Scholars of the information society are divided over whether social inequality decreases or increases in an information-based society. However, they generally agree with the idea that inequality in the information society is (26)_____ different from that of an industrial society. As information progresses in society, the cause and structural nature of social inequality changes as well.
It seems that the information society (27)_____ the quantity of information available to the members of a society by revolutionizing the ways of using and exchanging information. But such a view is a (28)_____ analysis based on the quantity of information supplied by various forms of the mass media. A different (29)_____ is possible when the actual amount of information (30)_____ by the user is taken into account. In fact, the more information (31)_____ throughout the entire society, the wider the gap becomes between “information haves” and “information have-mots”, leading to digital divide.
According to recent studies, digital divide has been caused by three major (32)_____ class, sex, and generation. In terms of class, digital divide exists among different types of workers and between the upper and middle classes and the lower class. With (33)_____ to sex, digital divide exists between men and women. The greatest gap, however, is between the Net-generation, (34)_____ with personal computers and the Internet, and the older generation, (35)_____ to an industrial society.
31. flows动词辨析题。空格前是information，空格后是throughout the entire society作地点状语，句子缺少谓语动词成分，这句话的格式是the…the…的形式，前后时态一致。因此谓语动词应为第三人称单数形式。备选项expands，flows。结合上文，信息在社会中传播，流传，因此选择flows。
31. flows动词辨析题。空格前是information，空格后是throughout the entire society作地点状语，句子缺少谓语动词成分，这句话的格式是the…the…的形式，前后时态一致。因此谓语动词应为第三人称单数形式。备选项expands，flows。结合上文，信息在社会中传播，流传，因此选择flows。
31. flows动词辨析题。空格前是information，空格后是throughout the entire society作地点状语，句子缺少谓语动词成分，这句话的格式是the…the…的形式，前后时态一致。因此谓语动词应为第三人称单数形式。备选项expands，flows。结合上文，信息在社会中传播，流传，因此选择flows。
31. flows动词辨析题。空格前是information，空格后是throughout the entire society作地点状语，句子缺少谓语动词成分，这句话的格式是the…the…的形式，前后时态一致。因此谓语动词应为第三人称单数形式。备选项expands，flows。结合上文，信息在社会中传播，流传，因此选择flows。
31. flows动词辨析题。空格前是information，空格后是throughout the entire society作地点状语，句子缺少谓语动词成分，这句话的格式是the…the…的形式，前后时态一致。因此谓语动词应为第三人称单数形式。备选项expands，flows。结合上文，信息在社会中传播，流传，因此选择flows。
31. flows动词辨析题。空格前是information，空格后是throughout the entire society作地点状语，句子缺少谓语动词成分，这句话的格式是the…the…的形式，前后时态一致。因此谓语动词应为第三人称单数形式。备选项expands，flows。结合上文，信息在社会中传播，流传，因此选择flows。
31. flows动词辨析题。空格前是information，空格后是throughout the entire society作地点状语，句子缺少谓语动词成分，这句话的格式是the…the…的形式，前后时态一致。因此谓语动词应为第三人称单数形式。备选项expands，flows。结合上文，信息在社会中传播，流传，因此选择flows。
31. flows动词辨析题。空格前是information，空格后是throughout the entire society作地点状语，句子缺少谓语动词成分，这句话的格式是the…the…的形式，前后时态一致。因此谓语动词应为第三人称单数形式。备选项expands，flows。结合上文，信息在社会中传播，流传，因此选择flows。
31. flows动词辨析题。空格前是information，空格后是throughout the entire society作地点状语，句子缺少谓语动词成分，这句话的格式是the…the…的形式，前后时态一致。因此谓语动词应为第三人称单数形式。备选项expands，flows。结合上文，信息在社会中传播，流传，因此选择flows。
31. flows动词辨析题。空格前是information，空格后是throughout the entire society作地点状语，句子缺少谓语动词成分，这句话的格式是the…the…的形式，前后时态一致。因此谓语动词应为第三人称单数形式。备选项expands，flows。结合上文，信息在社会中传播，流传，因此选择flows。
Becoming educated should not require giving up pleasure.
【A】 When Jonathan Swift proposed, in 1729, that the people of Ireland eat their children, he insisted it would solve three problems at once: feed the hungry masses, reduce the population during a severe depression, and stimulate the restaurant business. Even as a satire (讽刺), it seems disgusting and shocking in America with its child-centered culture. But actually, the country is closer to his proposal than you might think.
【B】If you spend much time with educators and policy makers, you'll hear a lot of the following words: “standards”, “results”, “skills”, “self-control”, “accountability”, and so on. I have visited some of the newer supposedly “effective” schools, where children shout slogans in order to learn self-control or must stand behind their desk when they can’t sit still.
【C】 A look at what goes on in most classrooms these days makes it abundantly clear that when people think about education, they are not thinking about what it feels like to be a child, or what makes childhood an important and valuable stage of life in its own right.
【D】I’m a mother of three, a teacher, and a developmental psychologist. So I’ve watched a lot of children-talking, playing, arguing, eating, studying, and being young. Here’s what I’ve come to understand. The thing that sets children apart from adults is not their ignorance, nor their lack of skills. It’s their enormous capacity for joy. Think of a 3-year-old lost in the pleasures of finding out what he can and cannot sink in the bathtub, a 5-year-old beside herself with the thrill of putting together strings of nonsensical words with her best friends, or an 11-year-old completely absorbed in a fascinating comic strip. A child’s ability to become deeply absorbed in something, and derive intense pleasure from that absorption, is something adults spend the rest of their lives trying to return to.
【E】A friend told me the following story. One day, when he went to get his 7-year-old son from soccer practice, his kid greeted him with a downcast face and a sad voice. The coach had criticized him for not focusing on his soccer drills. The little boy walked out of the school with his head and shoulders hanging down. He seemed wrapped in sadness. But just before he reached the car door, he suddenly stopped, crouching (蹲伏) down to peer at something on the sidewalk. His face went down lower and lower, and then, with complete joy he called out, “Dad. Come here. This is the strangest bug I’ve ever seen. It has, like, a million legs. Look at this. It’s amazing.” He looked up at his father, his features overflowing with energy and delight. Can’t we stay here for just a minute? I want to find out what he does with all those legs. This is the coolest ever.
【F】The traditional view of such moments is that they constitute a charming but irrelevant byproduct of youth-something to be pushed aside to make room for more important qualities, like perseverance (坚持不懈), obligation, and practicality. Yet moments like this one are just the kind of intense absorption and pleasure adults spend the rest of their lives seeking. Human lives are governed by the desire to experience joy. Becoming educated should not require giving up joy but rather lead to finding joy in new kinds of things: reading novels instead of playing with small figures, conducting experiments instead of sinking cups in the bathtub, and debating serious issues rather than stringing together nonsense words, for example. In some cases, schools should help children find new, more grown-up ways of doing the same things that are constant sources of joy: making art, making friends, making decisions.
【G】Building on a child’s ability to feel joy, rather than pushing it aside, wouldn't be that hard. It would just require a shift in the education world’s mindset (思维模式). Instead of trying to get children to work hard, why not focus on getting them to take pleasure in meaningful, productive activity, like making things, working with others, exploring ideas, and solving problems? These focuses are not so different from the things in which they delight.
【H】Before you brush this argument aside as rubbish, or think of joy as an unaffordable luxury in a nation where there is awful poverty, low academic achievement, and high dropout rates, think again. The more horrible the school circumstances, the more important pleasure is to achieving any educational success.
【I】[I] Many of the assignments and rules teachers come up with, often because they are pressured by their administrators, treat pleasure and joy as the enemies of competence and responsibility. The assumption is that children shouldn’t chat in the classroom because it hinders hard work; instead, they should learn to delay gratification (快乐) so that they can pursue abstract goals, like going to college.
【J】 Not only is this a boring and awful way to treat children, it makes no sense educationally. Decades of research have shown that in order to acquire skills and real knowledge in school, kids need to want to learn. You can force a child to stay in his or her seat, fill out a worksheet, or practice division. But you can’t force the child to think carefully, enjoy books, digest complex information, or develop a taste for learning. To make that happen, you have to help the child find pleasure in learning-to see school as a source of joy.
【K】Adults tend to talk about learning as if it were medicine: unpleasant, but necessary and good for you. Why not instead think of learning as if it were food—something so valuable to humans that they have evolved to experience it as a pleasure?
【L】Joy should not be trained out of children or left for after-school programs. The more difficult a child’s life circumstances, the more important it is for that child to find joy in his or her classroom. “Pleasure” is not a dirty word. And it doesn’t run counter to the goals of public education. It is, in fact, the precondition.
11、36. It will not be difficult to make learning a source of joy if educators change their way of thinking.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
答案解析：36. It will not be difficult to make learning a source of joy if educators change their way of thinking.
G)Building on a child’s ability to feel joy, rather than pushing it aside, wouldn’t be that hard. It would just require a shift in the education world’s mindset(思维模式).
解析：题目中提到，如果教育工作者改变他们的思考方式，那么教育作为快乐之源就不会那么困难了。G段开头就提到了培养学生在学习中感受快乐的能力并没有那么困难，仅仅需要改变一下教育的思维模式，hard是difficult的同义替换，a shift in the education world’s mindset 对应于题目中的educators change their way of thinking，同义替换。题目中考查的其实是对前两句话的总结。
37. What distinguishes children from adults is their strong ability to derive joy from what they are doing.
D)The thing that sets children apart from adults is not their ignorance, nor their lack of skills. It’s their enormous capacity for joy.
解析：题目中提到能够将成人与孩子区分开来的是孩子从自己所做的事情中能够获得快乐的强大能力，原文中意思相近的这句话并没有出现在D段段首，而是在D段的中间部分，并且没有出现与题目完全一致的词组。distinguishes children from adults 是对原文中sets children apart from adults 的同义转述，strong ability to derive joy 是对enormous capacity for joy的同义转述。
38. Children in America are being treated with shocking cruelty.
A) Even as a satire(讽刺), it seems disgusting and shocking in America with its child-centered culture. But actually, the country is closer to his proposal than you might think.
41. Bad school conditions make it all the more important to turn learning into a joyful experience.
H) The more horrible the school circumstances, the more important pleasure is to achieving any educational success.
解析：题目中提到在不良的教学条件下，将学习转变为快乐的体验显得尤为重要。原文中作者也指出了学校的环境越糟糕，快乐对于取得教学成果的作用就越重要。more important原词重现，bad school conditions对应文章中的horrible conditions。
42. Adults do not consider children’s feelings when it comes to education.
C) when people think about education, they are not thinking about what it feels like to be a child, or what makes childhood an important and valuable stage of life in its own right.
解析：not consider children’s feelings和when it comes to education可以定位到文章中的C段。题目的意思是，当提到教育问题时，成人不会考虑孩子的感受。文章C段中，作者提到当人们在考虑教育这个问题的时候，他们不会考虑孩子的感受，或者是什么才能使童年变成人生中重要而且有价值的一个阶段。
43. Administrators seem to believe that only hard work will lead children to their educational goals.
I) Many of the assignments and rules teachers come up with, often because they are pressured by their administrators, treat pleasure and joy as the enemies of competence and responsibility. The assumption is that children shouldn’t chat in the classroom because it hinders hard work; instead, they should learn to delay gratification(快乐) so that they can pursue abstract goals, like going to college.
44. In the so-called “effective” schools, children are taught self-control under a set of strict rules.
B) I have visited some of the newer supposedly “effective” schools, where children shout slogans in order to learn self-control or must stand behind their desk when they can’t sit still.
解析：根据“effective”schools， self-control可定位至原文B段。题干中so-called是对原文中supposedly的同义替换，a set of strict rules是对shout slogons和stand behind their desk的概括。
45. To make learning effective, educators have to ensure that children want to learn.
J) Decades of research have shown that in order to acquire skills and real knowledge in school, kids need to want to learn.
解析：题目中提到为了使学习变得高效，教育工作者首先要确保孩子想去学习。原文中，作者提到数十年的研究表明，为了使孩子获得真正的知识和技能，首先要让孩子们主动想要去学习。children want to learn原句重现。to make learning effective对应于文章中的to acquire skills and real knowledge。
12、37. What distinguishes children from adults is their strong ability to derive joy from what they are doing.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
答案解析：36. It will not be difficult to make learning a source of joy if educators change their way of thinking.
G)Building on a child’s ability to feel joy, rather than pushing it aside, wouldn’t be that hard. It would just require a shift in the education world’s mindset(思维模式).
解析：题目中提到，如果教育工作者改变他们的思考方式，那么教育作为快乐之源就不会那么困难了。G段开头就提到了培养学生在学习中感受快乐的能力并没有那么困难，仅仅需要改变一下教育的思维模式，hard是difficult的同义替换，a shift in the education world’s mindset 对应于题目中的educators change their way of thinking，同义替换。题目中考查的其实是对前两句话的总结。
37. What distinguishes children from adults is their strong ability to derive joy from what they are doing.
D)The thing that sets children apart from adults is not their ignorance, nor their lack of skills. It’s their enormous capacity for joy.
解析：题目中提到能够将成人与孩子区分开来的是孩子从自己所做的事情中能够获得快乐的强大能力，原文中意思相近的这句话并没有出现在D段段首，而是在D段的中间部分，并且没有出现与题目完全一致的词组。distinguishes children from adults 是对原文中sets children apart from adults 的同义转述，strong ability to derive joy 是对enormous capacity for joy的同义转述。
38. Children in America are being treated with shocking cruelty.
A) Even as a satire(讽刺), it seems disgusting and shocking in America with its child-centered culture. But actually, the country is closer to his proposal than you might think.
41. Bad school conditions make it all the more important to turn learning into a joyful experience.
H) The more horrible the school circumstances, the more important pleasure is to achieving any educational success.
解析：题目中提到在不良的教学条件下，将学习转变为快乐的体验显得尤为重要。原文中作者也指出了学校的环境越糟糕，快乐对于取得教学成果的作用就越重要。more important原词重现，bad school conditions对应文章中的horrible conditions。
42. Adults do not consider children’s feelings when it comes to education.
C) when people think about education, they are not thinking about what it feels like to be a child, or what makes childhood an important and valuable stage of life in its own right.
解析：not consider children’s feelings和when it comes to education可以定位到文章中的C段。题目的意思是，当提到教育问题时，成人不会考虑孩子的感受。文章C段中，作者提到当人们在考虑教育这个问题的时候，他们不会考虑孩子的感受，或者是什么才能使童年变成人生中重要而且有价值的一个阶段。
43. Administrators seem to believe that only hard work will lead children to their educational goals.
I) Many of the assignments and rules teachers come up with, often because they are pressured by their administrators, treat pleasure and joy as the enemies of competence and responsibility. The assumption is that children shouldn’t chat in the classroom because it hinders hard work; instead, they should learn to delay gratification(快乐) so that they can pursue abstract goals, like going to college.
44. In the so-called “effective” schools, children are taught self-control under a set of strict rules.
B) I have visited some of the newer supposedly “effective” schools, where children shout slogans in order to learn self-control or must stand behind their desk when they can’t sit still.
解析：根据“effective”schools， self-control可定位至原文B段。题干中so-called是对原文中supposedly的同义替换，a set of strict rules是对shout slogons和stand behind their desk的概括。
45. To make learning effective, educators have to ensure that children want to learn.
J) Decades of research have shown that in order to acquire skills and real knowledge in school, kids need to want to learn.
解析：题目中提到为了使学习变得高效，教育工作者首先要确保孩子想去学习。原文中，作者提到数十年的研究表明，为了使孩子获得真正的知识和技能，首先要让孩子们主动想要去学习。children want to learn原句重现。to make learning effective对应于文章中的to acquire skills and real knowledge。
13、38. Children in America are being treated with shocking cruelty.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
答案解析：36. It will not be difficult to make learning a source of joy if educators change their way of thinking.
G)Building on a child’s ability to feel joy, rather than pushing it aside, wouldn’t be that hard. It would just require a shift in the education world’s mindset(思维模式).
解析：题目中提到，如果教育工作者改变他们的思考方式，那么教育作为快乐之源就不会那么困难了。G段开头就提到了培养学生在学习中感受快乐的能力并没有那么困难，仅仅需要改变一下教育的思维模式，hard是difficult的同义替换，a shift in the education world’s mindset 对应于题目中的educators change their way of thinking，同义替换。题目中考查的其实是对前两句话的总结。
37. What distinguishes children from adults is their strong ability to derive joy from what they are doing.
D)The thing that sets children apart from adults is not their ignorance, nor their lack of skills. It’s their enormous capacity for joy.
解析：题目中提到能够将成人与孩子区分开来的是孩子从自己所做的事情中能够获得快乐的强大能力，原文中意思相近的这句话并没有出现在D段段首，而是在D段的中间部分，并且没有出现与题目完全一致的词组。distinguishes children from adults 是对原文中sets children apart from adults 的同义转述，strong ability to derive joy 是对enormous capacity for joy的同义转述。
38. Children in America are being treated with shocking cruelty.
A) Even as a satire(讽刺), it seems disgusting and shocking in America with its child-centered culture. But actually, the country is closer to his proposal than you might think.
41. Bad school conditions make it all the more important to turn learning into a joyful experience.
H) The more horrible the school circumstances, the more important pleasure is to achieving any educational success.
解析：题目中提到在不良的教学条件下，将学习转变为快乐的体验显得尤为重要。原文中作者也指出了学校的环境越糟糕，快乐对于取得教学成果的作用就越重要。more important原词重现，bad school conditions对应文章中的horrible conditions。
42. Adults do not consider children’s feelings when it comes to education.
C) when people think about education, they are not thinking about what it feels like to be a child, or what makes childhood an important and valuable stage of life in its own right.
解析：not consider children’s feelings和when it comes to education可以定位到文章中的C段。题目的意思是，当提到教育问题时，成人不会考虑孩子的感受。文章C段中，作者提到当人们在考虑教育这个问题的时候，他们不会考虑孩子的感受，或者是什么才能使童年变成人生中重要而且有价值的一个阶段。
43. Administrators seem to believe that only hard work will lead children to their educational goals.
I) Many of the assignments and rules teachers come up with, often because they are pressured by their administrators, treat pleasure and joy as the enemies of competence and responsibility. The assumption is that children shouldn’t chat in the classroom because it hinders hard work; instead, they should learn to delay gratification(快乐) so that they can pursue abstract goals, like going to college.
44. In the so-called “effective” schools, children are taught self-control under a set of strict rules.
B) I have visited some of the newer supposedly “effective” schools, where children shout slogans in order to learn self-control or must stand behind their desk when they can’t sit still.
解析：根据“effective”schools， self-control可定位至原文B段。题干中so-called是对原文中supposedly的同义替换，a set of strict rules是对shout slogons和stand behind their desk的概括。
45. To make learning effective, educators have to ensure that children want to learn.
J) Decades of research have shown that in order to acquire skills and real knowledge in school, kids need to want to learn.
解析：题目中提到为了使学习变得高效，教育工作者首先要确保孩子想去学习。原文中，作者提到数十年的研究表明，为了使孩子获得真正的知识和技能，首先要让孩子们主动想要去学习。children want to learn原句重现。to make learning effective对应于文章中的to acquire skills and real knowledge。
14、39. It is human nature to seek joy in life.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
答案解析：36. It will not be difficult to make learning a source of joy if educators change their way of thinking.
G)Building on a child’s ability to feel joy, rather than pushing it aside, wouldn’t be that hard. It would just require a shift in the education world’s mindset(思维模式).
解析：题目中提到，如果教育工作者改变他们的思考方式，那么教育作为快乐之源就不会那么困难了。G段开头就提到了培养学生在学习中感受快乐的能力并没有那么困难，仅仅需要改变一下教育的思维模式，hard是difficult的同义替换，a shift in the education world’s mindset 对应于题目中的educators change their way of thinking，同义替换。题目中考查的其实是对前两句话的总结。
37. What distinguishes children from adults is their strong ability to derive joy from what they are doing.
D)The thing that sets children apart from adults is not their ignorance, nor their lack of skills. It’s their enormous capacity for joy.
解析：题目中提到能够将成人与孩子区分开来的是孩子从自己所做的事情中能够获得快乐的强大能力，原文中意思相近的这句话并没有出现在D段段首，而是在D段的中间部分，并且没有出现与题目完全一致的词组。distinguishes children from adults 是对原文中sets children apart from adults 的同义转述，strong ability to derive joy 是对enormous capacity for joy的同义转述。
38. Children in America are being treated with shocking cruelty.
A) Even as a satire(讽刺), it seems disgusting and shocking in America with its child-centered culture. But actually, the country is closer to his proposal than you might think.
41. Bad school conditions make it all the more important to turn learning into a joyful experience.
H) The more horrible the school circumstances, the more important pleasure is to achieving any educational success.
解析：题目中提到在不良的教学条件下，将学习转变为快乐的体验显得尤为重要。原文中作者也指出了学校的环境越糟糕，快乐对于取得教学成果的作用就越重要。more important原词重现，bad school conditions对应文章中的horrible conditions。
42. Adults do not consider children’s feelings when it comes to education.
C) when people think about education, they are not thinking about what it feels like to be a child, or what makes childhood an important and valuable stage of life in its own right.
解析：not consider children’s feelings和when it comes to education可以定位到文章中的C段。题目的意思是，当提到教育问题时，成人不会考虑孩子的感受。文章C段中，作者提到当人们在考虑教育这个问题的时候，他们不会考虑孩子的感受，或者是什么才能使童年变成人生中重要而且有价值的一个阶段。
43. Administrators seem to believe that only hard work will lead children to their educational goals.
I) Many of the assignments and rules teachers come up with, often because they are pressured by their administrators, treat pleasure and joy as the enemies of competence and responsibility. The assumption is that children shouldn’t chat in the classroom because it hinders hard work; instead, they should learn to delay gratification(快乐) so that they can pursue abstract goals, like going to college.
44. In the so-called “effective” schools, children are taught self-control under a set of strict rules.
B) I have visited some of the newer supposedly “effective” schools, where children shout slogans in order to learn self-control or must stand behind their desk when they can’t sit still.
解析：根据“effective”schools， self-control可定位至原文B段。题干中so-called是对原文中supposedly的同义替换，a set of strict rules是对shout slogons和stand behind their desk的概括。
45. To make learning effective, educators have to ensure that children want to learn.
J) Decades of research have shown that in order to acquire skills and real knowledge in school, kids need to want to learn.
解析：题目中提到为了使学习变得高效，教育工作者首先要确保孩子想去学习。原文中，作者提到数十年的研究表明，为了使孩子获得真正的知识和技能，首先要让孩子们主动想要去学习。children want to learn原句重现。to make learning effective对应于文章中的to acquire skills and real knowledge。
15、40. Grown-ups are likely to think that learning to children is what medicine is to patients.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
答案解析：36. It will not be difficult to make learning a source of joy if educators change their way of thinking.
G)Building on a child’s ability to feel joy, rather than pushing it aside, wouldn’t be that hard. It would just require a shift in the education world’s mindset(思维模式).
解析：题目中提到，如果教育工作者改变他们的思考方式，那么教育作为快乐之源就不会那么困难了。G段开头就提到了培养学生在学习中感受快乐的能力并没有那么困难，仅仅需要改变一下教育的思维模式，hard是difficult的同义替换，a shift in the education world’s mindset 对应于题目中的educators change their way of thinking，同义替换。题目中考查的其实是对前两句话的总结。
37. What distinguishes children from adults is their strong ability to derive joy from what they are doing.
D)The thing that sets children apart from adults is not their ignorance, nor their lack of skills. It’s their enormous capacity for joy.
解析：题目中提到能够将成人与孩子区分开来的是孩子从自己所做的事情中能够获得快乐的强大能力，原文中意思相近的这句话并没有出现在D段段首，而是在D段的中间部分，并且没有出现与题目完全一致的词组。distinguishes children from adults 是对原文中sets children apart from adults 的同义转述，strong ability to derive joy 是对enormous capacity for joy的同义转述。
38. Children in America are being treated with shocking cruelty.
A) Even as a satire(讽刺), it seems disgusting and shocking in America with its child-centered culture. But actually, the country is closer to his proposal than you might think.
41. Bad school conditions make it all the more important to turn learning into a joyful experience.
H) The more horrible the school circumstances, the more important pleasure is to achieving any educational success.
解析：题目中提到在不良的教学条件下，将学习转变为快乐的体验显得尤为重要。原文中作者也指出了学校的环境越糟糕，快乐对于取得教学成果的作用就越重要。more important原词重现，bad school conditions对应文章中的horrible conditions。
42. Adults do not consider children’s feelings when it comes to education.
C) when people think about education, they are not thinking about what it feels like to be a child, or what makes childhood an important and valuable stage of life in its own right.
解析：not consider children’s feelings和when it comes to education可以定位到文章中的C段。题目的意思是，当提到教育问题时，成人不会考虑孩子的感受。文章C段中，作者提到当人们在考虑教育这个问题的时候，他们不会考虑孩子的感受，或者是什么才能使童年变成人生中重要而且有价值的一个阶段。
43. Administrators seem to believe that only hard work will lead children to their educational goals.
I) Many of the assignments and rules teachers come up with, often because they are pressured by their administrators, treat pleasure and joy as the enemies of competence and responsibility. The assumption is that children shouldn’t chat in the classroom because it hinders hard work; instead, they should learn to delay gratification(快乐) so that they can pursue abstract goals, like going to college.
44. In the so-called “effective” schools, children are taught self-control under a set of strict rules.
B) I have visited some of the newer supposedly “effective” schools, where children shout slogans in order to learn self-control or must stand behind their desk when they can’t sit still.
解析：根据“effective”schools， self-control可定位至原文B段。题干中so-called是对原文中supposedly的同义替换，a set of strict rules是对shout slogons和stand behind their desk的概括。
45. To make learning effective, educators have to ensure that children want to learn.
J) Decades of research have shown that in order to acquire skills and real knowledge in school, kids need to want to learn.
解析：题目中提到为了使学习变得高效，教育工作者首先要确保孩子想去学习。原文中，作者提到数十年的研究表明，为了使孩子获得真正的知识和技能，首先要让孩子们主动想要去学习。children want to learn原句重现。to make learning effective对应于文章中的to acquire skills and real knowledge。
16、41. Bad school conditions make it all the more important to turn learning into a joyful experience.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
答案解析：36. It will not be difficult to make learning a source of joy if educators change their way of thinking.
G)Building on a child’s ability to feel joy, rather than pushing it aside, wouldn’t be that hard. It would just require a shift in the education world’s mindset(思维模式).
解析：题目中提到，如果教育工作者改变他们的思考方式，那么教育作为快乐之源就不会那么困难了。G段开头就提到了培养学生在学习中感受快乐的能力并没有那么困难，仅仅需要改变一下教育的思维模式，hard是difficult的同义替换，a shift in the education world’s mindset 对应于题目中的educators change their way of thinking，同义替换。题目中考查的其实是对前两句话的总结。
37. What distinguishes children from adults is their strong ability to derive joy from what they are doing.
D)The thing that sets children apart from adults is not their ignorance, nor their lack of skills. It’s their enormous capacity for joy.
解析：题目中提到能够将成人与孩子区分开来的是孩子从自己所做的事情中能够获得快乐的强大能力，原文中意思相近的这句话并没有出现在D段段首，而是在D段的中间部分，并且没有出现与题目完全一致的词组。distinguishes children from adults 是对原文中sets children apart from adults 的同义转述，strong ability to derive joy 是对enormous capacity for joy的同义转述。
38. Children in America are being treated with shocking cruelty.
A) Even as a satire(讽刺), it seems disgusting and shocking in America with its child-centered culture. But actually, the country is closer to his proposal than you might think.
41. Bad school conditions make it all the more important to turn learning into a joyful experience.
H) The more horrible the school circumstances, the more important pleasure is to achieving any educational success.
解析：题目中提到在不良的教学条件下，将学习转变为快乐的体验显得尤为重要。原文中作者也指出了学校的环境越糟糕，快乐对于取得教学成果的作用就越重要。more important原词重现，bad school conditions对应文章中的horrible conditions。
42. Adults do not consider children’s feelings when it comes to education.
C) when people think about education, they are not thinking about what it feels like to be a child, or what makes childhood an important and valuable stage of life in its own right.
解析：not consider children’s feelings和when it comes to education可以定位到文章中的C段。题目的意思是，当提到教育问题时，成人不会考虑孩子的感受。文章C段中，作者提到当人们在考虑教育这个问题的时候，他们不会考虑孩子的感受，或者是什么才能使童年变成人生中重要而且有价值的一个阶段。
43. Administrators seem to believe that only hard work will lead children to their educational goals.
I) Many of the assignments and rules teachers come up with, often because they are pressured by their administrators, treat pleasure and joy as the enemies of competence and responsibility. The assumption is that children shouldn’t chat in the classroom because it hinders hard work; instead, they should learn to delay gratification(快乐) so that they can pursue abstract goals, like going to college.
44. In the so-called “effective” schools, children are taught self-control under a set of strict rules.
B) I have visited some of the newer supposedly “effective” schools, where children shout slogans in order to learn self-control or must stand behind their desk when they can’t sit still.
解析：根据“effective”schools， self-control可定位至原文B段。题干中so-called是对原文中supposedly的同义替换，a set of strict rules是对shout slogons和stand behind their desk的概括。
45. To make learning effective, educators have to ensure that children want to learn.
J) Decades of research have shown that in order to acquire skills and real knowledge in school, kids need to want to learn.
解析：题目中提到为了使学习变得高效，教育工作者首先要确保孩子想去学习。原文中，作者提到数十年的研究表明，为了使孩子获得真正的知识和技能，首先要让孩子们主动想要去学习。children want to learn原句重现。to make learning effective对应于文章中的to acquire skills and real knowledge。
17、42. Adults do not consider children’s feelings when it comes to education.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
答案解析：36. It will not be difficult to make learning a source of joy if educators change their way of thinking.
G)Building on a child’s ability to feel joy, rather than pushing it aside, wouldn’t be that hard. It would just require a shift in the education world’s mindset(思维模式).
解析：题目中提到，如果教育工作者改变他们的思考方式，那么教育作为快乐之源就不会那么困难了。G段开头就提到了培养学生在学习中感受快乐的能力并没有那么困难，仅仅需要改变一下教育的思维模式，hard是difficult的同义替换，a shift in the education world’s mindset 对应于题目中的educators change their way of thinking，同义替换。题目中考查的其实是对前两句话的总结。
37. What distinguishes children from adults is their strong ability to derive joy from what they are doing.
D)The thing that sets children apart from adults is not their ignorance, nor their lack of skills. It’s their enormous capacity for joy.
解析：题目中提到能够将成人与孩子区分开来的是孩子从自己所做的事情中能够获得快乐的强大能力，原文中意思相近的这句话并没有出现在D段段首，而是在D段的中间部分，并且没有出现与题目完全一致的词组。distinguishes children from adults 是对原文中sets children apart from adults 的同义转述，strong ability to derive joy 是对enormous capacity for joy的同义转述。
38. Children in America are being treated with shocking cruelty.
A) Even as a satire(讽刺), it seems disgusting and shocking in America with its child-centered culture. But actually, the country is closer to his proposal than you might think.
41. Bad school conditions make it all the more important to turn learning into a joyful experience.
H) The more horrible the school circumstances, the more important pleasure is to achieving any educational success.
解析：题目中提到在不良的教学条件下，将学习转变为快乐的体验显得尤为重要。原文中作者也指出了学校的环境越糟糕，快乐对于取得教学成果的作用就越重要。more important原词重现，bad school conditions对应文章中的horrible conditions。
42. Adults do not consider children’s feelings when it comes to education.
C) when people think about education, they are not thinking about what it feels like to be a child, or what makes childhood an important and valuable stage of life in its own right.
解析：not consider children’s feelings和when it comes to education可以定位到文章中的C段。题目的意思是，当提到教育问题时，成人不会考虑孩子的感受。文章C段中，作者提到当人们在考虑教育这个问题的时候，他们不会考虑孩子的感受，或者是什么才能使童年变成人生中重要而且有价值的一个阶段。
43. Administrators seem to believe that only hard work will lead children to their educational goals.
I) Many of the assignments and rules teachers come up with, often because they are pressured by their administrators, treat pleasure and joy as the enemies of competence and responsibility. The assumption is that children shouldn’t chat in the classroom because it hinders hard work; instead, they should learn to delay gratification(快乐) so that they can pursue abstract goals, like going to college.
44. In the so-called “effective” schools, children are taught self-control under a set of strict rules.
B) I have visited some of the newer supposedly “effective” schools, where children shout slogans in order to learn self-control or must stand behind their desk when they can’t sit still.
解析：根据“effective”schools， self-control可定位至原文B段。题干中so-called是对原文中supposedly的同义替换，a set of strict rules是对shout slogons和stand behind their desk的概括。
45. To make learning effective, educators have to ensure that children want to learn.
J) Decades of research have shown that in order to acquire skills and real knowledge in school, kids need to want to learn.
解析：题目中提到为了使学习变得高效，教育工作者首先要确保孩子想去学习。原文中，作者提到数十年的研究表明，为了使孩子获得真正的知识和技能，首先要让孩子们主动想要去学习。children want to learn原句重现。to make learning effective对应于文章中的to acquire skills and real knowledge。
18、43. Administrators seem to believe that only hard work will lead children to their educational goals.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
答案解析：36. It will not be difficult to make learning a source of joy if educators change their way of thinking.
G)Building on a child’s ability to feel joy, rather than pushing it aside, wouldn’t be that hard. It would just require a shift in the education world’s mindset(思维模式).
解析：题目中提到，如果教育工作者改变他们的思考方式，那么教育作为快乐之源就不会那么困难了。G段开头就提到了培养学生在学习中感受快乐的能力并没有那么困难，仅仅需要改变一下教育的思维模式，hard是difficult的同义替换，a shift in the education world’s mindset 对应于题目中的educators change their way of thinking，同义替换。题目中考查的其实是对前两句话的总结。
37. What distinguishes children from adults is their strong ability to derive joy from what they are doing.
D)The thing that sets children apart from adults is not their ignorance, nor their lack of skills. It’s their enormous capacity for joy.
解析：题目中提到能够将成人与孩子区分开来的是孩子从自己所做的事情中能够获得快乐的强大能力，原文中意思相近的这句话并没有出现在D段段首，而是在D段的中间部分，并且没有出现与题目完全一致的词组。distinguishes children from adults 是对原文中sets children apart from adults 的同义转述，strong ability to derive joy 是对enormous capacity for joy的同义转述。
38. Children in America are being treated with shocking cruelty.
A) Even as a satire(讽刺), it seems disgusting and shocking in America with its child-centered culture. But actually, the country is closer to his proposal than you might think.
41. Bad school conditions make it all the more important to turn learning into a joyful experience.
H) The more horrible the school circumstances, the more important pleasure is to achieving any educational success.
解析：题目中提到在不良的教学条件下，将学习转变为快乐的体验显得尤为重要。原文中作者也指出了学校的环境越糟糕，快乐对于取得教学成果的作用就越重要。more important原词重现，bad school conditions对应文章中的horrible conditions。
42. Adults do not consider children’s feelings when it comes to education.
C) when people think about education, they are not thinking about what it feels like to be a child, or what makes childhood an important and valuable stage of life in its own right.
解析：not consider children’s feelings和when it comes to education可以定位到文章中的C段。题目的意思是，当提到教育问题时，成人不会考虑孩子的感受。文章C段中，作者提到当人们在考虑教育这个问题的时候，他们不会考虑孩子的感受，或者是什么才能使童年变成人生中重要而且有价值的一个阶段。
43. Administrators seem to believe that only hard work will lead children to their educational goals.
I) Many of the assignments and rules teachers come up with, often because they are pressured by their administrators, treat pleasure and joy as the enemies of competence and responsibility. The assumption is that children shouldn’t chat in the classroom because it hinders hard work; instead, they should learn to delay gratification(快乐) so that they can pursue abstract goals, like going to college.
44. In the so-called “effective” schools, children are taught self-control under a set of strict rules.
B) I have visited some of the newer supposedly “effective” schools, where children shout slogans in order to learn self-control or must stand behind their desk when they can’t sit still.
解析：根据“effective”schools， self-control可定位至原文B段。题干中so-called是对原文中supposedly的同义替换，a set of strict rules是对shout slogons和stand behind their desk的概括。
45. To make learning effective, educators have to ensure that children want to learn.
J) Decades of research have shown that in order to acquire skills and real knowledge in school, kids need to want to learn.
解析：题目中提到为了使学习变得高效，教育工作者首先要确保孩子想去学习。原文中，作者提到数十年的研究表明，为了使孩子获得真正的知识和技能，首先要让孩子们主动想要去学习。children want to learn原句重现。to make learning effective对应于文章中的to acquire skills and real knowledge。
19、44. In the so-called “effective” schools, children are taught self-control under a set of strict rules.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
答案解析：36. It will not be difficult to make learning a source of joy if educators change their way of thinking.
G)Building on a child’s ability to feel joy, rather than pushing it aside, wouldn’t be that hard. It would just require a shift in the education world’s mindset(思维模式).
解析：题目中提到，如果教育工作者改变他们的思考方式，那么教育作为快乐之源就不会那么困难了。G段开头就提到了培养学生在学习中感受快乐的能力并没有那么困难，仅仅需要改变一下教育的思维模式，hard是difficult的同义替换，a shift in the education world’s mindset 对应于题目中的educators change their way of thinking，同义替换。题目中考查的其实是对前两句话的总结。
37. What distinguishes children from adults is their strong ability to derive joy from what they are doing.
D)The thing that sets children apart from adults is not their ignorance, nor their lack of skills. It’s their enormous capacity for joy.
解析：题目中提到能够将成人与孩子区分开来的是孩子从自己所做的事情中能够获得快乐的强大能力，原文中意思相近的这句话并没有出现在D段段首，而是在D段的中间部分，并且没有出现与题目完全一致的词组。distinguishes children from adults 是对原文中sets children apart from adults 的同义转述，strong ability to derive joy 是对enormous capacity for joy的同义转述。
38. Children in America are being treated with shocking cruelty.
A) Even as a satire(讽刺), it seems disgusting and shocking in America with its child-centered culture. But actually, the country is closer to his proposal than you might think.
41. Bad school conditions make it all the more important to turn learning into a joyful experience.
H) The more horrible the school circumstances, the more important pleasure is to achieving any educational success.
解析：题目中提到在不良的教学条件下，将学习转变为快乐的体验显得尤为重要。原文中作者也指出了学校的环境越糟糕，快乐对于取得教学成果的作用就越重要。more important原词重现，bad school conditions对应文章中的horrible conditions。
42. Adults do not consider children’s feelings when it comes to education.
C) when people think about education, they are not thinking about what it feels like to be a child, or what makes childhood an important and valuable stage of life in its own right.
解析：not consider children’s feelings和when it comes to education可以定位到文章中的C段。题目的意思是，当提到教育问题时，成人不会考虑孩子的感受。文章C段中，作者提到当人们在考虑教育这个问题的时候，他们不会考虑孩子的感受，或者是什么才能使童年变成人生中重要而且有价值的一个阶段。
43. Administrators seem to believe that only hard work will lead children to their educational goals.
I) Many of the assignments and rules teachers come up with, often because they are pressured by their administrators, treat pleasure and joy as the enemies of competence and responsibility. The assumption is that children shouldn’t chat in the classroom because it hinders hard work; instead, they should learn to delay gratification(快乐) so that they can pursue abstract goals, like going to college.
44. In the so-called “effective” schools, children are taught self-control under a set of strict rules.
B) I have visited some of the newer supposedly “effective” schools, where children shout slogans in order to learn self-control or must stand behind their desk when they can’t sit still.
解析：根据“effective”schools， self-control可定位至原文B段。题干中so-called是对原文中supposedly的同义替换，a set of strict rules是对shout slogons和stand behind their desk的概括。
45. To make learning effective, educators have to ensure that children want to learn.
J) Decades of research have shown that in order to acquire skills and real knowledge in school, kids need to want to learn.
解析：题目中提到为了使学习变得高效，教育工作者首先要确保孩子想去学习。原文中，作者提到数十年的研究表明，为了使孩子获得真正的知识和技能，首先要让孩子们主动想要去学习。children want to learn原句重现。to make learning effective对应于文章中的to acquire skills and real knowledge。
20、45. To make learning effective, educators have to ensure that children want to learn.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
答案解析：36. It will not be difficult to make learning a source of joy if educators change their way of thinking.
G)Building on a child’s ability to feel joy, rather than pushing it aside, wouldn’t be that hard. It would just require a shift in the education world’s mindset(思维模式).
解析：题目中提到，如果教育工作者改变他们的思考方式，那么教育作为快乐之源就不会那么困难了。G段开头就提到了培养学生在学习中感受快乐的能力并没有那么困难，仅仅需要改变一下教育的思维模式，hard是difficult的同义替换，a shift in the education world’s mindset 对应于题目中的educators change their way of thinking，同义替换。题目中考查的其实是对前两句话的总结。
37. What distinguishes children from adults is their strong ability to derive joy from what they are doing.
D)The thing that sets children apart from adults is not their ignorance, nor their lack of skills. It’s their enormous capacity for joy.
解析：题目中提到能够将成人与孩子区分开来的是孩子从自己所做的事情中能够获得快乐的强大能力，原文中意思相近的这句话并没有出现在D段段首，而是在D段的中间部分，并且没有出现与题目完全一致的词组。distinguishes children from adults 是对原文中sets children apart from adults 的同义转述，strong ability to derive joy 是对enormous capacity for joy的同义转述。
38. Children in America are being treated with shocking cruelty.
A) Even as a satire(讽刺), it seems disgusting and shocking in America with its child-centered culture. But actually, the country is closer to his proposal than you might think.
41. Bad school conditions make it all the more important to turn learning into a joyful experience.
H) The more horrible the school circumstances, the more important pleasure is to achieving any educational success.
解析：题目中提到在不良的教学条件下，将学习转变为快乐的体验显得尤为重要。原文中作者也指出了学校的环境越糟糕，快乐对于取得教学成果的作用就越重要。more important原词重现，bad school conditions对应文章中的horrible conditions。
42. Adults do not consider children’s feelings when it comes to education.
C) when people think about education, they are not thinking about what it feels like to be a child, or what makes childhood an important and valuable stage of life in its own right.
解析：not consider children’s feelings和when it comes to education可以定位到文章中的C段。题目的意思是，当提到教育问题时，成人不会考虑孩子的感受。文章C段中，作者提到当人们在考虑教育这个问题的时候，他们不会考虑孩子的感受，或者是什么才能使童年变成人生中重要而且有价值的一个阶段。
43. Administrators seem to believe that only hard work will lead children to their educational goals.
I) Many of the assignments and rules teachers come up with, often because they are pressured by their administrators, treat pleasure and joy as the enemies of competence and responsibility. The assumption is that children shouldn’t chat in the classroom because it hinders hard work; instead, they should learn to delay gratification(快乐) so that they can pursue abstract goals, like going to college.
44. In the so-called “effective” schools, children are taught self-control under a set of strict rules.
B) I have visited some of the newer supposedly “effective” schools, where children shout slogans in order to learn self-control or must stand behind their desk when they can’t sit still.
解析：根据“effective”schools， self-control可定位至原文B段。题干中so-called是对原文中supposedly的同义替换，a set of strict rules是对shout slogons和stand behind their desk的概括。
45. To make learning effective, educators have to ensure that children want to learn.
J) Decades of research have shown that in order to acquire skills and real knowledge in school, kids need to want to learn.
解析：题目中提到为了使学习变得高效，教育工作者首先要确保孩子想去学习。原文中，作者提到数十年的研究表明，为了使孩子获得真正的知识和技能，首先要让孩子们主动想要去学习。children want to learn原句重现。to make learning effective对应于文章中的to acquire skills and real knowledge。
Part III Reading Comprehension
When it’s five o’clock, people leave their office. The length of the workday, for many workers, is defined by time. They leave when the clock tells them they’re done.
These days, the time is everywhere: not just on clocks or watches, but on cell-phones and computers. That may be a bad thing, particularly at work. New research shows that clock-based work schedules hinder morale (士气) and creativity.
Clock-timers organize their day by blocks of minutes and hours. For example: a meeting from9 a.m.to 10 a.m. research from 10 a.m.to noon, etc. On the other hand, task-timers have a list of things they want to accomplish. They work down the list, each task starts when the previous task is completed. It is said that all of us employ a mix of both these types of planning.
What, then, are the effects of thinking about time in these different ways? Does one make us more productive? Better at the tasks at hand? Happier? In experiments conducted by Tamar Avnet and Anne-Laure Sellier, they had participants organize different activities-from project planning, holiday shopping, to yoga-by time or to-do list to measure how they performed under “clock time” vs “task tinge.” They found clock timers to be more efficient but less happy because they felt little control over their lives. Task timers are happier and more creative, but less productive. They tend to enjoy the moment when something good is happening, and seize opportunities that come up.
The researchers argue that task-based organizing tends to be undervalued and under-supported in business culture. Smart companies, they believe, will try to bake more task-based planning into their strategies.
This might be a small change to the way we view work and the office, but the researchers argue that it challenges a widespread characteristic of the economy: work organized by clock time. While most people will still probably need, and be, to some extent, clock-timers, task-based timing should be used when performing a job that requires more creativity. It’ll make those tasks easier, and the task-doers will be happier.
21、46. What does the author think of time displayed everywhere?
A It makes everybody time-conscious.
B It is a convenience for work and life.
C It may have a negative effect on creative work.
D It clearly indicates the fast pace of modern life.
答案解析：
46. C) It may have a negative effect on creative work.
解析：观点态度题，题干中time displayed everywhere定位到第二段These days, the time is everywhere: not just on clocks or watches, but on cell-phones and computers. That may be a bad thing, particularly at work. New research shows on that clock-based work schedules hinder morale (士气) and creativity.第一句指出时间随处可见，第二句a bad thing指出，新的研究表明以时间为计时基础可能会抑制员工的士气和创造性。由此我们可以得出，这种工作模式可能会对需要创造性的工作产生负面影响。
22、47. How do people usually go about their work according to the author?
A They combine clock-based and task-based planning.
B They give priority to the most urgent task on hand.
C They set a time limit for each specific task.
D They accomplish their tasks one by one.
答案解析：
47. A) They combine clock-based and task-based planning.
解析：细节题，题目中问到人们怎么样展开工作，由此我们可以定位到第三段最后一句It is said that all of us employ a mix of both these types of planning.据说几乎所有人都会把这两种工作模式混合。故选项为A。
23、48. What did Tamar Avnet and Anne-Laure Sellier find in their experiments about clock-timers?
A They seize opportunities as they come up.
B They always get their work done in time.
C They have more control-over their lives.
D They tend to be more productive.
答案解析：
48. D) They tend to be more productive.
解析：细节题，由人名定位到第四段They found clock timers to be more efficient but less happy because they felt little control over their lives. Task timers are happier and more creative, but less productive. They tend to enjoy the moment when something good is happening, and seize opportunities that come up.以时间计时的人效率很高但是由于觉得自己受到了时间的控制而不高兴。以任务及计时的人更开心，且更有创造性，但是工作效率比较低，他们倾向于享受当下的好时光，抓住一切出现的机会。A项是任务计时者的特点，B项未提及，C项原文中是一点控制而不是更多，D项productive对应文章中的efficient，效率比较高，因此选D。
24、49. What do the researchers say about today’s business culture?
A It does not support the strategies adopted by smart companies.
B It does not attach enough importance to task-based practice.
C It places more emphasis on work efficiency than on workers’ lives.
D It aims to bring employees’ potential and creativity into full play.
答案解析：
49. B) It does not attach enough importance to task-based practice.
解析：推断题，由business culture定位到第五段。The researchers argue that task-based organizing tends to be undervalued and under-supported in the business culture.研究表明在企业文化中，任务计时的模式不被重视和支持，说明重要性没有得以注意，因此选B，attach importance to，给予…重要性。
25、50. What do the researchers suggest?
A Task-based timing is preferred for doing creative work.
B It is important to keep a balance between work and life.
C Performing creative jobs tends to make workers happier.
D A scientific standard should be adopted in job evaluation.
答案解析：
50. A) Task-based timing is preferred for doing creative work.
解析：推断题，researchers和suggest定位到第六段the researchers argue that…task-based timing should be used when performing a job that requires more creativity.
Martha Stewart was charged, tried and convicted of a crime in 2004. As she neared the end of her prison sentence, a well-known columnist wrote that she was “paying her dues,” and that “there is simply no reason for anyone to attempt to deny her right to start anew.”
Surely, the American ideal of second chances should not be reserved only for the rich and powerful. Unfortunately, many federal and state laws impose post-conviction restrictions on a shockingly large number of Americans, who are prevented from ever fully paying their debt to society.
At least 65 million people in the United States have a criminal record. This can result in severe penalties that continue long after punishment is completed.
Many of these penalties are imposed regardless of the seriousness of the offense or the person’s individual circumstances. Laws can restrict or ban voting, access to public housing, and professional and business licensing. They can affect a person’s ability to get a job and qualification for benefits.
In all, more than 45,000 laws and rules serve to exclude vast numbers of people from fully participating in American life.
Some laws make sense. No one advocates letting someone convicted of pedophilia (恋童癖) work in a school. But too often collateral (随附的) consequences bear no relation to public safety. Should a woman who possessed a small amount of drugs years ago be permanently unable to be licensed as a nurse?
These laws are also counterproductive, since they make it harder for people with criminal records to find housing or land a job, two key factors that reduce backsliding.
A recent report makes several recommendations, including the abolition of most post-conviction penalties, except for those specifically needed to protect public safety. Where the penalties are not a must, they should be imposed only if the facts of a case support it.
The point is not to excuse or forget the crime. Rather, it is to recognize that in America’s vast criminal justice system, second chances are crucial. It is in no one’s interest to keep a large segment of the population on the margins of society.
26、51. What does the well-known columnist’s remark about Martha Stewart suggest?
A Her past record might stand in her way to a new life.
B Her business went bankrupt while she was in prison.
C Her release from prison has drawn little attention.
D Her prison sentence might have been extended.
答案解析：
51. A) Her past record might stand in her way to a new life.
解析：推断题，由文中的well-known columnist和人名Martha Stewart定位到第一段a well-known columnist wrote that she was “paying her dues,” and that “there is simply no reason for anyone to attempt to deny her right to start anew.”一个知名的专栏作家觉得Martha Stewart已经受到了惩罚，任何人都不应该试图剥夺一个人重新开始的权利，言外之意就是，作家觉得Martha Stewart的入狱经历可能会影响到她以后的新生活。B选项她的公司破产，D选项她的刑期被延长并未提及，C项由这个知名专栏作家的态度可以看出Martha Stewart的案子引起了公众关注。因此，选A。
27、52. What do we learn from the second paragraph about many criminals in America?
A They backslide after serving their terms in prison.
B They are deprived of chances to turn over a new leaf.
C They receive severe penalties for committing minor offenses.
D They are convicted regardless of their individual circumstances.
答案解析：
52.B) They are deprived of chances to turn over a new leaf.
解析：推断题，定位到文章第二段，Unfortunately, many federal and state laws impose post-conviction restrictions on a shockingly large number of Americans, who are prevented from ever fully paying their debt to society,不幸的是，很多联邦政府的法律条款都强调了对大部分美国人刑满释放以后实施限制，不允许他们重新完全回报社会，言外之意就是刑满人员重新步入社会会受到很多限制，不能完全开始新的人生。因此选B。
28、53. What are the consequences for many Americans with a criminal record?
A They remain poor for the rest of their lives.
B They are deprived of all social benefits.
C They are marginalized in society.
D They are deserted by their family.
答案解析：
53.C) They are marginalized in society.
解析：推断题，由consequences 和many Americans with a criminal record定位到第三段，This can result in severe penalties that continue long after punishment is completed,以及第四段，Laws can restrict or ban voting, access to public housing, and professional and business licensing. They can affect a person's ability to get a job and qualification for benefits.即使刑满释放了，还要接受继续的严重的惩罚，包括剥夺了选举权，享有公共住房的权利，取得相关从业资格的权利以及相关的福利的权利。即享受不到这些公民正常享有的权利，被社会排挤，边缘化。A项终身贫穷，B项剥夺所有社会福利，太绝对。D项被家庭抛弃未提及。
29、54. What does the author think of the post-conviction laws and rules?
A They help to maintain social stability.
B Some of them have long been outdated.
C They are hardly understood by the public.
D A lot of them have negative effects on society.
答案解析：
54.D) A lot of them have negative effects on society.
解析：观点态度题，问到作者对于这些刑满后的限制的法律的态度，六段七段均表达了作者的看法，第六段说一些法律起到了效果，第七段These laws are also counterproductive, since they make it harder for people with criminal records to find housing or land a job, two key factors that reduce backsliding.这些法律同样也会产生相反的效果，因为对于有犯罪记录的人来说，找房子或者工作都有难度，而房子和工作正是使他们避免重蹈覆辙的重要因素。因此，作者并不认同一些法律和法规，觉得这些法律和法规对有犯罪记录的人不公平，对社会造成了负面影响。因此选D。
30、55. What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage?
A To create opportunities for criminals to reform themselves.
B To appeal for changes in America’s criminal justice system.
C To ensure that people with a criminal record live a decent life.
D To call people’s attention to prisoners’ conditions in America.
答案解析：
55.B) To appeal for changes in America’s criminal justice system.
解析：主旨题，main purpose 定位到最后一段The point is not to excuse or forget the crime. Rather, it is to recognize that in America's vast criminal justice system, second chances are crucial. It is in no one's interest to keep a large segment of the population on the margins of society.作者并不是希望大家原谅或者忘记犯罪的事实，而是，要意识到在美国庞大的法律体系中，重新改过的机会很重要。由此看出，作者呼吁能够对刑法体系中一系列的不合理的地方进行改革，选B。
