Children do not think the way adults do. For most of the first year of life, if something is out of sight, it’s out of mind. If you cover a baby’s (26)_____ toy with a piece of cloth, the baby thinks the toy has disappeared and stops looking for it. A 4-year-old may (27)_____ that a sister has more fruit juice when it is only the shapes of the glasses that differ, not the (28)_____ of juice.
Yet children are smart in their own way. Like good little scientists, children are always testing their child-sized (29)_____ about how things work.When your child throws her spoon on the floor for the sixth time as you try to feed her, and you say, “That’s enough! I will not pick up your spoon again!” the child will (30)_____ test your claim. Are you serious? Are you angry? What will happen if she throws the spoon again? She is not doing this to drive you (31)_____; rather, she is learning that her desires and yours can differ, and that sometimes those (32)_____ are important and sometimes they are not.
How and why does children’s thinking change? In the 1920s, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget proposed that children’s cognitive (认知的) abilities unfold (33)_____, like the blooming of a flower, almost independent of what else is (34)_____ in their lives. Although many of his specific conclusions have been (35)_____ or modified over the years, his ideas inspired thousands of studies by investigators all over the world.
【A】Looking back on too many years of education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared about me, and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t. Her expectations were high—impossibly so. She was an English teacher. She was also my mother.
【B】When good students turn in an essay, they dream of their instructor returning it to them in exactly the same condition, save for a single word added in the margin of the final page: “Flawless.” This dream came true for me one afternoon in the ninth grade. Of course, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so I was only slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of 14. Obviously, I did what any professional writer would do; I hurried off to spread the good news. I didn't get very far. The first person I told was my mother.
【C】My mother, who is just shy of five feet tall, is normally incredibly soft-spoken, but on the rare occasion when she got angry, she was terrifying. I am not sure if she was more upset by my hubris (得意忘形) or by the fact that my English teacher had let my ego get so out of hand. In any event, my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be. At the time, I am sure she thought she was teaching me about mechanics, transitions (过渡), structure, style and voice. But what I learned, and what stuck with me through my time teaching writing at Harvard, was a deeper lesson about the nature of creative criticism.
【D】First off, it hurts. Genuine criticism, the type that leaves a lasting mark on you as a writer, also leaves an existential imprint (印记) on you as a person. I have heard people say that a writer should never take criticism personally. I say that we should never listen to these people.
【E】Criticism, at its best, is deeply personal, and gets to the heart of why we write the way we do. The intimate nature of genuine criticism implies something about who is able to give it, namely, someone who knows you well enough to show you how your mental life is getting in the way of good writing. Conveniently, they are also the people who care enough to see you through this painful realization. For me it took the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer’s block—I was not able to produce anything for three years.
【F】Franz Kafka once said: “Writing is utter solitude (独处), the descent into the cold abyss (深渊) of oneself.” My mother’s criticism had shown me that Kafka is right about the cold abyss, and when you make the introspective (内省的) descent that writing requires you are not always pleased by what you find. But, in the years that followed, her sustained tutoring suggested that Kafka might be wrong about the solitude. I was lucky enough to find a critic and teacher who was willing to make the journey of writing with me. “It is a thing of no great difficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise objections against another man’s speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome.” I am sure I wrote essays in the later years of high school without my mother’s guidance, but I can’t recall them. What I remember, however, is how she took up the “extremely troublesome” work of ongoing criticism.
【G】There are two ways to interpret Plutarch when he suggests that a critic should be able to produce “a better in its place.” In a straightforward sense, he could mean that a critic must be more talented than the artist she critiques (评论). My mother was well covered on this count. But perhaps Plutarch is suggesting something slightly different, something a bit closer to Marcus Cicero’s claim that one should “criticize by creation, not by finding fault.” Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better on his own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but also almost always meaningful.
【H】My mother said she would help me with my writing, but first I had to help myself. For each assignment, I was to write the best essay I could. Real criticism is not meant to find obvious mistakes, so if she found any—the type I could have found on my own—I had to start from scratch. From scratch. Once the essay was “flawless,” she would take an evening to walk me through my errors. That was when true criticism, the type that changed me as a person, began.
【I】She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon (行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech. “Writers can’t bluff (虚张声势) their way through ignorance.” That was news to me—I would need to find another way to structure my daily existence.
【J】She trimmed back my flowery language, drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value of restraint in expression. “John,” she almost whispered. I leaned in to hear her: “I can’t hear you when you shout at me.” So I stopped shouting and bluffing, and slowly my writing improved.
【K】Somewhere along the way I set aside my hopes of writing that flawless essay. But perhaps I missed something important in my mother’s lessons about creativity and perfection. Perhaps the point of writing the flawless essay was not to give up, but to never willingly finish. Whitman repeatedly reworked “Song of Myself” between 1855 and 1891. Repeatedly. We do our absolute best with a piece of writing, and come as close as we can to the ideal. And, for the time being, we settle. In critique, however, we are forced to depart, to give up the perfection we thought we had achieved for the chance of being even a little bit better. This is the lesson I took from my mother: If perfection were possible, it would not be motivating.
11、36. The author was advised against the improper use of figures of speech.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. The author was advised against the improper use of figures(修辞) of speech.
I）She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech.
解析:根据题目中的figures of speech，可以定位到文章的I段，这句话的意思是，作者被建议不要使用不合适的修辞。结合I段中She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech，当作者在文章中加入了不常见的引用和一些比较专业的行话时，这些引用虽然很精彩但是不相关（improper use），母亲表现出来no patience。因此也可以看出是advised against。这段话中只出现了figures of speech(修辞) 一个完全相同的题眼，其余的都是要根据段落意思来总结的。
37. The author’s mother taught him a valuable lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect essay.
C）In any event, my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be.
解析:题目中并没有出现和原文完全相同的题眼，因此大家应该切记同义替换。题目的意思是，作者的母亲通过指出他看似完美的一篇文章中的许多错误来给他上了宝贵的一课。回归到原文中，C段的意思是，作者将自己认为完美的文章拿给母亲看，却换来了母亲的批评，并且用红笔标记出了作者自认为完美的文章之中其实有很多错误。deeply flawed形容错误程度很深，与题目中的lots of flaws对应，flawless essay，与题目中的perfect essay对应。
38. A writer should polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.
K）Repeatedly. We do our absolute best with a piece of writing, and come as close as we can to the ideal.
解析:首先，题目的意思是，一个作家应该反复打磨自己的作品，从而更加接近完美。原文中，作者提出了自己对于完美文章的看法。repeatedly重现，ideal与perfection意思相同，polish与we do our absolute best 意思相近，as close as与get closer意思相同，同样这是一道同义替换题。用来定位的关键词大多是原文单词的同义替换。
39. Writers may experience periods of time in their life when they just can’t produce anything.
E）For me it took the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer’s block—I was not able to produce anything for three years.
解析:题目的意思是，作家们一生中可能会经历一段无法创作出任何东西的时期，也就是大家常说的瓶颈期。回归原文中，作者提及了自己遇到了任何一个作家都会遇到的瓶颈期，三年写不出任何东西。Three years 对应文章的periods of time。Not able to produce anything 对应文章的can’t produce anything。
40. The author was not much surprised when his school teacher marked his essay as “flawless”.
B）Of course, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so I was only slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of 14.
解析:题目的意思是，当老师觉得作者的文章堪称完美时，作者并没有表现的很惊讶。回归原文中，B段提到天才在很小的年龄就显露出来了，作者对于自己在14岁就写出了完美文章仅仅表现出了一点惊讶。Not much surprised 对应于slightly taken aback，perfection对应于flawless。
41. Criticizing someone’s speech is said to be easier than coming up with a better one.
F）“It is a thing of no great difficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise objections against another man’s speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome.”
解析:题目的意思是批判一个人的言论往往比提出一个更好的结论容易些。回归原文中，Plutarch说，对一个人的言论提出质疑和反对，是很容易的一件事情，但是想要提出一个更好的改进方案却是很麻烦的。Criticizing对应于raise objections，produce对应于come up with。这些都是同义转换。
42. The author looks upon his mother as his most demanding and caring instructor.
A）Looking back on too many years of education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared about me,and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t.
解析:题目的意思是作者将自己的母亲视为人生中最高要求的并且最关心他的导师。回归原文中，作者提到当回想起自己多年的教育经历时，他很确定的说有一个极其严格的老师，在即使他自己都没有太多关注自己的生活时，关心着他的个人生活和学习，这里的most demanding and caring 对应于原文中的truly impossible，truly impossible字面意思是非常不可能，放到原文中可以看出作者其实想表达母亲对自己要求严格。
43. The criticism the author received from his mother changed him as a person.
H）That was when true criticism, the type that changed me as a person, began.
44. The author gradually improved his writing by avoiding fancy language.
J）She trimmed back my flowery language, drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value of restraint in expression. and slowly my writing improved.
45. Constructive criticism gives an author a good start to improve his writing.
G）Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better on his own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but also almost always meaningful.
解析:题目中提到建设性的批评建使得作者在提高写作水平方面有了一个新的开始。回归原文中，诚恳的批评会带给作者一个珍贵的开端使得他能够变得更好，虽然这个过程往往是极其痛苦的，但是也是很有意义的。a good start与原文中a precious opening同义转换，improve his writing 对应于文中的become better on his own terms。
12、37. The author’s mother taught him a valuable lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect essay.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. The author was advised against the improper use of figures(修辞) of speech.
I）She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech.
解析:根据题目中的figures of speech，可以定位到文章的I段，这句话的意思是，作者被建议不要使用不合适的修辞。结合I段中She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech，当作者在文章中加入了不常见的引用和一些比较专业的行话时，这些引用虽然很精彩但是不相关（improper use），母亲表现出来no patience。因此也可以看出是advised against。这段话中只出现了figures of speech(修辞) 一个完全相同的题眼，其余的都是要根据段落意思来总结的。
37. The author’s mother taught him a valuable lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect essay.
C）In any event, my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be.
解析:题目中并没有出现和原文完全相同的题眼，因此大家应该切记同义替换。题目的意思是，作者的母亲通过指出他看似完美的一篇文章中的许多错误来给他上了宝贵的一课。回归到原文中，C段的意思是，作者将自己认为完美的文章拿给母亲看，却换来了母亲的批评，并且用红笔标记出了作者自认为完美的文章之中其实有很多错误。deeply flawed形容错误程度很深，与题目中的lots of flaws对应，flawless essay，与题目中的perfect essay对应。
38. A writer should polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.
K）Repeatedly. We do our absolute best with a piece of writing, and come as close as we can to the ideal.
解析:首先，题目的意思是，一个作家应该反复打磨自己的作品，从而更加接近完美。原文中，作者提出了自己对于完美文章的看法。repeatedly重现，ideal与perfection意思相同，polish与we do our absolute best 意思相近，as close as与get closer意思相同，同样这是一道同义替换题。用来定位的关键词大多是原文单词的同义替换。
39. Writers may experience periods of time in their life when they just can’t produce anything.
E）For me it took the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer’s block—I was not able to produce anything for three years.
解析:题目的意思是，作家们一生中可能会经历一段无法创作出任何东西的时期，也就是大家常说的瓶颈期。回归原文中，作者提及了自己遇到了任何一个作家都会遇到的瓶颈期，三年写不出任何东西。Three years 对应文章的periods of time。Not able to produce anything 对应文章的can’t produce anything。
40. The author was not much surprised when his school teacher marked his essay as “flawless”.
B）Of course, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so I was only slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of 14.
解析:题目的意思是，当老师觉得作者的文章堪称完美时，作者并没有表现的很惊讶。回归原文中，B段提到天才在很小的年龄就显露出来了，作者对于自己在14岁就写出了完美文章仅仅表现出了一点惊讶。Not much surprised 对应于slightly taken aback，perfection对应于flawless。
41. Criticizing someone’s speech is said to be easier than coming up with a better one.
F）“It is a thing of no great difficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise objections against another man’s speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome.”
解析:题目的意思是批判一个人的言论往往比提出一个更好的结论容易些。回归原文中，Plutarch说，对一个人的言论提出质疑和反对，是很容易的一件事情，但是想要提出一个更好的改进方案却是很麻烦的。Criticizing对应于raise objections，produce对应于come up with。这些都是同义转换。
42. The author looks upon his mother as his most demanding and caring instructor.
A）Looking back on too many years of education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared about me,and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t.
解析:题目的意思是作者将自己的母亲视为人生中最高要求的并且最关心他的导师。回归原文中，作者提到当回想起自己多年的教育经历时，他很确定的说有一个极其严格的老师，在即使他自己都没有太多关注自己的生活时，关心着他的个人生活和学习，这里的most demanding and caring 对应于原文中的truly impossible，truly impossible字面意思是非常不可能，放到原文中可以看出作者其实想表达母亲对自己要求严格。
43. The criticism the author received from his mother changed him as a person.
H）That was when true criticism, the type that changed me as a person, began.
44. The author gradually improved his writing by avoiding fancy language.
J）She trimmed back my flowery language, drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value of restraint in expression. and slowly my writing improved.
45. Constructive criticism gives an author a good start to improve his writing.
G）Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better on his own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but also almost always meaningful.
解析:题目中提到建设性的批评建使得作者在提高写作水平方面有了一个新的开始。回归原文中，诚恳的批评会带给作者一个珍贵的开端使得他能够变得更好，虽然这个过程往往是极其痛苦的，但是也是很有意义的。a good start与原文中a precious opening同义转换，improve his writing 对应于文中的become better on his own terms。
13、38. A writer should polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. The author was advised against the improper use of figures(修辞) of speech.
I）She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech.
解析:根据题目中的figures of speech，可以定位到文章的I段，这句话的意思是，作者被建议不要使用不合适的修辞。结合I段中She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech，当作者在文章中加入了不常见的引用和一些比较专业的行话时，这些引用虽然很精彩但是不相关（improper use），母亲表现出来no patience。因此也可以看出是advised against。这段话中只出现了figures of speech(修辞) 一个完全相同的题眼，其余的都是要根据段落意思来总结的。
37. The author’s mother taught him a valuable lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect essay.
C）In any event, my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be.
解析:题目中并没有出现和原文完全相同的题眼，因此大家应该切记同义替换。题目的意思是，作者的母亲通过指出他看似完美的一篇文章中的许多错误来给他上了宝贵的一课。回归到原文中，C段的意思是，作者将自己认为完美的文章拿给母亲看，却换来了母亲的批评，并且用红笔标记出了作者自认为完美的文章之中其实有很多错误。deeply flawed形容错误程度很深，与题目中的lots of flaws对应，flawless essay，与题目中的perfect essay对应。
38. A writer should polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.
K）Repeatedly. We do our absolute best with a piece of writing, and come as close as we can to the ideal.
解析:首先，题目的意思是，一个作家应该反复打磨自己的作品，从而更加接近完美。原文中，作者提出了自己对于完美文章的看法。repeatedly重现，ideal与perfection意思相同，polish与we do our absolute best 意思相近，as close as与get closer意思相同，同样这是一道同义替换题。用来定位的关键词大多是原文单词的同义替换。
39. Writers may experience periods of time in their life when they just can’t produce anything.
E）For me it took the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer’s block—I was not able to produce anything for three years.
解析:题目的意思是，作家们一生中可能会经历一段无法创作出任何东西的时期，也就是大家常说的瓶颈期。回归原文中，作者提及了自己遇到了任何一个作家都会遇到的瓶颈期，三年写不出任何东西。Three years 对应文章的periods of time。Not able to produce anything 对应文章的can’t produce anything。
40. The author was not much surprised when his school teacher marked his essay as “flawless”.
B）Of course, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so I was only slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of 14.
解析:题目的意思是，当老师觉得作者的文章堪称完美时，作者并没有表现的很惊讶。回归原文中，B段提到天才在很小的年龄就显露出来了，作者对于自己在14岁就写出了完美文章仅仅表现出了一点惊讶。Not much surprised 对应于slightly taken aback，perfection对应于flawless。
41. Criticizing someone’s speech is said to be easier than coming up with a better one.
F）“It is a thing of no great difficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise objections against another man’s speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome.”
解析:题目的意思是批判一个人的言论往往比提出一个更好的结论容易些。回归原文中，Plutarch说，对一个人的言论提出质疑和反对，是很容易的一件事情，但是想要提出一个更好的改进方案却是很麻烦的。Criticizing对应于raise objections，produce对应于come up with。这些都是同义转换。
42. The author looks upon his mother as his most demanding and caring instructor.
A）Looking back on too many years of education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared about me,and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t.
解析:题目的意思是作者将自己的母亲视为人生中最高要求的并且最关心他的导师。回归原文中，作者提到当回想起自己多年的教育经历时，他很确定的说有一个极其严格的老师，在即使他自己都没有太多关注自己的生活时，关心着他的个人生活和学习，这里的most demanding and caring 对应于原文中的truly impossible，truly impossible字面意思是非常不可能，放到原文中可以看出作者其实想表达母亲对自己要求严格。
43. The criticism the author received from his mother changed him as a person.
H）That was when true criticism, the type that changed me as a person, began.
44. The author gradually improved his writing by avoiding fancy language.
J）She trimmed back my flowery language, drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value of restraint in expression. and slowly my writing improved.
45. Constructive criticism gives an author a good start to improve his writing.
G）Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better on his own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but also almost always meaningful.
解析:题目中提到建设性的批评建使得作者在提高写作水平方面有了一个新的开始。回归原文中，诚恳的批评会带给作者一个珍贵的开端使得他能够变得更好，虽然这个过程往往是极其痛苦的，但是也是很有意义的。a good start与原文中a precious opening同义转换，improve his writing 对应于文中的become better on his own terms。
14、39. Writers may experience periods of time in their life when they just can’t produce anything.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. The author was advised against the improper use of figures(修辞) of speech.
I）She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech.
解析:根据题目中的figures of speech，可以定位到文章的I段，这句话的意思是，作者被建议不要使用不合适的修辞。结合I段中She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech，当作者在文章中加入了不常见的引用和一些比较专业的行话时，这些引用虽然很精彩但是不相关（improper use），母亲表现出来no patience。因此也可以看出是advised against。这段话中只出现了figures of speech(修辞) 一个完全相同的题眼，其余的都是要根据段落意思来总结的。
37. The author’s mother taught him a valuable lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect essay.
C）In any event, my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be.
解析:题目中并没有出现和原文完全相同的题眼，因此大家应该切记同义替换。题目的意思是，作者的母亲通过指出他看似完美的一篇文章中的许多错误来给他上了宝贵的一课。回归到原文中，C段的意思是，作者将自己认为完美的文章拿给母亲看，却换来了母亲的批评，并且用红笔标记出了作者自认为完美的文章之中其实有很多错误。deeply flawed形容错误程度很深，与题目中的lots of flaws对应，flawless essay，与题目中的perfect essay对应。
38. A writer should polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.
K）Repeatedly. We do our absolute best with a piece of writing, and come as close as we can to the ideal.
解析:首先，题目的意思是，一个作家应该反复打磨自己的作品，从而更加接近完美。原文中，作者提出了自己对于完美文章的看法。repeatedly重现，ideal与perfection意思相同，polish与we do our absolute best 意思相近，as close as与get closer意思相同，同样这是一道同义替换题。用来定位的关键词大多是原文单词的同义替换。
39. Writers may experience periods of time in their life when they just can’t produce anything.
E）For me it took the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer’s block—I was not able to produce anything for three years.
解析:题目的意思是，作家们一生中可能会经历一段无法创作出任何东西的时期，也就是大家常说的瓶颈期。回归原文中，作者提及了自己遇到了任何一个作家都会遇到的瓶颈期，三年写不出任何东西。Three years 对应文章的periods of time。Not able to produce anything 对应文章的can’t produce anything。
40. The author was not much surprised when his school teacher marked his essay as “flawless”.
B）Of course, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so I was only slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of 14.
解析:题目的意思是，当老师觉得作者的文章堪称完美时，作者并没有表现的很惊讶。回归原文中，B段提到天才在很小的年龄就显露出来了，作者对于自己在14岁就写出了完美文章仅仅表现出了一点惊讶。Not much surprised 对应于slightly taken aback，perfection对应于flawless。
41. Criticizing someone’s speech is said to be easier than coming up with a better one.
F）“It is a thing of no great difficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise objections against another man’s speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome.”
解析:题目的意思是批判一个人的言论往往比提出一个更好的结论容易些。回归原文中，Plutarch说，对一个人的言论提出质疑和反对，是很容易的一件事情，但是想要提出一个更好的改进方案却是很麻烦的。Criticizing对应于raise objections，produce对应于come up with。这些都是同义转换。
42. The author looks upon his mother as his most demanding and caring instructor.
A）Looking back on too many years of education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared about me,and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t.
解析:题目的意思是作者将自己的母亲视为人生中最高要求的并且最关心他的导师。回归原文中，作者提到当回想起自己多年的教育经历时，他很确定的说有一个极其严格的老师，在即使他自己都没有太多关注自己的生活时，关心着他的个人生活和学习，这里的most demanding and caring 对应于原文中的truly impossible，truly impossible字面意思是非常不可能，放到原文中可以看出作者其实想表达母亲对自己要求严格。
43. The criticism the author received from his mother changed him as a person.
H）That was when true criticism, the type that changed me as a person, began.
44. The author gradually improved his writing by avoiding fancy language.
J）She trimmed back my flowery language, drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value of restraint in expression. and slowly my writing improved.
45. Constructive criticism gives an author a good start to improve his writing.
G）Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better on his own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but also almost always meaningful.
解析:题目中提到建设性的批评建使得作者在提高写作水平方面有了一个新的开始。回归原文中，诚恳的批评会带给作者一个珍贵的开端使得他能够变得更好，虽然这个过程往往是极其痛苦的，但是也是很有意义的。a good start与原文中a precious opening同义转换，improve his writing 对应于文中的become better on his own terms。
15、40. The author was not much surprised when his school teacher marked his essay as “flawless”.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. The author was advised against the improper use of figures(修辞) of speech.
I）She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech.
解析:根据题目中的figures of speech，可以定位到文章的I段，这句话的意思是，作者被建议不要使用不合适的修辞。结合I段中She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech，当作者在文章中加入了不常见的引用和一些比较专业的行话时，这些引用虽然很精彩但是不相关（improper use），母亲表现出来no patience。因此也可以看出是advised against。这段话中只出现了figures of speech(修辞) 一个完全相同的题眼，其余的都是要根据段落意思来总结的。
37. The author’s mother taught him a valuable lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect essay.
C）In any event, my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be.
解析:题目中并没有出现和原文完全相同的题眼，因此大家应该切记同义替换。题目的意思是，作者的母亲通过指出他看似完美的一篇文章中的许多错误来给他上了宝贵的一课。回归到原文中，C段的意思是，作者将自己认为完美的文章拿给母亲看，却换来了母亲的批评，并且用红笔标记出了作者自认为完美的文章之中其实有很多错误。deeply flawed形容错误程度很深，与题目中的lots of flaws对应，flawless essay，与题目中的perfect essay对应。
38. A writer should polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.
K）Repeatedly. We do our absolute best with a piece of writing, and come as close as we can to the ideal.
解析:首先，题目的意思是，一个作家应该反复打磨自己的作品，从而更加接近完美。原文中，作者提出了自己对于完美文章的看法。repeatedly重现，ideal与perfection意思相同，polish与we do our absolute best 意思相近，as close as与get closer意思相同，同样这是一道同义替换题。用来定位的关键词大多是原文单词的同义替换。
39. Writers may experience periods of time in their life when they just can’t produce anything.
E）For me it took the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer’s block—I was not able to produce anything for three years.
解析:题目的意思是，作家们一生中可能会经历一段无法创作出任何东西的时期，也就是大家常说的瓶颈期。回归原文中，作者提及了自己遇到了任何一个作家都会遇到的瓶颈期，三年写不出任何东西。Three years 对应文章的periods of time。Not able to produce anything 对应文章的can’t produce anything。
40. The author was not much surprised when his school teacher marked his essay as “flawless”.
B）Of course, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so I was only slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of 14.
解析:题目的意思是，当老师觉得作者的文章堪称完美时，作者并没有表现的很惊讶。回归原文中，B段提到天才在很小的年龄就显露出来了，作者对于自己在14岁就写出了完美文章仅仅表现出了一点惊讶。Not much surprised 对应于slightly taken aback，perfection对应于flawless。
41. Criticizing someone’s speech is said to be easier than coming up with a better one.
F）“It is a thing of no great difficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise objections against another man’s speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome.”
解析:题目的意思是批判一个人的言论往往比提出一个更好的结论容易些。回归原文中，Plutarch说，对一个人的言论提出质疑和反对，是很容易的一件事情，但是想要提出一个更好的改进方案却是很麻烦的。Criticizing对应于raise objections，produce对应于come up with。这些都是同义转换。
42. The author looks upon his mother as his most demanding and caring instructor.
A）Looking back on too many years of education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared about me,and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t.
解析:题目的意思是作者将自己的母亲视为人生中最高要求的并且最关心他的导师。回归原文中，作者提到当回想起自己多年的教育经历时，他很确定的说有一个极其严格的老师，在即使他自己都没有太多关注自己的生活时，关心着他的个人生活和学习，这里的most demanding and caring 对应于原文中的truly impossible，truly impossible字面意思是非常不可能，放到原文中可以看出作者其实想表达母亲对自己要求严格。
43. The criticism the author received from his mother changed him as a person.
H）That was when true criticism, the type that changed me as a person, began.
44. The author gradually improved his writing by avoiding fancy language.
J）She trimmed back my flowery language, drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value of restraint in expression. and slowly my writing improved.
45. Constructive criticism gives an author a good start to improve his writing.
G）Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better on his own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but also almost always meaningful.
解析:题目中提到建设性的批评建使得作者在提高写作水平方面有了一个新的开始。回归原文中，诚恳的批评会带给作者一个珍贵的开端使得他能够变得更好，虽然这个过程往往是极其痛苦的，但是也是很有意义的。a good start与原文中a precious opening同义转换，improve his writing 对应于文中的become better on his own terms。
16、41. Criticizing someone’s speech is said to be easier than coming up with a better one.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. The author was advised against the improper use of figures(修辞) of speech.
I）She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech.
解析:根据题目中的figures of speech，可以定位到文章的I段，这句话的意思是，作者被建议不要使用不合适的修辞。结合I段中She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech，当作者在文章中加入了不常见的引用和一些比较专业的行话时，这些引用虽然很精彩但是不相关（improper use），母亲表现出来no patience。因此也可以看出是advised against。这段话中只出现了figures of speech(修辞) 一个完全相同的题眼，其余的都是要根据段落意思来总结的。
37. The author’s mother taught him a valuable lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect essay.
C）In any event, my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be.
解析:题目中并没有出现和原文完全相同的题眼，因此大家应该切记同义替换。题目的意思是，作者的母亲通过指出他看似完美的一篇文章中的许多错误来给他上了宝贵的一课。回归到原文中，C段的意思是，作者将自己认为完美的文章拿给母亲看，却换来了母亲的批评，并且用红笔标记出了作者自认为完美的文章之中其实有很多错误。deeply flawed形容错误程度很深，与题目中的lots of flaws对应，flawless essay，与题目中的perfect essay对应。
38. A writer should polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.
K）Repeatedly. We do our absolute best with a piece of writing, and come as close as we can to the ideal.
解析:首先，题目的意思是，一个作家应该反复打磨自己的作品，从而更加接近完美。原文中，作者提出了自己对于完美文章的看法。repeatedly重现，ideal与perfection意思相同，polish与we do our absolute best 意思相近，as close as与get closer意思相同，同样这是一道同义替换题。用来定位的关键词大多是原文单词的同义替换。
39. Writers may experience periods of time in their life when they just can’t produce anything.
E）For me it took the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer’s block—I was not able to produce anything for three years.
解析:题目的意思是，作家们一生中可能会经历一段无法创作出任何东西的时期，也就是大家常说的瓶颈期。回归原文中，作者提及了自己遇到了任何一个作家都会遇到的瓶颈期，三年写不出任何东西。Three years 对应文章的periods of time。Not able to produce anything 对应文章的can’t produce anything。
40. The author was not much surprised when his school teacher marked his essay as “flawless”.
B）Of course, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so I was only slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of 14.
解析:题目的意思是，当老师觉得作者的文章堪称完美时，作者并没有表现的很惊讶。回归原文中，B段提到天才在很小的年龄就显露出来了，作者对于自己在14岁就写出了完美文章仅仅表现出了一点惊讶。Not much surprised 对应于slightly taken aback，perfection对应于flawless。
41. Criticizing someone’s speech is said to be easier than coming up with a better one.
F）“It is a thing of no great difficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise objections against another man’s speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome.”
解析:题目的意思是批判一个人的言论往往比提出一个更好的结论容易些。回归原文中，Plutarch说，对一个人的言论提出质疑和反对，是很容易的一件事情，但是想要提出一个更好的改进方案却是很麻烦的。Criticizing对应于raise objections，produce对应于come up with。这些都是同义转换。
42. The author looks upon his mother as his most demanding and caring instructor.
A）Looking back on too many years of education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared about me,and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t.
解析:题目的意思是作者将自己的母亲视为人生中最高要求的并且最关心他的导师。回归原文中，作者提到当回想起自己多年的教育经历时，他很确定的说有一个极其严格的老师，在即使他自己都没有太多关注自己的生活时，关心着他的个人生活和学习，这里的most demanding and caring 对应于原文中的truly impossible，truly impossible字面意思是非常不可能，放到原文中可以看出作者其实想表达母亲对自己要求严格。
43. The criticism the author received from his mother changed him as a person.
H）That was when true criticism, the type that changed me as a person, began.
44. The author gradually improved his writing by avoiding fancy language.
J）She trimmed back my flowery language, drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value of restraint in expression. and slowly my writing improved.
45. Constructive criticism gives an author a good start to improve his writing.
G）Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better on his own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but also almost always meaningful.
解析:题目中提到建设性的批评建使得作者在提高写作水平方面有了一个新的开始。回归原文中，诚恳的批评会带给作者一个珍贵的开端使得他能够变得更好，虽然这个过程往往是极其痛苦的，但是也是很有意义的。a good start与原文中a precious opening同义转换，improve his writing 对应于文中的become better on his own terms。
17、42. The author looks upon his mother as his most demanding and caring instructor.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. The author was advised against the improper use of figures(修辞) of speech.
I）She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech.
解析:根据题目中的figures of speech，可以定位到文章的I段，这句话的意思是，作者被建议不要使用不合适的修辞。结合I段中She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech，当作者在文章中加入了不常见的引用和一些比较专业的行话时，这些引用虽然很精彩但是不相关（improper use），母亲表现出来no patience。因此也可以看出是advised against。这段话中只出现了figures of speech(修辞) 一个完全相同的题眼，其余的都是要根据段落意思来总结的。
37. The author’s mother taught him a valuable lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect essay.
C）In any event, my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be.
解析:题目中并没有出现和原文完全相同的题眼，因此大家应该切记同义替换。题目的意思是，作者的母亲通过指出他看似完美的一篇文章中的许多错误来给他上了宝贵的一课。回归到原文中，C段的意思是，作者将自己认为完美的文章拿给母亲看，却换来了母亲的批评，并且用红笔标记出了作者自认为完美的文章之中其实有很多错误。deeply flawed形容错误程度很深，与题目中的lots of flaws对应，flawless essay，与题目中的perfect essay对应。
38. A writer should polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.
K）Repeatedly. We do our absolute best with a piece of writing, and come as close as we can to the ideal.
解析:首先，题目的意思是，一个作家应该反复打磨自己的作品，从而更加接近完美。原文中，作者提出了自己对于完美文章的看法。repeatedly重现，ideal与perfection意思相同，polish与we do our absolute best 意思相近，as close as与get closer意思相同，同样这是一道同义替换题。用来定位的关键词大多是原文单词的同义替换。
39. Writers may experience periods of time in their life when they just can’t produce anything.
E）For me it took the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer’s block—I was not able to produce anything for three years.
解析:题目的意思是，作家们一生中可能会经历一段无法创作出任何东西的时期，也就是大家常说的瓶颈期。回归原文中，作者提及了自己遇到了任何一个作家都会遇到的瓶颈期，三年写不出任何东西。Three years 对应文章的periods of time。Not able to produce anything 对应文章的can’t produce anything。
40. The author was not much surprised when his school teacher marked his essay as “flawless”.
B）Of course, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so I was only slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of 14.
解析:题目的意思是，当老师觉得作者的文章堪称完美时，作者并没有表现的很惊讶。回归原文中，B段提到天才在很小的年龄就显露出来了，作者对于自己在14岁就写出了完美文章仅仅表现出了一点惊讶。Not much surprised 对应于slightly taken aback，perfection对应于flawless。
41. Criticizing someone’s speech is said to be easier than coming up with a better one.
F）“It is a thing of no great difficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise objections against another man’s speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome.”
解析:题目的意思是批判一个人的言论往往比提出一个更好的结论容易些。回归原文中，Plutarch说，对一个人的言论提出质疑和反对，是很容易的一件事情，但是想要提出一个更好的改进方案却是很麻烦的。Criticizing对应于raise objections，produce对应于come up with。这些都是同义转换。
42. The author looks upon his mother as his most demanding and caring instructor.
A）Looking back on too many years of education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared about me,and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t.
解析:题目的意思是作者将自己的母亲视为人生中最高要求的并且最关心他的导师。回归原文中，作者提到当回想起自己多年的教育经历时，他很确定的说有一个极其严格的老师，在即使他自己都没有太多关注自己的生活时，关心着他的个人生活和学习，这里的most demanding and caring 对应于原文中的truly impossible，truly impossible字面意思是非常不可能，放到原文中可以看出作者其实想表达母亲对自己要求严格。
43. The criticism the author received from his mother changed him as a person.
H）That was when true criticism, the type that changed me as a person, began.
44. The author gradually improved his writing by avoiding fancy language.
J）She trimmed back my flowery language, drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value of restraint in expression. and slowly my writing improved.
45. Constructive criticism gives an author a good start to improve his writing.
G）Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better on his own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but also almost always meaningful.
解析:题目中提到建设性的批评建使得作者在提高写作水平方面有了一个新的开始。回归原文中，诚恳的批评会带给作者一个珍贵的开端使得他能够变得更好，虽然这个过程往往是极其痛苦的，但是也是很有意义的。a good start与原文中a precious opening同义转换，improve his writing 对应于文中的become better on his own terms。
18、43. The criticism the author received from his mother changed him as a person.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. The author was advised against the improper use of figures(修辞) of speech.
I）She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech.
解析:根据题目中的figures of speech，可以定位到文章的I段，这句话的意思是，作者被建议不要使用不合适的修辞。结合I段中She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech，当作者在文章中加入了不常见的引用和一些比较专业的行话时，这些引用虽然很精彩但是不相关（improper use），母亲表现出来no patience。因此也可以看出是advised against。这段话中只出现了figures of speech(修辞) 一个完全相同的题眼，其余的都是要根据段落意思来总结的。
37. The author’s mother taught him a valuable lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect essay.
C）In any event, my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be.
解析:题目中并没有出现和原文完全相同的题眼，因此大家应该切记同义替换。题目的意思是，作者的母亲通过指出他看似完美的一篇文章中的许多错误来给他上了宝贵的一课。回归到原文中，C段的意思是，作者将自己认为完美的文章拿给母亲看，却换来了母亲的批评，并且用红笔标记出了作者自认为完美的文章之中其实有很多错误。deeply flawed形容错误程度很深，与题目中的lots of flaws对应，flawless essay，与题目中的perfect essay对应。
38. A writer should polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.
K）Repeatedly. We do our absolute best with a piece of writing, and come as close as we can to the ideal.
解析:首先，题目的意思是，一个作家应该反复打磨自己的作品，从而更加接近完美。原文中，作者提出了自己对于完美文章的看法。repeatedly重现，ideal与perfection意思相同，polish与we do our absolute best 意思相近，as close as与get closer意思相同，同样这是一道同义替换题。用来定位的关键词大多是原文单词的同义替换。
39. Writers may experience periods of time in their life when they just can’t produce anything.
E）For me it took the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer’s block—I was not able to produce anything for three years.
解析:题目的意思是，作家们一生中可能会经历一段无法创作出任何东西的时期，也就是大家常说的瓶颈期。回归原文中，作者提及了自己遇到了任何一个作家都会遇到的瓶颈期，三年写不出任何东西。Three years 对应文章的periods of time。Not able to produce anything 对应文章的can’t produce anything。
40. The author was not much surprised when his school teacher marked his essay as “flawless”.
B）Of course, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so I was only slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of 14.
解析:题目的意思是，当老师觉得作者的文章堪称完美时，作者并没有表现的很惊讶。回归原文中，B段提到天才在很小的年龄就显露出来了，作者对于自己在14岁就写出了完美文章仅仅表现出了一点惊讶。Not much surprised 对应于slightly taken aback，perfection对应于flawless。
41. Criticizing someone’s speech is said to be easier than coming up with a better one.
F）“It is a thing of no great difficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise objections against another man’s speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome.”
解析:题目的意思是批判一个人的言论往往比提出一个更好的结论容易些。回归原文中，Plutarch说，对一个人的言论提出质疑和反对，是很容易的一件事情，但是想要提出一个更好的改进方案却是很麻烦的。Criticizing对应于raise objections，produce对应于come up with。这些都是同义转换。
42. The author looks upon his mother as his most demanding and caring instructor.
A）Looking back on too many years of education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared about me,and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t.
解析:题目的意思是作者将自己的母亲视为人生中最高要求的并且最关心他的导师。回归原文中，作者提到当回想起自己多年的教育经历时，他很确定的说有一个极其严格的老师，在即使他自己都没有太多关注自己的生活时，关心着他的个人生活和学习，这里的most demanding and caring 对应于原文中的truly impossible，truly impossible字面意思是非常不可能，放到原文中可以看出作者其实想表达母亲对自己要求严格。
43. The criticism the author received from his mother changed him as a person.
H）That was when true criticism, the type that changed me as a person, began.
44. The author gradually improved his writing by avoiding fancy language.
J）She trimmed back my flowery language, drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value of restraint in expression. and slowly my writing improved.
45. Constructive criticism gives an author a good start to improve his writing.
G）Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better on his own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but also almost always meaningful.
解析:题目中提到建设性的批评建使得作者在提高写作水平方面有了一个新的开始。回归原文中，诚恳的批评会带给作者一个珍贵的开端使得他能够变得更好，虽然这个过程往往是极其痛苦的，但是也是很有意义的。a good start与原文中a precious opening同义转换，improve his writing 对应于文中的become better on his own terms。
19、44. The author gradually improved his writing by avoiding fancy language.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. The author was advised against the improper use of figures(修辞) of speech.
I）She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech.
解析:根据题目中的figures of speech，可以定位到文章的I段，这句话的意思是，作者被建议不要使用不合适的修辞。结合I段中She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech，当作者在文章中加入了不常见的引用和一些比较专业的行话时，这些引用虽然很精彩但是不相关（improper use），母亲表现出来no patience。因此也可以看出是advised against。这段话中只出现了figures of speech(修辞) 一个完全相同的题眼，其余的都是要根据段落意思来总结的。
37. The author’s mother taught him a valuable lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect essay.
C）In any event, my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be.
解析:题目中并没有出现和原文完全相同的题眼，因此大家应该切记同义替换。题目的意思是，作者的母亲通过指出他看似完美的一篇文章中的许多错误来给他上了宝贵的一课。回归到原文中，C段的意思是，作者将自己认为完美的文章拿给母亲看，却换来了母亲的批评，并且用红笔标记出了作者自认为完美的文章之中其实有很多错误。deeply flawed形容错误程度很深，与题目中的lots of flaws对应，flawless essay，与题目中的perfect essay对应。
38. A writer should polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.
K）Repeatedly. We do our absolute best with a piece of writing, and come as close as we can to the ideal.
解析:首先，题目的意思是，一个作家应该反复打磨自己的作品，从而更加接近完美。原文中，作者提出了自己对于完美文章的看法。repeatedly重现，ideal与perfection意思相同，polish与we do our absolute best 意思相近，as close as与get closer意思相同，同样这是一道同义替换题。用来定位的关键词大多是原文单词的同义替换。
39. Writers may experience periods of time in their life when they just can’t produce anything.
E）For me it took the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer’s block—I was not able to produce anything for three years.
解析:题目的意思是，作家们一生中可能会经历一段无法创作出任何东西的时期，也就是大家常说的瓶颈期。回归原文中，作者提及了自己遇到了任何一个作家都会遇到的瓶颈期，三年写不出任何东西。Three years 对应文章的periods of time。Not able to produce anything 对应文章的can’t produce anything。
40. The author was not much surprised when his school teacher marked his essay as “flawless”.
B）Of course, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so I was only slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of 14.
解析:题目的意思是，当老师觉得作者的文章堪称完美时，作者并没有表现的很惊讶。回归原文中，B段提到天才在很小的年龄就显露出来了，作者对于自己在14岁就写出了完美文章仅仅表现出了一点惊讶。Not much surprised 对应于slightly taken aback，perfection对应于flawless。
41. Criticizing someone’s speech is said to be easier than coming up with a better one.
F）“It is a thing of no great difficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise objections against another man’s speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome.”
解析:题目的意思是批判一个人的言论往往比提出一个更好的结论容易些。回归原文中，Plutarch说，对一个人的言论提出质疑和反对，是很容易的一件事情，但是想要提出一个更好的改进方案却是很麻烦的。Criticizing对应于raise objections，produce对应于come up with。这些都是同义转换。
42. The author looks upon his mother as his most demanding and caring instructor.
A）Looking back on too many years of education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared about me,and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t.
解析:题目的意思是作者将自己的母亲视为人生中最高要求的并且最关心他的导师。回归原文中，作者提到当回想起自己多年的教育经历时，他很确定的说有一个极其严格的老师，在即使他自己都没有太多关注自己的生活时，关心着他的个人生活和学习，这里的most demanding and caring 对应于原文中的truly impossible，truly impossible字面意思是非常不可能，放到原文中可以看出作者其实想表达母亲对自己要求严格。
43. The criticism the author received from his mother changed him as a person.
H）That was when true criticism, the type that changed me as a person, began.
44. The author gradually improved his writing by avoiding fancy language.
J）She trimmed back my flowery language, drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value of restraint in expression. and slowly my writing improved.
45. Constructive criticism gives an author a good start to improve his writing.
G）Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better on his own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but also almost always meaningful.
解析:题目中提到建设性的批评建使得作者在提高写作水平方面有了一个新的开始。回归原文中，诚恳的批评会带给作者一个珍贵的开端使得他能够变得更好，虽然这个过程往往是极其痛苦的，但是也是很有意义的。a good start与原文中a precious opening同义转换，improve his writing 对应于文中的become better on his own terms。
20、45. Constructive criticism gives an author a good start to improve his writing.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
答案解析：36. The author was advised against the improper use of figures(修辞) of speech.
I）She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech.
解析:根据题目中的figures of speech，可以定位到文章的I段，这句话的意思是，作者被建议不要使用不合适的修辞。结合I段中She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech，当作者在文章中加入了不常见的引用和一些比较专业的行话时，这些引用虽然很精彩但是不相关（improper use），母亲表现出来no patience。因此也可以看出是advised against。这段话中只出现了figures of speech(修辞) 一个完全相同的题眼，其余的都是要根据段落意思来总结的。
37. The author’s mother taught him a valuable lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect essay.
C）In any event, my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be.
解析:题目中并没有出现和原文完全相同的题眼，因此大家应该切记同义替换。题目的意思是，作者的母亲通过指出他看似完美的一篇文章中的许多错误来给他上了宝贵的一课。回归到原文中，C段的意思是，作者将自己认为完美的文章拿给母亲看，却换来了母亲的批评，并且用红笔标记出了作者自认为完美的文章之中其实有很多错误。deeply flawed形容错误程度很深，与题目中的lots of flaws对应，flawless essay，与题目中的perfect essay对应。
38. A writer should polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.
K）Repeatedly. We do our absolute best with a piece of writing, and come as close as we can to the ideal.
解析:首先，题目的意思是，一个作家应该反复打磨自己的作品，从而更加接近完美。原文中，作者提出了自己对于完美文章的看法。repeatedly重现，ideal与perfection意思相同，polish与we do our absolute best 意思相近，as close as与get closer意思相同，同样这是一道同义替换题。用来定位的关键词大多是原文单词的同义替换。
39. Writers may experience periods of time in their life when they just can’t produce anything.
E）For me it took the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer’s block—I was not able to produce anything for three years.
解析:题目的意思是，作家们一生中可能会经历一段无法创作出任何东西的时期，也就是大家常说的瓶颈期。回归原文中，作者提及了自己遇到了任何一个作家都会遇到的瓶颈期，三年写不出任何东西。Three years 对应文章的periods of time。Not able to produce anything 对应文章的can’t produce anything。
40. The author was not much surprised when his school teacher marked his essay as “flawless”.
B）Of course, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so I was only slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of 14.
解析:题目的意思是，当老师觉得作者的文章堪称完美时，作者并没有表现的很惊讶。回归原文中，B段提到天才在很小的年龄就显露出来了，作者对于自己在14岁就写出了完美文章仅仅表现出了一点惊讶。Not much surprised 对应于slightly taken aback，perfection对应于flawless。
41. Criticizing someone’s speech is said to be easier than coming up with a better one.
F）“It is a thing of no great difficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise objections against another man’s speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome.”
解析:题目的意思是批判一个人的言论往往比提出一个更好的结论容易些。回归原文中，Plutarch说，对一个人的言论提出质疑和反对，是很容易的一件事情，但是想要提出一个更好的改进方案却是很麻烦的。Criticizing对应于raise objections，produce对应于come up with。这些都是同义转换。
42. The author looks upon his mother as his most demanding and caring instructor.
A）Looking back on too many years of education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared about me,and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t.
解析:题目的意思是作者将自己的母亲视为人生中最高要求的并且最关心他的导师。回归原文中，作者提到当回想起自己多年的教育经历时，他很确定的说有一个极其严格的老师，在即使他自己都没有太多关注自己的生活时，关心着他的个人生活和学习，这里的most demanding and caring 对应于原文中的truly impossible，truly impossible字面意思是非常不可能，放到原文中可以看出作者其实想表达母亲对自己要求严格。
43. The criticism the author received from his mother changed him as a person.
H）That was when true criticism, the type that changed me as a person, began.
44. The author gradually improved his writing by avoiding fancy language.
J）She trimmed back my flowery language, drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value of restraint in expression. and slowly my writing improved.
45. Constructive criticism gives an author a good start to improve his writing.
G）Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better on his own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but also almost always meaningful.
解析:题目中提到建设性的批评建使得作者在提高写作水平方面有了一个新的开始。回归原文中，诚恳的批评会带给作者一个珍贵的开端使得他能够变得更好，虽然这个过程往往是极其痛苦的，但是也是很有意义的。a good start与原文中a precious opening同义转换，improve his writing 对应于文中的become better on his own terms。
Part III Reading Comprehension
Could you reproduce Silicon Valley elsewhere, or is there something unique about it?
It wouldn’t be surprising if it were hard to reproduce in other countries, because you couldn’t reproduce it in most of the US either. What does it take to make a Silicon Valley?
It’s the right people. If you could get the right ten thousand people to move from Silicon Valley to Buffalo, Buffalo would become Silicon Valley.
You only need two kinds of people to create a technology hub (中心): rich people and nerds (痴迷科研的人).
Observation bears this out. Within the US, towns have become startup hubs if and only if they have both rich people and nerds. Few startups happen in Miami, for example, because although it’s full of rich people, it has few nerds. It’s not the kind of place nerds like.
Whereas Pittsburgh has the opposite problem: plenty of nerds, but no rich people. The top US Computer Science departments are said to be MIT, Stanford, Berkeley, and Carnegie-Mellon. MIT yielded Route 128. Stanford and Berkeley yielded Silicon Valley. But what did Carnegie-Mellon yield in Pittsburgh? And what happened in Ithaca, home of Cornell University, which is also high on the list?
I grew up in Pittsburgh and went to college at Cornell, so I can answer for both. The weather is terrible, particularly in winter, and there’s no interesting old city to make up for it, as there is in Boston. Rich people don’t want to live in Pittsburgh or Ithaca. So while there are plenty of hackers (电脑迷) who could start startups, there’s no one to invest in them.
Do you really need the rich people? Wouldn’t it work to have the government invest in the nerds? No, it would not. Startup investors are a distinct type of rich people. They tend to have a lot of experience themselves in the technology business. This helps them pick the right startups, and means they can supply advice and connections as well as money. And the fact that they have a personal stake in the outcome makes them really pay attention.
21、46. What do we learn about Silicon Valley from the passage?
A Its success is hard to copy anywhere else.
B It is the biggest technology hub in the US.
C Its fame in high technology is incomparable.
D It leads the world in information technology.
答案解析：
46. A) Its success is hard to copy anywhere else.
解析:细节题，首先遵循顺序原则，定位到文章前几段，文章中第二段出现了It wouldn’t be surprising if it were hard to reproduce in other countries, because you couldn’t reproduce it in most of the US either.对于很难在其他国家复制硅谷这件事并不足以使人感到惊奇，因为在美国的其他地方也不可以。意思是硅谷难以复制，与题目中的A项符合。B项中说它是美国最大的技术中心，C项说它在高科技领域的声望是无可比拟的，D项，它引领了世界信息技术的发展，均出现了原文中的单词，属于干扰选项。
22、47. What makes Miami unfit to produce a Silicon Valley?
A Lack of incentive for investment.
B Lack of the right kind of talents.
C Lack of government support.
D Lack of famous universities.
答案解析：
47. B) Lack of the right kind of talents.
解析:细节题，根据Miami定位到第五段Few startups happen in Miami, for example, because although it’s full of rich people, it has few nerds. 在迈阿密很少有创业园区，因为尽管那里有很多有钱人，但是却缺乏痴迷科研的人。其实就是缺乏相关的人才。A项缺乏投资动机，C项缺乏政府支持，D缺乏高等学府。这些属于无中生有的选项，原文未提及。
23、48. In what way is Carnegie-Mellon different from Stanford, Berkeley and MIT?
A Its location is not as attractive to rich people.
B Its science departments are not nearly as good.
C It does not produce computer hackers and nerds.
D It does not pay much attention to business startups.
答案解析：
48. A) Its location is not as attractive to rich people.
解析:推断题，由Carnegie-Mellon，Stanford, Berkeley and MIT定位到第六段，定位到倒数第二句，提到Stanford, Berkeley and MIT都开辟了相关的创业园区，但是Carnegie-Mellon呢？紧接着跳到第七段，Rich people don’t want to live in Pittsburgh or Ithaca.讲了有钱人并不想住在Pittsburgh or Ithaca，说明这里不足以吸引有钱人来居住。
24、49. What does the author imply about Boston?
A It has pleasant weather all year round.
B It produces wealth as well as high-tech.
C It is not likely to attract lots of investors and nerds.
D It is an old city with many sites of historical interest.
答案解析：
49. D) It is an old city with many sites of historical interest.
解析:推断题，首先根据Boston定位到第七段，第七段第二句提到了Pittsburgh or Ithaca并不像Boston一样有很多名胜古迹，可以推断出Boston有很多名胜古迹。
25、50. What does the author say about startup investors?
A They are especially wise in making investments.
B They have good connections in the government.
C They can do more than providing money.
D They are rich enough to invest in nerds.
答案解析：
50. C) They can do more than providing money.
解析:推断题。Startup investors定位到第八段Startup investors are a distinct type of rich people. They tend to have a lot of experience themselves in the technology business. This helps them pick the right startups, and means they can supply advice and connections as well as money.创业园区的投资者是一群不寻常的有钱人。他们本身在科技行业就有自己的经验，能帮助他们挑选出合适的创业公司，也就意味着他们可以不仅提供资金，还提供建议和人际关系。advice and connections as well as money说明不只可以提供资金帮助。
Part III Reading Comprehension
It’s nice to have people of like mind around. Agreeable people boost your confidence and allow you to relax and feel comfortable. Unfortunately, that comfort can hinder the very learning that can expand your company and your career.
It’s nice to have people agree, but you need conflicting perspectives to dig out the truth. If everyone around you has similar views, your work will suffer from confirmation bias (偏颇).
Take a look at your own network. Do your contacts share your point of view on most subjects? If yes, it’s time to shake things up. As a leader, it can be challenging to create an environment in which people will freely disagree and argue, but as the saying goes: From confrontation comes brilliance.
It’s not easy for most people to actively seek conflict. Many spend their lives trying to avoid arguments. There’s no need to go out and find people you hate, but you need to do some self-assessment to determine where you have become stale in your thinking. You may need to start by encouraging your current network to help you identify your blind spots.
Passionate, energetic debate does not require anger and hard feelings to be effective. But it does require moral strength. Once you have worthy opponents, set some ground rules so everyone understands responsibilities and boundaries. The objective of this debating game is not to win but to get to the truth that will allow you to move faster, farther, and better.
Fierce debating can hurt feelings, particularly when strong personalities are involved. Make sure you check in with your opponents so that they are not carrying the emotion of the battles beyond the battlefield. Break the tension with smiles and humor to reinforce the idea that this is friendly discourse and that all are working toward a common goal.
Reward all those involved in the debate sufficiently when the goals are reached. Let your sparring partners (拳击陪练) know how much you appreciate their contribution. The more they feel appreciated, the more they'll be willing to get into the ring next time.
26、51. What happens when you have like-minded people around you all the while?
A It will help your company expand more rapidly.
B It will create a harmonious working atmosphere.
C It may prevent your business and career from advancing.
D It may make you feel uncertain about your own decisions.
答案解析：
51.C) It may prevent your business and career from advancing.
解析:细节题，like-minded people 定位到第一段，It’s nice to have people of like mind around. Unfortunately, that comfort can hinder the very learning that can expand your company and your career. Unfortunately出现，表示转折，前面提到跟志趣相投的人在一起很舒服，但是，有时候这种舒服会妨碍对公司业务和事业的拓展。与题目中It may prevent your business and career from advancing.意思相同。
27、52. What does the author suggest leaders do?
A Avoid arguments with business partners.
B Encourage people to disagree and argue.
C Build a wide and strong business network.
D Seek advice from their worthy competitors.
答案解析：
52. B) Encourage people to disagree and argue.
解析:推断题。由leaders定位到第三段As a leader, it can be challenging to create an environment in which people will freely disagree and argue, but as the saying goes: From confrontation comes brilliance.作为一个领导者来说，给员工创建一个可以自由辩论的平台是很有挑战性的，但是有句话说的好：碰撞产生灵感。But这个转折用在这里其实表明了作者对领导创造辩论平台的建议。
28、53. What is the purpose of holding a debate?
A To find out the truth about an issue.
B To build up people's moral strength.
C To remove misunderstandings.
D To look for worthy opponents.
答案解析：
53. A) To find out the truth about an issue.
解析:细节题。由purpose和debate定位到第五段The objective of this debating game is not to win but to get to the truth that will allow you to move faster,and better.这种争论游戏的目的不是赢而是发现可以让你更快更好地进步的真相。B项强化精神力量是辩论的条件和基础而不是目的，C项消除误解未提到，D项寻找有价值的对手属于辩论的准备工作，而不是通过辩论找到有价值的对手。
29、54. What advice does the author give to people engaged in a fierce debate?
A They listen carefully to their opponents’ views.
B They show due respect for each other’s beliefs.
C They present their views clearly and explicitly.
D They take care not to hurt each other’s feelings.
答案解析：
54. D) They take care not to hurt each other’s feelings.
30、55. How should we treat our rivals after a successful debate?
A Try to make peace with them.
B Try to make up the differences.
C Invite them to the ring next time.
D Acknowledge their contribution.
答案解析：
55. D) Acknowledge their contribution.
解析:细节题。定位文中最后一段Reward all those involved in the debate sufficiently when the goals are reached. Let your sparring partners (拳击陪练) know how much you appreciate their contribution.当目的达到时，要给一起参与的伙伴赞美，要让你的拳击陪练知道你很感激他的付出。Acknowledge their contribution承认他们的付出即感激他们的付出。
