，故D项排除。
According to a recent study, a small but growing proportion of the workforce is affected to some degree by a sense of entitlement. Work is less about what they can contribute but more about what they can take. It can lead to workplace dysfunction and diminish their own job satisfaction. I’m not referring to employees who are legitimately dissatisfied with their employment conditions due to, say, being denied fair pay or flexible work practices. I’m talking about those who consistently believe they deserve special treatment and generous rewards. It’s an expectation that exists irrespective of their abilities or levels of performance.
As a result of that discrepancy between the privileges they feel they’re owed and their inflated sense of self-worth, they don’t work as hard for their employer. They prefer instead to slack off. It’s a tendency which many scholars believe begins in childhood due to parents who overindulge their kids. This thereby leads them to expect the same kind of spoilt treatment throughout their adult lives. And yet despite how these employees feel, it’s obviously important for their manager to nonetheless find out how to keep them motivated. And, by virtue of that heightened motivation, to perform well.
The research team from several American universities surveyed more than 240 individuals. They sampled managers as well as team members. Employee entitlement was measured by statements such as “I honestly feel I’m just more deserving than others”. The respondents had to rate the extent of their agreement. Employee engagement, meanwhile, was assessed with statements like “I really throw myself into my work.” The findings revealed ethical leadership is precisely what alleviates the negative effects of employee entitlement. That’s because rather than indulging employees or neglecting them, ethical leaders communicate very direct and clear expectations. They also hold employees accountable for their behaviors and are genuinely committed to doing the right thing. Additionally, these leaders are consistent in their standards. They’re also less likely to deviate in how they treat employees.
This means, when confronted by an entitled team member, an ethical leader is significantly disinclined to accommodate their demands. He or she will instead point out, constructively and tactfully, exactly how their inflated sense of deservingness is somewhat distorted. They’d then go further to explain the specific, and objective, criteria the employee must meet to receive their desired rewards. This shift away from unrealistic expectations is successful because entitled employees feel more confident that ethical leaders will deliver on their promises. This occurs because they’re perceived to be fair and trustworthy. The researchers, however, exercise caution by warning no one single response in the perfect remedy. But there’s no denying ethical leadership is at least a critical step in the right direction.
51、51. What does a recent study find about a growing number of workers?
A、They attempt to make more contributions.
B、They feel they deserve more than they get.
C、They attach importance to job satisfaction.
D、They try to diminish workplace dysfunction.
解析：
解析：B。根据a growing number of workers可定位至第一段第一句。该句提到，根据最近的一项研究，一小部分劳动者（但这一数量仍在持续增长）在一定程度上受到了特权感的影响。接着对“特权感”进行解释：工作对于他们而言，不在于能贡献什么，而在于能获得什么。第三句指出这会导致他们的工作满意度降低，第五句又进一步说明这一人群一贯认为自己应该得到特殊待遇和丰厚奖励。由此可知，这一人群受特权感的影响而对工作不满，认为自己应该得到更多，B项符合题意，故正确。
错项排除：第一段第二句提到，工作对于他们而言，不在于能贡献什么，而在于能获得什么，A项的make more contributions与此内容相悖，故排除。C项利用第一段第三句的job satisfaction进行干扰，但attach importance to在文中无依据，故C项排除。D项利用第一段第三句的diminish和workplace dysfunction进行拼凑，但原文说的是有特权感的员工容易出现问题，D项与原文不符，故排除。
52、52. Why don’t some employees work hard according to many scholars?
A、They lack a strong sense of self-worth.
B、They were spoiled when growing up.
C、They have received unfair treatment.
D、They are overindulged by their boss.
解析：
解析：B。根据题干中的don’t work hard和many scholars可定位至原文第二段。该段第一句提到员工没有为雇主努力工作，第三句中提到这一趋势的原因：许多学者认为，这一趋势始于儿童时期，因为父母过度溺爱孩子，B项与此内容相符，其中spoiled是第三句中overindulge的同义替换，when growing up对应该句的in childhood，故B项为正确答案。
错项排除：A项利用第二段第一句中的sense of self-worth进行干扰，但lack在文中无依据，故排除。C项利用第一段中的special treatment进行干扰，但原文是说有些人认为自己应该得到特殊待遇，并不是说他们受到了不公平待遇（unfair treatment），故C项排除。D项利用第二段第三句的overindulge进行干扰，但原文是说受到父母溺爱，并非是老板，故D项排除。
53、53. What is a manager supposed to do to enable workers to do a better job?
A、Be aware of their emotions.
B、Give them timely promotions.
C、Keep a record of their performance.
D、Seek ways to sustain their motivation.
解析：
解析：D。根据题干中的manager、workers和do a better job可定位至第二段最后两句。倒数第二句提到，然而，不管这些员工的感受如何，对于他们的主管来说，找到保持员工积极性的方法显然很重要。D项与此内容相符，其中ways to sustain their motivation是对how to keep them motivated的同义改写，题干中的do a better job对应第二段最后一句中的perform well，故D项为正确答案。
错项排除：A项的emotions和B项的promotions在文中无依据，故均可排除。C项利用第二段最后一句中的perform进行干扰，但Keep a record在文中无依据，故排除。
54、54. What do the research findings reveal about ethical leaders?
A、They are held accountable by their employees.
B、They are always transparent in their likes and dislikes.
C、They convey their requirements in a straightforward way.
D、They make it a point to be on good terms with their employees.
解析：
解析：C。根据题干中的the research findings和ethical leaders可定位至第三段第五、六句。该段第五句说到，研究结果表明，道德型领导方式能够缓解员工特权感的负面影响，接着在第六句说明原因：这是因为，道德型领导者并不纵容员工也不忽视他们，而是传达非常直接和明确的期望。C项是对第六句部分内容的概括总结，其中convey their requirements in a straightforward way是对句中communicate very direct and clear expectations的同义替换，故C项为正确答案。
错项排除：A项利用第三段倒数第三句中的accountable、employees等词进行干扰，但原文是说他们还要求员工对自己的行为负责，并不是他们对员工负责，故A项排除。B项的transparent和likes and dislikes在文中无依据，故排除。D项利用最后一段第二句的point进行干扰，但be on good terms在文中无依据，故排除。
55、55. What kind of leaders are viewed as ethical by entitled employees?
A、Those who can be counted on to fulfill commitments.
B、Those who can do things beyond normal expectations.
C、Those who exercise caution in making major decisions.
D、Those who know how to satisfy their employees’ needs.
解析：
解析：A。根据题干中的leaders、ethical和entitled employees可定位至原文最后一段第四句。该句指出，这种远离不切实际期望的转变是成功的，因为有特权感的员工（entitled employees）更相信道德型领导（ethical leaders）会兑现他们的承诺（deliver on their promises）。A项与此内容相符，其中be counted on对应该句中的feel more confident，fulfill commitments是该句中deliver on their promises的同义替换，故A项为正确答案。
错项排除：B项利用第三段的expectations进行干扰，但原文是说道德型领导传达非常直接和明确的期望，并不是说他们做事超出预期，故B项排除。C项利用最后一段倒数第二句的exercise caution进行干扰，但原文说的是研究者，并非道德型领导，故C项排除。D项的satisfy their employees’ needs在文中无依据，故排除。
（注：2021年12月六级第三套选词填空与第二套相同）
If you think life is wonderful and expect it to stay that way, then you may have a good chance of living to a ripe old age, at least that is what the findings of a new study suggest. That study found that participants who reported the highest levels of optimism were far more likely to live to age 85 or (26) _____. This was compared to those participants who reported the lowest levels of optimism. It is (27) _____ that the findings held even after the researchers considered factors that could (28) _____ the link, including whether participants had health conditions, such as heart disease or cancer, or whether they experienced depression. The results add to a growing body of evidence that certain psychological factors may predict a longer life (29) _____. For example, previous studies have found that more optimistic people have a lower risk of developing chronic diseases, and a lower risk of (30) _____death. However, the new study appears to be the first to (31) _____ look at the relationship between optimism and longevity. The researchers (32) _____ that the link found in the new study was not as strong when they factored in the effects of certain health behaviors, including exercise levels, sleep habits and diet. This suggests that these behaviors may, at least in part, explain the link. In other words, optimism may (33) _____ good habits that bolster health. It is also important to note that the study found only a (34) _____, as researchers did not prove for certain that optimism leads to a longer life. However, if the findings are true, they suggest that optimism could serve as a psychological (35) _____ that promotes health and a longer life.
56、(1)
A、premature
B、span
C、henceforth
D、affect
E、specifically
F、noteworthy
G、spiral
H、trait
I、plausibly
J、correlation
K、lofty
L、beyond
M、foster
N、conceded
O、reconciled
解析：
名词
correlation 相互关系；关联
span 持续时间
spiral 螺旋形；螺旋式
trait 特征；特性
动词
affect 影响；侵袭
conceded (-ed) 承认；让与
foster 促进；收养
reconciled (-ed) 使和谐一致；调和
span 持续；贯穿
spiral 螺旋式上升（或下降）；急剧增长
形容词
foster 收养的
lofty 崇高的；高耸的
noteworthy 值得注意的
premature 未成熟的；过早的
spiral 螺旋的；螺旋式的
副词
beyond 在另一边；（时间）在……之后
henceforth 从此以后
plausibly 看似合理地
specifically 明确地；具体地
介词
beyond 在另一边；超过
26. beyond
解析：副词辨析题。空格所在句主干成分完整，因此空格处应填入副词。空格前面说到，参与者中乐观程度最高的人更有可能活到85岁或____，根据句意可知，空格处是说85岁以上，副词备选项中只有beyond填入空格能构成合理语义，表示“85岁或85岁以后”即超过85岁，符合逻辑。
27. noteworthy
解析：形容词辨析题。空格前为is，空格后为that引导的从句，因此空格处应填入形容词作表语。根据空格所在句意，____，即使研究人员考虑了……的因素，结合后面表示让步的even可知，句首是为了提请读者注意，形容词备选项中只有noteworthy带入空格符合题意，表示“值得注意的是”。
28. affect
解析：动词辨析题。空格所在部分为that引导的定语从句，修饰factors，定语从句中缺少谓语，空格前为could，因此空格处应填入动词原形。根据前文可知，the link指的是乐观与长寿之间的联系，根据后面举的heart disease or cancer的例子可知，空格处指的是各种因素（factors）对这种联系（link）的影响，动词备选项中只有affect代入空格能够构成合理语义，表示“即使研究人员考虑了可能影响这种联系的因素”，符合题意。
29. span
解析：名词辨析题。空格所在部分为that引导的同位语从句，从句宾语成分不完整，空格前面为life，空格后面为句号，因此空格处应填入名词，作predict的宾语。空格所在句意为，某些心理因素可能会预示着更长的____，根据前面可知文章主要是讨论乐观与长寿的关系，因此空格处应填入与“寿命”相关的词，名词备选项中只有span能与life搭配构成合理语义，表示“寿命”。
30. premature
解析：形容词辨析题。空格所在句主干成分完整，空格前为of，空格后为death，因此空格处应填入形容词，修饰death。空格所在句意为，以前的研究发现，更乐观的人患慢性病的风险更低，____死亡的风险更低，形容词备选项中只有premature代入空格能构成合理语义，表示“过早死亡”，符合题意。
31. specifically
解析：副词辨析题。空格所在部分主干成分完整，空格前为to，空格后为look at，因此空格处应填入副词，修饰不定式短语to look at。根据句意，这项新研究似乎是第一次____研究乐观与长寿之间的关系。副词备选项中只有specifically代入空格能构成合理语义，表示“专门研究”。
32. conceded
解析：动词辨析题。空格所在句缺少谓语，空格前为researchers，空格后为that引导的宾语从句，因此空格处应填入动词作谓语。空格所在句意为，研究人员____当他们考虑到某些健康行为的影响，包括运动水平、睡眠习惯和饮食时，新研究中发现（健康和长寿）的联系并没有那么紧密。动词备选项中只有conceded代入空格能与后面的宾语从句构成合理语义，表示“研究人员承认，……”。
33. foster
解析：动词辨析题。空格所在句缺少谓语，空格前为may，空格后为good habits，因此空格处应填入动词原形作谓语。空格所在句意为，乐观可能会____有益健康的好习惯，动词备选项中只有foster能与good habits搭配构成合理语义，表示“养成好习惯”，符合题意。
34. correlation
解析：名词辨析题。空格所在部分为that引导的宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，空格前为a，空格后为逗号，因此空格处应填入可数名词单数作found的宾语。空格所在句意为，这项研究只发现了一____，后面句子提到，研究人员并没有确切证明乐观会延长寿命，据此可知，空格处是在说乐观和延长寿命这两者的关系，备选项中只有correlation代入空格符合语义，表示“一种相关性”。
35. trait
解析：名词辨析题。空格所在句为that引导的宾语从句，从句中宾语成分不完整，空格前为a psychological，空格后为that引导的定语从句，因此空格处应填入可数名词单数作serve as的宾语。空格所在句意为，他们认为乐观可以作为一种心理____，后面的定语从句“促进健康和长寿的”是对空格内容进行修饰，形容词备选项中填入空格能构成合理语义的只有trait，表示“心理品质”，符合题意。
57、(2)
A、premature
B、span
C、henceforth
D、affect
E、specifically
F、noteworthy
G、spiral
H、trait
I、plausibly
J、correlation
K、lofty
L、beyond
M、foster
N、conceded
O、reconciled
解析：见上一题！
58、(3)
A、premature
B、span
C、henceforth
D、affect
E、specifically
F、noteworthy
G、spiral
H、trait
I、plausibly
J、correlation
K、lofty
L、beyond
M、foster
N、conceded
O、reconciled
解析：见上一题！
59、(4)
A、premature
B、span
C、henceforth
D、affect
E、specifically
F、noteworthy
G、spiral
H、trait
I、plausibly
J、correlation
K、lofty
L、beyond
M、foster
N、conceded
O、reconciled
解析：见上一题！
60、(5)
A、premature
B、span
C、henceforth
D、affect
E、specifically
F、noteworthy
G、spiral
H、trait
I、plausibly
J、correlation
K、lofty
L、beyond
M、foster
N、conceded
O、reconciled
解析：见上一题！
61、(6)
A、premature
B、span
C、henceforth
D、affect
E、specifically
F、noteworthy
G、spiral
H、trait
I、plausibly
J、correlation
K、lofty
L、beyond
M、foster
N、conceded
O、reconciled
解析：见上一题！
62、(7)
A、premature
B、span
C、henceforth
D、affect
E、specifically
F、noteworthy
G、spiral
H、trait
I、plausibly
J、correlation
K、lofty
L、beyond
M、foster
N、conceded
O、reconciled
解析：见上一题！
63、(8)
A、premature
B、span
C、henceforth
D、affect
E、specifically
F、noteworthy
G、spiral
H、trait
I、plausibly
J、correlation
K、lofty
L、beyond
M、foster
N、conceded
O、reconciled
解析：见上一题！
64、(9)
A、premature
B、span
C、henceforth
D、affect
E、specifically
F、noteworthy
G、spiral
H、trait
I、plausibly
J、correlation
K、lofty
L、beyond
M、foster
N、conceded
O、reconciled
解析：见上一题！
65、(10)
A、premature
B、span
C、henceforth
D、affect
E、specifically
F、noteworthy
G、spiral
H、trait
I、plausibly
J、correlation
K、lofty
L、beyond
M、foster
N、conceded
O、reconciled
解析：见上一题！
Why facts don’t change our minds?
【A】The economist J. K. Galbraith once wrote, “Faced with a choice between changing one’s mind and proving there is no need to do so, almost everyone gets busy with the proof.”
【B】 Leo Tolstoy was even bolder: “The most difficult subjects can be explained to the most slow-witted man if he has not formed any idea of them already; but the simplest thing cannot be made clear to the most intelligent man if he is firmly persuaded that he knows already, without a shadow of doubt, what is laid before him.”
【C】What’s going on here? Why don’t facts change our minds? And why would someone continue to believe a false or inaccurate idea anyway? How do such behaviors serve us? Humans need a reasonably accurate view of the world in order to survive. If your model of reality is wildly different from the actual world, then you struggle to take effective actions each day. However, truth and accuracy are not the only things that matter to the human mind. Humans also seem to have a deep desire to belong.
【D】In Atomic Habits, I wrote, “Humans are herd animals. We want to fit in, to bond with others, and to earn the respect and approval of our peers. Such inclinations are essential to our survival. For most of our evolutionary history, our ancestors lived in tribes. Becoming separated from the tribe—or worse, being cast out—was a death sentence.”
【E】Understanding the truth of a situation is important, but so is remaining part of a tribe. While these two desires often work well together, they occasionally come into conflict. In many circumstances, social connection is actually more helpful to your daily life than understanding the truth of a particular fact or idea. The Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker put it this way, “People are embraced or condemned according to their beliefs, so one function of the mind may be to hold beliefs that bring the belief-holder the greatest number of allies, protectors, or disciples (信徒), rather than beliefs that are most likely to be true.”
【F】We don’t always believe things because they are correct. Sometimes we believe things because they make us look good to the people we care about. I thought Kevin Simler put it well when he wrote, “If a brain anticipates that it will be rewarded for adopting a particular belief, it’s perfectly happy to do so, and doesn’t much care where the reward comes from—whether it’s pragmatic (实用主义的) (better outcomes resulting from better decisions), social (better treatment from one’s peers), or some mix of the two.”
【G】False beliefs can be useful in a social sense even if they are not useful in a factual sense. For lack of a better phrase, we might call this approach “factually false, but socially accurate.” When we have to choose between the two, people often select friends and family over facts. This insight not only explains why we might hold our tongue at a dinner party or look the other way when our parents say something offensive, but also reveals a better way to change the minds of others.
【H】Convincing someone to change their mind is really the process of convincing them to change their tribe. If they abandon their beliefs, they run the risk of losing social ties. You can’t expect someone to change their mind if you take away their community too. You have to give them somewhere to go. Nobody wants their worldview torn apart if loneliness is the outcome.
【I】The way to change people’s minds is to become friends with them, to integrate them into your tribe, to bring them into your circle. Now, they can change their beliefs without the risk of being abandoned socially.
【J】Perhaps it is not difference, but distance, that breeds tribalism and hostility. As proximity increases, so does understanding. I am reminded of Abraham Lincoln’s quote, “I don’t like that man. I must get to know him better.”
【K】Facts don’t change our minds. Friendship does. Years ago, Ben Casnocha mentioned an idea to me that I haven’t been able to shake: The people who are most likely to change our minds are the ones we agree with on 98 percent of topics. If someone you know, like, and trust believes a radical idea, you are more likely to give it merit, weight, or consideration. You already agree with them in most areas of life. Maybe you should change your mind on this one too. But if someone wildly different than you proposes the same radical idea, well, it’s easy to dismiss them as nuts.
【L】One way to visualize this distinction is by mapping beliefs on a spectrum. If you divide this spectrum into 10 units and you find yourself at Position 7, then there is little sense in trying to convince someone at Position 1. The gap is too wide. When you’re at Position 7, your time is better spent connecting with people who are at Positions 6 and 8, gradually pulling them in your direction.
【M】The most heated arguments often occur between people on opposite ends of the spectrum, but the most frequent learning occurs from people who are nearby. The closer you are to someone, the more likely it becomes that the one or two beliefs you don’t share will bleed over into your own mind and shape your thinking. The further away an idea is from your current position, the more likely you are to reject it outright. When it comes to changing people’s minds, it is very difficult to jump from one side to another. You can’t jump down the spectrum. You have to slide down it.
【N】Any idea that is sufficiently different from your current worldview will feel threatening. And the best place to ponder a threatening idea is in a non-threatening environment. As a result, books are often a better vehicle for transforming beliefs than conversations or debates. In conversation, people have to carefully consider their status and appearance. They want to save face and avoid looking stupid. When confronted with an uncomfortable set of facts, the tendency is often to double down on their current position rather than publicly admit to being wrong. Books resolve this tension. With a book, the conversation takes place inside someone’s head and without the risk of being judged by others. It’s easier to be open-minded when you aren’t feeling defensive.
【O】 There is another reason bad ideas continue to live on, which is that people continue to talk about them. Silence is death for any idea. An idea that is never spoken or written down dies with the person who conceived it. Ideas can only be remembered when they are repeated. They can only be believed when they are repeated. I have already pointed out that people repeat ideas to signal they are part of the same social group. But here’s a crucial point most people miss: People also repeat bad ideas when they complain about them. Before you can criticize an idea, you have to reference that idea. You end up repeating the ideas you’re hoping people will forget—but, of course, people can’t forget them because you keep talking about them. The more you repeat a bad idea, the more likely people are to believe it.
【P】Let’s call this phenomenon Clear’s Law of Recurrence: The number of people who believe an idea is directly proportional to the number of times it has been repeated during the last year—even if the idea is false.
66、36. According to the author, humans can hardly survive if separated from their community.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
P、P
解析：36. 作者认为，如果人类脱离了他们的社区，就很难生存。
解析：D。根据题干中的hardly survive、separated和community可定位至D段。该段开始主要是说作者在自己的一本书中写的内容：人类是群居动物，希望与他人建立联系，而这种倾向性对我们的生存至关重要。在最后一句中提到，离开部落，或者说被驱逐出部落，无异于一种死刑。也就是说，人类离开了自己所属的群体，就会影响到生存，题干是对此内容的近义概述，其中According to the author对应D段第一句的I wrote，hardly survive对应最后一句的a death sentence，separated from原词复现，community对应最后一句的tribe，因此选D。本题有一定干扰性的是H段，该段出现了关键词community，但本段重点是说服人们改变主意，并没有涉及对生存至关重要的内容，因此H排除。
37. 人们经常接受错误的观念，因为他们优先考虑社会关系而不是事实。
解析：G。根据题干中的false beliefs、social bonds和facts可定位至G段第一句和第三句。第一句主要是说，错误的观念在社交意义上是有用的，但在事实意义上没用。第三句说到，当不得不在两者之间做出选择时，人们往往选择朋友和家人而不是事实。人们选择朋友和家人也就是说选择了在社交意义上有用的错误的观念，题干是对此内容的近义转述，其中false beliefs和facts原词复现，prioritize...rather than对应第三句的select...over，social bonds对应该句的friends and family，因此选G。
38. 大多数情况下，人们会向亲近的人学习。
解析：M。根据题干中的Most often、learn和close可定位至M段第一句。该句提到，最激烈的争论往往发生在处于范围两端的人之间，但邻近的人之间相互学习的频率最高。题干中的Most often对应该句的the most frequent，learn对应learning，those close to them是对该句中people who are nearby的同义替换，题干是对M段第一句后半部分的同义改写。
39. 有时人们接纳某些观念是为了给亲密的人留下良好的印象。
解析：F。根据题干中的Sometimes、beliefs、favorable impression和dear to them可定位至F段第二句。该句提到，有时我们相信一些事情，是因为在我们在意的人面前，它能让我们显得很好。题干中的Sometimes原词复现，adopt certain beliefs是对该句中believe things的同义替换，favorable impression对应该句中的look good，those dear to them是对该句中people we care about的同义替换，题干是对F段第二句的同义转述。
40. 与面对面的交流相比，书籍往往提供了更好的媒介来改变人们的观念。
解析：N。根据题干中的face-to-face communication、books、a better medium和changing people’s beliefs可定位至N段第三句。该句提到，与谈话或辩论相比，书籍往往是更好的转变观念的工具。故题干中的face-to-face communication对应该句的conversations or debates，books原词复现，a better medium是对该句中a better vehicle的同义替换，changing people’s beliefs是对该句中transforming beliefs的同义替换，题干是对N段第三句的同义转述。
41. 在日常生活的许多场合，人们从他们的社会关系中获益比从了解真相中获益更多。
解析：E。根据题干中的occasions、benefit、social bonds和truth可定位至E段第三句。该句提到，在很多情况下，社会联系实际上比理解某个特定事实或想法的真相更有助于你的日常生活。题干中的On many occasions是该句中In many circumstances的同义替换，daily life和truth原词复现，benefit对应helpful，social bonds是social connection的同义替换，题干是对原文E段第三句的同义转述。
42. 要想改变一个人的观念，首先要与他建立社会联系。
解析：I。根据题干中的change somebody’s beliefs、establish和social connection可定位至I段第一句。该句提到，改变人们想法的方法是与他们成为朋友，接纳他们融入你的“部落”，将他们带进你的圈子。题干中change somebody’s beliefs对应该句的change people’s minds，establish social connection是对句中to become friends with them, to integrate them into your tribe, to bring them into your circle的概括总结，题干是对原文I段第一句的同义概述。
43. 没有对现实世界的合理了解，人类就无法生存。
解析：C。根据题干中的Humans、survive、knowledge和actual world可定位至C段第五、六句。这两句指出，为了生存，人类需要对世界有一个合理准确的看法。如果你看法中的世界系统与现实的世界大不相同，那么每天都很难采取有效的行动。题干中的Humans、survive和actual world原词复现，a fair knowledge对应C段第五句中的accurate view，题干是对C段第五、六句的近义概括。
44. 重复不好的想法会增加它们被接受的几率。
解析：O。根据题干中的Repetition of bad ideas、increases和being accepted可定位至O段最后一句。该句提到，你越是重复一个不好的想法，人们就越有可能相信它。题干中的Repetition of bad ideas是对最后一句中repeat a bad idea的同义替换，increases their chances对应该句的the more likely，being accepted对应句中的believe，题干是对O段最后一句话的同义转述。
45. 没有人愿意冒着被孤立的风险放弃自己的观念。
解析：H。根据题干中的Nobody、give up their beliefs、risk和isolated可定位至H段最后一句。该句提到，如果世界观被撕裂的结果是孤立，那不会有人想要这么做。题干中的Nobody原词复现，is willing是对最后一句中wants的同义替换，give up their beliefs对应该句中的worldview torn apart，getting isolated对应该句中的loneliness，题干是对原文H段最后一句的近义概述。本题具有一定干扰性的是I段，该段中出现了题干中的关键词beliefs和risk，但该段主要内容是改变自己的观念，而不会有社交上被抛弃的风险这种情况，并没有体现Nobody is willing，故排除。
67、37. People often accept false beliefs because they prioritize social bonds rather than facts.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
P、P
解析：见上一题！
68、38. Most often people learn from those close to them.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
P、P
解析：见上一题！
69、39. Sometimes people adopt certain beliefs in order to leave a favorable impression on those dear to them.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
P、P
解析：见上一题！
70、40. Compared with face-to-face communication, books often provide a better medium for changing people’s beliefs.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
P、P
解析：见上一题！
71、41. On many occasions in daily life, people benefit more from their social bonds than from knowing the truth.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
P、P
解析：见上一题！
72、42. If you want to change somebody’s beliefs, you should first establish social connection with them.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
P、P
解析：见上一题！
73、43. Humans cannot survive without a fair knowledge of the actual world.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
P、P
解析：见上一题！
74、44. Repetition of bad ideas increases their chances of being accepted.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
P、P
解析：见上一题！
75、45. Nobody is willing to give up their beliefs at the risk of getting isolated.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
N、N
O、O
P、P
解析：见上一题！
The subject of automation and its role in our economy has taken hold in American public discourse. Technology broadly and automation specifically are dramatically reshaping the way we work. And we need to have a plan for what’s still to come.
We don’t have to look further than our own communities to see the devastating impact of automation. From automated warehouses to cashierless grocery stores to neighborhood libraries that offer self-checkout lanes instead of employing real people—automation is increasingly replacing jobs and leaving too few good new jobs behind.
The statistics in manufacturing are staggering. Despite the widespread fears about trade, a recent report showed that just 13 percent of jobs lost in manufacturing are due to trade—the rest of the losses have been due to advances in technology.
That is why more people are criticizing the ever-increasing role of technology in our economy. Our country is manufacturing more than ever before, but we are doing it with fewer workers. However, it’s not just factories that are seeing losses—software and information technology are also having a dramatic impact on jobs most people think are secure from the forces of a rapidly-changing economy. Something transformative is happening in America that is having an adverse effect on American families. Whether policymakers and politicians admit it or not, workers have made clear their feelings about their economic insecurity and desire to keep good jobs in America.
So why are people so insistent on ignoring the perils of automation? They are failing to look ahead at a time when planning for the future is more important than ever. Resisting automation is futile: it is as inevitable as industrialization was before it. I sincerely hope that those who assert that automation will make us more effective and pave the way for new occupations are right, but the reality of automation’s detrimental effects on workers makes me skeptical. No one can currently say where the new jobs are coming from or when, and any sensible company or country should prepare for all alternatives.
I’m not overstating the danger: look at what’s happened to the labor force. According to economic research, one in six working-age men, 25-54, doesn’t have a job. Fifty years ago, nearly 100 percent of men that age were working. Women’s labor force participation, meanwhile, has slipped back to the level it was at in the late 1980s.
American families and prominent business leaders are aware that there’s a big problem with automation. The value of a college degree is diminishing, and our upward mobility is declining. If we want an economy that allows everyone to be economically secure, we need to start thinking about how we can rightfully address automation.
76、46. What can we observe from the author’s description of our communities?
A、The growing passion for automation.
B、The shift from manual jobs to IT ones.
C、Their changing views on employment.
D、Their fading employment opportunities.
解析：
解析：D。根据题干中的the author’s description和our communities可以定位第二段。该段第一句提到，我们只需看看自己的社区，就能看到自动化带来的令人震惊影响，在第二句中又提到，自动化正在越来越多地取代工作岗位，几乎没留下多少好的新工作机会。D项与此相符，其中fading employment opportunities对应原文第二段第二句中的increasingly replacing jobs，D项是对第二句部分内容的近义改写，故为正确答案。
错项排除：第二段第二句中提到自动化仓库、杂货店的无人收银台、社区图书馆的自助登记通道，但这些例子是为了说明上一句提到的自动化带来的令人震惊的影响（devastating impact），并不是日益增长的热情，故A项排除。B项利用第四段第三句的information technology进行干扰，但文中是说软件和信息技术（IT）也对工作岗位产生了巨大影响，并不是说手工工作到IT工作的转变，故B项排除。C项在文中无依据，故排除。
77、47. What do we learn from a recent report?
A、The manufacturing sector is declining at a fast rate.
B、The concerns about the effect of trade are exaggerated.
C、The fears about trade have been spreading far and wide.
D、The impact of trade on employment has been staggering.
解析：
解析：B。根据题干中的a recent report可定位至文章第三段第二句。该句提到，尽管人们对贸易普遍感到担忧，但最近的一份报告显示，制造业中只有13%的失业是贸易造成的，其他的失业都是技术进步造成的。由此可知，贸易对失业造成的影响并没有人们想象的那么严重，也就是说人们对贸易影响的担忧被夸大了，B项与此内容相符，是对第三段第二句的近义转述，故B项为正确答案。
错项排除：A项利用文中的manufacturing和declining进行拼凑，但第四段第二句说我们国家的制造业比以往任何时候都要多，A项与此相悖，故排除。C项利用第三段第二句的the widespread fears about trade进行干扰，但这是说人们对贸易普遍担心，并不是说对贸易的恐惧已经蔓延到很远的地方（spreading far and wide），故C项排除。D项利用文中的impact、trade、employment和staggering进行拼凑，但拼凑完的内容与文意不相符，故排除。
78、48. What does the passage tell us about American workers in an era of transformation?
A、They feel ignored by politicians.
B、They feel increasingly vulnerable.
C、They keep adapting to the changes.
D、They keep complaining but to no avail.
解析：
解析：B。根据题干中的American workers和transformation可定位至第四段最后两句。最后两段指出，美国正在发生一些变革（Something transformative），这对美国家庭产生了不利影响。不管政策制定者和政界人士是否承认，工人已经明确表达了他们对经济的不安全感，以及想在美国保持好工作的愿望。由此可知，在变革阶段的美国工人们感觉自己处于越来越不安稳的状态，B项与此内容相符，故正确。
错项排除：虽然原文第四段提到了从政者也许不承认变革所带来的不利影响，但这里说他们忽略的是这种影响，而不是忽略了工人们，故A项排除。C项的adapting和D项的complaining在文章中都无依据，故均可排除。
79、49. What does the author think of automation?
A、It will have the same impact as industrialization.
B、It provides sensible companies with alternatives.
C、Its alleged positive effects are doubtful.
D、Its detrimental effects are unavoidable.
解析：
解析：C。文中多次出现automation，但根据题干中的the author和automation可定位至原文第五段倒数第二句，该句中的I sincerely hope对应题干中的the author。该句说道：我真诚地希望，那些断言自动化将使我们更有效率，并为新职业铺平道路的人是正确的，但自动化对工人产生不利影响的现实却让我怀疑。C项与此内容相符，其中positive effects对应该句中的more effective和new occupations，doubtful是对该句中skeptical的同义替换，故C项为正确答案。
错项排除：A项利用第五段第三句的industrialization进行干扰，但原文说的是自动化和工业化一样不可避免，并不是说自动化和工业化的影响一样，故A项排除。B项利用第五段最后一句的sensible company和alternatives进行拼凑，但原文是说任何明智的公司或国家都应该有所准备做好替代方案，并没有说是自动化为其提供了替代方案，故B项排除。D项利用第五段中的perils和inevitable进行相关干扰，但文中是说自动化不可避免，并不是说其有害影响不可避免，故D项排除。
80、50. What should we attach importance to when dealing with automation?
A、College graduates’ job prospects.
B、Women’s access to employment.
C、People’s economic security.
D、People’s social mobility.
解析：
解析：C。根据题干中dealing with automation和题文同序原则可定位至最后一段。该段最后一句讲到，如果我们想要的是能够让所有人感到经济安全的经济模式，那我们就需要思考如何正确地解决自动化问题。也就是说在解决自动化问题时，需要注意的是让人们感到经济上有保障，C项与文意相符，其中economic security对应原文最后一句的economically secure，故为正确答案。
错项排除：最后一段第二句提到，大学学位在贬值，我们向上的流动性正在下降，原文第六段最后一句提到了女性劳动力参与率，但这些都只是在说自动化对社会的不利影响，而不是解决自动化问题时需要重点考虑的问题，故排除A、B、D三项。
Look at the people around you. Some are passive, others more aggressive. Some work best alone, others crave companionship. We easily recognize that there is great variation among the individuals who live near us. Yet, when we speak of people from elsewhere, we seem to inevitably characterize them based on their country of origin.
Statistics specialists, when they speak of national averages, often make the same mistake.
Newly published research shows how erroneous such overviews are. Three researchers analyzed decades of values-based surveys and found that only between 16% and 21% of the variation in cultural values could be explained by differences between countries. In other words, the vast majority of what makes us culturally distinct from one another has nothing to do with our homeland.
To determine what factors really are associated with culture, the authors combined data from 558 prior surveys that each measured one or more of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. These are traits, such as individualism and masculinity, that describe work-related cultural values. (They are not a measure of visible cultural traits, such as food or dress.) Though the validity of Hofstede’s dimensions has been questioned, they have the singular benefit of having been in use for decades, which allows for historical and international comparisons.
The researchers found that both demographic factors, such as age, and environmental factors, such as long-term unemployment rates, were more correlated with cultural values than nationality. Occupation and social economic status were the most strongly correlated, suggesting that our values are more economically driven than we usually give them credit for.
The evidence implies that people with similar jobs and incomes are more culturally alike, regardless of where they live. Vas Taras, the lead author of the study, puts it this way: “Tell me how much you make and I will make a pretty accurate prediction about your cultural values. Tell me what your nationality is and I probably will make a wrong prediction.”
Taras says our erroneous belief that countries are cultures has caused businesses to teach their employees useless or even harmful ways of interacting with their international peers. Chinese and American lawyers might be trained to interact based on the assumption that the Chinese person is less individualistic, even though their similar social economic situations make it probable they are actually quite alike in that regard.
The country, as the unit of authority, is often a convenient way of generalizing about a population. However, our focus on countries can mask broad variations within them. In the majority of cases we would be better off identifying people by the factors that constrain their lives, like income, rather than by the lines surrounding them on a map.
81、51. What error do experts often make when describing people from other places?
A、They tend to overly rely on nationality.
B、They often exaggerate their differences.
C、They often misunderstand their cultures.
D、They tend to dwell on national averages.
解析：
解析：A。根据题干中的experts和people from other places可定位至第一段最后一句和第二段，，其中experts对应第二段中的Statistics specialists，people from other places是对第一段最后一句中people from elsewhere的同义替换。第一段最后一句提到，当我们谈到来自其他地方的人时，似乎不可避免地会根据他们的祖国来描述他们。接着第二段又提到统计专家，说他们在谈到国家平均水平时，往往会犯同样的错误，也就是说，专家也会依赖国籍进行判断，A项符合题意，nationality对应第一段最后一句的their country of origin，故正确。
错项排除：B项利用第三段第二句中的differences进行干扰，但原文说的是16%到21%的文化价值观差异可以用国家间的差异来解释，并没有说差异被夸大，故B项排除。C项利用文中多次出现的cultures进行干扰，但misunderstand在文中无依据，故C项排除。D项利用第二段的national averages进行干扰，但原文说的是统计专家在谈到国家平均水平时，往往会犯同样的错误，并不是说他们犯的错是关注国家平均水平，故D项排除。
82、52. What do we learn about Hofstede’s cultural dimensions?
A、They are useful in comparing cultural values across time and space.
B、They have brought unusual benefits to people of different cultures.
C、They are widely used to identify people’s individual traits.
D、They provide valuable questions for researchers to study.
解析：
解析：A。根据题干中的Hofstede’s cultural dimensions可定位至原文第四段最后一句。该句提到，尽管霍夫斯泰德维度的有效性受到了质疑，但它有一个独特的好处：因为一直使用了几十年，这样一来就可以进行历史上和国际上的比较，A项与此内容相符，其中comparing对应comparisons，time对应historical，space对应international，故A项为正确答案。
错项排除：B项利用第四段最后一句中的benefit进行干扰，但原文是说霍夫斯泰德维度的独特好处，并不是说它带给人们不同寻常的好处，故B项排除。C项利用第四段第二句中的individualism和traits进行干扰，但原文中这两个单词是表示“个人主义”和“一些特征”，并非个体特征，故C项排除。D项的valuable questions在文中无依据，故排除。
83、53. What did researchers find about previous studies on factors determining people’s values?
A、Environmental factors were prioritized over other factors.
B、An individual’s financial status was often underestimated.
C、Too much emphasis had been placed on one’s occupation.
D、The impact of social progress on one’s values was ignored.
解析：
解析：B。根据题干中的researchers、factors和people’s values可定位至第五段。该段提到，研究人员发现，人口因素（如年龄）和环境因素（如长期失业率）与文化价值观的相关性大于国籍。职业和社会经济地位的相关性最强，这表明我们的价值观比我们通常认为的更受经济驱动。也就是说经济因素对价值观的影响比人们以为的要更大，以前很可能是被人们低估了。B项与此内容相符，其中的financial status对应原文第五段最后一句中的economic status，故B项为正确答案。
错项排除：第五段第一句提到，人口因素和环境因素与文化价值观的相关性大于国籍，并不是说环境因素优于其他因素，故A项错误。C项利用第五段最后一句中的Occupation进行干扰，但Too much emphasis在文中无依据，故排除。D项的social progress在文中无依据，故排除。
84、54. What is the impact on employees when cultures are identified with countries?
A、They may fail to see the cultural biases of their business partners.
B、They may fail to attach sufficient importance to cultural diversity.
C、They may not be taught how to properly interact with overseas partners.
D、They may not be able to learn the legal procedures for business transactions.
解析：
解析：C。根据题干中的employees和cultures are identified with countries可定位至倒数第二段第一句，题干中的cultures are identified with countries对应该句的countries are cultures。该句提到，塔拉斯说，我们错误地认为国家代表着文化，这导致企业向员工传授的与国际同行交流的方式是无用甚至有害的。由此可知，如果国家和文化密切相连，将会导致员工与海外同行交流的方式是不对的，即无法与海外合作伙伴正确互动，C项与此内容相符，其中not be taught how to properly interact with overseas partners是对句中caused businesses to teach their employees useless or even harmful ways of interacting with their international peers的近义改写，故C项为正确答案。
错项排除：A项利用倒数第二段中出现的business和partners进行干扰，但cultural biases在文中无依据，故A项排除。B项的cultural diversity在文中无依据，故排除。D项的legal procedures和business transactions在文中无依据，故排除。
85、55. What does the author suggest at the end of the passage?
A、There is sufficient reason to generalize about a country’s population.
B、The majority of people are still constrained by their national identity.
C、It is arguable that the country should be regarded as the unit of authority.
D、Nationality is less useful than socio-economic status as an indicator of one’s values.
解析：
解析：D。根据题干中的the end of the passage可定位至原文最后一段。该段主要讲对国籍过分关注可能产生的影响。最后一句又进一步暗示：在大多数情况下，在对人们进行辨别时，我们最好通过限制他们生活的因素，比如收入，而不是通过地图上那些界定他们的线条。言外之意就是，在对人们进行辨别时，经济因素要胜过国籍因素，D项与此内容相符，其中Nationality对应该句中the lines surrounding them on a map，socio-economic status对应该句中的income，indicator of one’s values对应该句的identifying people，故D项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文指出，通过国籍来判定个人特点这种做法并不可取，A项与此相悖，故排除。B项利用最后一句的majority和constrain进行干扰，但原文说的是在大多数（majority）情况下，在对人们进行辨别时，最好通过限制（constrain）他们生活的因素，并不是说大多数人受制于他们的国籍身份，故B项排除。C项利用最后一段第一句中的the unit of authority进行干扰，但arguable在文中无依据，故排除。
三、Part IV Translation
86、 延安位于陕西省北部，地处黄河中游，是中国革命的圣地。毛泽东等老一辈革命家曾在这里生活战斗了十三个春秋，领导了抗日战争和解放战争，培育了延安精神，为中国革命做出了巨大贡献。延安的革命旧址全国数量最大、分布最广、级别最高。延安是全国爱国主义、革命传统和延安精神教育基地。延安有9个革命纪念馆，珍藏着中共中央和老一辈革命家在延安时期留存下来的大量重要物品，因此享有“中国革命博物馆城”的美誉。
参考答案：
参考译文
Yan’an is located in the northern part of Shaanxi Province, in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and is the sacred land of the Chinese Revolution. Revolutionaries of the older generation such as Mao Zedong have lived and fought here for thirteen years, led the War of Resistance against Japan and the War of Liberation, cultivated the spirit of Yan’an, and made great contributions to the Chinese revolution. Yan’an has the largest number, the widest distribution, and the highest level of revolutionary sites in the country. Yan’an is the education base of national patriotism, revolutionary traditions and the Yan’an spirit. There are 9 revolutionary memorial halls in Yan’an, which cherish a large number of important items left by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the older generation of revolutionaries during the Yan’an period. Therefore it enjoys the reputation as “the Museum City of Chinese Revolution”.
解析：
li词汇难点
位于/地处 be located/situated in
中游 the middle reaches
圣地 the sacred land/shrine
革命家 revolutionaries
春秋 year
抗日战争 the War of Resistance against Japan
解放战争 the War of Liberation
延安精神 the spirit of Yan’an
革命旧址 revolutionary sites
爱国主义 patriotism
教育基地 education base
革命纪念馆 revolutionary memorial halls
中共中央 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
享有……美誉 enjoys the reputation...
表达难点
第一句：本句有三个动词：“位于”“地处”和“是”，翻译时可将“位于”和“是”作为并列谓语，用and连接。为避免重复，“地处”可用介词in代替。
第二句：本句虽然较长，动词较多，但逻辑关系比较清晰，翻译时可将动词译为并列谓语，需要注意本句有一个过去的时间段，需要使用现在完成时。“毛泽东等老一辈革命家”可译为Revolutionaries of the older generation such as Mao Zedong。
第三句：本句有三个并列的最高级，但是缺少动词，翻译时需添加谓语可用has表示。“数量最大、分布最广、级别最高”修饰的都是“革命旧址”，译为定语，用the largest number, the widest distribution, and the highest level of表示。
第四句：本句较为简单，“全国爱国主义、革命传统和延安精神”修饰“教育基地”，翻译时为避免头重脚轻可处理为后置定语，用the education base of national patriotism, revolutionary tradition and Yan’an spirit表示。
第五句：本句较长，动词较多，根据逻辑词“因此”可译为两个句子。第一个句子为“延安有9个革命纪念馆”，用there be句型表达，“珍藏着中共中央和老一辈革命家在延安时期留存下来的大量重要物品”可处理为非限制性定语从句用which引导；第二个句子为“因此享有‘中国革命博物馆城’的美誉”，本句中省略了主语“延安”，翻译时可添加主语用it表示。
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