The method for making beer has changed over time. Hops (啤酒花), for example, which give many a modern beer its bitter flavor, are a (26) _____ recent addition to the beverage. This was first mentioned in reference to brewing in the ninth century. Now, researchers have found a (27)_____ingredient in residue (残留物) from 5000-year-old beer brewing equipment. While excavating two pits at a site in the central plains of China, scientists discovered fragments from pots and vessels. The different shapes of the containers (28)_____they were used to brew, filter, and store beer. They may be ancient “beer-making tools,” and the earliest (29)_____evidence of beer brewing in China, the researchers reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. To (30)_____ that theory, the team examined the yellowish, dried (31)_____ inside the vessels. The majority of the grains, about 80%, were from cereal crops like barley (大麦), and about 10% were bits of roots, (32)_____ lily, which would have made the beer sweeter, the scientists say. Barley was an unexpected find: the crop was domesticated in Western Eurasia and didn’t become a (33)_____food in central China until about 2000 years ago, according to the researchers. Based on that timing, they indicate barley may have (34)_____in the region not as food, but as (35)_____ material for beer brewing.
1、 (1)
A exclusively
B remains
C staple
D inform
E test
F reached
G suggest
H surprising
I resources
J including
K direct
L arrived
M relatively
N consuming
O raw
答案解析：
名词：remains残骸，剩余物；resources（-s）资源； staple主要产品； test 测验，考验
动词： arrived（-ed）到达，到来； consuming（-ing）消费； direct 指导，导演；including（-ing）包括，包含； inform 通知；reached（-ed）到达；remains（-s） 保留，保持；suggest 建议，表明； test 测试，检测
【A】Teams have become the basic building blocks of organisations. Recruitment advertisements routinely call for “team players”. Business schools grade their students in part on their performance in group projects. Office managers knock down walls to encourage team building. Teams are as old as civilisation, of course: even Jesus had 12 co-workers. But a new report by Deloitte, “Global Human Capital Trends”, based on a survey of more than 7,000 executive in over 130 countries, suggests that the fashion for teamwork has reached a new high. Almost half of those surveyed said their companies were either in the middle of restructuring or about to embark on (开始) it; and for the most part , restructuring meant putting more emphasis on teams.
【B】 Companies are abandoning conventional functional departments and organising employees into cross-disciplinary teams that focus on particular products, problems or customers. These teams are gaining more power to run their own affairs. They are also spending more time working with each other rather than reporting upwards. Deloitte argues that a new organizational form is on the rise: a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy (等级体制).
【C】 The fashion for teams is driven by a sense that the old way of organising people is too rigid for both the modern marketplace and the expectations of employees. Technological innovation places greater value on agility (灵活性). John Chambers, chairman of Cisco System Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that “we compete against market transitions (过渡), not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two.” Digital technology also makes it easier for people to co-ordinate their activities without resorting to hierarchy. The “millennials” (千禧一代) who will soon make up half the workforce in rich countries were raised from nursery school onwards to work in groups.
【D】The fashion for teams is also spreading from the usual corporate suspects (such as GE and IBM) to some more unusual ones. The Cleveland Clinic, a hospital operator, has reorganised its medical staff into teams to focus on particular treatment areas: consultants, nurses and others collaborate closely instead of being separated by specialty (专业的) and rank. The US Army has gone the same way. In his book, Team of Teams, General Stanley McChrystal describes how the army’s hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of Iraq war. His solution was to learn something from the rebels it was fighting: decentralizing authority to self-organising teams.
【E】 A good rule of thumb is that as soon as generals and hospital administrators jump on a management bandwagon（追随一种管理潮流）, it is time to ask questions. Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, “Teams are not always the answer—teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently cannot; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making.” The late Richard Hackman of Harvard University once argued, “I have no question that when you have a team, the possibility exists that it will generate magic, producing something extraordinary… But don’t count on it.”
【F】 Hackman（who died in 2013）noted that teams are hindered by problems of co-ordination and motivation that chip away at the benefits of collaboration. High-flyers（能干的人）who are forced to work in teams may be undervalued and free-riders empowered. Group-think may be unavoidable. In a study of 120 teams of senior executives, he discovered that less than 10% of their supposed members agreed on who exactly was on the team. If it is hard enough to define a team’s membership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still.
【G】 Profound changes in the workforce are making teams trickier to manage. Teams work best if their members have a strong common culture. This is hard to achieve when, as is now the case in many big firms, a large proportion of staff are temporary contractors. Teamwork improves with time: America’s National Transportation Safety Board found that 73% of the incidents in its civil-aviation database occurred on a crew’s first day of flying together. However, as Amy Edmondson of Harvard points out, organisations increasingly use “team” as a verb rather than a noun: they form teams for specific purposes and then quickly disband them.
【H】 The least that can be concluded from this research is that companies need to think harder about managing teams. They need to rid their minds of sentimentalism（感情用事）: the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action. They need to keep teams small and focused: giving in to pressure to be more “inclusive” is a guarantee of dysfunction. Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s boss, says that “If I see more than two pizzas for lunch, the team is too big.” They need to immunise teams against group-think: Hackman argued that the best ones contain “deviant”（离经叛道者）who are willing to do something that may be upsetting to others.
【I】 A new study of 12,000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds that the best way to ensure employees are “engaged” is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.
【J】 However, organisations need to learn something bigger than how to manage teams better: they need to be in the habit of asking themselves whether teams are the best tools for the job. Team-building skills are in short supply: Deloitte reports that only 12% of the executives they contacted feel they understand the way people work together in the networks and only 21% feel confident in their ability to build cross-functional teams. Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meetings or compelled to work in noisy offices. Even in the age of open-plan offices and social networks some work is best left to the individual.
11、36. Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
答案解析：36. Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action.
[H] They need to rid their minds of sentimentalism（感情用事）: the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词successful team leaders和prompt action，由此定位H段第二句。第二句中出现了the most successful teams以及immediate action，题目中的prompt是对原文immediate的同义替换。题目是对H段这一内容的同义转述。
37. Decentralisation of authority was also found to be more effective in military operations.
[D] In his book, Team of Teams, General Stanley McChrystal describes how the army’s hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of Iraq war. His solution was to learn something from the rebels it was fighting: decentralizing authority to self-organising teams.
38. In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams.
[B] Deloitte argues that a new organizational form is on the rise: a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy (等级制度).
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词conventional form和network of teams，由此定位至B段最后一句。该段最后一句出现了network of teams以及conventional hierarchy。题目是对B段这一内容的同义转述。
39. Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work.
[J] Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meeting or compelled to work in noisy offices.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词poorly managed teams和easily distracted，由此定位至J段倒数第二句。该句中出现了loosely managed teams以及hotbeds of distraction，题目中的easily distracted是原文hotbeds of distraction的同义替换。poorly是原文loosely的同义替换，题目是对J段这一内容的同义转述。
40. Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture.
[G] Team work best if their members have a strong common culture.
41. According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies.
[A] But a new report by Deloitte. “Global Human Capital Trends”, based on a survey of more than 7,000 executive in over 130 countries, suggests that the fashion for teamwork has reached a new high.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词Deloitte、teamwork以及increasingly popular，由此定位至A段中间部分。该部分出现了Deloitte以及teamwork，而题目中的increasingly popular是原文reach a new high的同义替换。题目是对A段这一内容的同义转述。
42. Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the team’s purpose.
[F] If it is hard enough to define a team’s membership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词hard to agree以及membership and the team’s purpose，由此定位至文章F段最后一句话。该句中出现了hard、membership以及purpose。题目是对F段这一内容的同义转述。
43. Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders.
[E] Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, “Team are not always the answer—teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently cannot; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词not always be reliable以及work wonders，由此定位至E段第二句。该句中出现了insight、creativity以及knowledge，可概括归纳为work wonders；而定位句中的lead to confusion、delay以及poor decision-making也可以概括为not always be reliable。题目是对H段这一内容的概括归纳。
44. To ensure employee’s commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work.
[I] A new study of 12,000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds that the best way to ensure employees are “engaged” is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词more flexibility以及并列结构where and how they work，由此定位至I段。该段中出现了more control以及并列结构where and how they do their work，题目中的more flexibility同义替换了原文中的more control。定位句是对J段这一内容的概括归纳。
45. Product transitions take much less time now than in the past.
[C] John Chambers, chairman of Cisco System Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that “we compete against market transitions, not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词product transitions、in the past以及比较级much less time，由此定位至文章C段第三句。该句中出现了product transitions以及used to take five or seven years，同时还出现了now they take one or two，很明显这是过去与现在的对比。题目是对C段这一内容的概括归纳。
12、37. Decentralisation of authority was also found to be more effective in military operations.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
答案解析：36. Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action.
[H] They need to rid their minds of sentimentalism（感情用事）: the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词successful team leaders和prompt action，由此定位H段第二句。第二句中出现了the most successful teams以及immediate action，题目中的prompt是对原文immediate的同义替换。题目是对H段这一内容的同义转述。
37. Decentralisation of authority was also found to be more effective in military operations.
[D] In his book, Team of Teams, General Stanley McChrystal describes how the army’s hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of Iraq war. His solution was to learn something from the rebels it was fighting: decentralizing authority to self-organising teams.
38. In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams.
[B] Deloitte argues that a new organizational form is on the rise: a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy (等级制度).
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词conventional form和network of teams，由此定位至B段最后一句。该段最后一句出现了network of teams以及conventional hierarchy。题目是对B段这一内容的同义转述。
39. Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work.
[J] Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meeting or compelled to work in noisy offices.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词poorly managed teams和easily distracted，由此定位至J段倒数第二句。该句中出现了loosely managed teams以及hotbeds of distraction，题目中的easily distracted是原文hotbeds of distraction的同义替换。poorly是原文loosely的同义替换，题目是对J段这一内容的同义转述。
40. Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture.
[G] Team work best if their members have a strong common culture.
41. According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies.
[A] But a new report by Deloitte. “Global Human Capital Trends”, based on a survey of more than 7,000 executive in over 130 countries, suggests that the fashion for teamwork has reached a new high.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词Deloitte、teamwork以及increasingly popular，由此定位至A段中间部分。该部分出现了Deloitte以及teamwork，而题目中的increasingly popular是原文reach a new high的同义替换。题目是对A段这一内容的同义转述。
42. Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the team’s purpose.
[F] If it is hard enough to define a team’s membership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词hard to agree以及membership and the team’s purpose，由此定位至文章F段最后一句话。该句中出现了hard、membership以及purpose。题目是对F段这一内容的同义转述。
43. Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders.
[E] Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, “Team are not always the answer—teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently cannot; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词not always be reliable以及work wonders，由此定位至E段第二句。该句中出现了insight、creativity以及knowledge，可概括归纳为work wonders；而定位句中的lead to confusion、delay以及poor decision-making也可以概括为not always be reliable。题目是对H段这一内容的概括归纳。
44. To ensure employee’s commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work.
[I] A new study of 12,000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds that the best way to ensure employees are “engaged” is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词more flexibility以及并列结构where and how they work，由此定位至I段。该段中出现了more control以及并列结构where and how they do their work，题目中的more flexibility同义替换了原文中的more control。定位句是对J段这一内容的概括归纳。
45. Product transitions take much less time now than in the past.
[C] John Chambers, chairman of Cisco System Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that “we compete against market transitions, not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词product transitions、in the past以及比较级much less time，由此定位至文章C段第三句。该句中出现了product transitions以及used to take five or seven years，同时还出现了now they take one or two，很明显这是过去与现在的对比。题目是对C段这一内容的概括归纳。
13、38. In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
答案解析：36. Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action.
[H] They need to rid their minds of sentimentalism（感情用事）: the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词successful team leaders和prompt action，由此定位H段第二句。第二句中出现了the most successful teams以及immediate action，题目中的prompt是对原文immediate的同义替换。题目是对H段这一内容的同义转述。
37. Decentralisation of authority was also found to be more effective in military operations.
[D] In his book, Team of Teams, General Stanley McChrystal describes how the army’s hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of Iraq war. His solution was to learn something from the rebels it was fighting: decentralizing authority to self-organising teams.
38. In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams.
[B] Deloitte argues that a new organizational form is on the rise: a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy (等级制度).
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词conventional form和network of teams，由此定位至B段最后一句。该段最后一句出现了network of teams以及conventional hierarchy。题目是对B段这一内容的同义转述。
39. Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work.
[J] Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meeting or compelled to work in noisy offices.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词poorly managed teams和easily distracted，由此定位至J段倒数第二句。该句中出现了loosely managed teams以及hotbeds of distraction，题目中的easily distracted是原文hotbeds of distraction的同义替换。poorly是原文loosely的同义替换，题目是对J段这一内容的同义转述。
40. Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture.
[G] Team work best if their members have a strong common culture.
41. According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies.
[A] But a new report by Deloitte. “Global Human Capital Trends”, based on a survey of more than 7,000 executive in over 130 countries, suggests that the fashion for teamwork has reached a new high.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词Deloitte、teamwork以及increasingly popular，由此定位至A段中间部分。该部分出现了Deloitte以及teamwork，而题目中的increasingly popular是原文reach a new high的同义替换。题目是对A段这一内容的同义转述。
42. Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the team’s purpose.
[F] If it is hard enough to define a team’s membership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词hard to agree以及membership and the team’s purpose，由此定位至文章F段最后一句话。该句中出现了hard、membership以及purpose。题目是对F段这一内容的同义转述。
43. Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders.
[E] Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, “Team are not always the answer—teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently cannot; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词not always be reliable以及work wonders，由此定位至E段第二句。该句中出现了insight、creativity以及knowledge，可概括归纳为work wonders；而定位句中的lead to confusion、delay以及poor decision-making也可以概括为not always be reliable。题目是对H段这一内容的概括归纳。
44. To ensure employee’s commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work.
[I] A new study of 12,000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds that the best way to ensure employees are “engaged” is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词more flexibility以及并列结构where and how they work，由此定位至I段。该段中出现了more control以及并列结构where and how they do their work，题目中的more flexibility同义替换了原文中的more control。定位句是对J段这一内容的概括归纳。
45. Product transitions take much less time now than in the past.
[C] John Chambers, chairman of Cisco System Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that “we compete against market transitions, not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词product transitions、in the past以及比较级much less time，由此定位至文章C段第三句。该句中出现了product transitions以及used to take five or seven years，同时还出现了now they take one or two，很明显这是过去与现在的对比。题目是对C段这一内容的概括归纳。
14、39. Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
答案解析：36. Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action.
[H] They need to rid their minds of sentimentalism（感情用事）: the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词successful team leaders和prompt action，由此定位H段第二句。第二句中出现了the most successful teams以及immediate action，题目中的prompt是对原文immediate的同义替换。题目是对H段这一内容的同义转述。
37. Decentralisation of authority was also found to be more effective in military operations.
[D] In his book, Team of Teams, General Stanley McChrystal describes how the army’s hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of Iraq war. His solution was to learn something from the rebels it was fighting: decentralizing authority to self-organising teams.
38. In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams.
[B] Deloitte argues that a new organizational form is on the rise: a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy (等级制度).
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词conventional form和network of teams，由此定位至B段最后一句。该段最后一句出现了network of teams以及conventional hierarchy。题目是对B段这一内容的同义转述。
39. Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work.
[J] Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meeting or compelled to work in noisy offices.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词poorly managed teams和easily distracted，由此定位至J段倒数第二句。该句中出现了loosely managed teams以及hotbeds of distraction，题目中的easily distracted是原文hotbeds of distraction的同义替换。poorly是原文loosely的同义替换，题目是对J段这一内容的同义转述。
40. Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture.
[G] Team work best if their members have a strong common culture.
41. According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies.
[A] But a new report by Deloitte. “Global Human Capital Trends”, based on a survey of more than 7,000 executive in over 130 countries, suggests that the fashion for teamwork has reached a new high.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词Deloitte、teamwork以及increasingly popular，由此定位至A段中间部分。该部分出现了Deloitte以及teamwork，而题目中的increasingly popular是原文reach a new high的同义替换。题目是对A段这一内容的同义转述。
42. Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the team’s purpose.
[F] If it is hard enough to define a team’s membership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词hard to agree以及membership and the team’s purpose，由此定位至文章F段最后一句话。该句中出现了hard、membership以及purpose。题目是对F段这一内容的同义转述。
43. Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders.
[E] Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, “Team are not always the answer—teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently cannot; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词not always be reliable以及work wonders，由此定位至E段第二句。该句中出现了insight、creativity以及knowledge，可概括归纳为work wonders；而定位句中的lead to confusion、delay以及poor decision-making也可以概括为not always be reliable。题目是对H段这一内容的概括归纳。
44. To ensure employee’s commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work.
[I] A new study of 12,000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds that the best way to ensure employees are “engaged” is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词more flexibility以及并列结构where and how they work，由此定位至I段。该段中出现了more control以及并列结构where and how they do their work，题目中的more flexibility同义替换了原文中的more control。定位句是对J段这一内容的概括归纳。
45. Product transitions take much less time now than in the past.
[C] John Chambers, chairman of Cisco System Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that “we compete against market transitions, not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词product transitions、in the past以及比较级much less time，由此定位至文章C段第三句。该句中出现了product transitions以及used to take five or seven years，同时还出现了now they take one or two，很明显这是过去与现在的对比。题目是对C段这一内容的概括归纳。
15、40. Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
答案解析：36. Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action.
[H] They need to rid their minds of sentimentalism（感情用事）: the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词successful team leaders和prompt action，由此定位H段第二句。第二句中出现了the most successful teams以及immediate action，题目中的prompt是对原文immediate的同义替换。题目是对H段这一内容的同义转述。
37. Decentralisation of authority was also found to be more effective in military operations.
[D] In his book, Team of Teams, General Stanley McChrystal describes how the army’s hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of Iraq war. His solution was to learn something from the rebels it was fighting: decentralizing authority to self-organising teams.
38. In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams.
[B] Deloitte argues that a new organizational form is on the rise: a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy (等级制度).
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词conventional form和network of teams，由此定位至B段最后一句。该段最后一句出现了network of teams以及conventional hierarchy。题目是对B段这一内容的同义转述。
39. Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work.
[J] Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meeting or compelled to work in noisy offices.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词poorly managed teams和easily distracted，由此定位至J段倒数第二句。该句中出现了loosely managed teams以及hotbeds of distraction，题目中的easily distracted是原文hotbeds of distraction的同义替换。poorly是原文loosely的同义替换，题目是对J段这一内容的同义转述。
40. Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture.
[G] Team work best if their members have a strong common culture.
41. According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies.
[A] But a new report by Deloitte. “Global Human Capital Trends”, based on a survey of more than 7,000 executive in over 130 countries, suggests that the fashion for teamwork has reached a new high.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词Deloitte、teamwork以及increasingly popular，由此定位至A段中间部分。该部分出现了Deloitte以及teamwork，而题目中的increasingly popular是原文reach a new high的同义替换。题目是对A段这一内容的同义转述。
42. Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the team’s purpose.
[F] If it is hard enough to define a team’s membership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词hard to agree以及membership and the team’s purpose，由此定位至文章F段最后一句话。该句中出现了hard、membership以及purpose。题目是对F段这一内容的同义转述。
43. Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders.
[E] Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, “Team are not always the answer—teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently cannot; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词not always be reliable以及work wonders，由此定位至E段第二句。该句中出现了insight、creativity以及knowledge，可概括归纳为work wonders；而定位句中的lead to confusion、delay以及poor decision-making也可以概括为not always be reliable。题目是对H段这一内容的概括归纳。
44. To ensure employee’s commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work.
[I] A new study of 12,000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds that the best way to ensure employees are “engaged” is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词more flexibility以及并列结构where and how they work，由此定位至I段。该段中出现了more control以及并列结构where and how they do their work，题目中的more flexibility同义替换了原文中的more control。定位句是对J段这一内容的概括归纳。
45. Product transitions take much less time now than in the past.
[C] John Chambers, chairman of Cisco System Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that “we compete against market transitions, not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词product transitions、in the past以及比较级much less time，由此定位至文章C段第三句。该句中出现了product transitions以及used to take five or seven years，同时还出现了now they take one or two，很明显这是过去与现在的对比。题目是对C段这一内容的概括归纳。
16、41. According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
答案解析：36. Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action.
[H] They need to rid their minds of sentimentalism（感情用事）: the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词successful team leaders和prompt action，由此定位H段第二句。第二句中出现了the most successful teams以及immediate action，题目中的prompt是对原文immediate的同义替换。题目是对H段这一内容的同义转述。
37. Decentralisation of authority was also found to be more effective in military operations.
[D] In his book, Team of Teams, General Stanley McChrystal describes how the army’s hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of Iraq war. His solution was to learn something from the rebels it was fighting: decentralizing authority to self-organising teams.
38. In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams.
[B] Deloitte argues that a new organizational form is on the rise: a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy (等级制度).
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词conventional form和network of teams，由此定位至B段最后一句。该段最后一句出现了network of teams以及conventional hierarchy。题目是对B段这一内容的同义转述。
39. Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work.
[J] Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meeting or compelled to work in noisy offices.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词poorly managed teams和easily distracted，由此定位至J段倒数第二句。该句中出现了loosely managed teams以及hotbeds of distraction，题目中的easily distracted是原文hotbeds of distraction的同义替换。poorly是原文loosely的同义替换，题目是对J段这一内容的同义转述。
40. Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture.
[G] Team work best if their members have a strong common culture.
41. According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies.
[A] But a new report by Deloitte. “Global Human Capital Trends”, based on a survey of more than 7,000 executive in over 130 countries, suggests that the fashion for teamwork has reached a new high.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词Deloitte、teamwork以及increasingly popular，由此定位至A段中间部分。该部分出现了Deloitte以及teamwork，而题目中的increasingly popular是原文reach a new high的同义替换。题目是对A段这一内容的同义转述。
42. Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the team’s purpose.
[F] If it is hard enough to define a team’s membership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词hard to agree以及membership and the team’s purpose，由此定位至文章F段最后一句话。该句中出现了hard、membership以及purpose。题目是对F段这一内容的同义转述。
43. Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders.
[E] Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, “Team are not always the answer—teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently cannot; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词not always be reliable以及work wonders，由此定位至E段第二句。该句中出现了insight、creativity以及knowledge，可概括归纳为work wonders；而定位句中的lead to confusion、delay以及poor decision-making也可以概括为not always be reliable。题目是对H段这一内容的概括归纳。
44. To ensure employee’s commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work.
[I] A new study of 12,000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds that the best way to ensure employees are “engaged” is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词more flexibility以及并列结构where and how they work，由此定位至I段。该段中出现了more control以及并列结构where and how they do their work，题目中的more flexibility同义替换了原文中的more control。定位句是对J段这一内容的概括归纳。
45. Product transitions take much less time now than in the past.
[C] John Chambers, chairman of Cisco System Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that “we compete against market transitions, not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词product transitions、in the past以及比较级much less time，由此定位至文章C段第三句。该句中出现了product transitions以及used to take five or seven years，同时还出现了now they take one or two，很明显这是过去与现在的对比。题目是对C段这一内容的概括归纳。
17、42. Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the team’s purpose.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
答案解析：36. Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action.
[H] They need to rid their minds of sentimentalism（感情用事）: the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词successful team leaders和prompt action，由此定位H段第二句。第二句中出现了the most successful teams以及immediate action，题目中的prompt是对原文immediate的同义替换。题目是对H段这一内容的同义转述。
37. Decentralisation of authority was also found to be more effective in military operations.
[D] In his book, Team of Teams, General Stanley McChrystal describes how the army’s hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of Iraq war. His solution was to learn something from the rebels it was fighting: decentralizing authority to self-organising teams.
38. In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams.
[B] Deloitte argues that a new organizational form is on the rise: a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy (等级制度).
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词conventional form和network of teams，由此定位至B段最后一句。该段最后一句出现了network of teams以及conventional hierarchy。题目是对B段这一内容的同义转述。
39. Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work.
[J] Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meeting or compelled to work in noisy offices.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词poorly managed teams和easily distracted，由此定位至J段倒数第二句。该句中出现了loosely managed teams以及hotbeds of distraction，题目中的easily distracted是原文hotbeds of distraction的同义替换。poorly是原文loosely的同义替换，题目是对J段这一内容的同义转述。
40. Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture.
[G] Team work best if their members have a strong common culture.
41. According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies.
[A] But a new report by Deloitte. “Global Human Capital Trends”, based on a survey of more than 7,000 executive in over 130 countries, suggests that the fashion for teamwork has reached a new high.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词Deloitte、teamwork以及increasingly popular，由此定位至A段中间部分。该部分出现了Deloitte以及teamwork，而题目中的increasingly popular是原文reach a new high的同义替换。题目是对A段这一内容的同义转述。
42. Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the team’s purpose.
[F] If it is hard enough to define a team’s membership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词hard to agree以及membership and the team’s purpose，由此定位至文章F段最后一句话。该句中出现了hard、membership以及purpose。题目是对F段这一内容的同义转述。
43. Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders.
[E] Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, “Team are not always the answer—teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently cannot; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词not always be reliable以及work wonders，由此定位至E段第二句。该句中出现了insight、creativity以及knowledge，可概括归纳为work wonders；而定位句中的lead to confusion、delay以及poor decision-making也可以概括为not always be reliable。题目是对H段这一内容的概括归纳。
44. To ensure employee’s commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work.
[I] A new study of 12,000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds that the best way to ensure employees are “engaged” is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词more flexibility以及并列结构where and how they work，由此定位至I段。该段中出现了more control以及并列结构where and how they do their work，题目中的more flexibility同义替换了原文中的more control。定位句是对J段这一内容的概括归纳。
45. Product transitions take much less time now than in the past.
[C] John Chambers, chairman of Cisco System Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that “we compete against market transitions, not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词product transitions、in the past以及比较级much less time，由此定位至文章C段第三句。该句中出现了product transitions以及used to take five or seven years，同时还出现了now they take one or two，很明显这是过去与现在的对比。题目是对C段这一内容的概括归纳。
18、43. Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
答案解析：36. Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action.
[H] They need to rid their minds of sentimentalism（感情用事）: the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词successful team leaders和prompt action，由此定位H段第二句。第二句中出现了the most successful teams以及immediate action，题目中的prompt是对原文immediate的同义替换。题目是对H段这一内容的同义转述。
37. Decentralisation of authority was also found to be more effective in military operations.
[D] In his book, Team of Teams, General Stanley McChrystal describes how the army’s hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of Iraq war. His solution was to learn something from the rebels it was fighting: decentralizing authority to self-organising teams.
38. In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams.
[B] Deloitte argues that a new organizational form is on the rise: a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy (等级制度).
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词conventional form和network of teams，由此定位至B段最后一句。该段最后一句出现了network of teams以及conventional hierarchy。题目是对B段这一内容的同义转述。
39. Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work.
[J] Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meeting or compelled to work in noisy offices.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词poorly managed teams和easily distracted，由此定位至J段倒数第二句。该句中出现了loosely managed teams以及hotbeds of distraction，题目中的easily distracted是原文hotbeds of distraction的同义替换。poorly是原文loosely的同义替换，题目是对J段这一内容的同义转述。
40. Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture.
[G] Team work best if their members have a strong common culture.
41. According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies.
[A] But a new report by Deloitte. “Global Human Capital Trends”, based on a survey of more than 7,000 executive in over 130 countries, suggests that the fashion for teamwork has reached a new high.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词Deloitte、teamwork以及increasingly popular，由此定位至A段中间部分。该部分出现了Deloitte以及teamwork，而题目中的increasingly popular是原文reach a new high的同义替换。题目是对A段这一内容的同义转述。
42. Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the team’s purpose.
[F] If it is hard enough to define a team’s membership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词hard to agree以及membership and the team’s purpose，由此定位至文章F段最后一句话。该句中出现了hard、membership以及purpose。题目是对F段这一内容的同义转述。
43. Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders.
[E] Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, “Team are not always the answer—teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently cannot; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词not always be reliable以及work wonders，由此定位至E段第二句。该句中出现了insight、creativity以及knowledge，可概括归纳为work wonders；而定位句中的lead to confusion、delay以及poor decision-making也可以概括为not always be reliable。题目是对H段这一内容的概括归纳。
44. To ensure employee’s commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work.
[I] A new study of 12,000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds that the best way to ensure employees are “engaged” is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词more flexibility以及并列结构where and how they work，由此定位至I段。该段中出现了more control以及并列结构where and how they do their work，题目中的more flexibility同义替换了原文中的more control。定位句是对J段这一内容的概括归纳。
45. Product transitions take much less time now than in the past.
[C] John Chambers, chairman of Cisco System Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that “we compete against market transitions, not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词product transitions、in the past以及比较级much less time，由此定位至文章C段第三句。该句中出现了product transitions以及used to take five or seven years，同时还出现了now they take one or two，很明显这是过去与现在的对比。题目是对C段这一内容的概括归纳。
19、44. To ensure employees’ commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
答案解析：36. Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action.
[H] They need to rid their minds of sentimentalism（感情用事）: the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词successful team leaders和prompt action，由此定位H段第二句。第二句中出现了the most successful teams以及immediate action，题目中的prompt是对原文immediate的同义替换。题目是对H段这一内容的同义转述。
37. Decentralisation of authority was also found to be more effective in military operations.
[D] In his book, Team of Teams, General Stanley McChrystal describes how the army’s hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of Iraq war. His solution was to learn something from the rebels it was fighting: decentralizing authority to self-organising teams.
38. In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams.
[B] Deloitte argues that a new organizational form is on the rise: a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy (等级制度).
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词conventional form和network of teams，由此定位至B段最后一句。该段最后一句出现了network of teams以及conventional hierarchy。题目是对B段这一内容的同义转述。
39. Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work.
[J] Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meeting or compelled to work in noisy offices.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词poorly managed teams和easily distracted，由此定位至J段倒数第二句。该句中出现了loosely managed teams以及hotbeds of distraction，题目中的easily distracted是原文hotbeds of distraction的同义替换。poorly是原文loosely的同义替换，题目是对J段这一内容的同义转述。
40. Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture.
[G] Team work best if their members have a strong common culture.
41. According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies.
[A] But a new report by Deloitte. “Global Human Capital Trends”, based on a survey of more than 7,000 executive in over 130 countries, suggests that the fashion for teamwork has reached a new high.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词Deloitte、teamwork以及increasingly popular，由此定位至A段中间部分。该部分出现了Deloitte以及teamwork，而题目中的increasingly popular是原文reach a new high的同义替换。题目是对A段这一内容的同义转述。
42. Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the team’s purpose.
[F] If it is hard enough to define a team’s membership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词hard to agree以及membership and the team’s purpose，由此定位至文章F段最后一句话。该句中出现了hard、membership以及purpose。题目是对F段这一内容的同义转述。
43. Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders.
[E] Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, “Team are not always the answer—teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently cannot; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词not always be reliable以及work wonders，由此定位至E段第二句。该句中出现了insight、creativity以及knowledge，可概括归纳为work wonders；而定位句中的lead to confusion、delay以及poor decision-making也可以概括为not always be reliable。题目是对H段这一内容的概括归纳。
44. To ensure employee’s commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work.
[I] A new study of 12,000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds that the best way to ensure employees are “engaged” is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词more flexibility以及并列结构where and how they work，由此定位至I段。该段中出现了more control以及并列结构where and how they do their work，题目中的more flexibility同义替换了原文中的more control。定位句是对J段这一内容的概括归纳。
45. Product transitions take much less time now than in the past.
[C] John Chambers, chairman of Cisco System Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that “we compete against market transitions, not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词product transitions、in the past以及比较级much less time，由此定位至文章C段第三句。该句中出现了product transitions以及used to take five or seven years，同时还出现了now they take one or two，很明显这是过去与现在的对比。题目是对C段这一内容的概括归纳。
20、45. Product transitions take much less time now than in the past.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
答案解析：36. Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action.
[H] They need to rid their minds of sentimentalism（感情用事）: the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词successful team leaders和prompt action，由此定位H段第二句。第二句中出现了the most successful teams以及immediate action，题目中的prompt是对原文immediate的同义替换。题目是对H段这一内容的同义转述。
37. Decentralisation of authority was also found to be more effective in military operations.
[D] In his book, Team of Teams, General Stanley McChrystal describes how the army’s hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of Iraq war. His solution was to learn something from the rebels it was fighting: decentralizing authority to self-organising teams.
38. In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams.
[B] Deloitte argues that a new organizational form is on the rise: a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy (等级制度).
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词conventional form和network of teams，由此定位至B段最后一句。该段最后一句出现了network of teams以及conventional hierarchy。题目是对B段这一内容的同义转述。
39. Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work.
[J] Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meeting or compelled to work in noisy offices.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词poorly managed teams和easily distracted，由此定位至J段倒数第二句。该句中出现了loosely managed teams以及hotbeds of distraction，题目中的easily distracted是原文hotbeds of distraction的同义替换。poorly是原文loosely的同义替换，题目是对J段这一内容的同义转述。
40. Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture.
[G] Team work best if their members have a strong common culture.
41. According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies.
[A] But a new report by Deloitte. “Global Human Capital Trends”, based on a survey of more than 7,000 executive in over 130 countries, suggests that the fashion for teamwork has reached a new high.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词Deloitte、teamwork以及increasingly popular，由此定位至A段中间部分。该部分出现了Deloitte以及teamwork，而题目中的increasingly popular是原文reach a new high的同义替换。题目是对A段这一内容的同义转述。
42. Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the team’s purpose.
[F] If it is hard enough to define a team’s membership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词hard to agree以及membership and the team’s purpose，由此定位至文章F段最后一句话。该句中出现了hard、membership以及purpose。题目是对F段这一内容的同义转述。
43. Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders.
[E] Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, “Team are not always the answer—teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently cannot; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词not always be reliable以及work wonders，由此定位至E段第二句。该句中出现了insight、creativity以及knowledge，可概括归纳为work wonders；而定位句中的lead to confusion、delay以及poor decision-making也可以概括为not always be reliable。题目是对H段这一内容的概括归纳。
44. To ensure employee’s commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work.
[I] A new study of 12,000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds that the best way to ensure employees are “engaged” is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词more flexibility以及并列结构where and how they work，由此定位至I段。该段中出现了more control以及并列结构where and how they do their work，题目中的more flexibility同义替换了原文中的more control。定位句是对J段这一内容的概括归纳。
45. Product transitions take much less time now than in the past.
[C] John Chambers, chairman of Cisco System Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that “we compete against market transitions, not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two.”
解析：首先在题目中找到定位词product transitions、in the past以及比较级much less time，由此定位至文章C段第三句。该句中出现了product transitions以及used to take five or seven years，同时还出现了now they take one or two，很明显这是过去与现在的对比。题目是对C段这一内容的概括归纳。
Part III Reading Comprehension
Shoppers in the UK are spending less money on toilet paper to save money, research has shown.
Penny-pinching UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidl rather than luxury alternatives.
This has wiped 6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK. It has shrunk from £1,19 billion in 2011 to £1,12 billion in 2015, according to a new report from market research company Mintel. Furthermore, the future of the market looks far from rosy, with sales expected to fall further to £1,11 billion in 2016.
In the last year alone, despite an increase in the UK population and a subsequent rise in the number of households, sales of toilet paper fell by 2%, with the average household reducing their toilet roll spending from £43 in 2014 to £41 in 2015.
Overall, almost three in five people say they try to limit their usage of paper—including facing tissue and kitchen roll—to save money. “Strength, softness and thickness remain the leading indicators of toilet paper quality, with just a small proportion of consumers preferring more luxurious alternatives, such as those with flower patterns or perfume,” said Mintel analyst Jack Duckett. “These extra features are deemed unnecessary by the majority of shoppers, which probably reflects how these types of products are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer.”
While consumers are spending less on toilet paper, they remain fussy—in theory at least—when it comes to paper quality. Top of Britons’s toilet paper wish list is softness (57%) followed by strength (45%) and thickness (36%).
One in 10 buyers rank toilet rolls made from recycled paper among their top considerations, highlighting how overall the environment is much less of a consideration for shoppers than product quality. In a challenge for manufactures, 81% of paper product users said they would consider buying recycled toilet tissue if it were comparable in quality to standard paper.
21、46. The market sales of toilet paper have decreased because .
A Britons have cut their spending on it
B its prices have gone up over the years
C its quality has seen marked improvement
D Britons have developed the habit of saving
答案解析：
通过题文同序原则以及题干中给出的定位词market sales、toilet paper以及decreased可找到文章第三段开头“This has wiped 6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK.”一句，但是题干中问的是出现销量下降的原因。根据定位句中出现的this，找到定位句上句以及文章开头，文中多次提到spending less money、save money、cheaper products以及discounters，反复提到了省钱的问题，那么原因就是省钱、减少花销，因此选A。B项中的价格上升，C项中的质量提升以及D项中的省钱习惯，都没有在原文提到。
22、47. What does the author think of the future of the tissue paper market in the UK?
A It will expand in time.
B It will remain gloomy.
C It will experience ups and downs.
D It will recover as population grows.
答案解析：
通过题干中出现的the future of the tissue paper market可定位至文章第三段末句“Furthermore, the future of the market looks far from rosy, with sales expected to fall further to £1,11 billion in 2016”。这句话提到市场前景不容乐观，因为销售额将会在2016年进一步降至1110亿英镑。因此应选择B，即前景将会持续暗淡。A项提到会及时扩大，D项提到会随着人口增长恢复均与原文相反，C项提到上下波动，与原文不符。
23、48. What does Jack Duckett say about toilet paper?
A Special offers would promote its sales.
B Consumers are loyal to certain brands.
C Luxurious features add much to the price.
D Consumers have a variety to choose from.
答案解析：
题干中问的是Jack Duckett关于toilet paper的观点看法，可由人名定位至第五段Jack Duckett所说的话，纸张的强度、柔软度以及厚度是判断纸张质量的因素，但是除了这些，Jack Duckett还提到了一些其他的特征，例如香型，这些功能对大多数购买者都是不必要的，但是却能够使价格更昂贵，所以正确答案选C。A项的special offer在原文中提到了，但是文中并未提到会promote its sales，属于原词重现的干扰选项。B选项提到某个品牌在文中并未出现。D项中的消费者有多种选择在原文中也未提到。
24、49. What do we learn about Britons concerning toilet paper?
A They are particular about the quality of toilet paper.
B They emphasize the strength of toilet paper the most.
C They prefer cheap toilet paper to recycled toilet paper.
D They reject using toilet paper with unnecessary features.
“One of the reasons I find this topic very interesting is because my mom was a smoker when I was younger,” says Lindson-Hawley, who studies tobacco and health at the University of Oxford.
By studying about 700 adult smokers, she found out that her mom quit the right way—by stopping abruptly and completely.
In her study, participants were randomly (随机地) assigned to two groups. One had to quit abruptly on a given day, going from about a pack a day to zero. The other cut down gradually over the course of two weeks. People in both groups used nicotine (尼古丁) patches before they quit, in addition to a second form of nicotine replacement, like gum or spray. They also had talk therapy with a nurse before and after quit day.
Six month out, more people who had quit abruptly had stuck with it—more than one-fifth of them, compared to about one-seventh in the other group. Although these numbers appear low, it is much higher than if people try without support.
And the quit rates were particularly convincing given that before the study started, most of the people had said they’d rather cut down gradually before quitting. “If you are training for a marathon, you wouldn’t expect to turn up and just be able to run it. And I think people see that for smoking as well. They think, ‘Well, if I gradually reduce, it’s like practice.’ ”says Lindson-Hawley. But that wasn’t the case. Instead of giving people practice, the gradual reduction likely gave them cravings (瘾) and withdrawal symptoms before they even reached quit day, which could be why fewer people in that group actually made it to that point. “Regardless of your stated preference, if you’re ready to quit, quitting abruptly is more effective,” says Dr. Gabriela Ferreira. “When you can quote a specific number like a fifth of the patients were able to quit, that’s compelling. It gives them the encouragement, I think, to really go for it,” Ferreira says.
People rarely manage to quit the first time they try. But at least she says, they can maximize the odds of success.
26、51. What does Lindson-Hawley say about her mother?
A She quit smoking with her daughter’s help.
B She succeeded in quitting smoking abruptly.
C She was also a researcher of tobacco and health.
D She studied the smoking patterns of adult smokers.
答案解析：
题干问的是Lindson-Hawley对她的妈妈的看法，可直接根据人名以及题文同序原则定位到文章首段，该段首先提到了在她小的时候妈妈吸烟，紧接着提到了妈妈stopping abruptly and completely。对比选项，利用匹配原则，B项符合，即为正确答案。而A项，文中根本没提到女儿的帮助；C项属于张冠李戴，妈妈没有研究烟草与健康课题；D项同样张冠李戴。
27、52. What kind of support did smokers receive to quit smoking in Lindson-Hawley’s study?
A They were given physical training.
B They were looked after by physicians.
C They were encouraged by psychologists.
D They were offered nicotine replacements.
答案解析：
题干问的是在Lindson-Hawley的研究中吸烟者为了戒烟得到了哪些帮助和支持。题干中有效定位信息很多，如support、quit smoking以及in lindson-hawley’s study，由此可定位到第三段，该段提到了a second form of nicotine replacement, like gum or spray，因此正确答案为D。A、B、C项在文中均未提及。
28、53. How does Dr. Gabriela Ferreira view the result of Lindson-Hawley’s experiment?
A It is idealized.
B It is unexpected.
C It is encouraging.
D It is misleading.
答案解析：
通过题干中出现的Dr. Gabriela Ferreira以及the result of Lindson-Hawley’s experiment可定位至第五段，题干问的是观点态度，首先实验的结果显示果断戒烟要比逐渐减少吸烟量有效，因此Dr. Gabriela Ferreira提到马上停止吸烟更有效，因此Dr. Gabriela Ferreira的态度是褒义的，正确答案为C。
29、54.The idea of “a marathon” (Line 2. Para. 5) illustrates the popular belief that quitting smoking .
30、55. What happens when people try to quit smoking gradually?
A They find it even more difficult.
B They are simply unable to make it.
C They show fewer withdrawal symptoms.
D They feel much less pain in the process.
答案解析：
题干问人们尝试慢慢戒烟的结果如何。首先根据前几道题答题，我们可以看出，这道题目的答案应该是对慢慢戒烟持否定的态度，那么可以锁定选项A。其次，我们可以根据题文同序来定位，直接找到People rarely manage to quit the first time they try一句。rarely manage，表示很少成功，故正确答案为A。B项中的simply过于绝对故不选。C项意思与原文相反故不选。D项中的pain在原文中未提及故不选。
