When someone commits a criminal act, we always hope the punishment will match the offense. But when it comes to one of the cruelest crimes-animal fighting-things 26_____ work out that way. Dog-fighting victims are 27_____ and killed for profit and “sport”, yet their criminal abusers often receive a 28_____ sentence for causing a lifetime of pain. Roughly half of all federally-convicted animal fighters only get probation (缓刑). Some progress has been made in the prosecution (起诉) of animal fighters. But federal judges often rely heavily on the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines when they 29_____ penalties, and in the case of animal fighting, those guidelines are outdated and extremely 30_____. The U.S. Sentencing Commission, which 31_____ these sentencing guidelines, is revisiting them, proposing to raise the minimum sentence from 6-12 to 21-27 months, This is a step in the right 32_____, but we’ d like to see the U.S. Sentencing Commission make further changes to the guidelines.Along with this effort, we’re working with animal advocates and state and federal lawmakers to 33_____ anti-cruelty laws across the country, as well as supporting laws and policies that assist overburdened animal 34_____ that care for animal fighting victims. This help is 35_____ important because the high cost of caring for animal victims is a major factor that prevents people from getting involved in cruelty cases in the first place.
1、 (1)
A inadequate
B critically
C sufferings
D hesitate
E rarely
F determine
G tortured
H strengthen
I inspired
J shelters
K method
L creates
M minimal
N direction
O convenient
答案解析：
26. rarely
解析：副词辨析题。空格前为“one of +名词”结构，空格后为work out动词短语，由此可知，句子成分不缺少，应填入副词。备选词有critically（关键地）、rarely（很少地）。再根据该句以but开头，可知语义与上文相反。上文指出，当有人犯罪时，我们总是希望他们得到相应惩罚，而事实用but表示相反，因此应填入与always相反的词，选rarely。
解析：副词辨析题。空格前为“one of +名词”结构，空格后为work out动词短语，由此可知，句子成分不缺少，应填入副词。备选词有critically（关键地）、rarely（很少地）。再根据该句以but开头，可知语义与上文相反。上文指出，当有人犯罪时，我们总是希望他们得到相应惩罚，而事实用but表示相反，因此应填入与always相反的词，选rarely。
解析：副词辨析题。空格前为“one of +名词”结构，空格后为work out动词短语，由此可知，句子成分不缺少，应填入副词。备选词有critically（关键地）、rarely（很少地）。再根据该句以but开头，可知语义与上文相反。上文指出，当有人犯罪时，我们总是希望他们得到相应惩罚，而事实用but表示相反，因此应填入与always相反的词，选rarely。
解析：副词辨析题。空格前为“one of +名词”结构，空格后为work out动词短语，由此可知，句子成分不缺少，应填入副词。备选词有critically（关键地）、rarely（很少地）。再根据该句以but开头，可知语义与上文相反。上文指出，当有人犯罪时，我们总是希望他们得到相应惩罚，而事实用but表示相反，因此应填入与always相反的词，选rarely。
解析：副词辨析题。空格前为“one of +名词”结构，空格后为work out动词短语，由此可知，句子成分不缺少，应填入副词。备选词有critically（关键地）、rarely（很少地）。再根据该句以but开头，可知语义与上文相反。上文指出，当有人犯罪时，我们总是希望他们得到相应惩罚，而事实用but表示相反，因此应填入与always相反的词，选rarely。
解析：副词辨析题。空格前为“one of +名词”结构，空格后为work out动词短语，由此可知，句子成分不缺少，应填入副词。备选词有critically（关键地）、rarely（很少地）。再根据该句以but开头，可知语义与上文相反。上文指出，当有人犯罪时，我们总是希望他们得到相应惩罚，而事实用but表示相反，因此应填入与always相反的词，选rarely。
解析：副词辨析题。空格前为“one of +名词”结构，空格后为work out动词短语，由此可知，句子成分不缺少，应填入副词。备选词有critically（关键地）、rarely（很少地）。再根据该句以but开头，可知语义与上文相反。上文指出，当有人犯罪时，我们总是希望他们得到相应惩罚，而事实用but表示相反，因此应填入与always相反的词，选rarely。
解析：副词辨析题。空格前为“one of +名词”结构，空格后为work out动词短语，由此可知，句子成分不缺少，应填入副词。备选词有critically（关键地）、rarely（很少地）。再根据该句以but开头，可知语义与上文相反。上文指出，当有人犯罪时，我们总是希望他们得到相应惩罚，而事实用but表示相反，因此应填入与always相反的词，选rarely。
解析：副词辨析题。空格前为“one of +名词”结构，空格后为work out动词短语，由此可知，句子成分不缺少，应填入副词。备选词有critically（关键地）、rarely（很少地）。再根据该句以but开头，可知语义与上文相反。上文指出，当有人犯罪时，我们总是希望他们得到相应惩罚，而事实用but表示相反，因此应填入与always相反的词，选rarely。
解析：副词辨析题。空格前为“one of +名词”结构，空格后为work out动词短语，由此可知，句子成分不缺少，应填入副词。备选词有critically（关键地）、rarely（很少地）。再根据该句以but开头，可知语义与上文相反。上文指出，当有人犯罪时，我们总是希望他们得到相应惩罚，而事实用but表示相反，因此应填入与always相反的词，选rarely。
【A】What motivates employees to do their jobs well? Competition with coworkers, for some. The promise of rewards, for others. Pure enjoyment of problem-solving, for a lucky few.
【B】 Increasingly, companies are tapping into these desires directly through what has come to be known as “gamification”: essentially, turning work into a game. “Gamification is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games, and taking those learnings and applying them to other contexts such as the workplace and education,” explains Kevin Werbach, a gamification expert who teaches at the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States.
【C】It might mean monitoring employee productivity on a digital leaderboard and offering prizes to the winners, or giving employees digital badges or stars for completing certain activities. It could also mean training employees how to do their jobs through video game platforms. Companies from Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in their workplaces. And more and more companies are joining them. A recent report suggests that the global gamification market will grow from $1.65 billion in 2015 to $11.1 billion by 2020.
【D】The concept of gamification is not entirely new, Werbach says. Companies, marketers and teachers have long looked for fun ways to engage people’s reward-seeking or competitive spirits. Cracker Jacks has been “gamifying” its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years, he adds, and the turn-of-the-century steel magnate ( 巨头 ) Charles Schwab is said to have often come into his factory and written the number of tons of steel produced on the past shift on the factory floor, thus motivating the next shift of workers to beat the previous one.
【E】But the word “gamification” and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part to video games, the generation now entering the workforce is especially open to the idea of having their work gamified. “We are at a point where in much of the developed world the vast majority of young people grew up playing video games, and an increasingly high percentage of adults play these video games too,” Werbach says.
【F】 A number of companies have sprung up-GamEffective, Bunchball and Badgeville, to name a few—in recent years offering gamification platforms for businesses. The platforms that are most effective turn employees’ ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative. “What makes a game game-like is that the player actually cares about the outcome,” Werbach says. “The principle is about understanding what is motivating to this group of players, which requires some understanding of psychology.”
【G】Some people, Werbach says, are motivated by competition. Sales people often fall into this category. For them, the right kind of gamification might be turning their sales pitches into a competition with other team members, complete with a digital leaderboard showing who is winning at all times. Others are more motivated by collaboration and social experiences. One company Werbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees’ morale ( 士 气 ). When employees log in to their computers, they’re shown a picture of one of their coworkers and asked to guess that person’s name.
【H】Gamification does not have to be digital. Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employee trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not. She recently designed a gamification strategy for a sales training company with a storm-chasing theme. Employees formed “storm chaser teams” and competed in storm-themed educational exercises to earn various rewards. “Rewards do not have to be stuff,” Cornetti says. “Rewards can be flexible working hours.” Another training, this one for pay roll law, used a Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs theme. “Snow White” is available for everyone to use, but the “dwarfs” are still under copyright, so Cornetti invented sound-alike characters (Grumpy Gus, Dopey Dan) to illustrate specific pay roll law principles.
【I】 Some people do not take naturally to gamified work environments, Cornetti says. In her experience, people in positions of power of people in finance or engineering do not tend to like the sound of the word. “If we are designing for engineers, I’m not talking about a ‘game’ at all”, Cornetti says. “I’m talking about a ‘simulation’(模拟), I’m talking about ‘being able to solve this problem.’ ”
【J】Gamification is “not a magic bullet,” Werbach warns. A gamification strategy that is not sufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but it will not motivate people in the long term. It can also be exploitative, especially when used with vulnerable populations. For workers, especially low-paid workers, who desperately need their jobs yet know they can be easily replaced, gamification may feel more like the Hunger Games. Werbach gives the example of several Disneyland hotels in Anaheim, California, which used large digital leaderboards to display how efficiently laundry workers were working compared to one another. Some employees found the board motivating. To others, it was the opposite of fun. Some began to stop taking bathroom breaks, worried that if their productivity fell they would be fired. Pregnant employees struggled to keep up. In a Los Angeles Times article, one employee referred to the board as a “digital whip.” “It actually had a very negative effect on morale and performance,” Werbach says.
【K】Still, gamification only stands to become more popular, he says, “as more and more people come into the workforce who are familiar with the structures and expressions of digital games.” “We are far from reaching the peak,” Cornetti agrees. “There is no reason this will go away.”
11、Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same
.[C] Companies from Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in their workplaces. And more and more companies are joining them.
解析：关注大写字母聚集处，由此进行定位。some famous companies对应原文中C段的Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo，之后题目中出现的more对应原文中的more and more，do the same对应原文中的joining them。
37. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.
[J] Gamification is “not a magic bullet,” Werbach warns. A gamification strategy that is not sufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but it will not motivate people in the long term.
解析：J段段首引语处，题目中否定词短语not a miracle cure对应原文中的magic bullet，否定意义的肯定词negative results对应原文中的not motivate people in the long term。
38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when starting their computers.
[G] One company Werbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees’ morale（士气）. When employees log in to their computers, they’re shown a picture of one of their coworkers and asked to guess that person’s name.
解析：G段最后中文注释部分，关键词重现，enhance morale对应原文中的boost employees’ morale （士气），to identify their fellow对应原文中的guess that person’s name；同时从句重现，when starting their computers对应原文中的log in to their computers。
39. The idea of gamifacation was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.
[D] Cracker Jacks has been “gamifying” its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years...
解析：关注D段段落中间数字以及大写人名标识处，idea of gamifacation was practiced对应原文中的“gamifying”， more than a century ago对应原文中的more than 100 years。
40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.
[K] “There is no reason this will go away.”
解析：K段段尾引语处，题目就是对原文该内容的同义转述。
41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.
[E] But the word “gamification” and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part to video games, the generation now entering the workforce is especially open to the idea of having their work gamified.
解析：E段段首处以及引语之前，video games以及application在文章中原词重现，而contributed in对应原文中的thanks in part to。
42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.
[B] ...turning work into a game. “Gamification is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games...
解析：B段段首处，turning work into a game原词重现，而what引导的宾语从句也属于原句重现，interesting对应原文中的engaging。
43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.
[H] Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employee trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.
解析：关注H段大写人名以及转折处，employee training为原词重现，否定词短语not always need technology对应原文中的“Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.”一句。
44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.
[F] The platforms that are most effective turn employees’ ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative.
解析：F段引语之前，platforms为原词重现，最高级most successful对应原文中most effective，turn into系短语重现，daily work assignments对应原文employees’ ordinary job tasks。
45. It is necessary to use terms other than “gamification” for some professions.
[I] In her experience, people in positions of power of people in finance or engineering do not tend to like the sound of the word. “If we are designing for engineers, I’m not talking about a ‘game’ at all”, Cornetti says. “I’m talking about a ‘simulation’(模拟), I’m talking about ‘being able to solve this problem.’ ”
12、Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same
.[C] Companies from Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in their workplaces. And more and more companies are joining them.
解析：关注大写字母聚集处，由此进行定位。some famous companies对应原文中C段的Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo，之后题目中出现的more对应原文中的more and more，do the same对应原文中的joining them。
37. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.
[J] Gamification is “not a magic bullet,” Werbach warns. A gamification strategy that is not sufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but it will not motivate people in the long term.
解析：J段段首引语处，题目中否定词短语not a miracle cure对应原文中的magic bullet，否定意义的肯定词negative results对应原文中的not motivate people in the long term。
38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when starting their computers.
[G] One company Werbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees’ morale（士气）. When employees log in to their computers, they’re shown a picture of one of their coworkers and asked to guess that person’s name.
解析：G段最后中文注释部分，关键词重现，enhance morale对应原文中的boost employees’ morale （士气），to identify their fellow对应原文中的guess that person’s name；同时从句重现，when starting their computers对应原文中的log in to their computers。
39. The idea of gamifacation was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.
[D] Cracker Jacks has been “gamifying” its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years...
解析：关注D段段落中间数字以及大写人名标识处，idea of gamifacation was practiced对应原文中的“gamifying”， more than a century ago对应原文中的more than 100 years。
40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.
[K] “There is no reason this will go away.”
解析：K段段尾引语处，题目就是对原文该内容的同义转述。
41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.
[E] But the word “gamification” and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part to video games, the generation now entering the workforce is especially open to the idea of having their work gamified.
解析：E段段首处以及引语之前，video games以及application在文章中原词重现，而contributed in对应原文中的thanks in part to。
42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.
[B] ...turning work into a game. “Gamification is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games...
解析：B段段首处，turning work into a game原词重现，而what引导的宾语从句也属于原句重现，interesting对应原文中的engaging。
43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.
[H] Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employee trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.
解析：关注H段大写人名以及转折处，employee training为原词重现，否定词短语not always need technology对应原文中的“Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.”一句。
44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.
[F] The platforms that are most effective turn employees’ ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative.
解析：F段引语之前，platforms为原词重现，最高级most successful对应原文中most effective，turn into系短语重现，daily work assignments对应原文employees’ ordinary job tasks。
45. It is necessary to use terms other than “gamification” for some professions.
[I] In her experience, people in positions of power of people in finance or engineering do not tend to like the sound of the word. “If we are designing for engineers, I’m not talking about a ‘game’ at all”, Cornetti says. “I’m talking about a ‘simulation’(模拟), I’m talking about ‘being able to solve this problem.’ ”
13、To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when starting their computers.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same
.[C] Companies from Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in their workplaces. And more and more companies are joining them.
解析：关注大写字母聚集处，由此进行定位。some famous companies对应原文中C段的Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo，之后题目中出现的more对应原文中的more and more，do the same对应原文中的joining them。
37. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.
[J] Gamification is “not a magic bullet,” Werbach warns. A gamification strategy that is not sufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but it will not motivate people in the long term.
解析：J段段首引语处，题目中否定词短语not a miracle cure对应原文中的magic bullet，否定意义的肯定词negative results对应原文中的not motivate people in the long term。
38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when starting their computers.
[G] One company Werbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees’ morale（士气）. When employees log in to their computers, they’re shown a picture of one of their coworkers and asked to guess that person’s name.
解析：G段最后中文注释部分，关键词重现，enhance morale对应原文中的boost employees’ morale （士气），to identify their fellow对应原文中的guess that person’s name；同时从句重现，when starting their computers对应原文中的log in to their computers。
39. The idea of gamifacation was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.
[D] Cracker Jacks has been “gamifying” its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years...
解析：关注D段段落中间数字以及大写人名标识处，idea of gamifacation was practiced对应原文中的“gamifying”， more than a century ago对应原文中的more than 100 years。
40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.
[K] “There is no reason this will go away.”
解析：K段段尾引语处，题目就是对原文该内容的同义转述。
41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.
[E] But the word “gamification” and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part to video games, the generation now entering the workforce is especially open to the idea of having their work gamified.
解析：E段段首处以及引语之前，video games以及application在文章中原词重现，而contributed in对应原文中的thanks in part to。
42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.
[B] ...turning work into a game. “Gamification is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games...
解析：B段段首处，turning work into a game原词重现，而what引导的宾语从句也属于原句重现，interesting对应原文中的engaging。
43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.
[H] Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employee trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.
解析：关注H段大写人名以及转折处，employee training为原词重现，否定词短语not always need technology对应原文中的“Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.”一句。
44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.
[F] The platforms that are most effective turn employees’ ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative.
解析：F段引语之前，platforms为原词重现，最高级most successful对应原文中most effective，turn into系短语重现，daily work assignments对应原文employees’ ordinary job tasks。
45. It is necessary to use terms other than “gamification” for some professions.
[I] In her experience, people in positions of power of people in finance or engineering do not tend to like the sound of the word. “If we are designing for engineers, I’m not talking about a ‘game’ at all”, Cornetti says. “I’m talking about a ‘simulation’(模拟), I’m talking about ‘being able to solve this problem.’ ”
14、The idea of gamifacation was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same
.[C] Companies from Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in their workplaces. And more and more companies are joining them.
解析：关注大写字母聚集处，由此进行定位。some famous companies对应原文中C段的Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo，之后题目中出现的more对应原文中的more and more，do the same对应原文中的joining them。
37. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.
[J] Gamification is “not a magic bullet,” Werbach warns. A gamification strategy that is not sufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but it will not motivate people in the long term.
解析：J段段首引语处，题目中否定词短语not a miracle cure对应原文中的magic bullet，否定意义的肯定词negative results对应原文中的not motivate people in the long term。
38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when starting their computers.
[G] One company Werbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees’ morale（士气）. When employees log in to their computers, they’re shown a picture of one of their coworkers and asked to guess that person’s name.
解析：G段最后中文注释部分，关键词重现，enhance morale对应原文中的boost employees’ morale （士气），to identify their fellow对应原文中的guess that person’s name；同时从句重现，when starting their computers对应原文中的log in to their computers。
39. The idea of gamifacation was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.
[D] Cracker Jacks has been “gamifying” its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years...
解析：关注D段段落中间数字以及大写人名标识处，idea of gamifacation was practiced对应原文中的“gamifying”， more than a century ago对应原文中的more than 100 years。
40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.
[K] “There is no reason this will go away.”
解析：K段段尾引语处，题目就是对原文该内容的同义转述。
41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.
[E] But the word “gamification” and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part to video games, the generation now entering the workforce is especially open to the idea of having their work gamified.
解析：E段段首处以及引语之前，video games以及application在文章中原词重现，而contributed in对应原文中的thanks in part to。
42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.
[B] ...turning work into a game. “Gamification is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games...
解析：B段段首处，turning work into a game原词重现，而what引导的宾语从句也属于原句重现，interesting对应原文中的engaging。
43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.
[H] Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employee trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.
解析：关注H段大写人名以及转折处，employee training为原词重现，否定词短语not always need technology对应原文中的“Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.”一句。
44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.
[F] The platforms that are most effective turn employees’ ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative.
解析：F段引语之前，platforms为原词重现，最高级most successful对应原文中most effective，turn into系短语重现，daily work assignments对应原文employees’ ordinary job tasks。
45. It is necessary to use terms other than “gamification” for some professions.
[I] In her experience, people in positions of power of people in finance or engineering do not tend to like the sound of the word. “If we are designing for engineers, I’m not talking about a ‘game’ at all”, Cornetti says. “I’m talking about a ‘simulation’(模拟), I’m talking about ‘being able to solve this problem.’ ”
15、There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same
.[C] Companies from Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in their workplaces. And more and more companies are joining them.
解析：关注大写字母聚集处，由此进行定位。some famous companies对应原文中C段的Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo，之后题目中出现的more对应原文中的more and more，do the same对应原文中的joining them。
37. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.
[J] Gamification is “not a magic bullet,” Werbach warns. A gamification strategy that is not sufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but it will not motivate people in the long term.
解析：J段段首引语处，题目中否定词短语not a miracle cure对应原文中的magic bullet，否定意义的肯定词negative results对应原文中的not motivate people in the long term。
38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when starting their computers.
[G] One company Werbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees’ morale（士气）. When employees log in to their computers, they’re shown a picture of one of their coworkers and asked to guess that person’s name.
解析：G段最后中文注释部分，关键词重现，enhance morale对应原文中的boost employees’ morale （士气），to identify their fellow对应原文中的guess that person’s name；同时从句重现，when starting their computers对应原文中的log in to their computers。
39. The idea of gamifacation was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.
[D] Cracker Jacks has been “gamifying” its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years...
解析：关注D段段落中间数字以及大写人名标识处，idea of gamifacation was practiced对应原文中的“gamifying”， more than a century ago对应原文中的more than 100 years。
40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.
[K] “There is no reason this will go away.”
解析：K段段尾引语处，题目就是对原文该内容的同义转述。
41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.
[E] But the word “gamification” and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part to video games, the generation now entering the workforce is especially open to the idea of having their work gamified.
解析：E段段首处以及引语之前，video games以及application在文章中原词重现，而contributed in对应原文中的thanks in part to。
42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.
[B] ...turning work into a game. “Gamification is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games...
解析：B段段首处，turning work into a game原词重现，而what引导的宾语从句也属于原句重现，interesting对应原文中的engaging。
43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.
[H] Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employee trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.
解析：关注H段大写人名以及转折处，employee training为原词重现，否定词短语not always need technology对应原文中的“Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.”一句。
44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.
[F] The platforms that are most effective turn employees’ ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative.
解析：F段引语之前，platforms为原词重现，最高级most successful对应原文中most effective，turn into系短语重现，daily work assignments对应原文employees’ ordinary job tasks。
45. It is necessary to use terms other than “gamification” for some professions.
[I] In her experience, people in positions of power of people in finance or engineering do not tend to like the sound of the word. “If we are designing for engineers, I’m not talking about a ‘game’ at all”, Cornetti says. “I’m talking about a ‘simulation’(模拟), I’m talking about ‘being able to solve this problem.’ ”
16、Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same
.[C] Companies from Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in their workplaces. And more and more companies are joining them.
解析：关注大写字母聚集处，由此进行定位。some famous companies对应原文中C段的Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo，之后题目中出现的more对应原文中的more and more，do the same对应原文中的joining them。
37. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.
[J] Gamification is “not a magic bullet,” Werbach warns. A gamification strategy that is not sufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but it will not motivate people in the long term.
解析：J段段首引语处，题目中否定词短语not a miracle cure对应原文中的magic bullet，否定意义的肯定词negative results对应原文中的not motivate people in the long term。
38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when starting their computers.
[G] One company Werbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees’ morale（士气）. When employees log in to their computers, they’re shown a picture of one of their coworkers and asked to guess that person’s name.
解析：G段最后中文注释部分，关键词重现，enhance morale对应原文中的boost employees’ morale （士气），to identify their fellow对应原文中的guess that person’s name；同时从句重现，when starting their computers对应原文中的log in to their computers。
39. The idea of gamifacation was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.
[D] Cracker Jacks has been “gamifying” its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years...
解析：关注D段段落中间数字以及大写人名标识处，idea of gamifacation was practiced对应原文中的“gamifying”， more than a century ago对应原文中的more than 100 years。
40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.
[K] “There is no reason this will go away.”
解析：K段段尾引语处，题目就是对原文该内容的同义转述。
41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.
[E] But the word “gamification” and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part to video games, the generation now entering the workforce is especially open to the idea of having their work gamified.
解析：E段段首处以及引语之前，video games以及application在文章中原词重现，而contributed in对应原文中的thanks in part to。
42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.
[B] ...turning work into a game. “Gamification is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games...
解析：B段段首处，turning work into a game原词重现，而what引导的宾语从句也属于原句重现，interesting对应原文中的engaging。
43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.
[H] Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employee trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.
解析：关注H段大写人名以及转折处，employee training为原词重现，否定词短语not always need technology对应原文中的“Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.”一句。
44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.
[F] The platforms that are most effective turn employees’ ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative.
解析：F段引语之前，platforms为原词重现，最高级most successful对应原文中most effective，turn into系短语重现，daily work assignments对应原文employees’ ordinary job tasks。
45. It is necessary to use terms other than “gamification” for some professions.
[I] In her experience, people in positions of power of people in finance or engineering do not tend to like the sound of the word. “If we are designing for engineers, I’m not talking about a ‘game’ at all”, Cornetti says. “I’m talking about a ‘simulation’(模拟), I’m talking about ‘being able to solve this problem.’ ”
17、When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same
.[C] Companies from Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in their workplaces. And more and more companies are joining them.
解析：关注大写字母聚集处，由此进行定位。some famous companies对应原文中C段的Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo，之后题目中出现的more对应原文中的more and more，do the same对应原文中的joining them。
37. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.
[J] Gamification is “not a magic bullet,” Werbach warns. A gamification strategy that is not sufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but it will not motivate people in the long term.
解析：J段段首引语处，题目中否定词短语not a miracle cure对应原文中的magic bullet，否定意义的肯定词negative results对应原文中的not motivate people in the long term。
38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when starting their computers.
[G] One company Werbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees’ morale（士气）. When employees log in to their computers, they’re shown a picture of one of their coworkers and asked to guess that person’s name.
解析：G段最后中文注释部分，关键词重现，enhance morale对应原文中的boost employees’ morale （士气），to identify their fellow对应原文中的guess that person’s name；同时从句重现，when starting their computers对应原文中的log in to their computers。
39. The idea of gamifacation was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.
[D] Cracker Jacks has been “gamifying” its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years...
解析：关注D段段落中间数字以及大写人名标识处，idea of gamifacation was practiced对应原文中的“gamifying”， more than a century ago对应原文中的more than 100 years。
40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.
[K] “There is no reason this will go away.”
解析：K段段尾引语处，题目就是对原文该内容的同义转述。
41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.
[E] But the word “gamification” and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part to video games, the generation now entering the workforce is especially open to the idea of having their work gamified.
解析：E段段首处以及引语之前，video games以及application在文章中原词重现，而contributed in对应原文中的thanks in part to。
42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.
[B] ...turning work into a game. “Gamification is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games...
解析：B段段首处，turning work into a game原词重现，而what引导的宾语从句也属于原句重现，interesting对应原文中的engaging。
43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.
[H] Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employee trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.
解析：关注H段大写人名以及转折处，employee training为原词重现，否定词短语not always need technology对应原文中的“Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.”一句。
44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.
[F] The platforms that are most effective turn employees’ ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative.
解析：F段引语之前，platforms为原词重现，最高级most successful对应原文中most effective，turn into系短语重现，daily work assignments对应原文employees’ ordinary job tasks。
45. It is necessary to use terms other than “gamification” for some professions.
[I] In her experience, people in positions of power of people in finance or engineering do not tend to like the sound of the word. “If we are designing for engineers, I’m not talking about a ‘game’ at all”, Cornetti says. “I’m talking about a ‘simulation’(模拟), I’m talking about ‘being able to solve this problem.’ ”
18、Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same
.[C] Companies from Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in their workplaces. And more and more companies are joining them.
解析：关注大写字母聚集处，由此进行定位。some famous companies对应原文中C段的Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo，之后题目中出现的more对应原文中的more and more，do the same对应原文中的joining them。
37. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.
[J] Gamification is “not a magic bullet,” Werbach warns. A gamification strategy that is not sufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but it will not motivate people in the long term.
解析：J段段首引语处，题目中否定词短语not a miracle cure对应原文中的magic bullet，否定意义的肯定词negative results对应原文中的not motivate people in the long term。
38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when starting their computers.
[G] One company Werbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees’ morale（士气）. When employees log in to their computers, they’re shown a picture of one of their coworkers and asked to guess that person’s name.
解析：G段最后中文注释部分，关键词重现，enhance morale对应原文中的boost employees’ morale （士气），to identify their fellow对应原文中的guess that person’s name；同时从句重现，when starting their computers对应原文中的log in to their computers。
39. The idea of gamifacation was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.
[D] Cracker Jacks has been “gamifying” its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years...
解析：关注D段段落中间数字以及大写人名标识处，idea of gamifacation was practiced对应原文中的“gamifying”， more than a century ago对应原文中的more than 100 years。
40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.
[K] “There is no reason this will go away.”
解析：K段段尾引语处，题目就是对原文该内容的同义转述。
41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.
[E] But the word “gamification” and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part to video games, the generation now entering the workforce is especially open to the idea of having their work gamified.
解析：E段段首处以及引语之前，video games以及application在文章中原词重现，而contributed in对应原文中的thanks in part to。
42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.
[B] ...turning work into a game. “Gamification is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games...
解析：B段段首处，turning work into a game原词重现，而what引导的宾语从句也属于原句重现，interesting对应原文中的engaging。
43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.
[H] Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employee trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.
解析：关注H段大写人名以及转折处，employee training为原词重现，否定词短语not always need technology对应原文中的“Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.”一句。
44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.
[F] The platforms that are most effective turn employees’ ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative.
解析：F段引语之前，platforms为原词重现，最高级most successful对应原文中most effective，turn into系短语重现，daily work assignments对应原文employees’ ordinary job tasks。
45. It is necessary to use terms other than “gamification” for some professions.
[I] In her experience, people in positions of power of people in finance or engineering do not tend to like the sound of the word. “If we are designing for engineers, I’m not talking about a ‘game’ at all”, Cornetti says. “I’m talking about a ‘simulation’(模拟), I’m talking about ‘being able to solve this problem.’ ”
19、The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same
.[C] Companies from Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in their workplaces. And more and more companies are joining them.
解析：关注大写字母聚集处，由此进行定位。some famous companies对应原文中C段的Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo，之后题目中出现的more对应原文中的more and more，do the same对应原文中的joining them。
37. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.
[J] Gamification is “not a magic bullet,” Werbach warns. A gamification strategy that is not sufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but it will not motivate people in the long term.
解析：J段段首引语处，题目中否定词短语not a miracle cure对应原文中的magic bullet，否定意义的肯定词negative results对应原文中的not motivate people in the long term。
38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when starting their computers.
[G] One company Werbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees’ morale（士气）. When employees log in to their computers, they’re shown a picture of one of their coworkers and asked to guess that person’s name.
解析：G段最后中文注释部分，关键词重现，enhance morale对应原文中的boost employees’ morale （士气），to identify their fellow对应原文中的guess that person’s name；同时从句重现，when starting their computers对应原文中的log in to their computers。
39. The idea of gamifacation was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.
[D] Cracker Jacks has been “gamifying” its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years...
解析：关注D段段落中间数字以及大写人名标识处，idea of gamifacation was practiced对应原文中的“gamifying”， more than a century ago对应原文中的more than 100 years。
40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.
[K] “There is no reason this will go away.”
解析：K段段尾引语处，题目就是对原文该内容的同义转述。
41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.
[E] But the word “gamification” and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part to video games, the generation now entering the workforce is especially open to the idea of having their work gamified.
解析：E段段首处以及引语之前，video games以及application在文章中原词重现，而contributed in对应原文中的thanks in part to。
42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.
[B] ...turning work into a game. “Gamification is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games...
解析：B段段首处，turning work into a game原词重现，而what引导的宾语从句也属于原句重现，interesting对应原文中的engaging。
43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.
[H] Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employee trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.
解析：关注H段大写人名以及转折处，employee training为原词重现，否定词短语not always need technology对应原文中的“Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.”一句。
44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.
[F] The platforms that are most effective turn employees’ ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative.
解析：F段引语之前，platforms为原词重现，最高级most successful对应原文中most effective，turn into系短语重现，daily work assignments对应原文employees’ ordinary job tasks。
45. It is necessary to use terms other than “gamification” for some professions.
[I] In her experience, people in positions of power of people in finance or engineering do not tend to like the sound of the word. “If we are designing for engineers, I’m not talking about a ‘game’ at all”, Cornetti says. “I’m talking about a ‘simulation’(模拟), I’m talking about ‘being able to solve this problem.’ ”
20、It is necessary to use terms other than “gamification” for some professions.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same
.[C] Companies from Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gamification in their workplaces. And more and more companies are joining them.
解析：关注大写字母聚集处，由此进行定位。some famous companies对应原文中C段的Google to L’Oréal to IBM to Wells Fargo，之后题目中出现的more对应原文中的more and more，do the same对应原文中的joining them。
37. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.
[J] Gamification is “not a magic bullet,” Werbach warns. A gamification strategy that is not sufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but it will not motivate people in the long term.
解析：J段段首引语处，题目中否定词短语not a miracle cure对应原文中的magic bullet，否定意义的肯定词negative results对应原文中的not motivate people in the long term。
38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when starting their computers.
[G] One company Werbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees’ morale（士气）. When employees log in to their computers, they’re shown a picture of one of their coworkers and asked to guess that person’s name.
解析：G段最后中文注释部分，关键词重现，enhance morale对应原文中的boost employees’ morale （士气），to identify their fellow对应原文中的guess that person’s name；同时从句重现，when starting their computers对应原文中的log in to their computers。
39. The idea of gamifacation was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.
[D] Cracker Jacks has been “gamifying” its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years...
解析：关注D段段落中间数字以及大写人名标识处，idea of gamifacation was practiced对应原文中的“gamifying”， more than a century ago对应原文中的more than 100 years。
40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.
[K] “There is no reason this will go away.”
解析：K段段尾引语处，题目就是对原文该内容的同义转述。
41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.
[E] But the word “gamification” and the widespread, conscious application of the concept only began in earnest about five years ago, Werbach says. Thanks in part to video games, the generation now entering the workforce is especially open to the idea of having their work gamified.
解析：E段段首处以及引语之前，video games以及application在文章中原词重现，而contributed in对应原文中的thanks in part to。
42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.
[B] ...turning work into a game. “Gamification is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games...
解析：B段段首处，turning work into a game原词重现，而what引导的宾语从句也属于原句重现，interesting对应原文中的engaging。
43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.
[H] Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employee trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.
解析：关注H段大写人名以及转折处，employee training为原词重现，否定词短语not always need technology对应原文中的“Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not.”一句。
44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun experiences.
[F] The platforms that are most effective turn employees’ ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative.
解析：F段引语之前，platforms为原词重现，最高级most successful对应原文中most effective，turn into系短语重现，daily work assignments对应原文employees’ ordinary job tasks。
45. It is necessary to use terms other than “gamification” for some professions.
[I] In her experience, people in positions of power of people in finance or engineering do not tend to like the sound of the word. “If we are designing for engineers, I’m not talking about a ‘game’ at all”, Cornetti says. “I’m talking about a ‘simulation’(模拟), I’m talking about ‘being able to solve this problem.’ ”
Recently I attended several meetings where we talked about ways to retain students and keep younger faculty members from going elsewhere. It seems higher education has become an industry of meeting-holders whose task it is to “solve” problems—real or imagined. And in my position as a professor at three different colleges, the actual problems in educating our young people and older students have deepened, while the number of people hired—not to teach but to hold meetings—has increased significantly. Every new problem creates a new job for an administrative fixer. Take our Center for Teaching Excellence. Contrary to its title, the center is a clearing house (信息交流中心) for using technology in classrooms and in online courses. It’s an administrative sham (欺诈) of the kind that has multiplied over the last 30 years.
I offer a simple proposition in response: Many of our problems-class attendance, educational success, student happiness and well-being-might be improved by cutting down the bureaucratic (官僚的) mechanisms and meetings and instead hiring an army of good teachers. If we replaced half of our administrative staff with classroom teachers, we might actually get a majority of our classes back to 20 or fewer students per teacher. This would be an environment in which teachers and students actually knew each other.
The teachers must be free to teach in their own way—the curriculum should be flexible enough so that they can use their individual talents to achieve the goals of the course. Additionally, they should be allowed to teach, and be rewarded for doing it well. Teachers are not people who are great at and consumed by research and happen to appear in a classroom. Good teaching and research are not exclusive, but they are also not automatic companions. Teaching is an art and a craft, talent and practice; it is not something that just anyone can be good at. It is utterly confusing to me that people do not recognize this, despite the fact that pretty much anyone who has been a student can tell the difference between their best and worst teachers.
21、What does the author say about present-day universities?
A They are effectively tackling real or imagined problems.
B They often fail to combine teaching with research.
C They are over-burdened with administrative staff.
D They lack talent to fix their deepening problems.
答案解析：
46. C）They are over-burdened with administrative staff.
解析：根据present-day universities定位至文章第一段第二句以及第三句。第二句指出高等教育已经变成了一个会议组织者的行业，第三句中指出组织会议却不讲课的人数急剧增加，这些人就是行政人员，因此作者认为行政人员过多。正确答案为C。而A项中real or imagined problems虽是原文出现的词语，但是组织会议的人并不能解决问题，典型的曲解原意。B项文中未提及。D项出现deepen problems，但是原文并未提到lack talent这个信息。
22、According to the author, what kind of people do universities lack most?
25、What is the author’s suggestion for improving university teaching?
A Creating an environment for teachers to share their teaching experiences.
B Hiring more classroom teachers and allowing them to teach in their own way.
C Using high technology in classrooms and promoting exchange of information.
D Cutting down meetings and encouraging administrative staff to go to classrooms.
答案解析：
50. B）Hiring more classroom teachers and allowing them to teach in their own way.
解析：细节题。根据suggestion for improving university teaching定位至文章第二段第一句以及第三段第一句，两句分别指出需要雇用更多老师，以及老师要自由授课同时凭借个人才能实现教学目标。因此对应B项。A项creating an environment在原文中出现过，但目的是帮助师生互相了解，并非分享教学经验，典型的曲解原意。C项未提及。D项与原文含义背道而驰。
Part III Reading Comprehension
The secret to eating less and being happy about it may have been cracked years ago—by McDonald’s. According to a new study from Cornell University’s Food and Brand Lab, small non-food rewards—like the toys in McDonald’s Happy Meals—stimulate the same reward centers in the brain as food does.
The researchers, led by Martin Reimann, carried out a series of experiments to see if people would choose a smaller meal if it was paired with a non-food item.
They found that the majority of both kids and adults opted for a half-sized portion when combined with a prize. Both options were priced the same.
Even more interesting is that the promise of a future reward was enough to make adults choose the smaller portion. One of the prizes used was a lottery ticket (彩票), with a $10, $50 or $100 payout, and this was as effective as a tangible gift in persuading people to eat less.
“The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a relatively small monetary award is interesting,” says Reimann.
He theorizes that it is the emotional component of these intangible prizes that make them effective. In fact, vaguely-stated possibilities of winning a prize were more effective than options with hard odds included.
“One explanation for this finding is that possible awards may be more emotionally provoking than certainty awards,” says Reimann. “The uncertainty of winning provides added attraction and desirability through emotional ‘thrills’. The possibility of receiving an award also produces a state of hope—a state that is in itself psychologically rewarding.” In other words, there’s a reason why people like to gamble.
How might this knowledge be used to help people eat more healthily?
One possibility is a healthy option that offers the chance to win a spa (温泉疗养) weekend. Or maybe the reward of a half-sized portion could be a half-sized dessert to be claimed only on a future date. That would get you back in the restaurant—and make you eat a little less.
26、What do we learn about McDonald’s inclusion of toys in its Happy Meals?
A It may shed light on people’s desire to crack a secret.
B It has proved to be key to McDonald’s business success.
C It appeals to kid’s curiosity to find out what is hidden inside.
D It may be a pleasant way for kids to reduce their food intake.
答案解析：
51. D）It may be a pleasant way for kids to reduce their food intake.
解析：主旨推断题。由McDonald’s inclusion of toys in its happy meals定位至文章第一段。首句指出，少吃并且保持快乐的秘诀已经被麦当劳在数年前就采用了，同时报告指出麦当劳开心乐园套餐里的玩具作为奖赏可以刺激大脑，下文实验指出孩子愿意获得一些非食物类的奖励来减少饮食量，通过例子来引出这个减少饮食的方法，因此正确答案为D。A项仅仅出现了secret，属于曲解原意的干扰项。B项阐述麦当劳成功的关键，原文并未指出，无中生有。C项文章未提及。
27、What is the finding of the researchers led by Martin Reimann?
A Reducing food intake is not that difficult if people go to McDonald’s more.
B Most kids and adults don’t actually feel hungry when they eat half of their meal.
C Eating a smaller portion of food does good to the health of kids and adults alike.
D Most kids and adults would choose a smaller meal that came with a non-food item.
答案解析：
52. D）Most kids and adults would choose a smaller meal that came with a non-food item.
解析：细节题。由the researchers led by Martin Reimann定位至文章第二段以及第三段，第三段指出有奖品时，大部分孩子和成人都会选择少吃一半，D项是对这句话的同义转述，因此正确。B项，原文未出现feel hungry。A项，麦当劳的例子不是他们研究的内容。C项也属于无中生有。
28、What is most interesting in Martin Reimann’s finding?
A Kids preferred an award in the form of money to one in the form of a toy.
B Adults choose the smaller portion on the mere promise of a future award.
C Both kids and adults felt satisfied with only half of their meal portions.
D Neither children nor adults could resist the temptation of a free toy.
答案解析：
53. B）Adults choose the smaller portion on the mere promise of a future award.
