Contrary to popular belief, older people generally do not want to live with their children. Moreover, most adult children (26)_____ every bit as much care and support to their aging parents as was the case in the “good old days”, and most older people do not feel (27)_____.
About 80 of people 65 years and older have living children, and about 90 of them have (28)_____ contact with their children. About 75 of elderly parents who don’t go to nursing homes live within 30 minutes of at least one of their children.
However, (29)_____ having contact with children does not guarantee happiness in old age. In fact, some research has found that people who are most involved with their families have the lowest spirits. This research may be (30)_____, however, as ill health often makes older people more (31)_____ and thereby increases contact with family members. So it is more likely that poor health, not just family involvement, (32)_____ spirits.
Increasingly, researchers have begun to look at the quality of relationships, rather than at the frequency of contact, between the elderly and their children. If parents and children share interests and values and agree on childrearing practices and religious (33)_____, they are likely to enjoy each other’s company. Disagreements on such matters can (34)_____ cause problems. If parents are angered by their daughter’s divorce, dislike her new husband, and disapprove of how she is raising their grandchildren, (35)_____ are that they are not going to enjoy her visits.
解析： 动词辨析题。空格前后都是名词，此处缺少谓语动词，主语是children，应填入动词原形。备选项有grant 和provide，而grant 是“授予、准许”，不合逻辑，所以选 provide。provide sth. for sb. 表示提供给某人某物，也可以说 provide sb. with sth.。很多成人子女像过去一样尽可能为父母提供关怀和支持。
解析： 动词辨析题。空格前后都是名词，此处缺少谓语动词，主语是children，应填入动词原形。备选项有grant 和provide，而grant 是“授予、准许”，不合逻辑，所以选 provide。provide sth. for sb. 表示提供给某人某物，也可以说 provide sb. with sth.。很多成人子女像过去一样尽可能为父母提供关怀和支持。
解析： 动词辨析题。空格前后都是名词，此处缺少谓语动词，主语是children，应填入动词原形。备选项有grant 和provide，而grant 是“授予、准许”，不合逻辑，所以选 provide。provide sth. for sb. 表示提供给某人某物，也可以说 provide sb. with sth.。很多成人子女像过去一样尽可能为父母提供关怀和支持。
解析： 动词辨析题。空格前后都是名词，此处缺少谓语动词，主语是children，应填入动词原形。备选项有grant 和provide，而grant 是“授予、准许”，不合逻辑，所以选 provide。provide sth. for sb. 表示提供给某人某物，也可以说 provide sb. with sth.。很多成人子女像过去一样尽可能为父母提供关怀和支持。
解析： 动词辨析题。空格前后都是名词，此处缺少谓语动词，主语是children，应填入动词原形。备选项有grant 和provide，而grant 是“授予、准许”，不合逻辑，所以选 provide。provide sth. for sb. 表示提供给某人某物，也可以说 provide sb. with sth.。很多成人子女像过去一样尽可能为父母提供关怀和支持。
解析： 动词辨析题。空格前后都是名词，此处缺少谓语动词，主语是children，应填入动词原形。备选项有grant 和provide，而grant 是“授予、准许”，不合逻辑，所以选 provide。provide sth. for sb. 表示提供给某人某物，也可以说 provide sb. with sth.。很多成人子女像过去一样尽可能为父母提供关怀和支持。
解析： 动词辨析题。空格前后都是名词，此处缺少谓语动词，主语是children，应填入动词原形。备选项有grant 和provide，而grant 是“授予、准许”，不合逻辑，所以选 provide。provide sth. for sb. 表示提供给某人某物，也可以说 provide sb. with sth.。很多成人子女像过去一样尽可能为父母提供关怀和支持。
解析： 动词辨析题。空格前后都是名词，此处缺少谓语动词，主语是children，应填入动词原形。备选项有grant 和provide，而grant 是“授予、准许”，不合逻辑，所以选 provide。provide sth. for sb. 表示提供给某人某物，也可以说 provide sb. with sth.。很多成人子女像过去一样尽可能为父母提供关怀和支持。
解析： 动词辨析题。空格前后都是名词，此处缺少谓语动词，主语是children，应填入动词原形。备选项有grant 和provide，而grant 是“授予、准许”，不合逻辑，所以选 provide。provide sth. for sb. 表示提供给某人某物，也可以说 provide sb. with sth.。很多成人子女像过去一样尽可能为父母提供关怀和支持。
解析： 动词辨析题。空格前后都是名词，此处缺少谓语动词，主语是children，应填入动词原形。备选项有grant 和provide，而grant 是“授予、准许”，不合逻辑，所以选 provide。provide sth. for sb. 表示提供给某人某物，也可以说 provide sb. with sth.。很多成人子女像过去一样尽可能为父母提供关怀和支持。
解析： 名词辨析题。句子缺少主语，名词做主语。备选项有 chances、fulfillment。chances are that 是固定搭配，意思是“……是有可能的”，因此选 chances。
Part III Reading Comprehension
Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?
【A】For many years I have studied global agricultural, population, environmental and economic trends and their interactions. The combined effects of those trends and the political tensions they generate point to the breakdown of governments and societies. Yet I, too, have resisted the idea that food shortages could bring down not only individual governments but also our global civilization.
【B】I can no longer ignore that risk. Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
【C】As demand for food rises faster than supplies are growing, the resulting food- price inflation puts severe stress on the governments of many countries. Unable to buy grain or grow their own, hungry people take to the streets. Indeed, even before the steep climb in grain prices in 2008, the number of failing states was expanding. If the food situation continues to worsen, entire nations will break down at an ever increasing rate. In the 20th century the main threat to international security was superpower conflict; today it is failing states.
【D】States fail when national governments can no longer provide personal security, food security and basic social services such as education and health care. When governments lose their control on power, law and order begin to disintegrate. After a point, countries can become so dangerous that food relief workers are no longer safe and their programs are halted. Failing states are of international concern because they are a source of terrorists, drugs, weapons and refugees ( 难 民 ), threatening political stability everywhere.
【E】The surge in world grain prices in 2007 and 2008—and the threat they pose to food security—has a different, more troubling quality than the increases of the past. During the second half of the 20th century, grain prices rose dramatically several times. In 1972, for instance, the Soviets, recognizing their poor harvest early, quietly cornered the world wheat market. As a result, wheat prices elsewhere more than doubled, pulling rice and corn prices up with them. But this and other price shocks were event-driven—drought in the Soviet Union, crop-shrinking heat in the U.S. Corn Belt. And the rises were short-lived: prices typically returned to normal with the next harvest.
【F】In contrast, recent surge in world grain prices is trend-driven, making it unlikely to reverse without a reversal in the trends themselves. On the demand side, those trends include the ongoing addition of more than 70 million people a year, a growing number of people wanting to move up the food chain to consume highly grain-
intensive meat products, and the massive diversion ( 转 向) of U.S. grain to the
production of bio-fuel.
【G】As incomes rise among low-income consumers, the potential for further grain consumption is huge. But that potential pales beside the never-ending demand for crop-based fuels. A fourth of this year’s U.S. grain harvest will go to fuel cars.
【H】What about supply? The three environmental trends—the shortage of fresh water, the loss of topsoil and the rising temperatures—are making it increasingly hard to expand the world’s grain supply fast enough to keep up with demand. Of all those trends, however, the spread of water shortages poses the most immediate threat. The biggest challenge here is irrigation, which consumes 70 the world’s fresh water. Millions of irrigation wells in many countries are now pumping water out of underground sources faster than rainfall can refill them. The result is falling water tables ( 地 下 水 位 ) in countries with half the world’s people, including the three big
grain producers—China, India and the U.S.
【I】As water tables have fallen and irrigation wells have gone dry, China’s wheat crop, the world’s largest, has declined by 8 since it peaked at 123 million tons in 1997. But water shortages are even more worrying in India. Millions of irrigation wells have significantly lowered water tables in almost every state.
【J】As the world’s food security falls to pieces, individual countries acting in their own self-interest are actually worsening the troubles of many. The trend began in 2007, when leading wheat-exporting countries such as Russia and Argentina limited or banned their exports, in hopes of increasing local food supplies and thereby bringing down domestic food prices. Vietnam banned its exports for several months for the same reason. Such moves may eliminate the fears of those living in the exporting countries, but they are creating panic in importing countries that must rely on what is then left for export.
【K】In response to those restrictions, grain-importing countries are trying to nail down long-term trade agreements that would lock up future grain supplies. Food- import anxiety is even leading to new efforts by food-importing countries to buy or lease farmland in other countries. In spite of such temporary measures, soaring food prices and spreading hunger in many other countries are beginning to break down the social order.
【L】Since the current world food shortage is trend-driven, the environmental trends that cause it must be reversed. We must cut carbon emissions by 80 from their 2006 levels by 2020, stabilize the world’s population at eight billion by 2040, completely remove poverty, and restore forests and soils. There is nothing new about the four objectives. Indeed, we have made substantial progress in some parts of the world on at least one of these—the distribution of family-planning services and the associated shift to smaller families.
【M】For many in the development community, the four objectives were seen as positive, promoting development as long as they did not cost too much. Others saw them as politically correct and morally appropriate. Now a third and far more significant motivation presents itself: meeting these goals may be necessary to prevent the collapse of our civilization. Yet the cost we project for saving civilization would amount to less than $200 billion a year, 1/6 of current global military spending. In effect, our plan is the new security budget.
11、36. The more recent steep climb in grain prices partly results from the fact that more and more people want to consume meat products.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
答案解析：36. The more recent steep climb in grain prices partly results from the fact that more and more people want to consume meat products.
[F] In contrast, recent surge in world grain prices is trend-driven, making it unlikely to reverse without a reversal in the trends themselves. On the demand side, those trends include the ongoing addition of more than 70 million people a year, a growing number of people wanting to move up the food chain to consume highly grain-intensive meat products, and the massive diversion ( 转 向 ) of U.S. grain to the production of bio-fuel.
解析：由 grain prices 和 meat products 定位至 F 段段尾，recent steep climb对应原文的 recent surge，more and more 对 应 原 文 a growing number of people。文章中提到粮食价格的攀升是由一些趋势造成的，从需求角度来讲，人口每年增加七千万，并且越来越多的人想要消费肉类产品。题目是对 F 段这一原因的同义转述。
37. Social order is breaking down in many countries because of food shortages.
[K] In spite of such temporary measures, soaring food prices and spreading hunger in many other countries are beginning to break down the social order.
解析：由 social order 和 break down 定位至文章 K 段最后一句。尽管暂时采取了措施，但是其他国家的飞涨的物价和大范围的饥荒已经开始扰乱社会秩序了。题目是对 K 段这一内容的同义转述。
38. Rather than superpower conflict, countries unable to cope with food shortages now constitute the main threat to world security.
[C] Unable to buy grain or grow their own, hungry people take to the streets. Indeed, even before the steep climb in grain prices in 2008, the number of failing states was expanding. If the food situation continues to worsen, entire nations will break down at an ever increasing rate. In the 20th century the main threat to international security was superpower conflict; today it is failing states.
词的重现定位至文章 C 段。由于不能购买粮食并且也不能自己种植，饱受饥饿的人们走到街上示威，其实在 2008 年粮食价格急速攀升之前，正在衰败的国家的数量就在增长。如果食品状况持续恶化，整个国家会以不断增长的速度崩溃。20 世纪国际安全的主要威胁是强权冲突，如今却变成了衰败中的国家。题目是对 C 段的概括。
39. Some parts of the world have seen successful implementation of family planning.
[L] Indeed, we have made substantial progress in some parts of the world on at least one of these—the distribution of family-planning services and the associated shift to smaller families.
解析：由 some parts of the world、family planning 和 successful implementation of family planning 定位至文章 L 段最后一句。在世界上一些国家，我们至少在计划生育工作这一方面取得了连续的进步。题目是对原文的同义转述。
40. The author has come to agree that food shortages could ultimately lead to the collapse of world civilization.
[B] I can no longer ignore that risk. Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
解析：典型的同义替换题目。由 agree、 food shortage 、lead to、collapse of world civilization 定位至文章 B 段，has come to agree 对应文章的 forces me to conclude，food shortages 对应文章的 undermining the world food， collapse 是原词重现。关于处理减少粮食产量的环境问题的持续失败使作者不得不承认文明的衰败是有可能的。题目是对原文的同义转述。
41. Increasing water shortages prove to be the biggest obstacle to boosting the world’s grain production.
[H] What about supply? The three environmental trends—the shortage of fresh water, the loss of topsoil and the rising temperatures—are making it increasingly hard to expand the world’s grain supply fast enough to keep up with demand. Of all those trends, however, the spread of water shortages poses the most immediate threat.
解析：典型的同义替换。increasing water shortage 对应原文的 spread of water shortages，biggest obstacle 对 应 most immediate threat，expand the world’s grain supply 对应 boosting the world’s grain production，由此可定位至文章 H 段。水源的短缺、优质土壤的减少以及增高的气温都使得增快粮食供给以满足需求变得越来越困难，其中最大的威胁就是水资源的短缺。题目是对原文 H 段的同义转述。
42. The cost for saving our civilization would be considerably less than the world’s current military spending.
[M] Yet the cost we project for saving civilization would amount to less than $200 billion a year, 1/6 of current global military spending. In effect, our plan is the new security budget.
解析：由cost for saving our civilization 和 world’s military spending 定位至文章 M 段。尽管拯救文明的花费一年近 2000 亿美元，但仅占全球军事花费的 1/6。题目是对 M 段最后一句的同义转述。
43. To lower domestic food prices, some countries limited or stopped their grain exports.
[J] The trend began in 2007, when leading wheat-exporting countries such as Russia and Argentina limited or banned their exports, in hopes of increasing local food supplies and thereby bringing down domestic food prices.
44. Environmental problems must be solved to ease the current global food shortage.
[L] Since the current world food shortage is trend-driven, the environmental trends that cause it must be reversed.
解析：由 environmental problems、ease、food shortage 定位至文章 L 段。当今世界食品短缺是受一些趋势影响的，其中的环境趋势必须要被纠正过来。题目是对 L 段这句话的同义转述。
45. A quarter of this year’s American grain harvest will be used to produce bio-fuel for cars.
[G] A fourth of this year’s U.S. grain harvest will go to fuel cars.
解析：由 U.S. grain harvest 定位至文章 G 段最后一句。 题目是对这句话的同义转换。
12、37. Social order is breaking down in many countries because of food shortages.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
答案解析：36. The more recent steep climb in grain prices partly results from the fact that more and more people want to consume meat products.
[F] In contrast, recent surge in world grain prices is trend-driven, making it unlikely to reverse without a reversal in the trends themselves. On the demand side, those trends include the ongoing addition of more than 70 million people a year, a growing number of people wanting to move up the food chain to consume highly grain-intensive meat products, and the massive diversion ( 转 向 ) of U.S. grain to the production of bio-fuel.
解析：由 grain prices 和 meat products 定位至 F 段段尾，recent steep climb对应原文的 recent surge，more and more 对 应 原 文 a growing number of people。文章中提到粮食价格的攀升是由一些趋势造成的，从需求角度来讲，人口每年增加七千万，并且越来越多的人想要消费肉类产品。题目是对 F 段这一原因的同义转述。
37. Social order is breaking down in many countries because of food shortages.
[K] In spite of such temporary measures, soaring food prices and spreading hunger in many other countries are beginning to break down the social order.
解析：由 social order 和 break down 定位至文章 K 段最后一句。尽管暂时采取了措施，但是其他国家的飞涨的物价和大范围的饥荒已经开始扰乱社会秩序了。题目是对 K 段这一内容的同义转述。
38. Rather than superpower conflict, countries unable to cope with food shortages now constitute the main threat to world security.
[C] Unable to buy grain or grow their own, hungry people take to the streets. Indeed, even before the steep climb in grain prices in 2008, the number of failing states was expanding. If the food situation continues to worsen, entire nations will break down at an ever increasing rate. In the 20th century the main threat to international security was superpower conflict; today it is failing states.
词的重现定位至文章 C 段。由于不能购买粮食并且也不能自己种植，饱受饥饿的人们走到街上示威，其实在 2008 年粮食价格急速攀升之前，正在衰败的国家的数量就在增长。如果食品状况持续恶化，整个国家会以不断增长的速度崩溃。20 世纪国际安全的主要威胁是强权冲突，如今却变成了衰败中的国家。题目是对 C 段的概括。
39. Some parts of the world have seen successful implementation of family planning.
[L] Indeed, we have made substantial progress in some parts of the world on at least one of these—the distribution of family-planning services and the associated shift to smaller families.
解析：由 some parts of the world、family planning 和 successful implementation of family planning 定位至文章 L 段最后一句。在世界上一些国家，我们至少在计划生育工作这一方面取得了连续的进步。题目是对原文的同义转述。
40. The author has come to agree that food shortages could ultimately lead to the collapse of world civilization.
[B] I can no longer ignore that risk. Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
解析：典型的同义替换题目。由 agree、 food shortage 、lead to、collapse of world civilization 定位至文章 B 段，has come to agree 对应文章的 forces me to conclude，food shortages 对应文章的 undermining the world food， collapse 是原词重现。关于处理减少粮食产量的环境问题的持续失败使作者不得不承认文明的衰败是有可能的。题目是对原文的同义转述。
41. Increasing water shortages prove to be the biggest obstacle to boosting the world’s grain production.
[H] What about supply? The three environmental trends—the shortage of fresh water, the loss of topsoil and the rising temperatures—are making it increasingly hard to expand the world’s grain supply fast enough to keep up with demand. Of all those trends, however, the spread of water shortages poses the most immediate threat.
解析：典型的同义替换。increasing water shortage 对应原文的 spread of water shortages，biggest obstacle 对 应 most immediate threat，expand the world’s grain supply 对应 boosting the world’s grain production，由此可定位至文章 H 段。水源的短缺、优质土壤的减少以及增高的气温都使得增快粮食供给以满足需求变得越来越困难，其中最大的威胁就是水资源的短缺。题目是对原文 H 段的同义转述。
42. The cost for saving our civilization would be considerably less than the world’s current military spending.
[M] Yet the cost we project for saving civilization would amount to less than $200 billion a year, 1/6 of current global military spending. In effect, our plan is the new security budget.
解析：由cost for saving our civilization 和 world’s military spending 定位至文章 M 段。尽管拯救文明的花费一年近 2000 亿美元，但仅占全球军事花费的 1/6。题目是对 M 段最后一句的同义转述。
43. To lower domestic food prices, some countries limited or stopped their grain exports.
[J] The trend began in 2007, when leading wheat-exporting countries such as Russia and Argentina limited or banned their exports, in hopes of increasing local food supplies and thereby bringing down domestic food prices.
44. Environmental problems must be solved to ease the current global food shortage.
[L] Since the current world food shortage is trend-driven, the environmental trends that cause it must be reversed.
解析：由 environmental problems、ease、food shortage 定位至文章 L 段。当今世界食品短缺是受一些趋势影响的，其中的环境趋势必须要被纠正过来。题目是对 L 段这句话的同义转述。
45. A quarter of this year’s American grain harvest will be used to produce bio-fuel for cars.
[G] A fourth of this year’s U.S. grain harvest will go to fuel cars.
解析：由 U.S. grain harvest 定位至文章 G 段最后一句。 题目是对这句话的同义转换。
13、38. Rather than superpower conflict, countries unable to cope with food shortages now constitute the main threat to world security.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
答案解析：36. The more recent steep climb in grain prices partly results from the fact that more and more people want to consume meat products.
[F] In contrast, recent surge in world grain prices is trend-driven, making it unlikely to reverse without a reversal in the trends themselves. On the demand side, those trends include the ongoing addition of more than 70 million people a year, a growing number of people wanting to move up the food chain to consume highly grain-intensive meat products, and the massive diversion ( 转 向 ) of U.S. grain to the production of bio-fuel.
解析：由 grain prices 和 meat products 定位至 F 段段尾，recent steep climb对应原文的 recent surge，more and more 对 应 原 文 a growing number of people。文章中提到粮食价格的攀升是由一些趋势造成的，从需求角度来讲，人口每年增加七千万，并且越来越多的人想要消费肉类产品。题目是对 F 段这一原因的同义转述。
37. Social order is breaking down in many countries because of food shortages.
[K] In spite of such temporary measures, soaring food prices and spreading hunger in many other countries are beginning to break down the social order.
解析：由 social order 和 break down 定位至文章 K 段最后一句。尽管暂时采取了措施，但是其他国家的飞涨的物价和大范围的饥荒已经开始扰乱社会秩序了。题目是对 K 段这一内容的同义转述。
38. Rather than superpower conflict, countries unable to cope with food shortages now constitute the main threat to world security.
[C] Unable to buy grain or grow their own, hungry people take to the streets. Indeed, even before the steep climb in grain prices in 2008, the number of failing states was expanding. If the food situation continues to worsen, entire nations will break down at an ever increasing rate. In the 20th century the main threat to international security was superpower conflict; today it is failing states.
词的重现定位至文章 C 段。由于不能购买粮食并且也不能自己种植，饱受饥饿的人们走到街上示威，其实在 2008 年粮食价格急速攀升之前，正在衰败的国家的数量就在增长。如果食品状况持续恶化，整个国家会以不断增长的速度崩溃。20 世纪国际安全的主要威胁是强权冲突，如今却变成了衰败中的国家。题目是对 C 段的概括。
39. Some parts of the world have seen successful implementation of family planning.
[L] Indeed, we have made substantial progress in some parts of the world on at least one of these—the distribution of family-planning services and the associated shift to smaller families.
解析：由 some parts of the world、family planning 和 successful implementation of family planning 定位至文章 L 段最后一句。在世界上一些国家，我们至少在计划生育工作这一方面取得了连续的进步。题目是对原文的同义转述。
40. The author has come to agree that food shortages could ultimately lead to the collapse of world civilization.
[B] I can no longer ignore that risk. Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
解析：典型的同义替换题目。由 agree、 food shortage 、lead to、collapse of world civilization 定位至文章 B 段，has come to agree 对应文章的 forces me to conclude，food shortages 对应文章的 undermining the world food， collapse 是原词重现。关于处理减少粮食产量的环境问题的持续失败使作者不得不承认文明的衰败是有可能的。题目是对原文的同义转述。
41. Increasing water shortages prove to be the biggest obstacle to boosting the world’s grain production.
[H] What about supply? The three environmental trends—the shortage of fresh water, the loss of topsoil and the rising temperatures—are making it increasingly hard to expand the world’s grain supply fast enough to keep up with demand. Of all those trends, however, the spread of water shortages poses the most immediate threat.
解析：典型的同义替换。increasing water shortage 对应原文的 spread of water shortages，biggest obstacle 对 应 most immediate threat，expand the world’s grain supply 对应 boosting the world’s grain production，由此可定位至文章 H 段。水源的短缺、优质土壤的减少以及增高的气温都使得增快粮食供给以满足需求变得越来越困难，其中最大的威胁就是水资源的短缺。题目是对原文 H 段的同义转述。
42. The cost for saving our civilization would be considerably less than the world’s current military spending.
[M] Yet the cost we project for saving civilization would amount to less than $200 billion a year, 1/6 of current global military spending. In effect, our plan is the new security budget.
解析：由cost for saving our civilization 和 world’s military spending 定位至文章 M 段。尽管拯救文明的花费一年近 2000 亿美元，但仅占全球军事花费的 1/6。题目是对 M 段最后一句的同义转述。
43. To lower domestic food prices, some countries limited or stopped their grain exports.
[J] The trend began in 2007, when leading wheat-exporting countries such as Russia and Argentina limited or banned their exports, in hopes of increasing local food supplies and thereby bringing down domestic food prices.
44. Environmental problems must be solved to ease the current global food shortage.
[L] Since the current world food shortage is trend-driven, the environmental trends that cause it must be reversed.
解析：由 environmental problems、ease、food shortage 定位至文章 L 段。当今世界食品短缺是受一些趋势影响的，其中的环境趋势必须要被纠正过来。题目是对 L 段这句话的同义转述。
45. A quarter of this year’s American grain harvest will be used to produce bio-fuel for cars.
[G] A fourth of this year’s U.S. grain harvest will go to fuel cars.
解析：由 U.S. grain harvest 定位至文章 G 段最后一句。 题目是对这句话的同义转换。
14、39. Some parts of the world have seen successful implementation of family planning.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
答案解析：36. The more recent steep climb in grain prices partly results from the fact that more and more people want to consume meat products.
[F] In contrast, recent surge in world grain prices is trend-driven, making it unlikely to reverse without a reversal in the trends themselves. On the demand side, those trends include the ongoing addition of more than 70 million people a year, a growing number of people wanting to move up the food chain to consume highly grain-intensive meat products, and the massive diversion ( 转 向 ) of U.S. grain to the production of bio-fuel.
解析：由 grain prices 和 meat products 定位至 F 段段尾，recent steep climb对应原文的 recent surge，more and more 对 应 原 文 a growing number of people。文章中提到粮食价格的攀升是由一些趋势造成的，从需求角度来讲，人口每年增加七千万，并且越来越多的人想要消费肉类产品。题目是对 F 段这一原因的同义转述。
37. Social order is breaking down in many countries because of food shortages.
[K] In spite of such temporary measures, soaring food prices and spreading hunger in many other countries are beginning to break down the social order.
解析：由 social order 和 break down 定位至文章 K 段最后一句。尽管暂时采取了措施，但是其他国家的飞涨的物价和大范围的饥荒已经开始扰乱社会秩序了。题目是对 K 段这一内容的同义转述。
38. Rather than superpower conflict, countries unable to cope with food shortages now constitute the main threat to world security.
[C] Unable to buy grain or grow their own, hungry people take to the streets. Indeed, even before the steep climb in grain prices in 2008, the number of failing states was expanding. If the food situation continues to worsen, entire nations will break down at an ever increasing rate. In the 20th century the main threat to international security was superpower conflict; today it is failing states.
词的重现定位至文章 C 段。由于不能购买粮食并且也不能自己种植，饱受饥饿的人们走到街上示威，其实在 2008 年粮食价格急速攀升之前，正在衰败的国家的数量就在增长。如果食品状况持续恶化，整个国家会以不断增长的速度崩溃。20 世纪国际安全的主要威胁是强权冲突，如今却变成了衰败中的国家。题目是对 C 段的概括。
39. Some parts of the world have seen successful implementation of family planning.
[L] Indeed, we have made substantial progress in some parts of the world on at least one of these—the distribution of family-planning services and the associated shift to smaller families.
解析：由 some parts of the world、family planning 和 successful implementation of family planning 定位至文章 L 段最后一句。在世界上一些国家，我们至少在计划生育工作这一方面取得了连续的进步。题目是对原文的同义转述。
40. The author has come to agree that food shortages could ultimately lead to the collapse of world civilization.
[B] I can no longer ignore that risk. Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
解析：典型的同义替换题目。由 agree、 food shortage 、lead to、collapse of world civilization 定位至文章 B 段，has come to agree 对应文章的 forces me to conclude，food shortages 对应文章的 undermining the world food， collapse 是原词重现。关于处理减少粮食产量的环境问题的持续失败使作者不得不承认文明的衰败是有可能的。题目是对原文的同义转述。
41. Increasing water shortages prove to be the biggest obstacle to boosting the world’s grain production.
[H] What about supply? The three environmental trends—the shortage of fresh water, the loss of topsoil and the rising temperatures—are making it increasingly hard to expand the world’s grain supply fast enough to keep up with demand. Of all those trends, however, the spread of water shortages poses the most immediate threat.
解析：典型的同义替换。increasing water shortage 对应原文的 spread of water shortages，biggest obstacle 对 应 most immediate threat，expand the world’s grain supply 对应 boosting the world’s grain production，由此可定位至文章 H 段。水源的短缺、优质土壤的减少以及增高的气温都使得增快粮食供给以满足需求变得越来越困难，其中最大的威胁就是水资源的短缺。题目是对原文 H 段的同义转述。
42. The cost for saving our civilization would be considerably less than the world’s current military spending.
[M] Yet the cost we project for saving civilization would amount to less than $200 billion a year, 1/6 of current global military spending. In effect, our plan is the new security budget.
解析：由cost for saving our civilization 和 world’s military spending 定位至文章 M 段。尽管拯救文明的花费一年近 2000 亿美元，但仅占全球军事花费的 1/6。题目是对 M 段最后一句的同义转述。
43. To lower domestic food prices, some countries limited or stopped their grain exports.
[J] The trend began in 2007, when leading wheat-exporting countries such as Russia and Argentina limited or banned their exports, in hopes of increasing local food supplies and thereby bringing down domestic food prices.
44. Environmental problems must be solved to ease the current global food shortage.
[L] Since the current world food shortage is trend-driven, the environmental trends that cause it must be reversed.
解析：由 environmental problems、ease、food shortage 定位至文章 L 段。当今世界食品短缺是受一些趋势影响的，其中的环境趋势必须要被纠正过来。题目是对 L 段这句话的同义转述。
45. A quarter of this year’s American grain harvest will be used to produce bio-fuel for cars.
[G] A fourth of this year’s U.S. grain harvest will go to fuel cars.
解析：由 U.S. grain harvest 定位至文章 G 段最后一句。 题目是对这句话的同义转换。
15、40. The author has come to agree that food shortages could ultimately lead to the collapse of world civilization.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
答案解析：36. The more recent steep climb in grain prices partly results from the fact that more and more people want to consume meat products.
[F] In contrast, recent surge in world grain prices is trend-driven, making it unlikely to reverse without a reversal in the trends themselves. On the demand side, those trends include the ongoing addition of more than 70 million people a year, a growing number of people wanting to move up the food chain to consume highly grain-intensive meat products, and the massive diversion ( 转 向 ) of U.S. grain to the production of bio-fuel.
解析：由 grain prices 和 meat products 定位至 F 段段尾，recent steep climb对应原文的 recent surge，more and more 对 应 原 文 a growing number of people。文章中提到粮食价格的攀升是由一些趋势造成的，从需求角度来讲，人口每年增加七千万，并且越来越多的人想要消费肉类产品。题目是对 F 段这一原因的同义转述。
37. Social order is breaking down in many countries because of food shortages.
[K] In spite of such temporary measures, soaring food prices and spreading hunger in many other countries are beginning to break down the social order.
解析：由 social order 和 break down 定位至文章 K 段最后一句。尽管暂时采取了措施，但是其他国家的飞涨的物价和大范围的饥荒已经开始扰乱社会秩序了。题目是对 K 段这一内容的同义转述。
38. Rather than superpower conflict, countries unable to cope with food shortages now constitute the main threat to world security.
[C] Unable to buy grain or grow their own, hungry people take to the streets. Indeed, even before the steep climb in grain prices in 2008, the number of failing states was expanding. If the food situation continues to worsen, entire nations will break down at an ever increasing rate. In the 20th century the main threat to international security was superpower conflict; today it is failing states.
词的重现定位至文章 C 段。由于不能购买粮食并且也不能自己种植，饱受饥饿的人们走到街上示威，其实在 2008 年粮食价格急速攀升之前，正在衰败的国家的数量就在增长。如果食品状况持续恶化，整个国家会以不断增长的速度崩溃。20 世纪国际安全的主要威胁是强权冲突，如今却变成了衰败中的国家。题目是对 C 段的概括。
39. Some parts of the world have seen successful implementation of family planning.
[L] Indeed, we have made substantial progress in some parts of the world on at least one of these—the distribution of family-planning services and the associated shift to smaller families.
解析：由 some parts of the world、family planning 和 successful implementation of family planning 定位至文章 L 段最后一句。在世界上一些国家，我们至少在计划生育工作这一方面取得了连续的进步。题目是对原文的同义转述。
40. The author has come to agree that food shortages could ultimately lead to the collapse of world civilization.
[B] I can no longer ignore that risk. Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
解析：典型的同义替换题目。由 agree、 food shortage 、lead to、collapse of world civilization 定位至文章 B 段，has come to agree 对应文章的 forces me to conclude，food shortages 对应文章的 undermining the world food， collapse 是原词重现。关于处理减少粮食产量的环境问题的持续失败使作者不得不承认文明的衰败是有可能的。题目是对原文的同义转述。
41. Increasing water shortages prove to be the biggest obstacle to boosting the world’s grain production.
[H] What about supply? The three environmental trends—the shortage of fresh water, the loss of topsoil and the rising temperatures—are making it increasingly hard to expand the world’s grain supply fast enough to keep up with demand. Of all those trends, however, the spread of water shortages poses the most immediate threat.
解析：典型的同义替换。increasing water shortage 对应原文的 spread of water shortages，biggest obstacle 对 应 most immediate threat，expand the world’s grain supply 对应 boosting the world’s grain production，由此可定位至文章 H 段。水源的短缺、优质土壤的减少以及增高的气温都使得增快粮食供给以满足需求变得越来越困难，其中最大的威胁就是水资源的短缺。题目是对原文 H 段的同义转述。
42. The cost for saving our civilization would be considerably less than the world’s current military spending.
[M] Yet the cost we project for saving civilization would amount to less than $200 billion a year, 1/6 of current global military spending. In effect, our plan is the new security budget.
解析：由cost for saving our civilization 和 world’s military spending 定位至文章 M 段。尽管拯救文明的花费一年近 2000 亿美元，但仅占全球军事花费的 1/6。题目是对 M 段最后一句的同义转述。
43. To lower domestic food prices, some countries limited or stopped their grain exports.
[J] The trend began in 2007, when leading wheat-exporting countries such as Russia and Argentina limited or banned their exports, in hopes of increasing local food supplies and thereby bringing down domestic food prices.
44. Environmental problems must be solved to ease the current global food shortage.
[L] Since the current world food shortage is trend-driven, the environmental trends that cause it must be reversed.
解析：由 environmental problems、ease、food shortage 定位至文章 L 段。当今世界食品短缺是受一些趋势影响的，其中的环境趋势必须要被纠正过来。题目是对 L 段这句话的同义转述。
45. A quarter of this year’s American grain harvest will be used to produce bio-fuel for cars.
[G] A fourth of this year’s U.S. grain harvest will go to fuel cars.
解析：由 U.S. grain harvest 定位至文章 G 段最后一句。 题目是对这句话的同义转换。
16、41. Increasing water shortages prove to be the biggest obstacle to boosting the world’s grain production.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
答案解析：36. The more recent steep climb in grain prices partly results from the fact that more and more people want to consume meat products.
[F] In contrast, recent surge in world grain prices is trend-driven, making it unlikely to reverse without a reversal in the trends themselves. On the demand side, those trends include the ongoing addition of more than 70 million people a year, a growing number of people wanting to move up the food chain to consume highly grain-intensive meat products, and the massive diversion ( 转 向 ) of U.S. grain to the production of bio-fuel.
解析：由 grain prices 和 meat products 定位至 F 段段尾，recent steep climb对应原文的 recent surge，more and more 对 应 原 文 a growing number of people。文章中提到粮食价格的攀升是由一些趋势造成的，从需求角度来讲，人口每年增加七千万，并且越来越多的人想要消费肉类产品。题目是对 F 段这一原因的同义转述。
37. Social order is breaking down in many countries because of food shortages.
[K] In spite of such temporary measures, soaring food prices and spreading hunger in many other countries are beginning to break down the social order.
解析：由 social order 和 break down 定位至文章 K 段最后一句。尽管暂时采取了措施，但是其他国家的飞涨的物价和大范围的饥荒已经开始扰乱社会秩序了。题目是对 K 段这一内容的同义转述。
38. Rather than superpower conflict, countries unable to cope with food shortages now constitute the main threat to world security.
[C] Unable to buy grain or grow their own, hungry people take to the streets. Indeed, even before the steep climb in grain prices in 2008, the number of failing states was expanding. If the food situation continues to worsen, entire nations will break down at an ever increasing rate. In the 20th century the main threat to international security was superpower conflict; today it is failing states.
词的重现定位至文章 C 段。由于不能购买粮食并且也不能自己种植，饱受饥饿的人们走到街上示威，其实在 2008 年粮食价格急速攀升之前，正在衰败的国家的数量就在增长。如果食品状况持续恶化，整个国家会以不断增长的速度崩溃。20 世纪国际安全的主要威胁是强权冲突，如今却变成了衰败中的国家。题目是对 C 段的概括。
39. Some parts of the world have seen successful implementation of family planning.
[L] Indeed, we have made substantial progress in some parts of the world on at least one of these—the distribution of family-planning services and the associated shift to smaller families.
解析：由 some parts of the world、family planning 和 successful implementation of family planning 定位至文章 L 段最后一句。在世界上一些国家，我们至少在计划生育工作这一方面取得了连续的进步。题目是对原文的同义转述。
40. The author has come to agree that food shortages could ultimately lead to the collapse of world civilization.
[B] I can no longer ignore that risk. Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
解析：典型的同义替换题目。由 agree、 food shortage 、lead to、collapse of world civilization 定位至文章 B 段，has come to agree 对应文章的 forces me to conclude，food shortages 对应文章的 undermining the world food， collapse 是原词重现。关于处理减少粮食产量的环境问题的持续失败使作者不得不承认文明的衰败是有可能的。题目是对原文的同义转述。
41. Increasing water shortages prove to be the biggest obstacle to boosting the world’s grain production.
[H] What about supply? The three environmental trends—the shortage of fresh water, the loss of topsoil and the rising temperatures—are making it increasingly hard to expand the world’s grain supply fast enough to keep up with demand. Of all those trends, however, the spread of water shortages poses the most immediate threat.
解析：典型的同义替换。increasing water shortage 对应原文的 spread of water shortages，biggest obstacle 对 应 most immediate threat，expand the world’s grain supply 对应 boosting the world’s grain production，由此可定位至文章 H 段。水源的短缺、优质土壤的减少以及增高的气温都使得增快粮食供给以满足需求变得越来越困难，其中最大的威胁就是水资源的短缺。题目是对原文 H 段的同义转述。
42. The cost for saving our civilization would be considerably less than the world’s current military spending.
[M] Yet the cost we project for saving civilization would amount to less than $200 billion a year, 1/6 of current global military spending. In effect, our plan is the new security budget.
解析：由cost for saving our civilization 和 world’s military spending 定位至文章 M 段。尽管拯救文明的花费一年近 2000 亿美元，但仅占全球军事花费的 1/6。题目是对 M 段最后一句的同义转述。
43. To lower domestic food prices, some countries limited or stopped their grain exports.
[J] The trend began in 2007, when leading wheat-exporting countries such as Russia and Argentina limited or banned their exports, in hopes of increasing local food supplies and thereby bringing down domestic food prices.
44. Environmental problems must be solved to ease the current global food shortage.
[L] Since the current world food shortage is trend-driven, the environmental trends that cause it must be reversed.
解析：由 environmental problems、ease、food shortage 定位至文章 L 段。当今世界食品短缺是受一些趋势影响的，其中的环境趋势必须要被纠正过来。题目是对 L 段这句话的同义转述。
45. A quarter of this year’s American grain harvest will be used to produce bio-fuel for cars.
[G] A fourth of this year’s U.S. grain harvest will go to fuel cars.
解析：由 U.S. grain harvest 定位至文章 G 段最后一句。 题目是对这句话的同义转换。
17、42. The cost for saving our civilization would be considerably less than the world’s current military spending.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
答案解析：36. The more recent steep climb in grain prices partly results from the fact that more and more people want to consume meat products.
[F] In contrast, recent surge in world grain prices is trend-driven, making it unlikely to reverse without a reversal in the trends themselves. On the demand side, those trends include the ongoing addition of more than 70 million people a year, a growing number of people wanting to move up the food chain to consume highly grain-intensive meat products, and the massive diversion ( 转 向 ) of U.S. grain to the production of bio-fuel.
解析：由 grain prices 和 meat products 定位至 F 段段尾，recent steep climb对应原文的 recent surge，more and more 对 应 原 文 a growing number of people。文章中提到粮食价格的攀升是由一些趋势造成的，从需求角度来讲，人口每年增加七千万，并且越来越多的人想要消费肉类产品。题目是对 F 段这一原因的同义转述。
37. Social order is breaking down in many countries because of food shortages.
[K] In spite of such temporary measures, soaring food prices and spreading hunger in many other countries are beginning to break down the social order.
解析：由 social order 和 break down 定位至文章 K 段最后一句。尽管暂时采取了措施，但是其他国家的飞涨的物价和大范围的饥荒已经开始扰乱社会秩序了。题目是对 K 段这一内容的同义转述。
38. Rather than superpower conflict, countries unable to cope with food shortages now constitute the main threat to world security.
[C] Unable to buy grain or grow their own, hungry people take to the streets. Indeed, even before the steep climb in grain prices in 2008, the number of failing states was expanding. If the food situation continues to worsen, entire nations will break down at an ever increasing rate. In the 20th century the main threat to international security was superpower conflict; today it is failing states.
词的重现定位至文章 C 段。由于不能购买粮食并且也不能自己种植，饱受饥饿的人们走到街上示威，其实在 2008 年粮食价格急速攀升之前，正在衰败的国家的数量就在增长。如果食品状况持续恶化，整个国家会以不断增长的速度崩溃。20 世纪国际安全的主要威胁是强权冲突，如今却变成了衰败中的国家。题目是对 C 段的概括。
39. Some parts of the world have seen successful implementation of family planning.
[L] Indeed, we have made substantial progress in some parts of the world on at least one of these—the distribution of family-planning services and the associated shift to smaller families.
解析：由 some parts of the world、family planning 和 successful implementation of family planning 定位至文章 L 段最后一句。在世界上一些国家，我们至少在计划生育工作这一方面取得了连续的进步。题目是对原文的同义转述。
40. The author has come to agree that food shortages could ultimately lead to the collapse of world civilization.
[B] I can no longer ignore that risk. Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
解析：典型的同义替换题目。由 agree、 food shortage 、lead to、collapse of world civilization 定位至文章 B 段，has come to agree 对应文章的 forces me to conclude，food shortages 对应文章的 undermining the world food， collapse 是原词重现。关于处理减少粮食产量的环境问题的持续失败使作者不得不承认文明的衰败是有可能的。题目是对原文的同义转述。
41. Increasing water shortages prove to be the biggest obstacle to boosting the world’s grain production.
[H] What about supply? The three environmental trends—the shortage of fresh water, the loss of topsoil and the rising temperatures—are making it increasingly hard to expand the world’s grain supply fast enough to keep up with demand. Of all those trends, however, the spread of water shortages poses the most immediate threat.
解析：典型的同义替换。increasing water shortage 对应原文的 spread of water shortages，biggest obstacle 对 应 most immediate threat，expand the world’s grain supply 对应 boosting the world’s grain production，由此可定位至文章 H 段。水源的短缺、优质土壤的减少以及增高的气温都使得增快粮食供给以满足需求变得越来越困难，其中最大的威胁就是水资源的短缺。题目是对原文 H 段的同义转述。
42. The cost for saving our civilization would be considerably less than the world’s current military spending.
[M] Yet the cost we project for saving civilization would amount to less than $200 billion a year, 1/6 of current global military spending. In effect, our plan is the new security budget.
解析：由cost for saving our civilization 和 world’s military spending 定位至文章 M 段。尽管拯救文明的花费一年近 2000 亿美元，但仅占全球军事花费的 1/6。题目是对 M 段最后一句的同义转述。
43. To lower domestic food prices, some countries limited or stopped their grain exports.
[J] The trend began in 2007, when leading wheat-exporting countries such as Russia and Argentina limited or banned their exports, in hopes of increasing local food supplies and thereby bringing down domestic food prices.
44. Environmental problems must be solved to ease the current global food shortage.
[L] Since the current world food shortage is trend-driven, the environmental trends that cause it must be reversed.
解析：由 environmental problems、ease、food shortage 定位至文章 L 段。当今世界食品短缺是受一些趋势影响的，其中的环境趋势必须要被纠正过来。题目是对 L 段这句话的同义转述。
45. A quarter of this year’s American grain harvest will be used to produce bio-fuel for cars.
[G] A fourth of this year’s U.S. grain harvest will go to fuel cars.
解析：由 U.S. grain harvest 定位至文章 G 段最后一句。 题目是对这句话的同义转换。
18、43. To lower domestic food prices, some countries limited or stopped their grain exports.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
答案解析：36. The more recent steep climb in grain prices partly results from the fact that more and more people want to consume meat products.
[F] In contrast, recent surge in world grain prices is trend-driven, making it unlikely to reverse without a reversal in the trends themselves. On the demand side, those trends include the ongoing addition of more than 70 million people a year, a growing number of people wanting to move up the food chain to consume highly grain-intensive meat products, and the massive diversion ( 转 向 ) of U.S. grain to the production of bio-fuel.
解析：由 grain prices 和 meat products 定位至 F 段段尾，recent steep climb对应原文的 recent surge，more and more 对 应 原 文 a growing number of people。文章中提到粮食价格的攀升是由一些趋势造成的，从需求角度来讲，人口每年增加七千万，并且越来越多的人想要消费肉类产品。题目是对 F 段这一原因的同义转述。
37. Social order is breaking down in many countries because of food shortages.
[K] In spite of such temporary measures, soaring food prices and spreading hunger in many other countries are beginning to break down the social order.
解析：由 social order 和 break down 定位至文章 K 段最后一句。尽管暂时采取了措施，但是其他国家的飞涨的物价和大范围的饥荒已经开始扰乱社会秩序了。题目是对 K 段这一内容的同义转述。
38. Rather than superpower conflict, countries unable to cope with food shortages now constitute the main threat to world security.
[C] Unable to buy grain or grow their own, hungry people take to the streets. Indeed, even before the steep climb in grain prices in 2008, the number of failing states was expanding. If the food situation continues to worsen, entire nations will break down at an ever increasing rate. In the 20th century the main threat to international security was superpower conflict; today it is failing states.
词的重现定位至文章 C 段。由于不能购买粮食并且也不能自己种植，饱受饥饿的人们走到街上示威，其实在 2008 年粮食价格急速攀升之前，正在衰败的国家的数量就在增长。如果食品状况持续恶化，整个国家会以不断增长的速度崩溃。20 世纪国际安全的主要威胁是强权冲突，如今却变成了衰败中的国家。题目是对 C 段的概括。
39. Some parts of the world have seen successful implementation of family planning.
[L] Indeed, we have made substantial progress in some parts of the world on at least one of these—the distribution of family-planning services and the associated shift to smaller families.
解析：由 some parts of the world、family planning 和 successful implementation of family planning 定位至文章 L 段最后一句。在世界上一些国家，我们至少在计划生育工作这一方面取得了连续的进步。题目是对原文的同义转述。
40. The author has come to agree that food shortages could ultimately lead to the collapse of world civilization.
[B] I can no longer ignore that risk. Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
解析：典型的同义替换题目。由 agree、 food shortage 、lead to、collapse of world civilization 定位至文章 B 段，has come to agree 对应文章的 forces me to conclude，food shortages 对应文章的 undermining the world food， collapse 是原词重现。关于处理减少粮食产量的环境问题的持续失败使作者不得不承认文明的衰败是有可能的。题目是对原文的同义转述。
41. Increasing water shortages prove to be the biggest obstacle to boosting the world’s grain production.
[H] What about supply? The three environmental trends—the shortage of fresh water, the loss of topsoil and the rising temperatures—are making it increasingly hard to expand the world’s grain supply fast enough to keep up with demand. Of all those trends, however, the spread of water shortages poses the most immediate threat.
解析：典型的同义替换。increasing water shortage 对应原文的 spread of water shortages，biggest obstacle 对 应 most immediate threat，expand the world’s grain supply 对应 boosting the world’s grain production，由此可定位至文章 H 段。水源的短缺、优质土壤的减少以及增高的气温都使得增快粮食供给以满足需求变得越来越困难，其中最大的威胁就是水资源的短缺。题目是对原文 H 段的同义转述。
42. The cost for saving our civilization would be considerably less than the world’s current military spending.
[M] Yet the cost we project for saving civilization would amount to less than $200 billion a year, 1/6 of current global military spending. In effect, our plan is the new security budget.
解析：由cost for saving our civilization 和 world’s military spending 定位至文章 M 段。尽管拯救文明的花费一年近 2000 亿美元，但仅占全球军事花费的 1/6。题目是对 M 段最后一句的同义转述。
43. To lower domestic food prices, some countries limited or stopped their grain exports.
[J] The trend began in 2007, when leading wheat-exporting countries such as Russia and Argentina limited or banned their exports, in hopes of increasing local food supplies and thereby bringing down domestic food prices.
44. Environmental problems must be solved to ease the current global food shortage.
[L] Since the current world food shortage is trend-driven, the environmental trends that cause it must be reversed.
解析：由 environmental problems、ease、food shortage 定位至文章 L 段。当今世界食品短缺是受一些趋势影响的，其中的环境趋势必须要被纠正过来。题目是对 L 段这句话的同义转述。
45. A quarter of this year’s American grain harvest will be used to produce bio-fuel for cars.
[G] A fourth of this year’s U.S. grain harvest will go to fuel cars.
解析：由 U.S. grain harvest 定位至文章 G 段最后一句。 题目是对这句话的同义转换。
19、44. Environmental problems must be solved to ease the current global food shortage.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
答案解析：36. The more recent steep climb in grain prices partly results from the fact that more and more people want to consume meat products.
[F] In contrast, recent surge in world grain prices is trend-driven, making it unlikely to reverse without a reversal in the trends themselves. On the demand side, those trends include the ongoing addition of more than 70 million people a year, a growing number of people wanting to move up the food chain to consume highly grain-intensive meat products, and the massive diversion ( 转 向 ) of U.S. grain to the production of bio-fuel.
解析：由 grain prices 和 meat products 定位至 F 段段尾，recent steep climb对应原文的 recent surge，more and more 对 应 原 文 a growing number of people。文章中提到粮食价格的攀升是由一些趋势造成的，从需求角度来讲，人口每年增加七千万，并且越来越多的人想要消费肉类产品。题目是对 F 段这一原因的同义转述。
37. Social order is breaking down in many countries because of food shortages.
[K] In spite of such temporary measures, soaring food prices and spreading hunger in many other countries are beginning to break down the social order.
解析：由 social order 和 break down 定位至文章 K 段最后一句。尽管暂时采取了措施，但是其他国家的飞涨的物价和大范围的饥荒已经开始扰乱社会秩序了。题目是对 K 段这一内容的同义转述。
38. Rather than superpower conflict, countries unable to cope with food shortages now constitute the main threat to world security.
[C] Unable to buy grain or grow their own, hungry people take to the streets. Indeed, even before the steep climb in grain prices in 2008, the number of failing states was expanding. If the food situation continues to worsen, entire nations will break down at an ever increasing rate. In the 20th century the main threat to international security was superpower conflict; today it is failing states.
词的重现定位至文章 C 段。由于不能购买粮食并且也不能自己种植，饱受饥饿的人们走到街上示威，其实在 2008 年粮食价格急速攀升之前，正在衰败的国家的数量就在增长。如果食品状况持续恶化，整个国家会以不断增长的速度崩溃。20 世纪国际安全的主要威胁是强权冲突，如今却变成了衰败中的国家。题目是对 C 段的概括。
39. Some parts of the world have seen successful implementation of family planning.
[L] Indeed, we have made substantial progress in some parts of the world on at least one of these—the distribution of family-planning services and the associated shift to smaller families.
解析：由 some parts of the world、family planning 和 successful implementation of family planning 定位至文章 L 段最后一句。在世界上一些国家，我们至少在计划生育工作这一方面取得了连续的进步。题目是对原文的同义转述。
40. The author has come to agree that food shortages could ultimately lead to the collapse of world civilization.
[B] I can no longer ignore that risk. Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
解析：典型的同义替换题目。由 agree、 food shortage 、lead to、collapse of world civilization 定位至文章 B 段，has come to agree 对应文章的 forces me to conclude，food shortages 对应文章的 undermining the world food， collapse 是原词重现。关于处理减少粮食产量的环境问题的持续失败使作者不得不承认文明的衰败是有可能的。题目是对原文的同义转述。
41. Increasing water shortages prove to be the biggest obstacle to boosting the world’s grain production.
[H] What about supply? The three environmental trends—the shortage of fresh water, the loss of topsoil and the rising temperatures—are making it increasingly hard to expand the world’s grain supply fast enough to keep up with demand. Of all those trends, however, the spread of water shortages poses the most immediate threat.
解析：典型的同义替换。increasing water shortage 对应原文的 spread of water shortages，biggest obstacle 对 应 most immediate threat，expand the world’s grain supply 对应 boosting the world’s grain production，由此可定位至文章 H 段。水源的短缺、优质土壤的减少以及增高的气温都使得增快粮食供给以满足需求变得越来越困难，其中最大的威胁就是水资源的短缺。题目是对原文 H 段的同义转述。
42. The cost for saving our civilization would be considerably less than the world’s current military spending.
[M] Yet the cost we project for saving civilization would amount to less than $200 billion a year, 1/6 of current global military spending. In effect, our plan is the new security budget.
解析：由cost for saving our civilization 和 world’s military spending 定位至文章 M 段。尽管拯救文明的花费一年近 2000 亿美元，但仅占全球军事花费的 1/6。题目是对 M 段最后一句的同义转述。
43. To lower domestic food prices, some countries limited or stopped their grain exports.
[J] The trend began in 2007, when leading wheat-exporting countries such as Russia and Argentina limited or banned their exports, in hopes of increasing local food supplies and thereby bringing down domestic food prices.
44. Environmental problems must be solved to ease the current global food shortage.
[L] Since the current world food shortage is trend-driven, the environmental trends that cause it must be reversed.
解析：由 environmental problems、ease、food shortage 定位至文章 L 段。当今世界食品短缺是受一些趋势影响的，其中的环境趋势必须要被纠正过来。题目是对 L 段这句话的同义转述。
45. A quarter of this year’s American grain harvest will be used to produce bio-fuel for cars.
[G] A fourth of this year’s U.S. grain harvest will go to fuel cars.
解析：由 U.S. grain harvest 定位至文章 G 段最后一句。 题目是对这句话的同义转换。
20、45. A quarter of this year’s American grain harvest will be used to produce bio-fuel for cars.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
答案解析：36. The more recent steep climb in grain prices partly results from the fact that more and more people want to consume meat products.
[F] In contrast, recent surge in world grain prices is trend-driven, making it unlikely to reverse without a reversal in the trends themselves. On the demand side, those trends include the ongoing addition of more than 70 million people a year, a growing number of people wanting to move up the food chain to consume highly grain-intensive meat products, and the massive diversion ( 转 向 ) of U.S. grain to the production of bio-fuel.
解析：由 grain prices 和 meat products 定位至 F 段段尾，recent steep climb对应原文的 recent surge，more and more 对 应 原 文 a growing number of people。文章中提到粮食价格的攀升是由一些趋势造成的，从需求角度来讲，人口每年增加七千万，并且越来越多的人想要消费肉类产品。题目是对 F 段这一原因的同义转述。
37. Social order is breaking down in many countries because of food shortages.
[K] In spite of such temporary measures, soaring food prices and spreading hunger in many other countries are beginning to break down the social order.
解析：由 social order 和 break down 定位至文章 K 段最后一句。尽管暂时采取了措施，但是其他国家的飞涨的物价和大范围的饥荒已经开始扰乱社会秩序了。题目是对 K 段这一内容的同义转述。
38. Rather than superpower conflict, countries unable to cope with food shortages now constitute the main threat to world security.
[C] Unable to buy grain or grow their own, hungry people take to the streets. Indeed, even before the steep climb in grain prices in 2008, the number of failing states was expanding. If the food situation continues to worsen, entire nations will break down at an ever increasing rate. In the 20th century the main threat to international security was superpower conflict; today it is failing states.
词的重现定位至文章 C 段。由于不能购买粮食并且也不能自己种植，饱受饥饿的人们走到街上示威，其实在 2008 年粮食价格急速攀升之前，正在衰败的国家的数量就在增长。如果食品状况持续恶化，整个国家会以不断增长的速度崩溃。20 世纪国际安全的主要威胁是强权冲突，如今却变成了衰败中的国家。题目是对 C 段的概括。
39. Some parts of the world have seen successful implementation of family planning.
[L] Indeed, we have made substantial progress in some parts of the world on at least one of these—the distribution of family-planning services and the associated shift to smaller families.
解析：由 some parts of the world、family planning 和 successful implementation of family planning 定位至文章 L 段最后一句。在世界上一些国家，我们至少在计划生育工作这一方面取得了连续的进步。题目是对原文的同义转述。
40. The author has come to agree that food shortages could ultimately lead to the collapse of world civilization.
[B] I can no longer ignore that risk. Our continuing failure to deal with the environmental declines that are undermining the world food economy forces me to conclude that such a collapse is possible.
解析：典型的同义替换题目。由 agree、 food shortage 、lead to、collapse of world civilization 定位至文章 B 段，has come to agree 对应文章的 forces me to conclude，food shortages 对应文章的 undermining the world food， collapse 是原词重现。关于处理减少粮食产量的环境问题的持续失败使作者不得不承认文明的衰败是有可能的。题目是对原文的同义转述。
41. Increasing water shortages prove to be the biggest obstacle to boosting the world’s grain production.
[H] What about supply? The three environmental trends—the shortage of fresh water, the loss of topsoil and the rising temperatures—are making it increasingly hard to expand the world’s grain supply fast enough to keep up with demand. Of all those trends, however, the spread of water shortages poses the most immediate threat.
解析：典型的同义替换。increasing water shortage 对应原文的 spread of water shortages，biggest obstacle 对 应 most immediate threat，expand the world’s grain supply 对应 boosting the world’s grain production，由此可定位至文章 H 段。水源的短缺、优质土壤的减少以及增高的气温都使得增快粮食供给以满足需求变得越来越困难，其中最大的威胁就是水资源的短缺。题目是对原文 H 段的同义转述。
42. The cost for saving our civilization would be considerably less than the world’s current military spending.
[M] Yet the cost we project for saving civilization would amount to less than $200 billion a year, 1/6 of current global military spending. In effect, our plan is the new security budget.
解析：由cost for saving our civilization 和 world’s military spending 定位至文章 M 段。尽管拯救文明的花费一年近 2000 亿美元，但仅占全球军事花费的 1/6。题目是对 M 段最后一句的同义转述。
43. To lower domestic food prices, some countries limited or stopped their grain exports.
[J] The trend began in 2007, when leading wheat-exporting countries such as Russia and Argentina limited or banned their exports, in hopes of increasing local food supplies and thereby bringing down domestic food prices.
44. Environmental problems must be solved to ease the current global food shortage.
[L] Since the current world food shortage is trend-driven, the environmental trends that cause it must be reversed.
解析：由 environmental problems、ease、food shortage 定位至文章 L 段。当今世界食品短缺是受一些趋势影响的，其中的环境趋势必须要被纠正过来。题目是对 L 段这句话的同义转述。
45. A quarter of this year’s American grain harvest will be used to produce bio-fuel for cars.
[G] A fourth of this year’s U.S. grain harvest will go to fuel cars.
解析：由 U.S. grain harvest 定位至文章 G 段最后一句。 题目是对这句话的同义转换。
Part III Reading Comprehension
Declining mental function is often seen as a problem of old age, but certain aspects of brain function actually begin their decline in young adulthood, a new study suggests.
The study, which followed more than 2,000 healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 60, found that certain mental functions—including measures of abstract reasoning, mental speed and puzzle-solving—started to dull as early as age 27.
Dips in memory, meanwhile, generally became apparent around age 37.
On the other hand, indicators of a person’s accumulated knowledge—like performance on tests of vocabulary and general knowledge—kept improving with age, according to findings published in the journal Neurobiology of Aging.
The results do not mean that young adults need to start worrying about their memories. Most people’s minds function at a high level even in their later years, according to researcher Timothy Salthouse.
“These patterns suggest that some types of mental flexibility decrease relatively early in adulthood, but that the amount of knowledge one has, and the effectiveness of integrating it with one’s abilities, may increase throughout all of adulthood if there are no diseases,” Salthouse said in a news release.
The study included healthy, educated adults who took standard tests of memory, reasoning and perception at the outset and at some point over the next seven years. The tests are designed to detect subtle ( 细 微 的 ) changes in mental function, and involve solving puzzles, recalling words and details from stories, and identifying patterns in collections of letters and symbols.
In general, Salthouse and his colleagues found, certain aspects of cognition ( 认知能力 ) generally started to decline in the late 20s to 30s.
The findings shed light on normal age-related changes in mental function, which could aid in understanding the process of dementia ( 痴 呆 ) , according to the researchers.
“By following individuals over time,” Salthouse said, “we gain insight in cognition changes, and may possibly discover ways to slow the rate of decline.”
The researchers are currently analyzing, the study participants’ health and lifestyle to see which factors might influence age-related cognitive changes.
21、What is the common view of mental function?
A It varies from person to person.
B It weakens in one’s later years.
C It gradually expands with age.
D It indicates one’s health condition.
答案解析：
细节题。题干问的是大众对于精神功能的看法，根据顺序原则，定位到文章第一段第一句“Declining mental function is often seen as a problem of old age”。精神状态经常被看做是老年人的问题，but 后面表转折，指出新的研究发现精神功能在年轻时代就渐渐衰退了，因此人们普遍认为的是B 项，精神功能在年老时才开始衰退。
22、What does the new study find about mental functions?
A Some diseases inevitably lead to their decline.
B They reach a peak at the age of 20 for most people.
C They are closely related to physical and mental exercise.
D Some of them begin to decline when people are still young.
答案解析：
细节题。根据 new study 定位到第二段“…certain mental functions started to dull as early as age 27”。某些精神功能可能从 27 岁开始就渐渐变得迟钝，D 项与之意思相近。
23、What does Timothy Salthouse say about people’s minds in most cases?
A • They tend to decline in people’s later years.
B Their flexibility determines one’s abilities.
C They function quite well even in old age.
D Their functioning is still a puzzle to be solved.
答案解析：
细节题。题干问的是，Timothy Salthouse 对大多数情况下人们的思维有什么看法。根据人名定位到第五段“Most people’s minds function at a high level even in their later years”一句。大多数人的思维即使到了老年还依然清晰。C 项与之意思相同。
24、Although people’s minds may function less flexibly as they age, they _____.
A may be better at solving puzzles
B can memorize things with more ease
C may have greater facility in abstract reasoning
D can put what they have learnt into more effective use
答案解析：
细节题。题干问，尽管当人老的时候，思维变得不灵活，但是他们在另一些事情上可能会如何表现？根据 flexible 定位至第六段“but that the amount of knowledge one has，and the effectiveness of integrating it with one’s abilities，may increase，throughout…”，but 后面是重点，即人们拥有的知识的多少，以及和能力结合的程度，可能会增加，重点在于将知识与能力相结合，即有效利用知识。D 项与之意思相同。
25、According to Salthouse, their study may help us _____ .
A find ways to slow down our mental decline.
B find ways to boost our memories
C understand the complex process of mental functioning
D understand the relation between physical and mental health
答案解析：
细节题。题干问，根据 Salthouse 所说，他们的研究能帮助我们做什么。定位至倒数第二段，“we gain insight in cognition changes, and may possibly discover ways to slow the rate of decline”，也就是说，这些研究的发现可以帮助人们找到减缓思维衰退速度的方法，A 项正确。
Part III Reading Comprehension
The most important thing in the news last week was the rising discussion in Nashville about the educational needs of children. The shorthand ( 简 写 ) educators use for this is “pre-K”—meaning instruction before kindergarten—and the big idea is to prepare 4-year-olds and even younger kids to be ready to succeed on their K-12 journey.
But it gets complicated. The concept has multiple forms, and scholars and policymakers argue about the shape, scope and cost of the ideal program.
The federal Head Start program, launched 50 years ago, has served more than 30 million children. It was based on concepts developed at Vanderbilt University’s Peabody College by Susan Gray, the legendary pioneer in early childhood education research.
A new Peabody study of the Tennessee Voluntary Pre-K program reports that pre-K works, but the gains are not sustained through the third grade. It seems to me this highlights quality issues in elementary schools more than pre-K, and indicates longer-term success must connect pre-K with all the other issues, related to educating a child.
Pre-K is controversial. Some critics say it is a luxury and shouldn’t be free to families able to pay. Pre-K advocates insist it is proven and will succeed if integrated with the rest of the child’s schooling. I lean toward the latter view.
This is, in any case, the right conversation to be having now as Mayor Megan Barry takes office. She was the first candidate to speak out for strong pre-K programming. The important thing is for all of us to keep in mind the real goal and the longer, bigger picture.
The weight of the evidence is on the side of pre-K that early intervention (干预 ) works. What government has not yet found is the political will to put that understanding into full practice with a sequence of smart schooling that provides the early foundation.
For this purpose, our schools need both the talent and the organization to educate each child who arrives at the schoolhouse door. Some show up ready, but many do not at this critical time when young brains are developing rapidly.
26、What does the author say about pre-kindergarten education?
A It should cater to the needs of individual children.
B It is essential to a person’s future academic success.
C Scholars and policymakers have different opinions about it.
D Parents regard it as the first phase of children’s development.
答案解析：
推断题。题干问，关于学前教育，作者的态度如何。定位至第二段“scholars and policymakers argue about the shape, scope, and cost of the ideal program”，可见学者和这些政策的制定者对于这些都在争论，故 C 项为正确答案。
27、What does the new Peabody study find?
A Pre-K achievements usually do not last long.
B The third grade marks a new phase of learning.
C The third grade is critical to children’s development.
D Quality has not been the top concern of pre-K programs.
答案解析：
细节题。题干问 Peabody 研究发现了什么，根据 Peabody study 定位至第四段，“but the gains are not sustained through the third grade”，转折之后是重点，尽管 Peabody study 表明学前教育有效，但是这些成果并不会持续到三年级，意思就是成果不会持续太久，A 项与之意思一致，故正确。
28、When does the author think pre-K works the best?
A When it is accessible to kids of all families.
B When it is made part of kids’ education.
C When it is no longer considered a luxury.
D When it is made fun and enjoyable to kids.
答案解析：
细节题。题干问，作者认为学前教育什么时候效果最好。根据顺序原则定位至第五段最后“…will succeed if integrated with the rest of the child’s schooling. I lean toward the latter view”，作者倾向于后一种观点，即和孩子的学校教育相结合的话，学前教育就会成功，即学前教育成为孩子教育的一部分，故 B 项是正确答案。
29、What do we learn about Mayor Megan Barry?
A She knows the real goal of education.
B She is a mayor of insight and vision.
C She has once run a pre-K program.
D She is a firm supporter of pre-K.
答案解析：
推断题。题干问，关于 Mayor Megan Barry 我们可以得出什么结论。根据人名定位至第六段，该段先介绍了她的身份，第二句指出“She was the first candidate to speak out for strong pre-K programming”，因此可以得出， 她是第一个为 pre-K 项目发声的人，即坚定的支持者。
30、What does the author think is critical to kids’ education?
A Teaching method.
B Kid’s interest.
C Early intervention.
D Parents’ involvement.
答案解析：
细节题。题干问，作者认为对于孩子教育来说最关键的是什么。定位至倒数第二段 ，“The weight of the evidence is on the side of pre-K that early intervention works”，故 C 项为正确答案。
