It’s our guilty pleasure: Watching TV is the most common everyday activity, after work and sleep, in many parts of the world. Americans view five hours of TV each day, and while we know that spending so much time sitting (36)_____ can lead to obesity (肥胖症) and other disease, researchers have now quantified just how (37)_____ being a couch potato can be.
In an analysis of data from eight large (38)_____ published studies, a Harvard-led group reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that for every two hours per day spent channel (39)_____, the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes (糖尿病) rose 20% over 8.5 years, the risk of heart disease increased 15% over a (40)_____, and the odds of dying prematurely (41)_____ 13% during a seven-year follow-up. All of these (42)_____ are linked to a lack of physical exercise. But compared with other sedentary (久坐的) activities, like knitting, viewing TV may be especially (43)_____ at promoting unhealthy habits. For one, the sheer number of hours we pass watching TV dwarfs the time we spend on anything else. And other studies have found that watching ads for beer and popcorn may make you more likely to (44)_____ them.
Even so, the authors admit that they didn’t compare different sedentary activities to (45)_____ whether TV watching was linked to a greater risk of diabetes, heart disease or early death compared with, say, reading.
【A】Imagine taking a college exam, and, instead of handing in a blue book and getting a grade from a professor a few weeks later, clicking the “send” button when you are done and receiving a grade back instantly, your essay scored by a software program. And then, instead of being done with that exam, imagine that the system would immediately let your rewrite the test to try to improve your grade.
【B】EdX, the nonprofit enterprise founded by Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to offer courses on the Internet, has just introduced such a system and will make its automated (自动的) software available free on the Web to any institution that wants to use it. The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.
【C】The new service will bring the education consortium into a growing conflict over the role of automation in education. Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade easy answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.
【D】Anant Agarwal, an electrical engineer who is president of EdX, predicted that the instant-grading software would be a useful teaching tool, enabling students to take tests and write essays over and over and improve the quality of their answers. He said the technology would offer distinct advantages over the traditional classroom system, where students often wait days or weeks for grades. “There is a huge value in learning with instant feedback,” Dr. Agarwal said, “Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback.”
【E】But skeptics say the automated system is no match for live teachers. One longtime critics, Les Perelman, has drawn national attention several times for putting together nonsense essays that have fooled software grading programs into giving high marks. He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.
【F】He is among a group of educators who last month began circulation a petition opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.
【G】“Let’s face the realities of automatic essay scoring,” the group’s statement reads in part, “Computers cannot ‘read’. They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical (伦理的) position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others.”
【H】But EdX expects its software to be adopted widely by schools and universities. It offers free online classes from Harvard, MIT and the University of California-Berkeley; this fall, it will add classes from Welleslley, Georgetown and the University of Texas. In all, 12 universities participate in EdX, which offers certificates for course completion and said that it plans to continue to expand next year, including adding international schools.
【I】The EdX assessment tool requires human teachers, or grades, to first grade 100 essays or essay questions. The system then uses a variety of machine-learning techniques to train itself to be able to grade any number of essays or answers automatically and almost instantly. The software will assign a grade depending on the scoring system created by the teacher, whether it is a letter grade or numerical (数字的) rank.
【J】EdX is not the first to use the automated assessment technology, which dates to early computers in the 1960s. There is now use the automated assessment technology, which dates to early computers in the 1960s. There is now a range of companies offering commercial programs to grade written test answers, and four states—Louisiana, North Dakota, Utah and West Virginia—are using some form of the technology in secondary schools. A fifth, Indiana, has experimented with it. In some eases the software is used as a “second reader”, to check the reliability of the human graders.
【K】But the growing influence of the EdX consortium to set standards is likely to give the technology a boost. On Tuesday, Stanford announced that it would work with EdX to develop a joint educational system that will make use of the automated assessment technology.
【L】Two start-ups, Coursera and Udacity, recently founded by Stanford faculty members to create “massive open online courses”, or MOOCs, are also committed to automated assessment systems because of the value of instant feedback. “It allows students to get immediate feedback on their work, so that learning turns into a game, with students naturally gravitating (吸引) toward resubmitting the work until they get it right,” said Daphne Koller, a computer scientist and a founder of Coursera.
【M】Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett-Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100,000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers. More than 150 teams entered each category. A winner of one of the Hewlett contests. Vik Paruchuri, was hired by EdX to help design its assessment software.
【N】“One of our focuses is to help kids learn how to think critically,” said Victor Vuchic, a program officer at the Hewlett Foundation. “It’s probably impossible to do that with multiple-choice tests. The challenge is that this requires human graders, and so they cost a lot more and they take a lot more time.”
【O】Mark D. Shermis, a professor at the University of Akron in Ohio, supervised the Hewlett Foundation’s contest on automated essay scoring and wrote a paper about the experiment. In his view, the technology—though imperfect—has a place in educational settings.
【P】With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said. Plus, he noted, critics of the technology have tended to come from the nation’s best universities, where the level of teaching is much better than at most schools.
【Q】“Often they come from very famous institutions where, in fact, they do a much better job of providing feedback than a machine ever could,” Dr. Shermis said. “There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world.”
11、46. Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
N N
O O
P P
Q Q
答案解析：46．Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.
F) He is among a group of educators who last month began circulation a petition opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.
47．Using software to grade students’ essays saves teachers time for other work.
B)The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.
解析：由题干中的定位词saves teachers time for other work定位到B段最后一句，题干中saves teachers time for other work其实就是B段中freeing professors for other tasks的同义转述。
48．The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.
M)Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett-Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100,000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers.
解析：题目中的定位词improving essay grading software和M段中improving software that grades essays and short answers意思相同，后者用到了定语从句。
49．Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests, automated essay grading is still criticized by many educators.
C) Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade easy answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.
解析：根据题目中的定位词multiple-choice tests和criticized，可定位到C段第二句，题目是对原文的同义转换，其中widely used 和widespread同义，criticized by many educators和not yet received acceptance by educators and has many critics意思相同。
50．Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.
E) But skeptics say the automated system is no match for live teachers... He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.
解析：根据定位词don’t believe...can do as good a job as human graders定位到E段整段。题干与E段的开头和结尾表达相同的意思，software grading system指的就是automated system。
51．Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.
Q)"There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world."
解析：根据题干中的true realities可定位到Q段。in the real world指的是教学条件不是那么好的学校，与less famous universities指的是一样事物，题干与原文是同义转述。
52． Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.
G)They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical (伦理的) position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others."
解析：根据题干中的定位词many important aspects of effective writing可定位到G段的第二句They cannot measure... among others，而这句与题目中的cannot be measured by computer rating programs为同义转述。
53．As class size grows，most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.
P) With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said.
解析：根据题干中的定位词由class size grows和give students valuable comments可定位到P段第一句。题干中的comments和feedback为同义转述。
54．The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.
J)In some eases the software is used as a "second reader", to check the reliability of the human graders.
解析：根据题干中的定位词double check和check the work of human graders，genuine可定位至J段中的最后一句。题干中的double check和check the work of human graders与J段中的“second reader”和check the reliability相对应。
55．Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.
D)"Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback."
解析：由题干中的instant feedback和improve their learning可定位到D段最后一句。根据原文可知，学生告诉他们如果有及时反馈则他们会学得更好，与题干的“及时反馈极大帮助他们学习”对应，为同义表达。
12、47. Using software to grade students’ essays saves teachers time for other work.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
N N
O O
P P
Q Q
答案解析：46．Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.
F) He is among a group of educators who last month began circulation a petition opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.
47．Using software to grade students’ essays saves teachers time for other work.
B)The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.
解析：由题干中的定位词saves teachers time for other work定位到B段最后一句，题干中saves teachers time for other work其实就是B段中freeing professors for other tasks的同义转述。
48．The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.
M)Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett-Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100,000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers.
解析：题目中的定位词improving essay grading software和M段中improving software that grades essays and short answers意思相同，后者用到了定语从句。
49．Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests, automated essay grading is still criticized by many educators.
C) Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade easy answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.
解析：根据题目中的定位词multiple-choice tests和criticized，可定位到C段第二句，题目是对原文的同义转换，其中widely used 和widespread同义，criticized by many educators和not yet received acceptance by educators and has many critics意思相同。
50．Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.
E) But skeptics say the automated system is no match for live teachers... He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.
解析：根据定位词don’t believe...can do as good a job as human graders定位到E段整段。题干与E段的开头和结尾表达相同的意思，software grading system指的就是automated system。
51．Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.
Q)"There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world."
解析：根据题干中的true realities可定位到Q段。in the real world指的是教学条件不是那么好的学校，与less famous universities指的是一样事物，题干与原文是同义转述。
52． Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.
G)They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical (伦理的) position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others."
解析：根据题干中的定位词many important aspects of effective writing可定位到G段的第二句They cannot measure... among others，而这句与题目中的cannot be measured by computer rating programs为同义转述。
53．As class size grows，most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.
P) With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said.
解析：根据题干中的定位词由class size grows和give students valuable comments可定位到P段第一句。题干中的comments和feedback为同义转述。
54．The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.
J)In some eases the software is used as a "second reader", to check the reliability of the human graders.
解析：根据题干中的定位词double check和check the work of human graders，genuine可定位至J段中的最后一句。题干中的double check和check the work of human graders与J段中的“second reader”和check the reliability相对应。
55．Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.
D)"Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback."
解析：由题干中的instant feedback和improve their learning可定位到D段最后一句。根据原文可知，学生告诉他们如果有及时反馈则他们会学得更好，与题干的“及时反馈极大帮助他们学习”对应，为同义表达。
13、48. The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
N N
O O
P P
Q Q
答案解析：46．Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.
F) He is among a group of educators who last month began circulation a petition opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.
47．Using software to grade students’ essays saves teachers time for other work.
B)The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.
解析：由题干中的定位词saves teachers time for other work定位到B段最后一句，题干中saves teachers time for other work其实就是B段中freeing professors for other tasks的同义转述。
48．The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.
M)Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett-Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100,000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers.
解析：题目中的定位词improving essay grading software和M段中improving software that grades essays and short answers意思相同，后者用到了定语从句。
49．Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests, automated essay grading is still criticized by many educators.
C) Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade easy answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.
解析：根据题目中的定位词multiple-choice tests和criticized，可定位到C段第二句，题目是对原文的同义转换，其中widely used 和widespread同义，criticized by many educators和not yet received acceptance by educators and has many critics意思相同。
50．Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.
E) But skeptics say the automated system is no match for live teachers... He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.
解析：根据定位词don’t believe...can do as good a job as human graders定位到E段整段。题干与E段的开头和结尾表达相同的意思，software grading system指的就是automated system。
51．Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.
Q)"There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world."
解析：根据题干中的true realities可定位到Q段。in the real world指的是教学条件不是那么好的学校，与less famous universities指的是一样事物，题干与原文是同义转述。
52． Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.
G)They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical (伦理的) position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others."
解析：根据题干中的定位词many important aspects of effective writing可定位到G段的第二句They cannot measure... among others，而这句与题目中的cannot be measured by computer rating programs为同义转述。
53．As class size grows，most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.
P) With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said.
解析：根据题干中的定位词由class size grows和give students valuable comments可定位到P段第一句。题干中的comments和feedback为同义转述。
54．The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.
J)In some eases the software is used as a "second reader", to check the reliability of the human graders.
解析：根据题干中的定位词double check和check the work of human graders，genuine可定位至J段中的最后一句。题干中的double check和check the work of human graders与J段中的“second reader”和check the reliability相对应。
55．Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.
D)"Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback."
解析：由题干中的instant feedback和improve their learning可定位到D段最后一句。根据原文可知，学生告诉他们如果有及时反馈则他们会学得更好，与题干的“及时反馈极大帮助他们学习”对应，为同义表达。
14、49. Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests,
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
N N
O O
P P
Q Q
答案解析：46．Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.
F) He is among a group of educators who last month began circulation a petition opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.
47．Using software to grade students’ essays saves teachers time for other work.
B)The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.
解析：由题干中的定位词saves teachers time for other work定位到B段最后一句，题干中saves teachers time for other work其实就是B段中freeing professors for other tasks的同义转述。
48．The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.
M)Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett-Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100,000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers.
解析：题目中的定位词improving essay grading software和M段中improving software that grades essays and short answers意思相同，后者用到了定语从句。
49．Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests, automated essay grading is still criticized by many educators.
C) Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade easy answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.
解析：根据题目中的定位词multiple-choice tests和criticized，可定位到C段第二句，题目是对原文的同义转换，其中widely used 和widespread同义，criticized by many educators和not yet received acceptance by educators and has many critics意思相同。
50．Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.
E) But skeptics say the automated system is no match for live teachers... He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.
解析：根据定位词don’t believe...can do as good a job as human graders定位到E段整段。题干与E段的开头和结尾表达相同的意思，software grading system指的就是automated system。
51．Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.
Q)"There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world."
解析：根据题干中的true realities可定位到Q段。in the real world指的是教学条件不是那么好的学校，与less famous universities指的是一样事物，题干与原文是同义转述。
52． Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.
G)They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical (伦理的) position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others."
解析：根据题干中的定位词many important aspects of effective writing可定位到G段的第二句They cannot measure... among others，而这句与题目中的cannot be measured by computer rating programs为同义转述。
53．As class size grows，most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.
P) With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said.
解析：根据题干中的定位词由class size grows和give students valuable comments可定位到P段第一句。题干中的comments和feedback为同义转述。
54．The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.
J)In some eases the software is used as a "second reader", to check the reliability of the human graders.
解析：根据题干中的定位词double check和check the work of human graders，genuine可定位至J段中的最后一句。题干中的double check和check the work of human graders与J段中的“second reader”和check the reliability相对应。
55．Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.
D)"Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback."
解析：由题干中的instant feedback和improve their learning可定位到D段最后一句。根据原文可知，学生告诉他们如果有及时反馈则他们会学得更好，与题干的“及时反馈极大帮助他们学习”对应，为同义表达。
15、50. Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
N N
O O
P P
Q Q
答案解析：46．Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.
F) He is among a group of educators who last month began circulation a petition opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.
47．Using software to grade students’ essays saves teachers time for other work.
B)The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.
解析：由题干中的定位词saves teachers time for other work定位到B段最后一句，题干中saves teachers time for other work其实就是B段中freeing professors for other tasks的同义转述。
48．The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.
M)Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett-Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100,000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers.
解析：题目中的定位词improving essay grading software和M段中improving software that grades essays and short answers意思相同，后者用到了定语从句。
49．Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests, automated essay grading is still criticized by many educators.
C) Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade easy answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.
解析：根据题目中的定位词multiple-choice tests和criticized，可定位到C段第二句，题目是对原文的同义转换，其中widely used 和widespread同义，criticized by many educators和not yet received acceptance by educators and has many critics意思相同。
50．Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.
E) But skeptics say the automated system is no match for live teachers... He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.
解析：根据定位词don’t believe...can do as good a job as human graders定位到E段整段。题干与E段的开头和结尾表达相同的意思，software grading system指的就是automated system。
51．Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.
Q)"There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world."
解析：根据题干中的true realities可定位到Q段。in the real world指的是教学条件不是那么好的学校，与less famous universities指的是一样事物，题干与原文是同义转述。
52． Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.
G)They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical (伦理的) position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others."
解析：根据题干中的定位词many important aspects of effective writing可定位到G段的第二句They cannot measure... among others，而这句与题目中的cannot be measured by computer rating programs为同义转述。
53．As class size grows，most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.
P) With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said.
解析：根据题干中的定位词由class size grows和give students valuable comments可定位到P段第一句。题干中的comments和feedback为同义转述。
54．The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.
J)In some eases the software is used as a "second reader", to check the reliability of the human graders.
解析：根据题干中的定位词double check和check the work of human graders，genuine可定位至J段中的最后一句。题干中的double check和check the work of human graders与J段中的“second reader”和check the reliability相对应。
55．Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.
D)"Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback."
解析：由题干中的instant feedback和improve their learning可定位到D段最后一句。根据原文可知，学生告诉他们如果有及时反馈则他们会学得更好，与题干的“及时反馈极大帮助他们学习”对应，为同义表达。
16、51. Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
N N
O O
P P
Q Q
答案解析：46．Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.
F) He is among a group of educators who last month began circulation a petition opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.
47．Using software to grade students’ essays saves teachers time for other work.
B)The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.
解析：由题干中的定位词saves teachers time for other work定位到B段最后一句，题干中saves teachers time for other work其实就是B段中freeing professors for other tasks的同义转述。
48．The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.
M)Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett-Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100,000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers.
解析：题目中的定位词improving essay grading software和M段中improving software that grades essays and short answers意思相同，后者用到了定语从句。
49．Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests, automated essay grading is still criticized by many educators.
C) Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade easy answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.
解析：根据题目中的定位词multiple-choice tests和criticized，可定位到C段第二句，题目是对原文的同义转换，其中widely used 和widespread同义，criticized by many educators和not yet received acceptance by educators and has many critics意思相同。
50．Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.
E) But skeptics say the automated system is no match for live teachers... He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.
解析：根据定位词don’t believe...can do as good a job as human graders定位到E段整段。题干与E段的开头和结尾表达相同的意思，software grading system指的就是automated system。
51．Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.
Q)"There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world."
解析：根据题干中的true realities可定位到Q段。in the real world指的是教学条件不是那么好的学校，与less famous universities指的是一样事物，题干与原文是同义转述。
52． Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.
G)They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical (伦理的) position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others."
解析：根据题干中的定位词many important aspects of effective writing可定位到G段的第二句They cannot measure... among others，而这句与题目中的cannot be measured by computer rating programs为同义转述。
53．As class size grows，most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.
P) With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said.
解析：根据题干中的定位词由class size grows和give students valuable comments可定位到P段第一句。题干中的comments和feedback为同义转述。
54．The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.
J)In some eases the software is used as a "second reader", to check the reliability of the human graders.
解析：根据题干中的定位词double check和check the work of human graders，genuine可定位至J段中的最后一句。题干中的double check和check the work of human graders与J段中的“second reader”和check the reliability相对应。
55．Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.
D)"Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback."
解析：由题干中的instant feedback和improve their learning可定位到D段最后一句。根据原文可知，学生告诉他们如果有及时反馈则他们会学得更好，与题干的“及时反馈极大帮助他们学习”对应，为同义表达。
17、52. Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
N N
O O
P P
Q Q
答案解析：46．Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.
F) He is among a group of educators who last month began circulation a petition opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.
47．Using software to grade students’ essays saves teachers time for other work.
B)The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.
解析：由题干中的定位词saves teachers time for other work定位到B段最后一句，题干中saves teachers time for other work其实就是B段中freeing professors for other tasks的同义转述。
48．The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.
M)Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett-Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100,000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers.
解析：题目中的定位词improving essay grading software和M段中improving software that grades essays and short answers意思相同，后者用到了定语从句。
49．Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests, automated essay grading is still criticized by many educators.
C) Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade easy answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.
解析：根据题目中的定位词multiple-choice tests和criticized，可定位到C段第二句，题目是对原文的同义转换，其中widely used 和widespread同义，criticized by many educators和not yet received acceptance by educators and has many critics意思相同。
50．Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.
E) But skeptics say the automated system is no match for live teachers... He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.
解析：根据定位词don’t believe...can do as good a job as human graders定位到E段整段。题干与E段的开头和结尾表达相同的意思，software grading system指的就是automated system。
51．Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.
Q)"There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world."
解析：根据题干中的true realities可定位到Q段。in the real world指的是教学条件不是那么好的学校，与less famous universities指的是一样事物，题干与原文是同义转述。
52． Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.
G)They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical (伦理的) position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others."
解析：根据题干中的定位词many important aspects of effective writing可定位到G段的第二句They cannot measure... among others，而这句与题目中的cannot be measured by computer rating programs为同义转述。
53．As class size grows，most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.
P) With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said.
解析：根据题干中的定位词由class size grows和give students valuable comments可定位到P段第一句。题干中的comments和feedback为同义转述。
54．The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.
J)In some eases the software is used as a "second reader", to check the reliability of the human graders.
解析：根据题干中的定位词double check和check the work of human graders，genuine可定位至J段中的最后一句。题干中的double check和check the work of human graders与J段中的“second reader”和check the reliability相对应。
55．Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.
D)"Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback."
解析：由题干中的instant feedback和improve their learning可定位到D段最后一句。根据原文可知，学生告诉他们如果有及时反馈则他们会学得更好，与题干的“及时反馈极大帮助他们学习”对应，为同义表达。
18、53. As class size grows，most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
N N
O O
P P
Q Q
答案解析：46．Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.
F) He is among a group of educators who last month began circulation a petition opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.
47．Using software to grade students’ essays saves teachers time for other work.
B)The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.
解析：由题干中的定位词saves teachers time for other work定位到B段最后一句，题干中saves teachers time for other work其实就是B段中freeing professors for other tasks的同义转述。
48．The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.
M)Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett-Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100,000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers.
解析：题目中的定位词improving essay grading software和M段中improving software that grades essays and short answers意思相同，后者用到了定语从句。
49．Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests, automated essay grading is still criticized by many educators.
C) Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade easy answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.
解析：根据题目中的定位词multiple-choice tests和criticized，可定位到C段第二句，题目是对原文的同义转换，其中widely used 和widespread同义，criticized by many educators和not yet received acceptance by educators and has many critics意思相同。
50．Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.
E) But skeptics say the automated system is no match for live teachers... He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.
解析：根据定位词don’t believe...can do as good a job as human graders定位到E段整段。题干与E段的开头和结尾表达相同的意思，software grading system指的就是automated system。
51．Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.
Q)"There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world."
解析：根据题干中的true realities可定位到Q段。in the real world指的是教学条件不是那么好的学校，与less famous universities指的是一样事物，题干与原文是同义转述。
52． Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.
G)They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical (伦理的) position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others."
解析：根据题干中的定位词many important aspects of effective writing可定位到G段的第二句They cannot measure... among others，而这句与题目中的cannot be measured by computer rating programs为同义转述。
53．As class size grows，most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.
P) With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said.
解析：根据题干中的定位词由class size grows和give students valuable comments可定位到P段第一句。题干中的comments和feedback为同义转述。
54．The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.
J)In some eases the software is used as a "second reader", to check the reliability of the human graders.
解析：根据题干中的定位词double check和check the work of human graders，genuine可定位至J段中的最后一句。题干中的double check和check the work of human graders与J段中的“second reader”和check the reliability相对应。
55．Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.
D)"Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback."
解析：由题干中的instant feedback和improve their learning可定位到D段最后一句。根据原文可知，学生告诉他们如果有及时反馈则他们会学得更好，与题干的“及时反馈极大帮助他们学习”对应，为同义表达。
19、54. The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
N N
O O
P P
Q Q
答案解析：46．Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.
F) He is among a group of educators who last month began circulation a petition opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.
47．Using software to grade students’ essays saves teachers time for other work.
B)The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.
解析：由题干中的定位词saves teachers time for other work定位到B段最后一句，题干中saves teachers time for other work其实就是B段中freeing professors for other tasks的同义转述。
48．The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.
M)Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett-Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100,000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers.
解析：题目中的定位词improving essay grading software和M段中improving software that grades essays and short answers意思相同，后者用到了定语从句。
49．Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests, automated essay grading is still criticized by many educators.
C) Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade easy answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.
解析：根据题目中的定位词multiple-choice tests和criticized，可定位到C段第二句，题目是对原文的同义转换，其中widely used 和widespread同义，criticized by many educators和not yet received acceptance by educators and has many critics意思相同。
50．Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.
E) But skeptics say the automated system is no match for live teachers... He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.
解析：根据定位词don’t believe...can do as good a job as human graders定位到E段整段。题干与E段的开头和结尾表达相同的意思，software grading system指的就是automated system。
51．Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.
Q)"There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world."
解析：根据题干中的true realities可定位到Q段。in the real world指的是教学条件不是那么好的学校，与less famous universities指的是一样事物，题干与原文是同义转述。
52． Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.
G)They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical (伦理的) position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others."
解析：根据题干中的定位词many important aspects of effective writing可定位到G段的第二句They cannot measure... among others，而这句与题目中的cannot be measured by computer rating programs为同义转述。
53．As class size grows，most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.
P) With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said.
解析：根据题干中的定位词由class size grows和give students valuable comments可定位到P段第一句。题干中的comments和feedback为同义转述。
54．The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.
J)In some eases the software is used as a "second reader", to check the reliability of the human graders.
解析：根据题干中的定位词double check和check the work of human graders，genuine可定位至J段中的最后一句。题干中的double check和check the work of human graders与J段中的“second reader”和check the reliability相对应。
55．Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.
D)"Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback."
解析：由题干中的instant feedback和improve their learning可定位到D段最后一句。根据原文可知，学生告诉他们如果有及时反馈则他们会学得更好，与题干的“及时反馈极大帮助他们学习”对应，为同义表达。
20、55. Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I I
J J
K K
L L
M M
N N
O O
P P
Q Q
答案解析：46．Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.
F) He is among a group of educators who last month began circulation a petition opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.
47．Using software to grade students’ essays saves teachers time for other work.
B)The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.
解析：由题干中的定位词saves teachers time for other work定位到B段最后一句，题干中saves teachers time for other work其实就是B段中freeing professors for other tasks的同义转述。
48．The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.
M)Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett-Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100,000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers.
解析：题目中的定位词improving essay grading software和M段中improving software that grades essays and short answers意思相同，后者用到了定语从句。
49．Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests, automated essay grading is still criticized by many educators.
C) Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade easy answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.
解析：根据题目中的定位词multiple-choice tests和criticized，可定位到C段第二句，题目是对原文的同义转换，其中widely used 和widespread同义，criticized by many educators和not yet received acceptance by educators and has many critics意思相同。
50．Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.
E) But skeptics say the automated system is no match for live teachers... He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.
解析：根据定位词don’t believe...can do as good a job as human graders定位到E段整段。题干与E段的开头和结尾表达相同的意思，software grading system指的就是automated system。
51．Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.
Q)"There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world."
解析：根据题干中的true realities可定位到Q段。in the real world指的是教学条件不是那么好的学校，与less famous universities指的是一样事物，题干与原文是同义转述。
52． Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.
G)They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical (伦理的) position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others."
解析：根据题干中的定位词many important aspects of effective writing可定位到G段的第二句They cannot measure... among others，而这句与题目中的cannot be measured by computer rating programs为同义转述。
53．As class size grows，most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.
P) With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said.
解析：根据题干中的定位词由class size grows和give students valuable comments可定位到P段第一句。题干中的comments和feedback为同义转述。
54．The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.
J)In some eases the software is used as a "second reader", to check the reliability of the human graders.
解析：根据题干中的定位词double check和check the work of human graders，genuine可定位至J段中的最后一句。题干中的double check和check the work of human graders与J段中的“second reader”和check the reliability相对应。
55．Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.
D)"Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback."
解析：由题干中的instant feedback和improve their learning可定位到D段最后一句。根据原文可知，学生告诉他们如果有及时反馈则他们会学得更好，与题干的“及时反馈极大帮助他们学习”对应，为同义表达。
Part III Reading Comprehension
The endless debate about “work-life balance” often contains a hopeful footnote about stay-at-home dads. If American society and business won’t make it easier on future female leaders who choose to have children, there is still the ray of hope that increasing numbers of full-time fathers will. (57)But based on today’s socioeconomic trends, this hope is, unfortunately, misguided.
It’s true that the number of men who have left work to do their thing as full-time parents has doubled in a decade, but it’s still very small: only 0.8% of married couples where the stay-at-home father was out of the labor force for a year. Even that percentage is likely inflated by men thrust into their caretaker role by a downsizing. This is simply not a large enough group to reduce the social stigma (污名) and force other adjustments necessary to supporting men in this decision, even if only for a relatively short time.
Even shorter times away from work for working fathers are already difficult. A study found that 85% of new fathers take some time off after the birth of a child—but for all but a few, it’s a week or two at most. Meanwhile, the average for women who take leave is more than 10 weeks.
Such choices impact who moves up in the organization. While you’re away, someone else is doing your work, making your sales, taking care of your customers. That can’t help you at work. It can only hurt you. Women, of course, face the same issues of returning after a long absence. But with many more women than men choosing to leave the workforce entirely to raise families, returning from an extended parental leave doesn’t raise as many eyebrows as it does for men.
Women would make more if they didn’t break their earning trajectory (轨迹) by leaving the workforce, or if higher-paying professions were more family-friendly. In the foreseeable future, stay-at-home fathers may make all the difference for individual families, but their presence won’t reduce the numbers of high-potential women who are forced to choose between family and career.
21、56. What gives women a ray of hope to achieve work-life balance?
A More men taking an extended parental leave.
B People's changing attitudes towards family.
C More women entering business management.
D The improvement of their socioeconomic status.
答案解析：
56. A)。
解析：根据问题中的关键词hope和work-life balance可定位到第一段一、二句。根据原文可知，对女性如何实现工作和生活平衡的讨论通常包含一个部分，就是全职父亲。如果美国社会无法为想要孩子的女性领导者提供便利，也许全职爸爸能帮上忙，提供一线希望。increasing numbers of full-time fathers will后面省略了make it easier on... A项（更多男性休更长的产假）与原文相符；B项（人们对家庭的态度改变了），C项（更多女性征参与企业管理），D项（女性的社会经济地位提高了）显然都不是文中所说的女性能在工作和生活中实现平衡的原因。
22、57. Why does the author say the hope for more full-time fathers is misguided?
24、59. What is the most likely reaction to men returning from an extended parental leave?
A Jealousy.
B Surprise.
C Admiration.
D Sympathy.
答案解析：
59. B)。
解析：根据题目中的关键词reaction和returning from an extended paternal leave可定位到第四段最后一句。根据原文可知，休完产假重新开始工作的女性不会像这样做的男性那样博人眼球。raise eyebrows意为“惊讶”，与surprise为同义替换，所以选B。
25、60. What does the author say about high-potential women in the not-too-distant future?
A They will benefit from the trend of more fathers staying at home.
B They will find high-paying professions a bit more family-friendly.
C They are unlikely to break their career trajectrory to raise a family.
D They will still face the difficult choice between career and children.
Some of the world’s most significant problems never hit headlines. One example comes from agriculture. Food riots and hunger make news. But the trend lying behind these matters is rarely talked about. This is the decline in the growth in yields of some of the world’s major crops. A new study by the University of Minnesota and McGill University in Montreal looks at where, and how far, this decline is occurring.
The authors take a vast number of data points for the four most important crops: rice, wheat, corn and soybeans (大豆). They find that on between 24% and 39% of all harvested areas, the improvement in yields that took place before the 1980s slowed down in the 1990s and 2000s.
There are two worrying features of the slowdown. One is that it has been particularly sharp in the world’s most populous (人口多的) countries, India and China. Their ability to feed themselves has been an important source of relative stability both within the countries and on world food markets. That self-sufficiency cannot be taken for granted if yields continue to slow down or reverse.
Second, yield growth has been lower in wheat and rice than in corn and soybeans. This is problematic because wheat and rice are more important as foods, accounting for around half of all calories consumed. Corn and soybeans are more important as feed grains. The authors note that “we have preferentially focused our crop improvement efforts on feeding animals and cars rather than on crops that feed people and are the basis of food security in much of the world.”
The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order to feed 9 billion people in 2050, as the Food and Agriculture Organisation has argued.
Instead, it says, thanks to slowing population growth, land currently ploughed up for crops might be able to revert (回返) to forest or wilderness. This could happen. The trouble is that the forecast assumes continued improvements in yields, which may not actually happen.
26、61. Why does the author mention India and China in particular?
A Their self-sufficiency is vital to the stability of world food markets.
B Their food yields have begun to decrease sharply in recent years.
C Their big populations are causing worldwide concerns.
D Their food self-sufficiency has been taken for granted.
答案解析：
61. A)。
解析：根据题目中的关键词India and China可定位到第三段第二、三句。根据原文可知，印度和中国粮食自给的能力不仅对这两个国家内部稳定重要，对世界粮食市场的安全稳定也很重要。A选项的信息与原文一致，vital与important为同义替换。B项（近年来减产了）在文中没有提到；C项（两国人口引起世界关注）也没有提及；D选项干扰较大，说中印两国的自给自足被认为是理所当然的，而原文只是提出假设，因此表述有偏差。
27、62. What does the author try to draw attention to?
29、64. What does the Food and Agriculture Organisation say about world food production in the coming decades?
A The growing population will greatly increase the pressure on world food supplies.
B The optimistic prediction about food production should be viewed with caution.
C The slowdown of the growth in yields of major food crops will be reversed.
D The world will be able to feed its population without increasing farmland.
答案解析：
64. D)。
解析：由the Food and Agriculture Organisation定位到第五段。根据原文可知，这篇报道证实了另一项研究的观点，也就是这个世界不需要开垦更多耕地就可以在2050年喂饱90亿人口。其中not have to dig up a lot more land for farming和feed 9 billion people与D选项中的without increasing farmland和feed its population意思相同，而A（人口增长为食物供应带来压力）B（对食物供给的乐观推测值得警惕）C（粮食产量增速放缓的趋势将要逆转）都与原文表述不相符。因此选择D项。
30、65. How does the author view the argument of the Food and Agriculture Organization?
