2018年12月阅读（第一套）

Part III Reading Comprehension

Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious (26)_____ occurring in the developing world.

The figures include a number of costs (27)_____ with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year.

The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes (28)_____ like home heating and cooking, has remained (29)_____ over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.

Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Chris Murray (30)_____ it as an “urgent call to action”. “One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little (31)_____,” he said.

The effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost-labor income (32)_____ nearly 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people in low- and middle-income countries live in places where they (33)_____ experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution.

But the problem is not limited (34)_____ to the developing world. Thousands die prematurely in the U.S. as a result of related illnesses. In many European countries, where diesel (柴油) (35)_____ have become more common in recent years, that number reaches tens of thousands.

1、 (1)

A innovated

B equals

C exclusively

D described

E relates

F control

G vehicles

H consciously

I ability

J associated

K constant

L regularly

M damage

N sources

O undermine

答案解析：

名词：

ability 能力；才能； constant 常量，恒量；control 控制；管理； damage 损害；伤害；equals 相等物；sources 来源；起源；vehicles 交通工具；车辆

动词

associated (-ed) 联系；control 控制；抑制；damage 毁坏；损坏；described (-ed) 描述；形容；equals (-s) 等于；innovated (-ed) 改革；创新；relates (-s) 联系；叙述；undermine 逐渐削弱

形容词

associated 联合的；有关联的；constant 不断的；始终如一的

副词

consciously 有意识地；exclusively 唯一地；专门地；regularly 有规律地；定期地

26. damage

解析：名词辨析题。空格前是形容词serious（严重的），本空应填入名词。本段描述了空气污染的严重性，空格所在句提到空气污染每年给全球经济造成超过5万亿美元的福利成本，其中对发展中国家的______最为严重。前半句说的是空气污染造成的经济损失，后半句提到“______最为严重”肯定也是损失之一，故本空应填入damage，和前半句的cost相呼应。

27. associated

解析：动词辨析题。空格前面为完整的句子，由此可知空格处和后面的with air pollution作costs的后置定语，本空应填入形容词或动词的分词形式。空格前半部分说这些数字包括了一些费用，后半部分提到空气污染，由此可推断，这些费用是和空气污染相关的，故本空应填入associated。

28. sources

解析：名词辨析题。空格前为动词includes，空格处应填入名词作includes的宾语。空格所在句的主语为Indoor pollution（室内污染），中间的插入语是主语的定语，对室内污染做进一步解释说明，空格后面的like表示举例，其后的home heating and cooking（家庭取暖和烹饪）都属于室内污染的主要来源，故本空应填入sources。

29. constant

解析：形容词辨析题。空格前为系动词remained，空格处应填入形容词作表语。根据空格处句意，尽管该领域取得了一些进步，但在过去几十年里室内污染一直保持。根据备选项可知，这里是在说室内污染一直保持不变，应填入constant。associated填入空中无法构成合理语意，故排除。

30. described

解析：动词辨析题。空格前面为名词，是句子的主语，空格后的it为句子的宾语，本空应填入谓语动词。再根据本段末尾的he said可知，谓语动词应为一般过去时。空格所在句大意为：卫生计量与评估研究所所长克里斯·默里这是“对行动的紧急呼吁”。由此可推断，空格处应填入一个和“表述”相关的动词，故本空应填入described。

31. control

解析：名词辨析题。空格前为形容词little，空格处应填入不可数名词。根据本空所在句意，导致过早死亡的危险因素之一是我们呼吸的空气，而个人对此几乎没有。通过备选项可推断出，此处应填入control（控制力），表示人对呼吸的空气无法控制。

32. equals

解析：动词辨析题。空格前为名词income，本空应填入谓语动词的第三人称单数形式。根据语意，空气污染对发展中国家的影响最为严重，在某些地区，劳动力收入损失几乎 GDP的1%左右。根据备选项equals和relates可推断出，本空应填入equals，表示劳动力收入的损失几乎相当于GDP的1%左右。relates代入空中不能构成合理语意，故排除。

33. regularly

解析：副词辨析题。空格所在句的句子结构完整，且空格后为谓语动词experience，因此本空应填入副词，修饰experience。根据语意，在低收入和中等收入国家中，每10人中就有大约9人生活在遭受严重室外空气污染的地方。regularly代入原文，符合句意，故本题选regularly。

34. exclusively

解析：副词辨析题。空格所在句的句子结构完整，空格前为谓语动词is not limited，因此本空应填入副词，修饰谓语。根据语意，但是这个问题并不局限于发展中国家。后面又列举了美国和欧洲的例子，由此可知，空气污染的问题不仅会影响到发展中国家，也会影响发达国家，故本空应填入exclusively。

35. vehicles

解析：名词辨析题。空格前为名词diesel（柴油），空格后为系动词have become，因此本空应填入名词的复数形式，和前面的diesel一起构成句子的主语。根据语意，在许多欧洲国家，柴油近年来变得越来越普遍，这一数字达到了数万辆。在备选项中能和diesel搭配的只有vehicles，表示“柴油车”，故本题选vehicles。

2、 (2)

A innovated

B equals

C exclusively

D described

E relates

F control

G vehicles

H consciously

I ability

J associated

K constant

L regularly

M damage

N sources

O undermine

答案解析：

名词：

ability 能力；才能； constant 常量，恒量；control 控制；管理； damage 损害；伤害；equals 相等物；sources 来源；起源；vehicles 交通工具；车辆

动词

形容词

associated 联合的；有关联的；constant 不断的；始终如一的

副词

consciously 有意识地；exclusively 唯一地；专门地；regularly 有规律地；定期地

26. damage

27. associated

28. sources

29. constant

30. described

31. control

32. equals

33. regularly

34. exclusively

35. vehicles

3、 (3)

A innovated

B equals

C exclusively

D described

E relates

F control

G vehicles

H consciously

I ability

J associated

K constant

L regularly

M damage

N sources

O undermine

答案解析：

名词：

ability 能力；才能； constant 常量，恒量；control 控制；管理； damage 损害；伤害；equals 相等物；sources 来源；起源；vehicles 交通工具；车辆

动词

形容词

associated 联合的；有关联的；constant 不断的；始终如一的

副词

consciously 有意识地；exclusively 唯一地；专门地；regularly 有规律地；定期地

26. damage

27. associated

28. sources

29. constant

30. described

31. control

32. equals

33. regularly

34. exclusively

35. vehicles

4、 (4)

A innovated

B equals

C exclusively

D described

E relates

F control

G vehicles

H consciously

I ability

J associated

K constant

L regularly

M damage

N sources

O undermine

答案解析：

名词：

ability 能力；才能； constant 常量，恒量；control 控制；管理； damage 损害；伤害；equals 相等物；sources 来源；起源；vehicles 交通工具；车辆

动词

形容词

associated 联合的；有关联的；constant 不断的；始终如一的

副词

consciously 有意识地；exclusively 唯一地；专门地；regularly 有规律地；定期地

26. damage

27. associated

28. sources

29. constant

30. described

31. control

32. equals

33. regularly

34. exclusively

35. vehicles

5、 (5)

A innovated

B equals

C exclusively

D described

E relates

F control

G vehicles

H consciously

I ability

J associated

K constant

L regularly

M damage

N sources

O undermine

答案解析：

名词：

ability 能力；才能； constant 常量，恒量；control 控制；管理； damage 损害；伤害；equals 相等物；sources 来源；起源；vehicles 交通工具；车辆

动词

形容词

associated 联合的；有关联的；constant 不断的；始终如一的

副词

consciously 有意识地；exclusively 唯一地；专门地；regularly 有规律地；定期地

26. damage

27. associated

28. sources

29. constant

30. described

31. control

32. equals

33. regularly

34. exclusively

35. vehicles

6、 (6)

A innovated

B equals

C exclusively

D described

E relates

F control

G vehicles

H consciously

I ability

J associated

K constant

L regularly

M damage

N sources

O undermine

答案解析：

名词：

ability 能力；才能； constant 常量，恒量；control 控制；管理； damage 损害；伤害；equals 相等物；sources 来源；起源；vehicles 交通工具；车辆

动词

形容词

associated 联合的；有关联的；constant 不断的；始终如一的

副词

consciously 有意识地；exclusively 唯一地；专门地；regularly 有规律地；定期地

26. damage

27. associated

28. sources

29. constant

30. described

31. control

32. equals

33. regularly

34. exclusively

35. vehicles

7、 (7)

A innovated

B equals

C exclusively

D described

E relates

F control

G vehicles

H consciously

I ability

J associated

K constant

L regularly

M damage

N sources

O undermine

答案解析：

名词：

ability 能力；才能； constant 常量，恒量；control 控制；管理； damage 损害；伤害；equals 相等物；sources 来源；起源；vehicles 交通工具；车辆

动词

形容词

associated 联合的；有关联的；constant 不断的；始终如一的

副词

consciously 有意识地；exclusively 唯一地；专门地；regularly 有规律地；定期地

26. damage

27. associated

28. sources

29. constant

30. described

31. control

32. equals

33. regularly

34. exclusively

35. vehicles

8、 (8)

A innovated

B equals

C exclusively

D described

E relates

F control

G vehicles

H consciously

I ability

J associated

K constant

L regularly

M damage

N sources

O undermine

答案解析：

名词：

ability 能力；才能； constant 常量，恒量；control 控制；管理； damage 损害；伤害；equals 相等物；sources 来源；起源；vehicles 交通工具；车辆

动词

形容词

associated 联合的；有关联的；constant 不断的；始终如一的

副词

consciously 有意识地；exclusively 唯一地；专门地；regularly 有规律地；定期地

26. damage

27. associated

28. sources

29. constant

30. described

31. control

32. equals

33. regularly

34. exclusively

35. vehicles

9、 (9)

A innovated

B equals

C exclusively

D described

E relates

F control

G vehicles

H consciously

I ability

J associated

K constant

L regularly

M damage

N sources

O undermine

答案解析：

名词：

ability 能力；才能； constant 常量，恒量；control 控制；管理； damage 损害；伤害；equals 相等物；sources 来源；起源；vehicles 交通工具；车辆

动词

形容词

associated 联合的；有关联的；constant 不断的；始终如一的

副词

consciously 有意识地；exclusively 唯一地；专门地；regularly 有规律地；定期地

26. damage

27. associated

28. sources

29. constant

30. described

31. control

32. equals

33. regularly

34. exclusively

35. vehicles

10、 (10)

A innovated

B equals

C exclusively

D described

E relates

F control

G vehicles

H consciously

I ability

J associated

K constant

L regularly

M damage

N sources

O undermine

答案解析：

名词：

ability 能力；才能； constant 常量，恒量；control 控制；管理； damage 损害；伤害；equals 相等物；sources 来源；起源；vehicles 交通工具；车辆

动词

形容词

associated 联合的；有关联的；constant 不断的；始终如一的

副词

consciously 有意识地；exclusively 唯一地；专门地；regularly 有规律地；定期地

26. damage

27. associated

28. sources

29. constant

30. described

31. control

32. equals

33. regularly

34. exclusively

35. vehicles

Part III Reading Comprehension

Food-as-Medicine Movement Is Witnessing Progress

【A】Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of Ralph’s market in Huntington Beach, California, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau, wandering the cereal aisle with Allison Scott, giving her some idea on how to feed kids who persistently avoid anything that is healthy. “Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning?” he asks her. “The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to prepare, you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.”

【B】Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is program director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, part of the St. Joseph Hoag Health alliance. The center’s ‘Shop with Your Doc’ program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.

【C】Nadeau notices the pre-made macaroni (通心粉)-and-cheese boxes in Scott’s shopping cart and suggests she switch to whole grain macaroni and real cheese. “So I’d have to make it?” she asks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject it. “I’m not sure they’d eat it. They just won’t eat it.”

【D】Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among children. “In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “And only 5 percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should try to reverse that.” Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.

【E】Nadeau is part of a small revolution developing across California. The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but it’s making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely on medications (药物). By prescribing nutritional changes or launching programs such as ‘Shop with Your Doc’, they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients eat. “There’s no question people can take things a long way toward reversing diabetes, reversing high blood pressure, even preventing cancer by food choices,” Nadeau says.

【F】In the big picture, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of St. Joseph Hoag Health, medical institutions across the state are starting to make a philosophical switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, which completed its pilot phase and is about to expand on an ongoing basis to five clinic sites throughout the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive training in how to cook it. “We really want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food,” says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospital’s medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives. “We want people to understand what they’re eating, how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives.”

【G】In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine is offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine—that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation’s high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.

【H】“It’s a different paradigm (范式) of how to treat disease,” says Dr. Brenda Rea, who helps run the family and preventive medicine residency program at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent and treat disease, in part, by changing patients’ nutritional habits. The medical center and school at Loma Linda also has a food cupboard and kitchen for patients. This way, patients not only learn about which foods to buy, but also how to prepare them at home.

【I】Many people don’t know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. That means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform a patient’s life. And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patient’s family. “What people eat can be medicine or poison,” Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease.”

【J】Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation (炎症), for example, or make the body inhospitable to cancer cells. In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet—particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.

【K】“As what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but that can happen,” says Nguyen. “In the same way physicians used to smoke, and then stopped smoking and were able to talk to patients about it, I think physicians can have a bigger voice in it.”

11、More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.

A A

B B

C C

D D

E E

F F

G G

H H

I I

J J

K K

答案解析：36. 美国人吃的食物有一半以上是工厂生产的。

2018年12月阅读（第一套）

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