2013年12月阅读（第一套）

Part III Reading Comprehension

Quite often, educators tell families of children who are learning English as a second language to speak only English, and not their native language, at home. Although these educators may have good (36)_____, their advice to families is misguided, and it (37)_____ from misunderstandings about the process of language acquisition. Educators may fear that children hearing two languages will become (38)_____ confused and thus their language development will be (39)_____; this concern is not documented in the literature. Children are capable of learning more than one language, whether (40)_____ or sequentially (依次地). In fact, most children outside of the United States are expected to become bilingual or even, in many cases, multilingual. Globally, knowing more than one language is viewed as an (41)_____ and even a necessity in many areas.

It is also of concern that the misguided advice that students should speak only English is given primarily to poor families with limited educational opportunities, not to wealthier families who have many educational advantages. Since children from poor families often are (42)_____ as at-risk for academic failure, teachers believe that advising families to speak English only is appropriate. Teachers consider learning two languages to be too (43)_____ for children from poor families, believing that the children are already burdened by their home situations.

If families do not know English or have limited English skills themselves, how can they communicate in English? Advising non-English-speaking families to speak only English is (44)_____ to telling them not to communicate with or interact with their children. Moreover, the (45)_____ message is that the family’s native language is not important or valued.

1、 (1)

A asset

B equivalent

C intentions

D permanently

E object

F identified

G underlying

H simultaneously

I successively

J overwhelming

K delayed

L deviates

M visualizing

N prevalent

O stems

答案解析：

36. intentions

解析：该空格需要填入good修饰的名词，做have的宾语。备选项里的名词有asset，intentions，object。空格的their advice指代文中的将英语作为第二语言学的孩子，在家里只说英语不说母语的建议，表明这些教育工作者们的建议是为了让他们学好英语，故本题答案为intentions“意图，目的”。

37. stems

解析：空格前分句的主语是it，空格后为介词from及其宾语，据此判断应填入动词第三人称单数形式，且能够与from搭配使用。备选项中deviates，stems符合要求。根据句意，本句解释的是“对于语言习得过程的误解”，根据语意，错误的建议源于误导性的理解，故本题答案为stems“起源于”。

38. permanently

解析：空格前为will become，空格后为confused，可以判定该词必须填入副词，修饰形容词confused。备选项中permanently，simultaneously，successively符合要求。本句仍在解释同时处于两种语言环境会让孩子们对这两种语言产生永久性的混淆，故答案为permanently“永远地，永久地”。

39. delayed

解析：空格前是will be，由此可知，此处应填入形容词或者过去分词。上文中说到孩子们对两种语言会产生混淆，而这会对语言学习造成不利的影响，因此应填入具有消极含义的词语，选项中只有delayed“延迟，推迟”，故为答案。

40. simultaneously

解析：由于该空格前出现了whether，空格后出现的or，表明此处应填入与sequentially相呼应的副词。备选项中simultaneously，successively符合要求，根据句意，“孩子不止有能力学习一种语言”，空格后的“依次地”一词点明空格中的单词是对语言顺序的一种描述，因此答案为simultaneously“同时地”。

41. asset

解析：空格前的an表明此处应填入以元音开头的可数名词单数形式。备选项中有asset，object。根据句意可知，能够掌握多种语言应该是人们所具备的优势，故答案为asset“优点，有用的东西”。

42. identified

解析：空格前是系动词are，空格后出现了as引出的补语，因此可知应填入动词过去分词形式表被动。空格前提到了“贫困家庭的孩子”，空格后说“学业上容易失败的人”，可知该句意为“由于人们认定来自贫困家庭的孩子学业失败的几率往往较高”，故答案为identified“认定，辨别”。

43.overwhelming

解析：

空格前为consider...to be too，空格后还有for children...，由此可知，该句考查的是too+adj+for的结构。备选项中equivalent，overwhelming，prevalent和underlying符合要求。根据题意“受家庭条件影响，贫困家庭的孩子压力已经很大了”，由此可判断空格处所表示的意思是：这些孩子对于同时学习两种语言是“无法承受的”，故答案为overwhelming“压倒性的”。

44. equivalent

解析：该空格位于系动词is和介词to之间，表明此处应填入形容词。空格前的主语意为“建议母语都不是英语的家庭在家中只说英语”，空格后意为“告诉他们不要与孩子进行交流互动”，因此equivalent符合题意。

45. underlying

解析：空格前为定冠词the，空格后为名词message，因此可知此处应填入形容词。备选项中prevalent，underlying符合要求。根据语意，要求母语为非英语的孩子在家庭中只说英语，会让人感觉“这些家庭的母语并不重要，没有价值”，故答案为underlying“潜在的，基本的”。

2、 (2)

A asset

B equivalent

C intentions

D permanently

E object

F identified

G underlying

H simultaneously

I successively

J overwhelming

K delayed

L deviates

M visualizing

N prevalent

O stems

答案解析：

36. intentions

37. stems

38. permanently

39. delayed

40. simultaneously

41. asset

42. identified

43.overwhelming

解析：

44. equivalent

45. underlying

3、 (3)

A asset

B equivalent

C intentions

D permanently

E object

F identified

G underlying

H simultaneously

I successively

J overwhelming

K delayed

L deviates

M visualizing

N prevalent

O stems

答案解析：

36. intentions

37. stems

38. permanently

39. delayed

40. simultaneously

41. asset

42. identified

43.overwhelming

解析：

44. equivalent

45. underlying

4、 (4)

A asset

B equivalent

C intentions

D permanently

E object

F identified

G underlying

H simultaneously

I successively

J overwhelming

K delayed

L deviates

M visualizing

N prevalent

O stems

答案解析：

36. intentions

37. stems

38. permanently

39. delayed

40. simultaneously

41. asset

42. identified

43.overwhelming

解析：

44. equivalent

45. underlying

5、 (5)

A asset

B equivalent

C intentions

D permanently

E object

F identified

G underlying

H simultaneously

I successively

J overwhelming

K delayed

L deviates

M visualizing

N prevalent

O stems

答案解析：

36. intentions

37. stems

38. permanently

39. delayed

40. simultaneously

41. asset

42. identified

43.overwhelming

解析：

44. equivalent

45. underlying

6、 (6)

A asset

B equivalent

C intentions

D permanently

E object

F identified

G underlying

H simultaneously

I successively

J overwhelming

K delayed

L deviates

M visualizing

N prevalent

O stems

答案解析：

36. intentions

37. stems

38. permanently

39. delayed

40. simultaneously

41. asset

42. identified

43.overwhelming

解析：

44. equivalent

45. underlying

7、 (7)

A asset

B equivalent

C intentions

D permanently

E object

F identified

G underlying

H simultaneously

I successively

J overwhelming

K delayed

L deviates

M visualizing

N prevalent

O stems

答案解析：

36. intentions

37. stems

38. permanently

39. delayed

40. simultaneously

41. asset

42. identified

43.overwhelming

解析：

44. equivalent

45. underlying

8、 (8)

A asset

B equivalent

C intentions

D permanently

E object

F identified

G underlying

H simultaneously

I successively

J overwhelming

K delayed

L deviates

M visualizing

N prevalent

O stems

答案解析：

36. intentions

37. stems

38. permanently

39. delayed

40. simultaneously

41. asset

42. identified

43.overwhelming

解析：

44. equivalent

45. underlying

9、 (9)

A asset

B equivalent

C intentions

D permanently

E object

F identified

G underlying

H simultaneously

I successively

J overwhelming

K delayed

L deviates

M visualizing

N prevalent

O stems

答案解析：

36. intentions

37. stems

38. permanently

39. delayed

40. simultaneously

41. asset

42. identified

43.overwhelming

解析：

44. equivalent

45. underlying

10、 (10)

A asset

B equivalent

C intentions

D permanently

E object

F identified

G underlying

H simultaneously

I successively

J overwhelming

K delayed

L deviates

M visualizing

N prevalent

O stems

答案解析：

36. intentions

37. stems

38. permanently

39. delayed

40. simultaneously

41. asset

42. identified

43.overwhelming

解析：

44. equivalent

45. underlying

Part III Reading Comprehension

The Uses of Difficulty

The brain likes a challenge—and putting a few obstacles in its way may well boost its creativity.

【A】Jack White, the former frontman of the White Stripes and an influential figure among fellow musicians, likes to make things difficult for himself. He uses cheap guitars that won’t stay in shape or in tune. When performing, he positions his instruments in a way that is deliberately inconvenient, so that switching from guitar to organ mid-song involves a mad dash across the stage. Why? Because he’s on the run from what he describes as a disease that preys on every artist: “ease of use”. When making music gets too easy, says White, it becomes harder to make it sing.

【B】It’s an odd thought. Why would anyone make their work more difficult than it already is? Yet we know that difficulty can pay unexpected dividends. In 1966, soon after the Beatles had finished work on “Rubber Soul”, Paul McCartney looked into the possibility of going to America to record their next album. The equipment in American studios was more advanced than anything in Britain, which had led the Beatles’ great rivals, the Rolling Stones, to make their latest album, “Aftermath”, in Los Angeles. McCartney found that EMI’s (百代唱片) contractual clauses made it prohibitively expensive to follow suit, and the Beatles had to make do with the primitive technology of Abbey Road.

【C】Lucky for us. Over the next two years they made their most groundbreaking work, turning the recording studio into a magical instrument of its own. Precisely because they were working with old-fashioned machines, George Martin and his team of engineers were forced to apply every ounce of their creativity to solve the problems posed to them by Lennon and McCartney. Songs like “Tomorrow Never Knows”, “Strawberry Fields Forever”, and “A Day in the Life” featured revolutionary sound effects that dazzled and mystified Martin’s American counterparts.

【D】Sometimes it’s only when a difficulty is removed that we realise what it was doing for us. For more than two decades, starting in the 1960s, the poet Ted Hughes sat on the judging panel of an annual poetry competition for British schoolchildren. During the 1980s he noticed an increasing number of long poems among the submissions, with some running to 70 or 80 pages. These poems were verbally inventive and fluent, but also “strangely boring”. After making inquiries Hughes discovered that they were being composed on computers, then just finding their way into British homes.

【E】You might have thought any tool which enables a writer to get words on to the page would be an advantage. But there may be a cost to such facility. In an interview with the Paris Review Hughes speculated that when a person puts pen to paper, “you meet the terrible resistance of what happened your first year at it, when you couldn’t write at all”. As the brain attempts to force the unsteady hand to do its bidding, the tension between the two results in a more compressed, psychologically denser expression. Remove that resistance and you are more likely to produce a 70-page ramble (不着边际的长篇大论).

【F】Our brains respond better to difficulty than we imagine. In schools, teachers and pupils alike often assume that if a concept has been easy to learn, then the lesson has been successful. But numerous studies have now found that when classroom material is made harder to absorb, pupils retain more of it over the long term, and understand it on a deeper level.

【G】As a poet, Ted Hughes had an acute sensitivity to the way in which constraints on self-expression, like the disciplines of metre and rhyme (韵律), spur creative thought. What applies to poets and musicians also applies to our daily lives. We tend to equate (等同于) happiness with freedom, but, as the psychotherapist and writer Adam Phillips has observed, without obstacles to our desires it’s harder to know what we want, or where we’re heading. He tells the story of a patient, a first-time mother who complained that her young son was always clinging to her, wrapping himself around her legs wherever she went. She never had a moment to herself, she said, because her son was “always in the way”. When Phillips asked her where she would go if he wasn’t in the way, she replied cheerfully, “Oh, I wouldn’t know where I was!”

【H】Take another common obstacle: lack of money. People often assume that more money will make them happier. But economists who study the relationship between money and happiness have consistently found that, above a certain income, the two do not reliably correlate. Despite the ease with which the rich can acquire almost anything they desire, they are just as likely to be unhappy as the middle classes. In this regard at least, F. Scott Fitzgerald was wrong.

【I】Indeed, ease of acquisition is the problem. The novelist Edward St Aubyn has a narrator remark of the very rich that, “not having to consider affordability, their desires rambled on like unstoppable bores, relentless (持续不断的) and whimsical (反复无常的) at the same time.” When Boston College, a private research university, wanted a better feel for its potential donors, it asked the psychologist Robert Kenny to investigate the mindset of the super-rich. He surveyed 165 households, most of which had a net worth of $25m or more. He found that many of his subjects were confused by the infinite options their money presented them with. They found it hard to know what to want, creating a kind of existential bafflement. One of them put it like this: “You know, Bob, you can just buy so much stuff, and when you get to the point where you can just buy so much stuff, now what are you going to do?”

【J】The internet makes information billionaires out of all of us, and the architects of our online experiences are catching on to the need to make things creatively difficult. Twitter’s huge success is rooted in the simple but profound insight that in a medium with infinite space for self-expression, the most interesting thing we can do is restrict ourselves to 140 characters. The music service This Is My Jam helps people navigate the tens of millions of tracks now available instantly via Spotify and iTunes. Users pick their favourite song of the week to share with others. They only get to choose one. The service was only launched this year, but by the end of September 650,000 jams had been chosen. Its co-founder Matt Ogle explains its raison d’être (存在的理由) like this: “In an age of endless choice, we were missing a way to say: ‘This. This is the one you should listen to’.”

【K】Today’s world offers more opportunity than ever to follow the advice of the Walker Brothers and make it easy on ourselves. Compared with a hundred years ago, our lives are less tightly bound by social norms and physical constraints. Technology has cut out much of life’s donkeywork, and we have more freedoms than ever: we can wear what we like and communicate with hundreds of friends at once at the click of a mouse. Obstacles are everywhere disappearing. Few of us wish to turn the clock back, but perhaps we need to remind ourselves how useful the right obstacles can be. Sometimes, the best route to fulfilment is the path of more resistance.

11、46. The rigorous requirements placed on the writing of poetry stimulate the poet’s creativity.

A A

B B

C C

D D

E E

F F

G G

H H

I I

J J

K K

答案解析：46. 正确答案：G

2013年12月阅读（第一套）

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