2020年12月第2套英语六级真题答案及解析

一、Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension

1、Question 1 is based on the conversation you have just heard.

A、A driving test.

B、A video game.

C、Traffic routes.

D、Cargo logistics.

解析：

听力原文

W: (1) [This is unbelievable! Unlike any video game I’ve ever played before, it’s so boring yet so relaxing at the same time.] How did you hear about this driving simulator?

M: My brother introduced it to me last year. (2) [I was surprised to find how educational and realistic it was.] It’s called Euro Truck Simulator, but they have other versions as well for America and so on. I was really drawn to the scenery. The routes go through parts of the country you don’t normally see as a tourist.

W: Yeah, I can see that. It seems so simple, just transporting cargo from point A to point B, driving from one city to another. (3) [But I really appreciate all the details that go into the game. It’s even given me a new appreciation for the logistics industry and traffic on the road.]

M: I completely agree. My brother also introduced me to some videos of someone that streamed their game online. It was fascinating to watch really. This guy drove very carefully, obeyed all the road signs and traffic rules. Such a contrast to most violent games!

W: Honestly, playing has inspired me to look into the industry more. I’ve read articles about how self-driving trucks may soon be available and could greatly impact cargo logistics. Considering all that goes into driving these larger vehicles, it’s amazing that we could soon have that kind of technology.

M: Ha, I’ve got one step further. I registered to take a safe-driving course to improve my real-life driving skills. In a way, I feel like I have a head start compared to other students in the class. Playing this video game has given me some maneuvering practices already.

W: I’m not sure how accurate the video game is compared to real-life situations. (4) [But if it results in more drivers looking both ways before entering an intersection, I’d say that’s a positive outcome.]

1. What are the speakers mainly talking about? （两位谈话者主要在谈论什么？）

解析：B。录音最开始女士提到，这款游戏和她之前玩过的电子游戏（video game）都不一样，它非常无聊，但很让人放松，随后又问到男士是怎么知道这个模拟驾驶游戏的。接下来的对话中，两位谈话者一直围绕Euro Truck Simulator，即《欧洲卡车模拟》进行讨论，可知两人谈话的主题就是这款电子游戏，故选B。

错项排除：录音后半部分提到男士报了一门安全驾驶课（safe-driving course），但并没有提到是否要参加驾驶考试，故A项排除。C项利用男士提到的routes设置干扰，但男士说的是游戏里的路线（routes）会穿越某个国家的某些地区，这属于游戏中的细节内容，C项以偏概全，故排除。D项利用录音中提到的cargo和后半部分再次提到的cargo logistics设置干扰，但女士前面说的是游戏里设置的任务就是在两个地点之间运送货物，后面说的是她因为这个游戏而对物流产业有了新的认识，这两部分都只是谈话的部分内容，不是谈话的主题，故D项错误。

2、Question 2 is based on the conversation you have just heard.

A、He found it instructive and realistic.

B、He bought it when touring Europe.

C、He was really drawn to its other versions.

D、He introduced it to his brother last year.

解析：

听力原文

W: (1) [This is unbelievable! Unlike any video game I’ve ever played before, it’s so boring yet so relaxing at the same time.] How did you hear about this driving simulator?

2. What does the man say about the driving simulator?（关于模拟驾驶游戏，男士说了什么？）

解析：A。录音开头部分男士提到，他惊讶地发现这款游戏不仅寓教于乐，而且还很逼真。A项中的instructive对应录音中的educational，realistic为原词复现，故A项为正确答案。

错项排除：B项利用录音中提到的Euro和tourist设置干扰，但男士说的是游戏的名字叫《欧洲卡车模拟》，后面说的是在游戏中看到的景色和以游客身份在欧洲国家游览的体验不同，B项属于细节拼凑，故排除。C项利用drawn to和other versions设置干扰，但录音中男士提到的是《欧洲卡车模拟》还有美国和其他地区地图的版本，男士是被游戏中的景色所吸引，并不是被其他版本的游戏所吸引，故C项排除。录音中男士说是他的哥哥将游戏推荐给了他，并非是他把游戏推荐给他哥哥，故D项排除。

3、Question 3 is based on the conversation you have just heard.

A、Travelling all over the country.

B、Driving from one city to another.

C、The details in the driving simulator.

D、The key role of the logistics industry.

解析：

听力原文

W: (1) [This is unbelievable! Unlike any video game I’ve ever played before, it’s so boring yet so relaxing at the same time.] How did you hear about this driving simulator?

3. What does the woman say she really appreciates? （女士说她非常欣赏什么？）

解析：C。录音中间女士提到，她很欣赏游戏里的细节，这甚至让她对物流行业和道路交通有了新的认识。C项与录音内容一致，其中The details属于原词复现，故为正确答案。

错项排除：A项利用男士提到的see as a tourist设置干扰，但这并不是女士的观点，也没有提到女士喜欢到全国各地旅行，故A项排除。录音中女士提到transporting cargo from point A to point B, driving from one city to another，但这只是游戏的玩法，不是女士对游戏的欣赏之处，故B项排除。女士在录音后面提到这款游戏让她对物流行业和道路交通有了新的认识，但并没有提到物流行业的key role（关键作用），故D项排除。

4、Question 4 is based on the conversation you have just heard.

A、Clearer road signs.

B、More people driving safely.

C、Stricter traffic rules.

D、More self-driving trucks on the road.

解析：

听力原文

W: (1) [This is unbelievable! Unlike any video game I’ve ever played before, it’s so boring yet so relaxing at the same time.] How did you hear about this driving simulator?

4. What outcome does the woman expect from the driving simulator?（女士希望模拟驾驶游戏能带来什么结果？）

解析：B。录音结尾女士提到，如果这款游戏能让更多司机在经过十字路口前看看左右两边，就是一种积极的结果。B项More people driving safely（更多人能安全驾驶）就是对女士说的it results in more drivers looking both ways before entering an intersection的总结，故B项为正确答案。

错项排除：A项利用录音中出现的road signs设置干扰，C项利用traffic rules设置干扰，但录音中说的是一位游戏直播玩家开车很谨慎，遵守所有的路标（obeyed all the road signs）和交通规则（traffic rules），并非女士希望这款游戏带来的结果，故A、C两项排除。女士虽然提到她读过一些文章，文章中说自动驾驶卡车即将面世，但这并不是模拟驾驶游戏带来的结果，故D项错误。

5、Question 5 is based on the conversation you have just heard.

A、It isn’t so enjoyable as he expected.

B、It isn’t so motivating as he believed.

C、It doesn’t enable him to earn as much money as he used to.

D、It doesn’t seem to offer as much freedom as he anticipated.

解析：

听力原文

W: How do you like being self-employed?‘

M: (5) [There are obvious benefits, though I don’t seem to have the freedom I anticipated as I just don’t seem able to decline work offers.] And working alone, there have been times when I’ve found that money alone provides insufficient motivation. Have you experienced the same since you began working for yourself?

W: Sometimes yes. Unlike the rest of the workforce who have managers to prompt motivation whenever they’re feeling lazy or bored, we self-employed workers perform our jobs without a manager to lift our spirits. There’s no one around to offer praise or initiate collaboration, no one to make greater use of our interests and talents.

M: That’s a fact. Not every manager behaves with such awareness and care, of course. (6) [And certainly not all managers have a clue how to motivate people.] Still, having a manager nearby at least indicates there’s an opportunity. They’ll be decent enough to look out for you when your energy and focus begin to deplete.

W: (7) [The motivator I value most is autonomy.] I’ve learned not to sacrifice my prized autonomy by working all hours of the day and by saying yes to every client request.

M: (7) [Yes. I need to remind myself that I selected this lifestyle for the independence.] I don’t miss aspects of permanent full-time employment I disliked, such as the office politics, job insecurity, inflexible hours and so on. I wouldn’t mind a bit more in the form of praise though—praise which is on the record.

W: That’ll come with time. (8) [Relatedness is inevitably cultivated via human interaction, engaging with clients, getting written testimony and recommendations, staying in contact with clients afterwards.] These are things you’ll find will come in due course and provide you with motivation.

M: (8) [You’re right. That’s an area I do need to put some more effort into—building closer relationships with those who engage my services and skills.]

5. What does the man say about his life of being self-employed?（男士关于自己的自由职业生活说了什么？）

解析：D。四个选项均以It isn’t或It doesn’t开头，并包含as/so...as he expected/believed/anticipated结构，推测问题可能与某样事物的现实与预期不符有关。录音开头女士问男士自由职业感觉如何，男士提到，当自由职业者很明显有些好处，虽然他并没有得到自己预期的自由。D项与此内容相符，其中seem to offer对应录音中的seem to have，freedom和anticipated属于原词复现，故为正确答案。

错项排除：录音中没有提到自由职业生活是否有趣，故A项排除。B项利用motivating设置干扰，但录音中男士提到单单靠金钱无法给他足够的工作动力（motivation），并没有提到自由职业本身是否令人充满动力，故B项排除。C项利用money设置干扰，但录音中说的是单单靠金钱（money）无法给他足够的工作动力，并没有提到全职工作是否赚得比自由职业更多，故C项排除。

6、Question 6 is based on the conversation you have just heard.

A、Not all of them care about their employees’ behaviors.

B、Few of them are aware of their employees’ feelings.

C、Few of them offer praise and reward to their employees.

D、Not all of them know how to motivate their employees.

解析：

听力原文

W: How do you like being self-employed?‘

W: (7) [The motivator I value most is autonomy.] I’ve learned not to sacrifice my prized autonomy by working all hours of the day and by saying yes to every client request.

M: (8) [You’re right. That’s an area I do need to put some more effort into—building closer relationships with those who engage my services and skills.]

6. What does the man say about managers?（关于领导，男士说了什么？）

解析：D。四个选项均包含名词employees，推测题目可能会与工作或员工有关。录音中间部分男士说，也不是所有领导都知道应该怎样激励他人。D项与此内容相符，其中Not all of them对应录音中的not all managers，know对应录音中的have a clue，motivate为原词复现，故D项为正确答案。

错项排除：A项利用care、B项利用aware设置干扰，但录音中的awareness and care指的是并非所有管理者在察觉到员工怠惰时会意识到应该予以激励与关怀，而非A项中笼统的“关心员工的行为”，也非B项的“能体会到员工的感受”，故A、B两项排除。C项利用录音中出现的praise进行干扰，录音虽然提到自由职业者需要在没有领导激励的情况下完成工作，但这是女士的观点，并不是说很少有领导知道应如何表扬和奖励员工，故C项排除。

7、Question 7 is based on the conversation you have just heard.

A、Job satisfaction.

B、Self-awareness.

C、Autonomy.

D、Money.

解析：

听力原文

W: How do you like being self-employed?‘

W: (7) [The motivator I value most is autonomy.] I’ve learned not to sacrifice my prized autonomy by working all hours of the day and by saying yes to every client request.

M: (8) [You’re right. That’s an area I do need to put some more effort into—building closer relationships with those who engage my services and skills.]

7. What do both speakers value most about self-employment?（关于自由职业，两名说话者都最看重的一点是什么？）

解析：C。录音中间女士说，她最重视的激励因素就是自主性，随后男士表示同意，也就是说两人都最看重自主性（autonomy），故C项正确。

错项排除：录音中没有提到工作的满足感，故A项排除。B项利用录音中出现的awareness设置干扰，但录音中是说不是所有管理人员都有激励员工的意识，并不是说说话者看重自我意识（Self-awareness），故B项排除。男士在录音开头提到单单靠金钱无法给他足够的工作动力，没有说他是否看重金钱，录音中也没有提及女士是否看重金钱，故D项排除。

8、Question 8 is based on the conversation you have just heard.

A、The importance of cultivating close relationships with clients.

B、The need for getting recommendations from their managers.

C、The advantages of permanent full-time employment.

D、The way to explore employees’ interests and talents.

解析：

听力原文

W: How do you like being self-employed?‘

W: (7) [The motivator I value most is autonomy.] I’ve learned not to sacrifice my prized autonomy by working all hours of the day and by saying yes to every client request.

M: (8) [You’re right. That’s an area I do need to put some more effort into—building closer relationships with those who engage my services and skills.]

8. On what point does the man agree with the woman?（男士在哪一点上与女士的观点一致？）

解析：A。在录音结尾处，女士提出，如果男士想得到更多赞扬，就要加强与客户的来往（staying in contact with clients），男士表示同意，并表示自己要更加努力与客户建立更密切的联系（building closer relationship）。A项与此内容相符，其中的cultivating close relationships with clients是对building closer relationship with those...的同义转述，故A项为正确答案。

错项排除：B项利用录音中出现的recommendations设置干扰，但男士未就这一点表示同意，故排除。录音中虽然提到了全职工作的优点，但未提及与permanent（长期）相关的信息，故排除C项。D项利用录音中出现的interests and talents设置干扰，但录音中只是说没有人能让自由职业者更好地发挥兴趣和才能，未提及了解员工兴趣和天赋的方法，故排除D项。

9、Question 9 is based on the passage you have just heard.

A、Consumers visualize their activities in different weather.

B、Good weather triggers consumers’ desire to go shopping.

C、Weather conditions influence consumers’ buying behavior.

D、Consumers’ mental states change with the prices of goods.

解析：

听力原文

Weather is a constant force in our lives, but there’s little marketing research on how it affects businesses. (9) [Now, a new study reveals how sunny and snowy conditions influence consumer behavior. Those weather conditions trigger consumers to mentally visualize using products associated with the respective weather. This leads to consumers placing a higher value on those products.] That is, they’re willing to pay more money for them. But the correlation is only found with products related to being outside.

How does this work? Researchers give the example of a beach towel. On a sunny day, consumers who see that product are not just looking at the towel itself. They are likely imagining themselves lying on the towel in the sun. (10) [This mental picture of using the towel increases the value of the product in the consumers’ mind.]

Researchers put forward the following hypothesis to explain their findings. They think the mental picture works in sunshine and snow because these weather conditions have a positive association with outside activities. The effect is not seen with rainy weather. Researchers assert this is because there aren’t many activities that are enabled by rain. Most products associated with rain like umbrellas are only used for protection from the weather and not for any activities.

Researchers believe that companies that sell a wide array of products online can benefit most from the insights this study provides. (11) [Online sellers often use complex mathematical formulas to determine what products to feature and how to price these products. Incorporating more data about weather would allow them to make better decisions.] This could bolster sales.

9. What do we learn about the findings of the new study?（我们可以从新研究的结论中了解到什么？）

解析：C。录音开头提到，现在有一项新的研究揭示了晴天和雪天对消费者行为的影响。这两种天气会促使消费者在心中设想使用与对应天气相关商品的情景，并会导致消费者对这些商品的价值认知变高。C项内容与录音一致，其中Weather conditions为原词复现，influence consumers’ buying behavior对应录音中的influence consumer behavior，故C项为正确答案。

错项排除：录音中提到，能够促使消费者在心中设想使用与天气相关商品的天气状况（Those weather conditions）是指前面提到的晴天或雪天，A项的in different weather（在不同的天气时）和visualize their activities（想象他们从事的活动），意思过于宽泛，无法替代录音中具体的内容，故A项错误。录音中只是提到特定天气会让消费者联想到自己使用与该天气相关的商品，不等同于说好天气就可以激发消费者的购买欲，故B项排除。录音中只是说在某些天气状况下，消费者对相关商品的价值认知会变高（increases the value of the product in the consumers’ mind），但并不是说消费者的心理状况（mental states）会随着商品价格的变化（the prices of goods）而变化，故D项排除。

10、Question 10 is based on the passage you have just heard.

A、Active consumption.

B、Direct correlation.

C、Individual association.

D、Mental visualization.

解析：

听力原文

10. What does the passage say may increase the value of products for consumers?（文章中指出，什么会提高商品在消费者心中的价值？）

解析：D。录音中间举了沙滩浴巾的例子来证明在晴天和雪天时，消费者会在心中设想使用相关户外用品的情景：消费者在晴天看到沙滩浴巾时，不仅仅会看到商品本身，还会想象自己躺在浴巾上晒太阳的情景，录音中接着指出，这幅心理图像提高了浴巾在消费者心中的价值。D项符合录音内容，Mental visualization对应录音中的This mental picture，故D项正确。

错项排除：录音中没有提到积极的消费对消费者心目中商品价值的影响，故A项排除。B项利用录音中出现的correlation（关联性）设置干扰，指代的是某些天气和人们购买活动的相关性，但未提及这种相关性是否是直接的，且相关性引起商品在消费者心中价值上升这种说法过于模糊，故B项排除。录音中提到的提高商品价值的原因是心理上所想象的画面（This mental picture），是消费者在想象自己使用商品，C项“个人的联想”（Individual association）太过宽泛，故排除。

11、Question 11 is based on the passage you have just heard.

A、Enabling them to simplify their mathematical formulas.

B、Helping them determine what to sell and at what price.

C、Enabling them to sell their products at a higher price.

D、Helping them advertise a greater variety of products.

解析：

听力原文

11. How can the findings of the new study benefit online sellers, according to the researchers?（根据研究人员的说法，新研究的结论能如何使网店卖家受益？）

解析：B。四个选项均以含义相近的Enabling them或Helping them开头，推测问题可能与某事产生的积极效果有关。录音最后提到，网店卖家通常使用复杂的数学公式来确定应该促销哪些商品，以及如何给这些商品定价。把更多关于天气的数据考虑在内可以帮助他们更好地决策。B项与此内容相符，其中determine为原词复现，what to sell对应录音中的what products to feature，at what price对应录音中的how to price these products，故B项为正确答案。

错项排除：A项利用录音中出现的complex mathematical formulas设置干扰，但录音中说的是卖家使用复杂的数学公式来确定销售策略，而他们现在可以把相关的天气数据结论也考虑在内，并不是说这些结论可以简化数学公式，故A项错误。C项利用录音中出现的how to price these products设置干扰，但录音中只是说与天气相关的数据结论能帮助卖家更好地决策，并能提高销量，这不等同于说这些结论能帮他们把商品卖得更贵，故C项排除。录音中说网上售卖多种商品（a wide array of products）的公司可以从中受益，D项利用a greater variety of products（更多种类的商品）设置干扰，但录音中并未提到推广更多种类的商品，故排除D项。

12、Question 12 is based on the passage you have just heard.

A、A naturally ventilated office is more comfortable.

B、A cool office will boost employees’ productivity.

C、Office air-conditioning should follow guidebooks.

D、Air-conditioning improves ventilation in the office.

解析：

听力原文

Setting the office air-conditioning at about 22 degrees Celsius has become standard practice across the world. Numerous guidebooks across the world on heating, ventilation and air-conditioning claim office performance peaks at 22 degrees. Many people indeed find relief from soaring summer temperatures in air-conditioned offices, (12) [but recent studies have challenged the accepted wisdom that a cool office is more productive: the reality is more complex.]

Researchers conducted a review of all studies relating to air-conditioning and productivity. They found that 22 degrees was probably a little chilly, even at the height of summer. (13) [For a person dressed in typical summer clothing, an optimal range would be between 23 and 26 degrees.] And people can even tolerate temperatures beyond this “comfort zone”, as long as they can adjust their clothing and expectations. (14) [In fact, even on very hot days, it makes sense to turn the air-conditioning up.] People often chase just one “optimum” temperature. And this is understandable when people feel hot, (14) [but there is a range of at least 3 to 4 degrees which does not have any adverse impact.]

Another issue related to this is that people can become psychologically dependent on air-conditioning. (15) [If they are used to the environment which is air-conditioned, they tend to prefer lower temperatures.] But the studies found that almost all humans became accustomed to the new temperature. It was only at the “extreme” ends of the temperature range where people’s productivity suffered. This range was above 26 degrees and below 19 degrees.

12. What is the accepted wisdom concerning the office environment?（关于办公室环境，人们普遍接受的观点是什么？）

解析：B。录音前半部分提到，最近一项研究对“凉爽的办公室中效率更高”这一人们普遍接受的观点提出了质疑：实际情况其实要更复杂。也就是说，人们普遍认为在凉爽的办公室中工作效率更高。B项与此内容相符，其中A cool office为原词复现，boost employees’ productivity是对录音中的is more productive的同义替换，故B项为正确答案。

错项排除：A项利用ventilated设置干扰，录音中虽然提到了通风（ventilation），但只是说世界上无数供热系统、通风系统和空调的说明书都称，办公室的最佳温度是22度，并没有提到办公室中自然通风更舒适，故A项排除。录音中只提到说明书建议办公室的最佳温度是22度，没有提到人们普遍认为办公室的空调应该按照说明书调节温度，C项属于过度引申，故错误。录音中是将空调系统和通风系统作为并列的两种设备进行说明的，没有提到开空调能改善办公室的通风，D项只是利用Air-conditioning和ventilation进行细节拼凑，故排除。

13、Question 13 is based on the passage you have just heard.

A、People in their comfort zone of temperature are more satisfied with their productivity.

B、People in different countries vary in their tolerance to uncomfortable temperatures.

C、Twenty-two degrees is the optimal temperature for office workers.

D、There is a range of temperatures for people to feel comfortable.

解析：

听力原文

13. What did researchers find from their review of all studies relating to air-conditioning and productivity?（研究人员通过回顾空调和工作效率的相关研究，得出了什么结论？）

解析：D。录音中间部分提到，23度到26度之间对穿正常夏装的人来说是最舒适的温度。D项与此内容相符，其中a range of temperatures对应录音中的between 23 and 26 degrees，to feel comfortable对应录音中的an optimal range，故D项为正确答案。

错项排除：录音中只是提到关于空调和工作效率的研究的一些回顾总结，并没有提到人们在什么情况下对自己的工作效率更满意，A项只是利用录音中出现的comfort zone、temperature和productivity进行细节拼凑，故排除。录音没有提到不同国家的人（People in different countries）承受温度的能力，故B项排除。录音中提到即使是在最热的时候，空调开到22度可能也有点冷，否定了22度是最佳温度这一传统观点，C项内容与录音相悖，故排除。

14、Question 14 is based on the passage you have just heard.

A、It will have no negative impact on work.

B、It will be immediately noticeable.

C、It will sharply decrease work efficiency.

D、It will cause a lot of discomfort.

解析：

听力原文

14. What do we learn about using a little less air-conditioning during hot weather?（关于在炎热天气少用一点空调，我们能了解到什么？）

解析：A。四个选项均以It will开头，包含impact、decrease、cause等词，推测问题可能涉及某事物的影响。录音后半部分提到，即使是在非常炎热的时候，调高空调温度也是有道理的。随后又解释道，在最佳温度上下至少3到4度的范围内调整温度不会产生任何负面影响。题干中的using a little less air-conditioning（少用一点空调）对应录音中的turn the air-conditioning up（把空调温度调高），A项中的no negative impact对应录音中的does not have any adverse impact，故A项正确。

错项排除：录音中说在温度范围内调节空调温度不会有任何负面影响，其他三项内容与此相悖，故均可排除。

15、Question 15 is based on the passage you have just heard.

A、They tend to favor lower temperatures.

B、They suffer from rapid temperature changes.

C、They are not bothered by temperature extremes.

D、They become less sensitive to high temperatures.

解析：

听力原文

15. What happens when people are used to an air-conditioned environment?（人们在习惯空调环境后会发生什么？）

解析：A。四个选项均以They开头，后面跟了不同的动宾短语，且都出现了temperature(s)，推测题目可能会问到某一群体对温度的感觉。录音最后提到，人们会在心理上依赖空调，如果适应了开空调的环境，他们会更喜欢低些的温度。A项内容与此相符，其中favor是录音中prefer的同义替换，lower temperatures为原词复现，故A项为正确答案。

错项排除：B、C两项分别利用录音结尾的suffered和extreme设置干扰，但录音中提到的是温度达到极点时人们才会感到不适，B项中的rapid temperature changes（温度的快速改变）在录音中未提及，C项内容与录音表述相悖，故B、C两项排除。录音中只是说人们对相对低的温度不那么敏感了，没有提到他们对高温是否敏感，故D项排除。

16、Question 16 is based on the recording you have just heard.

A、It overlooked the possibility that emotions may be controlled.

B、It ignored the fact that emotions are personal and subjective.

C、It classified emotions simply as either positive or negative.

D、It measured positive and negative emotions independently.

解析：

听力原文

Psychology research has tended to portray solitude as a negative experience. Studies conducted in the 1970s and 1990s suggested that people felt less happy when alone as compared to being with others. However, a new paper shows an alternative view of solitude, one in which solitude can be positive.

Let’s start by looking at the earlier research. It had a couple of shortcomings. First, it measured emotion on a scale from positive to negative, overlooking the possibility that the positive and negative emotions can fluctuate independently. (16) [Also, it categorized emotions as simply positive or negative.] It didn’t consider that emotions arouse us to different degrees and that both positive and negative emotions can arouse us a lot or little. That is, whether positive or negative, emotions can be either high arousal or low arousal. High arousal emotions include excitement on the positive side or anger on the negative side, while low arousal ones include feeling calm on the positive side or lonely on the negative.

This new research attempted to overcome these shortcomings. Researchers began with a simple study: they asked participants to spend fifteen minutes sitting alone without engaging in any activity and measured how this solitude influenced their emotional state. (17) [This experiment specifically aimed to determine the effect of solitude on high arousal emotions.] It looked at positive emotions such as being excited or interested, and negative emotions, including being scared or distressed.

The results were clear. (17) [After fifteen minutes of solitude, the participants showed reductions in both types of emotion.] A second study measured the effects of solitude on low arousal emotions. These included both positive and negative emotions such as feeling calm, relaxed, sad or lonely. (18) [That experiment found that all of these emotions were increased by time alone.] Thus, it seems past depictions of solitude were wrong. It doesn’t have a simple emotional effect that can be characterized as good or bad. Rather, it changes the intensity of our inner experience. (18) [It amplifies quieter emotions, but it diminishes the intensity of stronger feelings.] It’s worth clarifying that these findings relate to relatively brief periods of solitude. This is distinct from prolonged loneliness. Research has demonstrated that the latter is correlated with an assortment of negative physical and psychological effects.

How can people benefit from being alone? The findings here suggest that people can use solitude to regulate their emotions. Solitude can help us become quiet after excitement, calm after an angry episode, or simply feel at peace.

16. What is one of the criticisms directed at the early research on solitude?（关于“独处”的早期研究受到了什么批评？）

解析：C。录音前半部分提到，早期对独处的研究有两个缺点，一个是用从积极到消极的等级来测量情绪，另一个是简单地把情绪分为积极和消极两类。C项内容与录音中提到的第二个缺点相符，其中C项的classified是录音中categorized的同义替换，positive or negative为原词复现，故C项正确。

错项排除：录音中提到了情绪波动的可能性（possibility），但没有提到情绪受到控制的可能性，故A项排除。B项中的personal和subjective在录音中没有提及，故排除。录音中提到的早期研究的第一个缺点是把情绪从积极到消极用等级衡量，而忽略了两种情绪各自波动的可能性；并不是把积极情绪和消极情绪分开测量，D项利用录音中的measured、positive and negative emotions和independently进行细节拼凑，故错误。

17、Question 17 is based on the recording you have just heard.

A、Sitting alone without doing anything seemed really distressing.

B、Solitude adversely affected the participants’ mental well-being.

C、Siting alone for 15 minutes made the participants restless.

D、Solitude had a reductive effect on high-arousal emotions.

解析：

听力原文

17. What do we learn about the results of the new research?（我们从新研究的结果中能了解到什么？）

解析：D。录音中间介绍了新研究的目标：确定独处对高唤醒情绪的影响，并对积极的情绪（如兴奋或感兴趣）和消极的情绪（如害怕或愁苦）进行观察。随后又提到了研究结果：独处15分钟后，参与者的这两种情绪都有所缓解。D项中的high-arousal emotions就是录音中提到的both types of emotion中的一种，a reductive effect对应录音中的showed reductions，故D项为正确答案。

错项排除：录音中没有对独自坐着，不做任何事情作出主观评价，故A项排除。录音中提到长期孤独（prolonged loneliness）与一系列负面的生理和心理影响密切相关，并不是说任何形式的独处（solitude）对参与者都有负面的心理影响，故B项排除。录音中也没有提到参与者焦躁不安（restless），故C项排除。

18、Question 18 is based on the recording you have just heard.

A、It proved hard to depict objectively.

B、It went hand in hand with sadness.

C、It helped increase low-arousal emotions.

D、It tended to intensify negative emotions.

解析：

听力原文

18. What did the second experiment in the new research find about solitude?（新研究的第二项实验得出了关于独处的什么结论？）

解析：C。录音后半部分讲到，实验发现，所有这些低唤醒情绪都只随着独处时间的增加而增长。C项与此内容一致，其中的helped increase对应录音中的were increased，故C项正确。

错项排除：录音中提到，第二项实验研究的是独处对低唤醒情绪的影响，并发现所有这些情绪都会随着独处时间的增加而增长，它会改变我们体验的强度。这是对独处的客观描述，A项与此相悖，故排除。录音结尾部分提到，长期孤独会导致一系列负面的生理和心理影响，但也提到短暂的独处有助于人们调节情绪，并没有提到独处时一定会悲伤，故B项排除。录音只是说长时间孤独与一系列负面影响相关，这并不等同于任何形式的独处（solitude）都会加剧负面情绪，D项利用intensify、negative和emotions进行干扰，属于细节拼凑，应排除。

19、Question 19 is based on the recording you have just heard.

A、It uses up much less energy than it does in deep thinking.

B、It remains inactive without burning calories noticeably.

C、It continues to burn up calories to help us stay in shape.

D、It consumes almost a quarter of the body’s total energy.

解析：

听力原文

In 1984, the World Chess Championship was called off abruptly due to the withered frame of a player who was competing for the title. He wasn’t alone in experiencing extreme physical effects of the game. Elite players can reportedly burn up to an absurd six thousand calories in one day.

Does that mean that thinking harder is a simple route to losing weight? Well, (19) [when the body is at rest, we know that the brain uses up a startling 20% to 25% of the body’s overall energy.] This level of utilization actually makes the brain the most energy-expensive organ in the body, and yet it makes up only 2% of the body’s weight overall.

So the more we put this organ to work, the more calories we’ll burn? Technically, the answer is yes, for cognitively difficult tasks. What counts as a “difficult” mental task varies between individuals. But generally, it could be described as something that “the brain cannot solve easily using previously learned routines, or tasks that change the conditions continuously”. However, deep thinking will not burn off the calories gained from eating a sugary snack. Because in relation to the brain’s huge overall energy usage, which is devoted to a multitude of tasks, the energy required just to think harder is actually comparatively tiny. (20) [We are unconscious of most of what uses up the brain’s energy—a lot of that activity is unrelated to conscious activities like learning how to sing or play the guitar.]

(21) [The brain is able to allocate blood and thus energy to particular regions that are being active at that point. But the overall energy availability in the brain is thought to be constant.] So, while there might be significant increases in energy use at localized regions of the brain when we perform difficult cognitive tasks, when it comes to the whole brain’s energy budget overall, these activities don’t significantly alter it.

So why did the chess champion grow too skinny to compete in his chess competition? The general consensus is that it mostly comes down to stress and reduced food consumption, not mental exhaustion. Keeping your body pumped up for action for long periods of time is very energy-demanding. If you can’t eat as often or as much as you can or would normally, then you might lose weight.

19. What do we learn about the brain when the body is at rest?（关于身体休息时的大脑活动，我们可以了解到什么？）

解析：D。录音前半部分提到，当身体处于休息状态时，大脑消耗的能量占身体耗能的20%-25%。D项与此内容相符，其中almost a quarter对应录音中的20% to 25%，the body’s total energy对应录音中的the body’s overall energy，故D项为正确答案。

错项排除：A项利用录音中出现的deep thinking设置干扰，但录音中只提到了从含糖零食中所摄取的能量是不能仅靠深度思考来完全消耗掉的，没有将大脑休息时和深度思考时的能量消耗作对比，故A项错误。录音中提到了休息时（at rest）大脑消耗的能量占比，还提到了大脑的能量消耗并不会因为一些活动而产生显著（significantly）变化，B项利用inactive与at rest、noticeably与significantly的对应来设置干扰，属于细节拼凑，故排除。录音中提到，虽然大脑总共消耗的能量巨大，但仅通过努力思考所消耗的能量相比之下其实很少，由此可知，仅靠脑力活动来减肥或保持身材并不现实，故C项排除。

20、Question 20 is based on the recording you have just heard.

A、Much of the consumption has nothing to do with conscious activities.

B、It has something to do with the difficulty of the activities in question.

C、Energy usage devoted to active learning accounts for a big part of it.

D、A significant amount of it is for performing difficult cognitive tasks.

解析：

听力原文

20. What does the speaker say about the consumption of the brain’s energy?（关于大脑消耗的能量，讲话者说了什么？）

解析：A。录音中间提到，我们不知道大脑消耗的大部分能量用在了哪些活动上——其实很多活动都与学唱歌或学弹吉他这类有意识的活动无关。A项与此内容相符，其中has nothing to do with对应录音中的is unrelated to，conscious activities为原词复现，故A项为正确答案。

错项排除：录音中间部分提出了问题：是不是我们越使用大脑，我们消耗的卡路里就越多呢？随后给出答案：当大脑在执行高难度的认知任务时，答案是肯定的。B项干扰性较强，录音中提到cognitively difficult tasks（高难度的认知任务），但录音中只是问消耗的卡路里是不是就越多，并没有特指是大脑消耗的卡路里，故B项错误。录音中提到，我们并不知道大脑能量消耗占比较大的活动都有哪些，所以主动的学习和完成高难度的认知任务所消耗的能量占大脑总能量消耗的比例尚未可知，C、D项与录音内容相悖，故排除。

21、Question 21 is based on the recording you have just heard.

A、It is believed to remain basically constant.

B、It is a prerequisite for any mental activity.

C、It is conducive to relieving mental exhaustion.

D、It is thought to be related to food consumption.

解析：

听力原文

21. What do we learn about the overall energy availability in the brain?（关于大脑总体的能量供应，我们可以了解到什么？）

解析：A。录音结尾提到，当我们执行高难度的认知任务时，大脑局部区域的能量消耗可能会显著增加，但整个大脑的能量消耗并不会因这些活动而产生显著变化。也就是说，大脑使用的总体能量是基本恒定的，A项内容与此相符，其中is believed to remain是对录音中is thought to be的同义替换，constant为原词复现，故A项为正确答案。

错项排除：全篇录音围绕思考活动和能量消耗展开，但没有提到大脑总体的能量使用是一切心理活动的必要条件（prerequisite），B项只是利用录音中出现的mental和activity进行拼凑，故排除。录音结尾虽然再次提到国际象棋选手消瘦的原因，但只是分析了可能的原因：压力太大、进食减少，并不能说明大脑的能量消耗能帮助缓解精神疲劳，也不能得出能量供应与进食相关，故C、D两项排除。

22、Question 22 is based on the recording you have just heard.

A、Job candidates rarely take it seriously.

B、Job seekers tend to have a ready answer.

C、Job seekers often feel at a loss where to start in answering it.

D、Job candidates can respond freely due to its open-ended nature.

解析：

听力原文

(22) [“Tell me about yourself” may seem like an easy job interview question, but the open-ended nature of this question often leaves job seekers at a loss where to start.] This common question is actually a critical test of a job candidate’s communication skills. So it’s important not to give an unprepared response or mess it up.

“Tell me about yourself” is often the first question professional career coaches prepare people for when they give interview guidance. It’s the opportunity for the candidate to take control of the narrative and tell their story in a way that really matters to their audience. It takes hard work and extensive preparation to answer this question well. (23) [When a person goes to a job interview, their interviewer has presumably read the resume, so they don’t need to repeat the information. But that’s what most people will do, as it’s their instinct to recite things that are already on the resume.

It’s important for job seekers to do their homework on two crucial aspects. First, they’re not just telling someone the fact about themselves. They are telling a story, and stories take work to create. Coming up with a good story means getting reflective about what made their career accomplishments, something they’re proud of, and what strengths those accomplishments highlight.

Candidates shouldn’t pick a broad general strength to elaborate on, such as “I’m smart”, “I work hard”, and “I get things done”. (24) [To come up with multiple career accomplishments or examples for different interview questions, job seekers should talk with others, especially people who know them—partners, friends or coworkers, who will bring up different stories from the ones they remember.]

(25) [Secondly, candidates should know what’s at stake for the company with this job opening. What they really are asking you is “Tell me why you’re going to help me”.] If the person is a prepared candidate, they should have already figured out those things——they’ve read the job description and researched the company on the Internet. What job applicants ought to be looking for is what the company is up to, what they’re trying to accomplish and what is preventing them from accomplishing those things.

How long should it take to answer? Around a minute. That’s about right for most people’s attention spans. Under a minute could seem rushed, while over two minutes will start to feel more like a speech. But the length of the answer is not an exact science and candidates need to keep their career story focused and tailored to their audience.

22. What does the speaker say about the job interview question “Tell me about yourself”?（关于“跟我聊聊你自己吧”这个问题，讲话者说了什么？）

解析：C。四个选项均以Job candidates或Job seekers（求职者）开头，推测问题可能与求职者遇到的问题有关。录音开头提到，“跟我聊聊你自己吧”似乎是一个简单的面试问题，但这个问题是开放性的，经常让面试者不知从何说起。C项内容与此相符，其中at a loss和where to start为原词复现，故C项为正确答案。

错项排除：A、B两项利用录音中提到的it’s important not to give an unprepared response（一定不能毫无准备就回答）设置干扰，但录音中这句话是给求职者的告诫，并没有提到求职者不认真对待这个问题，也没有提到求职者本身是否准备好了这个问题的答案，故这两项可排除。D项利用录音中出现的open-ended nature设置干扰，但并没有说求职者可以自由回答这个问题，因此D项错误。

23、Question 23 is based on the recording you have just heard.

A、Follow their career coaches’ guidelines.

B、Strive to take control of their narrative.

C、Do their best to impress the interviewer.

D、Repeat the information on their resume.

解析：

听力原文

23. What will most people do when they come to a job interview?（大多数人在参加面试时会怎样？）

解析：D。录音中间部分提到，大多数人都会重复自己简历上的信息，因为这是出于一种本能。D项与此内容相符，对应录音中的recite things that are already on the resume，故D项正确。

错项排除：A项利用录音中出现的career coaches设置干扰，但录音中只是说，“跟我聊聊你自己吧”通常是求职顾问进行面试辅导时让学员准备好回答的第一个问题，并没有提到大多数人会按照求职顾问的指导去做，故A项排除。B项利用录音中提到的take control of the narrative设置干扰，但录音中只是说回答好该问题是求职者把握谈话节奏，并打动听者的一个机会，并没有提到大多数求职者能做到这一点，故B项错误。C项利用常识进行干扰，但录音中没有提到大多数人尝试给面试官留下好印象，故C项排除。

24、Question 24 is based on the recording you have just heard.

A、To reflect on their past achievements as well as failures.

B、To produce examples for different interview questions.

C、To discuss important details they are going to present.

D、To identify a broad general strength to elaborate on.

解析：

听力原文

24. Why should job seekers talk with partners, friends and coworkers?（为什么求职者应该去找伴侣、朋友和同事谈话？）

解析：B。四个选项均以不定式开头，推测问题可能涉及某事的目的。录音中间提到，要用实例说明自己在职场上的多项成就，或以此方式回答不同的面试问题，求职者需要找其他人去谈谈，尤其要找了解他们的人，比如伴侣、朋友或同事，因为这些人能讲出与他们自己记忆中不同的故事。也就是说，求职者找别人谈话是为了针对不同的面试问题举实例来回答。B项与此内容相符，其中produce examples对应录音中的come up with...examples，different interview questions为原词复现，故B项为正确答案。

错项排除：A项利用reflect、achievements和录音中提到的reflective、career accomplishments的对应关系设置干扰，但录音中说的是如果要在面试中讲好自己的故事，就要反思自己职业生涯中的成就、引以为傲的事，但这并不是求职者应该去找伴侣、朋友和同事谈话的原因，也没有提到求职者应该反思自己的失败，故A项错误。录音中说找人谈话是因为他们能讲出与自己记忆中不同的故事，从而为面试做准备，C项属于根据常识作出的主观臆断，与录音内容无关，故排除。D项利用录音中出现的a broad general strength设置干扰，但录音中说的是求职者不应该讲过于宽泛、普遍的优点，D项内容与此意思相悖，故排除。

25、Question 25 is based on the recording you have just heard.

A、Getting acquainted with the human resources personnel.

B、Finding out why the company provides the job opening.

C、Figuring out what benefits the company is able to offer them.

D、Tailoring their expectations to the company’s long-term goal.

解析：

听力原文

25. What other important preparations should job seekers make before an interview?（求职者在参加面试前，还需要做其他哪些重要准备？）

解析：B。录音后半部分提到，求职者需要知道空缺职位与公司之间的利害关系。随后还提到面试官想问的是面试者能够怎样帮到公司，面试者应该已经看过岗位描述，在网上搜索过公司信息，也就是说面试者应该了解公司放出这一岗位的原因。B项内容与此相符，其中job opening为原词复现，故B项正确。

错项排除：录音中没有提到人力资源人员（human resources personnel），故A项排除。录音中提到求职者需要回答自己能给公司带来什么好处，而不是求职者需要了解公司给自己带来的好处，故排除C项。录音中虽然提到公司的目标和自己能为公司达成目标做些什么，但并没有说求职者应该以此调整自己的期望，D项中的Tailoring为干扰词，但录音中说的是自己的故事应该保证是为面试官量身定做的（tailored），故D项排除。

二、Part III Reading Comprehension

Virtually every activity that entails or facilitates in-person human interaction seems to be in the midst of a total meltdown as the coronavirus (冠状病毒) outbreak erases Americans’ desire to travel. Amtrak says bookings are down by 50 percent and cancellations are up to 300 percent. Hotels in San Francisco are experiencing (26)_____ rates between 70 and 80 percent. Broadway goes dark on Thursday night. Universities, now emptying their campuses, have never tried online learning on this (27)_____. White-collar companies like Amazon, Apple, and the New York Times are asking employees to work from home for the (28)_____ future.

But what happens after the coronavirus?

In some ways, the answer is: All the old normal stuff. The pandemic (大流行病) will take lives, (29)_____economies and destroy routines, but it will pass. Americans will never stop going to basketball games. They won’t stop going on vacation. They’ll meet to do business. No decentralizing technology so far—not telephones, not television, and not the internet—has dented that human desire to shake hands, despite technologists’ (30)_____to the contrary.

Yet there are real reasons to think that things will not return to the way they were last week. Small (31)_____ create small societal shifts; big ones change things for good. The New York transit strike of 1980 is (32)_____ with prompting several long-term changes in the city, including bus and bike lanes, and women wearing sports shoes to work. The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 prompted the development of national health care in Europe.

Here and now, this might not even be a question of (33)_____. It’s not clear that the cruise industry will (34)_____. Or that public transit won’t go broke without (35)_____ assistance. The infrastructure might not even be in place to do what we were doing in 2019.

26、(1)

A、cumulative

B、strangle

C、vacancy

D、federal

E、predictions

F、subtle

G、wedge

H、foreseeable

I、preference

J、scale

K、disruptions

L、credited

M、survive

N、summoned

O、credentials

解析：

名词

credentials(-s) 资格；证明

disruptions(-s) 分裂；瓦解

predictions(-s) 预报；预言

preference 偏爱；优待

scale 规模；范围

vacancy 空位；空缺

wedge 楔子；起因

动词

credentials(-s) 给……提供证书

credited(-ed) 信任；归功于

scale 衡量；改变大小；剥落

strangle 限制；阻碍；窒息

summoned(-ed) 召唤；召集

survive 活下来；幸存

wedge 楔入；挤进

形容词

cumulative 累积的

federal 联邦的；同盟的

foreseeable 可预见的

subtle 微妙的；精细的

26. vacancy

解析：名词辨析题。空格前为谓语are experiencing，空格后为名词rates，故空格处应填入形容词或名词，修饰rates。空格所在句意为，旧金山的酒店____率在70%-80%之间。根据前面提到的车票预订量下降，订单取消量增加，再加上空格所在句提到了酒店，推测空格处应填入与入住率有关的内容。名词备选项中，vacancy（空位；空缺）填入空格能构成合理语义，vacancy rates表示与“入住率”相对的“空置率”，符合题意，故选vacancy。形容词备选项中cumulative（累积的）能和rates构成搭配，但“累积率”不能用来形容酒店，故排除cumulative。名词备选项中disruptions和preference填入空格能与rates搭配，但不能构成合理句意，故排除。

27. scale

解析：名词辨析题。空格前为on this，可知空格处应填入名词。空格所在句意为，大学正在清空校园，并且从未尝试过这样____的线上教学。根据句意，大学清空校园即不再进行线下教学而转向线上教学，因此该句说的应该是线上教学的规模，备选项中只有scale（规模；范围）符合这一含义，填入空格表示“还未尝试过如此规模的线上教学”，即规模空前，故选scale。

28. foreseeable

解析：形容词辨析题。根据空格前的the和空格后的future，可知空格处应填入形容词，修饰future。根据句意，在____的未来里，亚马逊、苹果、《纽约时报》等白领公司都要求员工在家工作，可知空格处应填入的词应与“未来”关系紧密，形容词备选项中只有foreseeable符合该条件，for the foreseeable future为常用搭配，表示“在可预见的未来”，故foreseeable为正确答案。

29. strangle

解析：动词辨析题。空格所在句前后分别有动宾短语take lives和destroy routines，故空格处应填入动词原形，与前后动宾短语构成并列关系。根据句意，这场大流行病夺走人们的生命、____经济发展、摧毁日常生活，但它终会过去的。也就是说，空格所在句中应填入表负面意义的动词，动词备选项中只有strangle（限制；阻碍；窒息）表示负面含义，strangle economies意为“阻碍经济发展”，能构成合理语义，故选strangle。scale作动词时虽然有“衡量；改变大小”的含义，但只有在固定搭配scale sth. down或scale sth. back中才能表示“减少”，而空格后面只有economies，无法构成固定搭配，故scale排除。

30. predictions

解析：名词辨析题。空格前为所有格technologists’，空格后为比较状语to the contrary，可知空格处应填入名词。根据句意，到目前为止，还没有一项去中心化的技术（包括电话、电视和互联网）能削弱人们握手的欲望，尽管技术人士的____恰恰相反。根据该句中的对比关系可知，技术人员的观点可能是电话、电视、互联网等技术会造成人与人之间的疏离，而现实恰恰相反。因此，技术人员的观点应该是先于当今事实的，所以空格中填入的单词应包含“预测；预期”的含义，名词备选项中只有predictions填入空格符合题意，故选predictions。

31. disruptions

解析：名词辨析题。空格前为形容词Small，空格后为动词create，再根据分号后指代前面名词的big ones可知空格处应填入名词复数作句子主语。根据句意，小____使社会发生小的改变，大____则会导致永久的改变。名词备选项中能与societal shifts（社会变革）产生联系的只有disruptions，代入空格表示“小纷扰使社会发生小的改变，大动乱则会导致永久的改变”，故disruptions为正确答案。

32. credited

解析：动词辨析题。空格前为is，空格后为介词with，可知空格处需填入形容词，或者动词的分词形式共同构成句子谓语。根据句意，1980年的纽约交通系统大罢工____推动了纽约的一系列长期变革，包括建设公交车道、自行车道，以及女性穿运动鞋上班。备选项中只有credited可以与is...with搭配，be credited with表示“被归因于”，故credited正确。

33. preference

解析：名词辨析题。空格前为a question of，可知空格处应填入名词。根据句意，此时此刻，可能问题甚至不在于____。结合上一段中纽约交通罢工和西班牙流感的例子，可知历史上的负面事件最终会带来一些积极影响，而空格所在句的意思是，此次疫情尚未结束，还不是考虑其影响性质的时候，现在要考虑的是生存问题。备选项中只有preference填入空格符合句意，表示可能问题甚至不在于哪种变化能带来更好的结果，符合上下文语义，故preference为正确答案。

34. survive

解析：动词辨析题。空格前为will，故空格处应填入动词原形。根据句意，我们还不知道游轮行业是否还会____。结合后面一句“也不清楚公共交通是否会破产”可知空格中填入的词应与won’t go broke含义相近，动词备选项中survive填入空格符合语境，表示“我们不知道游轮行业是否还能生存下去”，符合题意，故survive为正确答案。

35. federal

解析：形容词辨析题。空格前为介词without，空格后为名词assistance，故空格处应填入名词或形容词，修饰assistance。空格所在句后半句意为，也不清楚没有了____支持，公共交通系统是否会破产。由此可知，空格处应填入能表示能提供支持的机构或组织，或者表示支持强度的词。备选项中只有federal（联邦的）符合这一语义，without federal assistance表示“没有联邦（政府）的支持”，符合语义，故federal为正确答案。cumulative、foreseeable和subtle均可以与assistance搭配，但代入空格均无法构成合理语义，故排除。

27、(2)

A、cumulative

B、strangle

C、vacancy

D、federal

E、predictions

F、subtle

G、wedge

H、foreseeable

I、preference

J、scale

K、disruptions

L、credited

M、survive

N、summoned

O、credentials

解析：见上一题！

28、(3)

A、cumulative

B、strangle

C、vacancy

D、federal

E、predictions

F、subtle

G、wedge

H、foreseeable

I、preference

J、scale

K、disruptions

L、credited

M、survive

N、summoned

O、credentials

解析：见上一题！

29、(4)

A、cumulative

B、strangle

C、vacancy

D、federal

E、predictions

F、subtle

G、wedge

H、foreseeable

I、preference

J、scale

K、disruptions

L、credited

M、survive

N、summoned

O、credentials

解析：见上一题！

30、(5)

A、cumulative

B、strangle

C、vacancy

D、federal

E、predictions

F、subtle

G、wedge

H、foreseeable

I、preference

J、scale

K、disruptions

L、credited

M、survive

N、summoned

O、credentials

解析：见上一题！

31、(6)

A、cumulative

B、strangle

C、vacancy

D、federal

E、predictions

F、subtle

G、wedge

H、foreseeable

I、preference

J、scale

K、disruptions

L、credited

M、survive

N、summoned

O、credentials

解析：见上一题！

32、(7)

A、cumulative

B、strangle

C、vacancy

D、federal

E、predictions

F、subtle

G、wedge

H、foreseeable

I、preference

J、scale

K、disruptions

L、credited

M、survive

N、summoned

O、credentials

解析：见上一题！

33、(8)

A、cumulative

B、strangle

C、vacancy

D、federal

E、predictions

F、subtle

G、wedge

H、foreseeable

I、preference

J、scale

K、disruptions

L、credited

M、survive

N、summoned

O、credentials

解析：见上一题！

34、(9)

A、cumulative

B、strangle

C、vacancy

D、federal

E、predictions

F、subtle

G、wedge

H、foreseeable

I、preference

J、scale

K、disruptions

L、credited

M、survive

N、summoned

O、credentials

解析：见上一题！

35、(10)

A、cumulative

B、strangle

C、vacancy

D、federal

E、predictions

F、subtle

G、wedge

H、foreseeable

I、preference

J、scale

K、disruptions

L、credited

M、survive

N、summoned

O、credentials

解析：见上一题！

Why lifelong learning is the international passport to success

【A】Picture yourself at a college graduation day, with a fresh cohort (一群) of students about to set sail for new horizons. What are they thinking while they throw their caps in the air? What is it with this thin sheet of paper that makes it so precious? It’s not only the proof of acquired knowledge but plays into the reputation game of where you were trained. Being a graduate from Harvard Law School carries that extra glamour, doesn’t it? Yet take a closer look, and the diploma is the perfect ending to the modern tragedy of education.

【B】Why? Because universities and curricula are designed along the three unities of French classical tragedy: time, action, and place. Students meet at the university campus (unity of place) for classes (unity of action) during their 20s (unity of time). This classical model has traditionally produced prestigious universities, but it is now challenged by the digitalisation of society—which allows everybody who is connected to the internet to access learning—and by the need to acquire skills in step with a fast-changing world. Universities must realise that learning in your 20s won’t be enough. If technological diffusion and implementation develop faster, workers will have to constantly refresh their skills.

【C】The university model needs to evolve. It must equip students with the right skills and knowledge to compete in a world “where value will be derived largely from human interaction and the ability to invent and interpret things that machines cannot”, as the English futurist Richard Watson puts it. By teaching foundational knowledge and up-to-date skills, universities will provide students with the future-proof skills of lifelong learning, not just get them “job-ready”.

【D】Some universities already play a critical role in lifelong learning as they want to keep the value of their diplomas. This new role comes with a huge set of challenges, and needs largely to be invented. One way to start this transformation process could be to go beyond the ‘five-year diploma model’ to adapt curricula to lifelong learning. We call this model the lifelong passport.

【E】The Bachelor’s degree could be your passport to lifelong learning. For the first few years, students would ‘learn to learn’ and get endowed with reasoning skills that remain with them for the rest of their lives. For instance, physics allows you to observe and rationalise the world, but also to integrate observations into models and, sometimes, models into theories or laws that can be used to make predictions. Mathematics is the language used to formulate the laws of physics or economy, and to make rigorous computations that turn into predictions. These two disciplines naturally form the foundational pillars of education in technical universities.

【F】Recent advances in computational methods and data science push us into rethinking science and engineering. Computers increasingly become principal actors in leveraging data to formulate questions, which requires radically new ways of reasoning. Therefore, a new discipline blending computer science, programming, statistics and machine learning should be added to the traditional foundational topics of mathematics and physics. These three pillars would allow you to keep learning complex technical subjects all your life because numeracy (计算) is the foundation upon which everything else is eventually built.

【G】According to this new model, the Master of Science (MSc) would become the first stamp in the lifelong learning journey. The MSc curriculum should prepare students for their professional career by allowing them to focus on acquiring practical skills through projects.

【H】Those projects are then interwoven with fast-paced technical modules (模块) learned ‘on-the-fly’ and ‘at will’ depending on the nature of the project. If, for instance, your project is developing an integrated circuit, you will have to take a module on advanced concepts in microelectronics. The most critical skills will be developed before the project even starts, in the form of boot camps (短期强化训练), while the rest can be fostered along with the project, putting them to immediate use and thus providing a rich learning context.

【I】In addition to technical capabilities, the very nature of projects develops social and entrepreneurial skills, such as design thinking, initiative taking, team leading, activity reporting or resource planning. Not only will those skills be actually integrated into the curriculum but they will be very important to have in the future because they are difficult to automate.

【J】 After the MSc diploma is earned, there would be many more stamps of lifelong learning over the years. If universities decide to engage in this learning model, they will have to cope with many organisational challenges that might shake their unity of place and action. First, the number of students would be unpredictable. If all of a university’s alumni (往届毕业生) were to become students again, the student body would be much bigger than it is now, and it could become unsustainable for the campus in terms of both size and resources. Second, freshly graduated students would mix with professionally experienced ones. This would change the classroom dynamics, perhaps for the best. Project-based learning with a mixed team reflects the reality of the professional world and could therefore be a better preparation for it.

【K】Sound like science fiction? In many countries, part-time studying is not exceptional: on average across OECD countries, part-time students in 2016 represented 20 per cent of enrolment in tertiary education. In many countries, this share is higher and can exceed 40 per cent in Australia, New Zealand and Sweden.

【L】If lifelong learning were to become a priority and the new norm, diplomas, just like passports, could be revalidated periodically. A time-determined revalidation would ease administration for everybody. Universities as well as employers and employees would know when they have to retrain. For instance, graduates from the year 2000 would have to come back in 2005.

【M】This could fix the main organisational challenges for the university, but not for the learners, due to lack of time, family obligations or funds. Here, online learning might be an option because it allows you to save your ‘travel time’, but it has its limits. So far, none of the major employers associated with online learning platforms such as Coursera and Udacity has committed to hire or even interview graduates of their new online programmes.

【N】Even if time were not an issue, who will pay for lifelong learning? That’s the eternal debate: should it be the learner’s responsibility, that of his employer, or of the state? For example, in Massachusetts, the healthcare professions require continuing education credits, which are carefully evidenced and documented. Yet the same state’s lawyers don’t require continuing legal education, although most lawyers do participate in it informally. One explanation is that technology is less of factor in law than it is in healthcare.

【O】Europe has many scenarios, but the French and Swiss ones are interesting to compare. In France, every individual has a right to lifelong learning organised via a personal learning account that is credited as you work. In Switzerland, lifelong learning is a personal responsibility and not a government one. However, employers and the state encourage continuing education either by funding parts of it or by allowing employees to attend it.

【P】Universities have a fundamental role to play in this journey, and higher education is in for a change. Just like classical theatre, the old university model produced talent and value for society. We are not advocating its abolition but rather calling for the adaptation of its characteristics to meet the needs of today.

36、36. Students should develop the key skills before they start a project.

A、A

B、B

C、C

D、D

E、E

F、F

G、G

H、H

I、I

J、J

K、K

L、L

M、M

N、N

O、O

P、P

解析：36. 学生在课题开始前应该先培养关键技能。

解析：H。根据题目中的key skills和start a project可定位到H段第三句。定位句前半句指出，你需要在课题开始前，就用短期强化训练的方式学会最重要的技能。由此可知，学生在课题开始前就应该学会最重要的那部分技能。题干中的key skills是对H段第三句中The most critical skills的同义替换，题干中的before they start a project是对该句中before the project even starts的同义转述，故题干是对H段第三句前半部分的同义转述。

37. 学生可以在大学前几年培养出推理能力，从而为终身学习打下基础。

解析：E。根据题目中的acquiring reasoning skills和first few years of college可定位到E段第二句。定位句指出，在最开始的几年里，学生要先“学会学习”，并熟练掌握惠及其一生的推理能力。题干中的reasoning skills和the first few years为原词复现，题干中acquiring对应E段第二句中的get endowed with，lay a foundation for lifelong learning对应该句中的remain with them for the rest of their lives，故题干是对E段第二句的同义转述。

38. 易于获取的学习机会和快速变化的技术变革，都给传统的教育模式带来了挑战。

解析：B。根据题目中的easy access to learning、rapid technological changes和traditional model可定位到B段第三句。定位句指出，传统上这一古典主义模型成就了许多名牌大学，但现在则面临社会数字化的挑战：每个人都能够上网学习；而且人们需要学习技能以适应瞬息万变的社会。题干中的easy access to learning是对B段第三句中which allows everybody who is connected to the internet to access learning的同义概括，rapid technological changes是对该句中the digitalisation of society的近义替换，the traditional model of education是对该句中This classical model的同义替换，have brought...under challenge是对该句中it is now challenged by...的同义替换，故题干是对B段第三句的同义转述。

39. 尽管很难令人相信，全世界范围内有很多大学的非全日制学生在所有学生中占比很大。

解析：K。根据题目中的part-time students、a considerable portion和many universities across the world可定位到K段。K段第一句的提问是对上一段的总结：在职学习者和刚毕业的学生混合在一起学习，听起来就像科幻小说一样不可思议。随后第二、三句指出，在许多国家，非全日制学习并不罕见，然后列举了一些国家的大学中非全日制学生占总入学人数的比例。题干中的Unbelievable as it may seem是对K段第一句的同义转述，题干中的part-time students为原词复现，constitute a considerable portion是对K段第二句中20 per cent of enrolment和第三句中的exceed 40 per cent的同义转述，in many universities是对K段第二句中tertiary education（高等教育）的同义替换，across the world是对该句中In many countries的同义转述。故题干是对K段内容的概括总结。

40. 一些社交技能和管理技能不太容易实现自动化，然而它们对学生的未来职业生涯起着关键作用。

解析：I。根据题目中的social and managerial skills和automated可定位到I段。I段第一句指出，除技术能力外，课题的本质在于培养社交技能和创业技能，比如设计思维、主动学习的能力、领导力、活动报告和资源分配等。随后第二句又说到，这些技能不仅能真正地与课程融合，而且将在未来变得十分重要，因为这些技能很难通过自动化流程获取。题干中的Some social and managerial skills是对I段第一句中social and entrepreneurial skills的同义替换，题干中的are not easily automated是对I段第二句中they are difficult to automate的同义替换，题干中的will be of great importance to students’ future careers是对该句中they will be very important to have in the future的同义转述，故题干是对I段内容的概括总结。

41. 新的大学教育模式应该为学生提供知识和技能，从而使他们更具创造力和终身学习的能力。

解析：C。根据题目中的A new model of college education、inventive和capable可定位到C段。该段开头就指出，大学的模式需要进化。随后解释道，大学必须使学生掌握正确的技能和知识，并详细阐述了大学模式应该进化的方向：大学可以通过教授基础知识和与时俱进的技能，使学生具备终身学习的能力，以对未来有所保证，而不只是让他们“准备好工作”。题干中的A new model of college education是对C段第一句的同义转述，provide students with the knowledge and skills是对C段第二句中equip students with the right skills and knowledge的同义替换，make them more inventive and capable of lifelong learning是对第三句中the future-proof skills of lifelong learning的同义转述，故题干是对C段的概括总结。

42. 混合型学生群体可能会改变课堂活跃度，并对学习有益。

解析：J。根据题目中的A mixed student body和classroom dynamics可定位到J段第五至七句。J段第五句指出，刚毕业的学生和已有职场经验的学生会混合在一起。随后又详述了混合课堂的优点：这带来的最大好处也许就是改变课堂活跃度。与一个混合型团队共同进行基于课题的学习，能够反映职场中的现实情况，因此也可以帮学生更好地为职业生涯做准备。题干中的A mixed student body对应J段第五句freshly graduated students would mix with professionally experienced ones和第七句中的a mixed team，题干中的change the classroom dynamics为原词复现，benefit learning是对第七句中be a better preparation的同义转述。故题干是对J段第五至七句的概括总结。

43. 关于谁来承担终身学习费用这个问题，一直争论不断。

解析：N。根据题目中的bear the cost和constant debate可定位到N段第一、二句。定位句提出问题：即使时间不是问题，谁又来为终身学习买单呢？这一争论无休无止：终身学习是学习者的责任、雇主的责任，还是国家的责任？也就是说，关于谁来为终身学习买单这个问题，一直争论不断。题干中的The question of who will bear the cost of lifelong learning是对N段第一句中who will pay for lifelong learning的同义替换，题干中的a topic of constant debate是对N段第二句中the eternal debate的同义替换。故题目是对N段前两句的同义概括。

44. 在数学和物理学这两科传统科目中间，应该增设一门新学科，新学科应结合计算机科学、统计学和其他科目。

解析：F。根据题目中的traditional subjects、a new discipline、computer science和statistics可定位到F段第三句。定位句指出，需要建立一门新学科，将计算机科学、编程、统计学和机器学习结合起来，然后添加到数学和物理学的传统课题里。题干中的traditional subjects of math and physics是对F段第三句中traditional foundational topics of mathematics and physics的同义替换，a new discipline、computer science和statistics均为原词复现。故题干是对F段第三句的同义转述。

45. 负担着家庭责任的学生可以选择参加在线课程。

解析：M。根据题目中的family duties和take online courses可定位到M段第一、二句。该段第一句指出，这样可以解决大学面临的组织方面的挑战，但没法解决那些缺少时间、要承担家庭责任或者资金短缺的学习者的问题。随后在第二句中提出了这类学习者问题的解决办法：对他们来说，可能在线学习是一种选择，因为在线学习可以节省“行程时间”，但它也有局限性。题干中的Students who are burdened with family是对M段第一句中learners due to...family obligations的同义替换，故题干是对M段前两句部分内容的同义转述。

37、37. By acquiring reasoning skills in the first few years of college, students can lay a foundation for lifelong learning.

A、A

B、B

C、C

D、D

E、E

F、F

G、G

H、H

I、I

J、J

K、K

L、L

M、M

N、N

O、O

P、P

解析：见上一题！

38、38. The easy access to learning and rapid technological changes have brought the traditional model of education under challenge.

A、A

B、B

C、C

D、D

E、E

F、F

G、G

H、H

I、I

J、J

K、K

L、L

M、M

N、N

O、O

P、P

解析：见上一题！

39、39. Unbelievable as it may seem, part-time students constitute a considerable portion of the student body in many universities across the world.

A、A

B、B

C、C

D、D

E、E

F、F

G、G

H、H

I、I

J、J

K、K

L、L

M、M

N、N

O、O

P、P

解析：见上一题！

40、40. Some social and managerial skills, which are not easily automated, will be of great importance to students’ future careers.

A、A

B、B

C、C

D、D

E、E

F、F

G、G

H、H

I、I

J、J

K、K

L、L

M、M

N、N

O、O

P、P

解析：见上一题！

41、41. A new model of college education should provide students with the knowledge and skills that will make them more inventive and capable of lifelong learning.

A、A

B、B

C、C

D、D

E、E

F、F

G、G

H、H

I、I

J、J

K、K

L、L

M、M

N、N

O、O

P、P

解析：见上一题！

42、42. A mixed student body may change the classroom dynamics and benefit learning.

A、A

B、B

C、C

D、D

E、E

F、F

G、G

H、H

I、I

J、J

K、K

L、L

M、M

N、N

O、O

P、P

解析：见上一题！

43、43. The question of who will bear the cost of lifelong learning is a topic of constant debate.

A、A

B、B

C、C

D、D

E、E

F、F

G、G

H、H

I、I

J、J

K、K

L、L

M、M

N、N

O、O

P、P

解析：见上一题！

44、44. To the traditional subjects of math and physics should be added a new discipline which combines computer science with statistics and other components.

A、A

B、B

C、C

D、D

E、E

F、F

G、G

H、H

I、I

J、J

K、K

L、L

M、M

N、N

O、O

P、P

解析：见上一题！

45、45. Students who are burdened with family duties might choose to take online courses.

A、A

B、B

C、C

D、D

E、E

F、F

G、G

H、H

I、I

J、J

K、K

L、L

M、M

N、N

O、O

P、P

解析：见上一题！

Why does social media trigger feelings of loneliness and inadequacy? Because instead of being real life, it is, for the most part, impression management, a way of marketing yourself, carefully choosing and filtering the pictures and words to put your best face forward.

Online “friends” made through social media do not follow the normal psychological progression of an interpersonal relationship. You share neither physical time nor emotional conversations over the Internet. You simply communicate photographs and catchy posts to a diverse group of people whom you have “friended” or “followed” based on an accidental interaction. This is not to say that your social media friends can’t be real friends. They absolutely can, but the two are not synonymous. Generally speaking, there are no unfiltered comments or casually taken photos on our social media pages. And, rightfully so, because it wouldn’t feel safe to be completely authentic and vulnerable with some of our “friends” whom we don’t actually know or with whom trust has yet to be built.

Social media can certainly be an escape from the daily grind, but we must be cautioned against the negative effects, such as addiction, on a person’s overall psychological well-being.

As humans, we yearn for social connection. Scrolling (滚动) through pages of pictures and comments, however, does not provide the same degree of fulfillment as face to face interactions do. Also, we tend to idealize others’ lives and compare our downfalls to their greatest accomplishments, ending in feelings of loneliness and inadequacy.

Social media can lead people on the unhealthy quest for perfection. Some people begin to attend certain events or travel to different places so that they can snap that “perfect” photo. They begin to seek validation through the number of people who “like” their posts. In order for it to play a psychologically healthy role in your social life, social media should supplement an already healthy social network. Pictures and posts should be byproducts of life’s treasured moments and fun times, not the planned and calculated image that one is putting out into cyberspace in an attempt to fill insecurities or unmet needs.

Ultimately, social media has increased our ability to connect with various types of people all over the globe. It has opened doors for businesses and allowed us to stay connected to people whom we may not otherwise get to follow. However, social media should feel like a fun experience, not one that contributes to negative thoughts and feelings. If the latter is the case, increasing face to face time with trusted friends, and minimizing time scrolling online, will prove to be a reminder that your social network is much more rewarding than any “like”, “follow” or “share” can be.

46、46. What does the author imply social media may do to our life?

A、It may facilitate our interpersonal relationships.

B、It may filter our negative impressions of others.

C、It may make us feel isolated and incompetent.

D、It may render us vulnerable and inauthentic.

解析：

解析：C。根据题干中的social media may do to our life可定位到第一段。第一段第一句提出问题：为什么社交媒体会引发孤独感和缺陷感？随后解释原因，这是因为社交媒体并非真实生活。也就是说，社交媒体确实会引发孤独感和缺陷感。C项内容与此相符，其中isolated对应第一段第一句中的loneliness，incompetent对应该句中的inadequacy，故C项为正确答案。

错项排除：A项利用第二段第一句中的interpersonal relationships（人际交往）设置干扰，但该句说的是在社交媒体上结交的“网友”并不遵循人际交往的正常心理发展规律，并没有说会促进我们的人际交往，故A项排除。B项利用第一段第二句中的filtering设置干扰，但文中说的是精心挑选发在网上的图片和文字，并不是过滤对他人的负面印象，故B项排除。D项利用第二段最后一句中的completely authentic and vulnerable设置干扰，但该句中说的是把自己完全真实而脆弱的一面展示在自己并不真正了解或有待建立信任的“朋友”面前，会让我们感到不安全，是人们使用社交媒体分享评论和图片前进行筛选的原因，不是对生活的影响，故D项排除。

47、47. Why do people post comments selectively on social media?

A、They do not find all their online friends trustworthy.

B、They want to avoid offending any of their audience.

C、They do not want to lose their followers.

D、They are eager to boost their popularity.

解析：

解析：A。根据题干中的post comments selectively可定位到第二段第六句，其中selectively对应该句中的no unfiltered。该句指出，一般来说，社交媒体的网页上不会出现未经筛查的评论或随意拍摄的照片，也就是说人们在社交媒体上分享的内容是有选择性的。随后该段最后一句解释了人们这样做的原因：把自己完全真实而脆弱的一面展示在自己并不真正了解或有待建立信任的“朋友”面前，会让我们感到不安全。A项内容与此相符，其中not...all their online friends trustworthy（并不是所有网友都值得信任）对应定位句中的“friends” whom we don’t actually know or with whom trust has yet to be built（自己并不真正了解或有待建立信任的“朋友”），故A项为正确答案。

错项排除：原文中虽然讲到了人们在社交媒体上发布图片或评论前先要进行筛选，但并没有说到这是为了不冒犯其他人，故B项错误。C项中的lose their followers（失去关注者）和D项中的boost their popularity（增加关注度）在原文中没有提及，均可排除。

48、48. What are humans inclined to do according to the passage?

A、Exaggerate their life’s accomplishments.

B、Strive for perfection regardless of the cost.

C、Paint a rosy picture of other people’s lives.

D、Learn lessons from other people’s downfalls.

解析：

解析：C。根据题干中的humans inclined to do可定位到第四段第三句。该句指出，我们还总会将他人的生活理想化，并把我们的失败与他们最大的成就作比较，这最终会给我们带来孤独感和缺陷感。C项内容与此相符，其中a rosy picture of other people’s lives对应定位句中的idealize others’ lives（将他人的生活理想化），故C项正确。

错项排除：A项和D项利用第四段第三句中的accomplishments和downfalls设置干扰，但原文中指的是我们会把我们的失败与他人最大的成就作比较，并没有提到会夸大自己生活中的成就，也没有提到会从他人的失败中吸取教训，故A、D两项排除。B项利用第五段第一句中的quest for perfection设置干扰，但原文中说的是社交媒体会导致人们对完美的病态追求，而这种“完美”都是为了做给他人看，因此这并不等同于不计代价地努力做到完美，故B项排除。

49、49. What is the author’s view of pictures and posts on social media?

A、They should record the memorable moments in people’s lives.

B、They should be carefully edited so as to present the best image.

C、They should be shown in a way that meets one’s security needs.

D、They should keep people from the unhealthy quest for perfection.

解析：

解析：A。本题为观点态度题，需要结合题干和原文语境理解。根据题干中的pictures and posts on social media和题文同序原则可定位到第五段最后一句，该句指出，图片和帖子应该是生活中珍贵时刻和欢乐时光的衍生品，而不是为了填补自己的不安全感或实现自己未曾满足的需求，而在网络空间精心策划的形象。也就是说，图片和帖子应该是用来记录美好时刻的，而不是刻意营造、精心策划的形象。A项与此内容相符，其中memorable moments对应定位句中的treasured moments and fun times，故A项为正确答案。

错项排除：B项中的best image利用第五段第二句中的“perfect” photo设置干扰，但原文中说的是人们为了追求完美的照片而刻意去参加活动或旅行，并没有提到社交媒体上的图片和帖子应该被精心编辑，故B项排除。C项利用第二段最后一句中的it wouldn’t feel safe设置干扰，但原文中提到的是在不熟或不信任的网友面前完全展现自己真实和脆弱的一面，会让人感到不安全，在第五段最后作者提到，图片和帖子不应该是为了填补自己的不安全感，C项与此内容相悖，故错误。第五段开始说社交媒体会导致人们对完美的病态追求，并不是说社交媒体上的图片和帖子应该阻止人们对完美的病态追求，故D项排除。

50、50. What does the author advise people to do when they find their online experience unconstructive?

A、Use social media to increase their ability to connect with various types of people.

B、Stay connected to those whom they may not otherwise get to know and befriend.

C、Try to prevent negative thoughts and feelings from getting into the online pages.

D、Strengthen ties with real-life friends instead of caring about their online image.

解析：

解析：D。根据题干中的find their online experience unconstructive可定位到最后一段第三句，题干中的online experience unconstructive对应了该句中的contributes to negative thoughts and feelings。该句指出，社交媒体应该给我们带来有趣的经历，而不应该助长消极的想法或情绪。随后指出，如果社交媒体助长了自己的消极想法或情绪，可以增加与自己信任的朋友面对面相处的时光，减少在线滚动查看屏幕的时间。这样你会发现你的人际关系比任何“点赞”“关注”和“分享”都更有价值。D项与此内容相符，其中Strengthen ties with real-life friends对应最后一段第四句中的increasing face to face time with trusted friends，instead of caring about their online image对应定位句中的your social network is much more rewarding than any “like”, “follow” or “share” can be，故D项正确。

错项排除：A项利用最后一段第一句中的various types of people设置干扰，但原文中说的是社交媒体提高了人们与各色人群交往的能力，但不是对人们在网络体验没有建设性意义时的建议，故A项错误。B项利用最后一段第二句中的stay connected to people whom we may not otherwise get to follow设置干扰，但这只是说社交媒体的作用，并非针对网络体验没有建设性意义时的建议，故B项错误。全文讲的主要是人们会因社交媒体而产生负面情绪的原因及解决措施，并没有提到是否应该把这类情绪发到网页上，故C项排除。

Imagine that an alien species landed on Earth and, through their mere presence, those aliens caused our art to vanish, our music to homogenize, and our technological know-how to disappear. That is effectively what humans have been doing to our closest relatives—chimps (大猩猩).

Back in 1999, a team of scientists led by Andrew Whiten showed that chimps from different parts of Africa behave very differently from one another. Some groups would get each other’s attention by rapping branches with their knuckles (指关节), while others did it by loudly ripping leaves with their teeth. The team identified 39 of these traditions that are practiced by some communities but not others—a pattern that, at the time, hadn’t been seen in any animal except humans. It was evidence, the team said, that chimps have their own cultures.

It took a long time to convince skeptics that such cultures exist, but now we have plenty of examples of animals learning local traditions from one another.

But just when many scientists have come to accept the existence of animal cultures, many of those cultures might vanish. Ammie Kalan and her colleagues have shown, through years of intensive fieldwork, that the very presence of humans has eroded the diversity of chimp behavior. Where we flourish, their cultures wither. It is a bitterly ironic thing to learn on the 20th anniversary of Whiten’s classic study.

“It’s amazing to think that just 60 years ago, we knew next to nothing of the behavior of our sister species in the wild,” Whiten says. “But now, just as we are truly getting to know our primate (灵长类) cousins, the actions of humans are closing the window on all we have discovered.”

“Sometimes in the rush to conserve the species, I think we forget about the individuals,” says Cat Hobaiter, a professor at the University of St. Andrews. “Each population, each community, even each generation of chimps is unique. An event might only have a small impact on the total population of chimps, but it may wipe out an entire community—an entire culture. No matter what we do to restore habitat or support population growth, we may never be able to restore that culture.”

No one knows whether the destruction of chimp culture is getting worse. Few places have tracked chimp behavior over long periods, and those that have are also more likely to have protected their animals from human influence.

Obviously conservationists need to think about saving species in a completely new way—by preserving animal traditions as well as bodies and genes. “Instead of focusing only on the conservation of genetically based entities like species, we now need to also consider culturally based entities,” says Andrew Whiten.

51、51. What does the author say we humans have been doing to chimps?

A、Ruining their culture.

B、Accelerating their extinction.

C、Treating them as alien species.

D、Homogenizing their living habits.

解析：

解析：A。根据题干中的we humans have been doing to chimps可定位到第一段。第一段第一句提出了一个类比假想：想象一下，有一个外星物种降临地球，仅仅因为他们的存在，我们的艺术就会消失，音乐就会变得千篇一律，科学技术知识就会不复存在。接着在第二句点出全文主题：而这就是我们人类对猩猩所做出的事情。也就是说，因为人类的存在，猩猩的文化正在衰败，A项与此内容相符，故为正确答案。

错项排除：原文没有提到人类在加速猩猩的灭绝，只是说人类正在破坏猩猩发展出的文化，故B项错误。C项利用第一段第一句中的alien species设置干扰，但原文中的alien species是影射猩猩眼中的人类，并不是说人类把猩猩当作外星物种看待，故C项排除。D项利用第一段第一句中的homogenize设置干扰，但原文中是用外星人同化人类的音乐来影射人类对猩猩文化的影响，并没有直接指出人类同化了猩猩的生活习性，故D项排除。

52、52. What is the finding of Andrew Whiten’s team?

A、Chimps demonstrate highly developed skills of communication.

B、Chimps rely heavily upon their body language to communicate.

C、Chimps behave in ways quite similar to those of human beings.

D、Different chimp groups differ in their way of communication.

解析：

解析：D。根据题干中的Andrew Whiten’s team可定位到第二段第一句。该句指出，早在1999年，由安德鲁·怀顿带领的科学家团队就发现，非洲不同地区的猩猩彼此之间的行为千差万别，并列举出两种不同的沟通方式。D项与此内容相符，其中Different chimp groups对应定位句中的chimps from different parts of Africa，differ in their way of communication是对原文第二段第二句中所举例子的概括总结，故D项正确。

错项排除：第二段第二、三句中举例说明了不同种群的猩猩各自有独特的沟通方式，但并没有说明这些沟通方式是高度发达的（highly developed skills），也没有说这些沟通严重依赖于肢体语言（rely heavily upon their body language），故A、B项排除。原文中并未就猩猩的行为与人类的行为作比较，故C项错误。

53、53. What did Ammie Kalan and her colleagues find through their intensive fieldwork?

A、Whiten’s classic study has little impact on the diversity of chimp behavior.

B、Chimp behavior becomes less varied with the increase of human activity.

C、Chimps alter their culture to quickly adapt to the changed environment.

D、It might already be too late to prevent animal cultures from extinction.

解析：

解析：B。根据题干中的Ammie Kalan and her colleagues和intensive fieldwork可定位到第四段第二至第三句。定位句指出，阿米·卡兰及其同事进行了多年密集的野外调查，发现人类的出现已经破坏了猩猩行为的多样性。只要在人类文化繁荣发展的地方，它们的文化就会萎缩。B项内容与此相符，其中becomes less varied对应第四段第三句中的their cultures wither，the increase of human activity对应该句中的Where we flourish，故B项为正确答案。

错项排除：第四段第四句中虽然提到了怀顿的经典研究（Whiten’s classic study），但只是说在怀顿的研究发表20周年之际得知这一发现，实在是一种讽刺，并没有提到怀顿的研究是否对猩猩的多样性产生影响，故A项排除。第四段第二句虽然提到猩猩行为的多样性在减少，但并没有提到猩猩是因为适应环境变化而改变自己的文化，故C项错误。D项利用第六段最后一句设置干扰，该句指出无论我们为恢复栖息地或保持种群数量增长做出多少努力，我们可能永远也无法恢复那些文化，但该句是凯特·霍贝特的看法，并非阿米·卡兰的看法，故排除D项。

54、54. What does Cat Hobaiter think we should do for chimp conservation?

A、Try to understand our sister species’ behavior in the wild.

B、Make efforts to preserve each individual chimp community.

C、Study the unique characteristics of each generation of chimps.

D、Endeavor to restore chimp habitats to expand its total population.

解析：

解析：C。根据题干中的Cat Hobaiter和chimp conservation可定位到第六段前两句。定位句提到了凯特·霍贝特对保护物种的看法：在急于保护物种的过程中，我认为我们忘了个体的重要性。每一个种群、每一个群落、每一代猩猩都独一无二。也就是说，凯特·霍贝特认为应该重视个体的重要性，研究每一个种群、每一个群落、每一代猩猩。C项与此内容相符，其中unique和each generation of chimps在第六段第二句中复现，故为正确答案。

错项排除：A项利用第五段第一句中的sisters species和in the wild设置干扰，但这里只是说60年前我们还对自己生活在野外的近亲物种几乎一无所知，并不是说我们应该理解猩猩在野外的行为，而且这是怀顿的观点，不是霍贝特的观点，故A项排除。B项利用第六段第二句中的each community设置干扰，但该句只是在强调个体的独特性，没有说我们应该保护每一个猩猩种群，故B项错误。D项利用第六段最后一句中的restore habitat和support population growth设置干扰，但该句是说就算付出再大努力，保护猩猩文化可能也为时已晚，并非霍贝特倡议的保护猩猩的方法，故D项错误。

55、55. What does the author suggest conservationists do?

A、Focus entirely on culturally-based entities rather than genetically-based ones

B、Place more stress on animal traditions than on their physical conservation.

C、Conserve animal species in a novel and all-round way.

D、Explore the cultures of species before they vanish.

解析：

解析：C。根据题干中的suggest和conservationists可定位到最后一段第一句。定位句指出，显然环保主义者需要想出一种全新的方式来拯救物种——既要保护动物文化，也要保护生命和基因。C项与此内容相符，其中Conserve animal species对应定位句中的saving species，in a novel and all-round way对应该句中的in a completely new way，故C项正确。

错项排除：A、B两项利用全文最后一句中的genetically based entities和culturally based entities设置干扰，但该句说的是既要重视基于基因的实体保护，也要重视基于文化的实体保护，并不是说只重视文化保护，不重视基因保护，而且该句是安德鲁·怀顿的看法，不是作者的看法，故A、B两项排除。原文第五段提到安德鲁·怀顿的感慨：在人类刚开始了解动物文化时，动物文化已经开始向人类关上了窗口，但这只是因为动物文化受人类影响而衰退，原文没有提到物种消失，而且该句也不是作者的提议，故D项排除。

三、Part IV Translation

56、北京大兴国际机场位于天安门广场以南46公里处，于2019年9月30日投入使用。该巨型工程于2014年开工建设，高峰时工地上有4万多工人。航站楼设计紧凑，可以允许最大数量的飞机直接停靠在最靠近航站楼中心的位置，这给乘客提供了极大的方便。航站楼共有82个登机口，但乘客通过安检后，只需不到8分钟就能抵达任何一个登机口。机场的设计可确保每小时300架次起降。机场年客运量2040年将达到1亿人次，有望成为世界上最繁忙的机场。

参考答案：

参考译文

Located 46 kilometers south of Tian’anmen Square, Beijing Daxing International Airport was put into operation on September 30, 2019. The construction of this giant project began in 2014, with more than 40,000 workers on the site at its peak. The compact design of the terminal allows a maximum number of aircraft to be parked directly at the closest place near the centre of the terminal, providing great convenience for passengers. There are a total of 82 boarding gates, but it only takes passengers less than eight minutes to reach any boarding gate after passing through the security. The airport is designed to ensure 300 takeoffs and landings per hour. The airport will handle 100 million passengers a year by 2040 and is expected to be the busiest airport in the world.

解析：

词汇难点

北京大兴国际机场 Beijing Daxing International Airport

天安门广场 Tian’anmen Square

投入使用 put into operation

巨型工程 giant project

工地 site航站楼 terminal

紧凑 compact

最大数量 maximum

飞机 aircraft; airplane

停靠 park

登机口 boarding gate

安检 security

起降 takeoffs and landings

表达难点

第一句：本句有两个动词“位于”和“投入使用”，可将“位于天安门广场以南46公里处”处理为状语放在句首或句中，用分词短语Located 46 kilometers south of Tian’anmen Square表示。注意“于2019年9月30日投入使用”描述的是过去的事，且包含被动含义，翻译时需要使用一般过去时的被动语态。

第二句：本句有两个分句，第一个分句“该巨型工程于2014年开工建设”可作为主句，需要注意“开工”与“建设”含义重叠，合在一起译为begin即可。第二个分句“高峰时工地上有4万多工人”可处理为伴随状语，译为with more than 40,000 workers on the site at its peak。

第三句：本句内容较多，可以将第一、二个分句整合为一句作为主句，“航站楼设计紧凑”可转译为名词结构The compact design of the terminal，作为句子的主语，“可以允许……位置”为主句的谓语和宾语，注意主语为第三人称单数，谓语需要用allows。“这给乘客提供了极大的方便”可处理为状语，用分词结构providing great convenience for passengers来表示。

第四句：本句中的逻辑关系较为清晰，可将“但”前后分为两个并列分句用but连接。本句承接上一句，都是在讲航站楼。第一个分句“航站楼共有82个登机口”翻译时为避免重复，可省译“航站楼”，用There be句型表示。第二个分句可将“只需不到8分钟就能抵达任何一个登机口”作为句子主干，用it takes sb. some time to do sth.句型表示；“乘客通过安检后”可处理为时间状语，用介词结构after passing through the security来表示。

第五句：本句较为简单，可以直译，也可以将“机场的设计”转译为动词结构The airport is designed，将“可确保每小时300架次起降”处理为目的状语，用to ensure 300 takeoffs and landings per hour来表示。

第六句：本句包含两部分内容，主语都是“机场”，可将其处理为两个并列的谓语结构。“机场年客运量2040年将达到1亿人次”的意思是“机场可应付的客流量将在2040年达到1亿人次”，本句可译为The airport will handle 100 million passengers a year by 2040。“有望成为”可用be expected to be结构表示。

四、Part I Writing

57、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on why students should be encouraged to develop the ability to meet challenges. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

参考答案：

参考范文

In this ever-changing world, people are bound to face various challenges. However, challenges mean not only difficulties, but also opportunities. Considering that there are many possibilities in the future, we should encourage students to develop the ability to cope with challenges.

In the first place, challenges can cultivate our personality. It is inevitable that we will encounter difficulties and problems. At critical times, one’s positive attitude towards challenges plays a crucial role in turning hardship into good results. In addition, it is challenges that can inspire our potential. Whatever situation we are faced with, people who have the ability of dealing with difficulties have a greater chance of success, and this ability is usually developed in response to challenges. Just as the saying goes: A smooth sea never made a skilled sailor.

From what I have discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that challenges have positive effects on our life. The earlier we are aware of the positive side of challenges, the more benefits we will get.

参考译文

在这个不断变化的世界里，人们一定会面临各种挑战。但挑战不仅意味着困难，还意味着机遇。鉴于未来有很多可能性，我们应该鼓励学生培养应对挑战的能力。

首先，挑战可以磨炼我们的品性。我们难免会遇到各种困难和问题。在关键时刻，一个人对挑战的积极态度对于将困难转化为好的结果起着至关重要的作用。另外，挑战可以激发我们的潜能。无论面对什么样的情况，有能力应对困难的人成功的几率更高，而这种能力通常是在应对挑战的过程中形成的。正如常言所说：“平静的水面练不出精悍的水手。”

从上述讨论中，我们可以得出结论：挑战对我们的生活有积极影响。我们越早意识到挑战带来的积极一面，就越能从中获得更多的益处。

解析：

写作指南

从题目所给内容可以看出，本次六级考试的作文属于提纲类作文，考查考生对于“为什么要鼓励学生培养应对挑战的能力”的理解。考生首先可以对此话题进行简单的背景描述并提出观点，然后从不同方面来分析原因，最后再总结重申观点。行文时应注意语言通顺、逻辑清晰、层次分明，此外还应注意论证的合理性，即论据要能证明论点。

文章大纲

第一段：引出话题，介绍背景，提出观点：世界不断变化，人们都会遇到挑战，我们应该鼓励学生培养应对挑战的能力。

第二段：从两方面来说明为什么要培养应对挑战的能力：一是挑战可以磨砺我们的品性，二是挑战可以激发我们的潜能。

第三段：总结全文，得出结论：挑战对我们的生活有益。我们越早意识到这一点，对我们的生活就越有帮助。

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