Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.
They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat—one social and one asocial—for four days. The robot rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels to move around and colorful markings.
During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.
Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.
Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, she says.
The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels. “We’d assumed we’d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary,” says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.
The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals. “We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are, too,” says Wiles.
1、21. Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can ________.
A pick up social signals from non-living rats
B distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one
C attain sociable traits through special training
D send out warning messages to their fellows
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。题目问的是奎因及其同事做测试的目的。根据题干中的Quinn and her colleagues和test，可定位至原文第一段最后一句。该句提到，拉蕾·奎因和她的同事们测试了老鼠是否能察觉到机械鼠发出的社交信号。由此可见，该测试的目的在于研究老鼠能否察觉到没有生命的机械鼠发出的社交信号。A项中的pick up（接收；识别）对应原文中的detect（觉察），non-living rats（无生命的老鼠）对应原文中的robotic rats（机械鼠），故正确答案为A项。
错项排除：B项利用原文第一句中的identify friends…and enemies…（辨别朋友和敌人）进行干扰，但原文说的是老鼠和其他动物都需要非常熟悉其他动物发出的社交信号，这样才能识别出哪些是需要合作的朋友，哪些是需要躲避的敌人。这只是在陈述客观事实，并不是实验的目的所在，故B项错误。C项利用原文多次出现的social进行干扰，但原文中并没有提到special training（特殊训练）的相关内容，故C项错误。D项中的关键词warning messages（警告消息）也没有在原文中提及，故D项排除。
长难句分析：To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.
本句句子主干为Laleh Quinn…and her colleagues tested whether…，是主谓宾结构。句首的不定式为目的状语，at the University of California, San Diego为后置定语，修饰Laleh Quinn。后面的whether引导宾语从句，作tested的宾语，从句最后的from robotic rats为后置定语，修饰signals。
句意为：为了确定这一特征是否适用于非生物体，加州大学圣地亚哥分校的拉蕾·奎因和她的同事们测试了老鼠是否能察觉到机械鼠发出的社交信号。
2、22. What did the asocial robot do during the experiment?
A It followed the social robot.
B It played with some toys.
C It set the trapped rats free.
D It moved around alone.
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的asocial robot和during the experiment可定位至原文第三段。该段第二句指出，在实验过程中，非社交机械鼠只是简单地前后左右移动。D项中moved around alone对应原文中的simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：A、B、C三项均属于偷换概念。第三段第一句说的是在实验过程中，社交机械鼠（social robot rat）会跟着真老鼠到处走动，并不是非社交机械鼠跟随着社交机械鼠，故A项错误。该句后面接着提到，社交机械鼠会和真老鼠玩同样的玩具（played with the same toys），并打开笼门让被困的老鼠逃脱（let trapped rats escape）。这些行为的主体是社交机械鼠（social robot rat），并不是非社交机械鼠（asocial robot），故B、C两项错误。
3、23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they ________.
A tried to practice a means of escape
B expected it to do the same in return
C wanted to display their intelligence
D considered that an interesting game
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的According to Quinn和the rats released the social robot可定位至原文第五段。原文中set the social robot free对应题干中的released the social robot，段末的says Quinn对应题干中的According to Quinn。该段开头说到，在18次试验中，真老鼠释放社交机械鼠的可能性比释放非社交机械鼠的可能性平均高出52%。该段后面的内容接着指出，真老鼠会释放社交机械鼠，这表明真老鼠会把机械鼠看作真正的社交个体，而这可能会让真老鼠更容易记住自己早些时候释放过它，并希望在它们自己被困时，机械鼠能反过来帮助它们来作为回报。由此可知，老鼠释放了社交机械鼠是因为它们期望机械鼠能以同样的方式予以回报，B项中的to do the same in return对应原文中的return the favour，故正确答案为B项。
错项排除：A项利用原文中的set…free和get trapped进行干扰，但原文并未提到有关“练习逃跑方法”的信息，故A项错误。C项利用原文中的displayed进行干扰，但原文说的是社交机械鼠表现出了探索和玩耍的行为，并不是说真老鼠想展示它们的智慧，故C项错误。D项利用原文中的playing进行干扰，但原文说的是社交机械鼠表现出了玩耍行为，并没有提到真老鼠认为释放机械鼠是一个有趣的游戏，故D项错误。
4、24. Janet Wiles notes that rats ________.
A can remember other rats’ facial features
B differentiate smells better than sizes
C respond more to actions than to looks
D can be scared by a plastic box on wheels
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的Janet Wiles可定位至原文第六段。该段第三句引号里的内容为Janet Wiles所说的话：“我们原本以为必须要给它（机械鼠）安装一个可以活动的头和尾巴，加上一些面部特征，并在它身上添加气味，让它闻起来像一只真正的老鼠，但这些都没有必要。”由此可知，机械鼠的外表和气味并不会对实验有太大影响，再结合前文第五段第二、三句可知，因为有社交行为，真老鼠才会把机械鼠看作真正的社交个体。由于机械鼠表现出了共同探索和玩耍的行为，真老鼠可能会和社交机械鼠更加亲近。因此可推断出，真老鼠会更多地对行为作出反应，而非外表，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：A项利用原文中的facial features进行干扰，但原文说的是面部特征并不会影响老鼠觉察社交信号，也没有提到老鼠会记住其他老鼠的面部特征，故A项错误。B项利用原文中的scent进行干扰，但文章并没有把气味和大小（sizes）进行比较，故B项错误。D项利用原文中的plastic box on wheels进行干扰，但选项中的关键词be scared（被吓到）在原文中并无依据，故排除D项。
5、25. It can be learned from the text that rats ________.
A appear to be adaptable to new surroundings
B are more socially active than other animals
C behave differently from children in socializing
D are more sensitive to social cues than expected
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为推断题。根据题文同序原则可定位至原文结尾。最后一段首句提到，这一发现表明，老鼠对社交信号非常敏感，即使这些信号来自最初级的机械鼠。最后一句也指出，我们人类似乎对机器人很着迷，而事实证明其他动物也一样。结合前文提到的，研究人员原本以为要给机械鼠安装一些装置或添加气味来使它看起来更逼真，但事实证明，没有这些，老鼠也能识别机械鼠发出的社交信号。由此可推知，老鼠对社交信号的敏感程度比研究人员预期的要高，故正确答案为D项。
错项排除：A项中的new surroundings在原文中没有依据，故排除。B项利用原文最后一句中的other animals进行干扰，但原文说的是其他动物和人类的相似性，并没有说老鼠在社交上会比其他动物更活跃，故B项错误。C项利用children进行干扰，但原文说的是，孩子们同样也会倾向于把机器人当成同类，即使它们只发出了简单的社交信号，这里的重点是老鼠和孩子在识别社交信号方面具有相似性，并非不同，故C项错误。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
It is true that CEO pay has gone up—top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%. The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about $18.9 million a year.
The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of America’s highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. It’s not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.
Today’s CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many more skills than simply being able to “run the company”. CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them. They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant. Then there’s the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly mind-boggling. Plus, virtually all major American companies are becoming tech companies, often with their own research and development. And beyond this, major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.
The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn’t explain history very well. By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.
Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company. And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.
6、26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?
A The growth in the number of corporations.
B The general pay rise with a better economy.
C Increased business opportunities for top firms.
D Close cooperation among leading economies.
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的关键词contributed to CEO pay rise可定位至原文第二段首句，对应原文中的understanding the growth of CEO pay。该句说到，最能解释CEO薪酬增长的说法是，顶级公司的商业机会正迅速增加，而在这样的环境里，CEO人才却是有限的。由此可知，CEO薪酬上涨的原因是顶级公司的商业机会增加，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：A项利用growth和corporations进行干扰，但原文说的是顶级公司里的商业机会迅速增加，并非是企业的数量增长，故A项错误。B项利用第二段第二句中的global economy进行干扰，但文中只是说CEO人才的努力使得全球经济更有活力，并没有提及经济好转对CEO涨薪的影响，故B项错误。D项利用原文第二段最后的the U.S. economy进行干扰，但该句说的是与美国经济中许多其他员工相比，CEO们的工作技能确实有所提升，并未提及主要经济体之间的密切合作，故D项错误。
长难句分析：The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.
本句为主系表结构，句子主干是The best model…is that…。for understanding the growth of CEO pay为后置定语，修饰主语model，is后面为表语。值得注意的是，is后面的that并非从句的引导词，而是在此处指代前面的model，即这里的that of limited CEO talent等于the model of limited CEO talent。后面的where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly为定语从句，修饰a world。
句意为：最能解释CEO薪酬增长的说法是，顶级公司的商业机会正迅速增加，而在这样的环境里，CEO人才却是有限的。
7、27. Compared with their predecessors, today’s CEOs are required to ________.
A foster a stronger sense of teamwork
B finance more research and development
C establish closer ties with tech companies
D operate more globalized companies
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的predecessors和are required to可定位至原文第三段第三句，其中predecessors为原词复现，are required to对应原文中的need。该句提到，他们也需要具备比他们的前辈更优秀的公关技能，因为哪怕只是一个小小的失误，也可能需要付出巨大的代价。后面第四句接着指出，此外，美国大公司比以往任何时候都更加全球化，供应链遍布更多国家。由此可知，如今的CEO们必须能够经营更加全球化的公司，故正确答案为D项。
错项排除：A项中的sense of teamwork在原文中没有提及，只提到了应有sense of financial markets（对金融市场的良好感知），属于偷换概念，故排除。B项利用第三段倒数第二句中的research and development进行干扰，但原文只是在说CEO们要拥有足够丰富的知识，因为几乎所有美国大公司都在变成科技公司，并且通常都有自己的研发团队，文中并没有提到要加大对研发的投入，故B项错误。C项利用closer ties进行干扰，但文中并未提及要与tech companies建立联系的相关信息，故排除。
8、28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite ________.
A continual internal opposition
B strict corporate governance
C conservative business strategies
D repeated governance warnings
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的since the 1970s可定位至原文第四段第二句。该句说到，从大多数指标来看，自20世纪70年代以来，企业管理变得愈发苛刻和严格。该段第三句接着说到，然而，正是在公司加强管理的这段时期，CEO的薪酬一直处于高位，并且还在不断上升。由此可知，尽管企业管理很严格，CEO的薪酬还是在上涨。B项中的corporate governance为原词复现，strict对应原文中的tighter and more rigorous，故正确答案为B项。
错项排除：A项利用原文最后一段第一句出现的outside candidates和insider picks进行干扰，但该句说的是最高的CEO薪酬是付给外部候选人的，而不是内部提拔的人选，此处并没有提及持续的内部对抗，故A项错误。前文讨论了近年来对CEO的商业能力提出了更高要求，这意味着CEO薪酬上涨与其商业策略的升级密切相关，而C项“保守的商业策略”与此内容相悖，故排除。D项利用文中多次出现的governance进行干扰，但repeated warnings（反复的警告）在原文中并无依据，原文只是说企业管理比以前更严格，但这并不妨碍CEO的薪酬上涨，故D项错误。
9、29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps ________.
A confirm the status of CEOs
B motivate inside candidates
C boost the efficiency of CEOs
D increase corporate value
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的High CEO pay可定位至原文第五段首句。该句提到，最高的CEO薪酬是付给外部候选人的，而不是内部提拔的人选，这也表明付给CEO高薪并不是以牺牲公司其他成员为代价的某种掠夺行为。随后该段最后一句接着指出，当公司将CEO薪酬与股价挂钩时，股票市场会作出积极反应，这表明这些做法不仅会为CEO创造价值，还会提升企业价值。整段内容都在分析CEO的高额薪酬是合理的，其中一个原因就是这有助于提升企业价值。D项中的corporate value为原词复现，increase对应原文中的build up，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：A项中的status of CEOs在原文中没有依据，故排除。B项利用第五段首句中的insider picks进行干扰，但原文说的是CEO的高额薪酬没有提供给内部提拔的人选，所以也并不存在激励内部候选人的情况，故B项与原文意思不符，应排除。C项中的efficiency of CEOs在原文中并无依据，故排除。
长难句分析：Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company.
本句的句子主干为…the highest CEO salaries are paid to…, not to…，是被动语态。another sign为前面句子的同位语，后面的that引导同位语从句修饰sign，对sign进行解释说明。同位语从句为主系表结构，后面的at the expense of the rest of the company作从句的条件状语。
句意为：除此之外， CEO最高的薪酬是付给外部候选人的，而不是付给内部提拔的人选。这也表明，给CEO支付高薪并不是以牺牲公司其他成员为代价的某种掠夺行为。
10、30. The most suitable title for this text would be ________.
A CEOs Are Not Overpaid
B CEO Pay: Past and Present
C CEOs’ Challenges of Today
D CEO Traits: Not Easy to Define
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为主旨题，需要结合全文大意进行作答。文章第一段通过描述CEO薪酬高、涨薪快这一现象引出文章主题，指出CEO的薪酬普遍很高这一现象。随后第二、三段通过分析竞争环境、人才能力和工作需要具体分析了CEO薪资高的原因。最后第四、五段通过反驳大众的惯有看法，指出CEO的巨额薪资是有其合理性的，因为他们能为企业带来更多价值。由此可推断，后者认为CEO的高薪是合理的，并没有过高，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：B项利用文章中出现的时间点since the mid-1970s和since the 1970s进行干扰，但它们只是描述时间的细节信息，文章并没有重点对过去和现在的CEO薪酬进行比较，而是主要讨论了CEO薪酬高、涨薪快的原因，故B项错误。C项利用原文在第三段首句提到的“如今的CEO必须要有更多的技能，而不单单只会经营公司”进行干扰，但这只是作者为了分析CEO获得高薪的原因，属于文章的一个论点，不能作为文章主旨，故C项错误。D项中的CEO Traits也只是文章中有关CEO能力的一些细节信息，同样不能作为文章主旨，故D项错误。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise.
Mayor José Luis Martínez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the city’s decision to stop levying fines, ordering them reinstated. But with legal battles ahead, the zone’s future looks uncertain at best.
Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That’s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers—who must pay fees or buy better vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.
It’s not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issue in next year’s mayoral election. And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.
It’s not that measures such as London’s Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents’ health in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits—fewer heart attacks, strokes and premature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimely deaths.
But mayors and councilors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments—Britain’s and others across Europe—have failed to do so.
Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas—city centres, “school streets”, even individual roads—are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance. Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollution. We’re doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.
11、31. Which of the following is true about Madrid’s clean air zone?
A Its effects are questionable.
B It has been opposed by a judge.
C It needs tougher enforcement.
D Its fate is yet to be decided.
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的Madrid’s clean air zone可定位至原文第一段。该段说到，去年11月，马德里针对污染最严重的汽车实行了耗资巨大的限制措施，被誉为公共卫生的标杆。一段时间之后，新一届保守派市议会暂停实行清洁空气区的政策，这是该举措可能走向覆灭的第一步。该段提到清洁空气区有可能会被取消，后文第二段最后一句接着说到，哪怕乐观估计，对于陷入法律纠纷的清洁空气区来说，其未来往好了说都是尚不明确的。D项内容对应原文the zone’s future looks uncertain，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：原文第二段首句提到该区域在改善空气质量方面取得了成功（its success in improving air quality），因此它的成效并不令人怀疑，故A项错误。B项利用原文第二段第二句的A judge进行干扰，但该句说的是，一位法官否决了该市停止征收罚款的决定，并下令恢复罚款。也就是说，法官是支持清洁空气区这一举措的，故B项错误。C项利用第一段第二句的enforcement进行干扰，但原文说的是新一届的保守派市议会暂停了实行清洁空气区的政策，并非更严格地执行，故C项错误。
12、32. Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?
A They are biased against car manufacturers.
B They prove impractical for city councils.
C They are deemed too mild for politicians.
D They put too much burden on individual motorists.
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的weakness和the city-level measures可定位至原文第三段。该段讲到，城市所采取的必要措施在处理空气污染问题上存在政治争议，因此很脆弱。这是因为这些措施不可避免地把净化空气的成本推给了司机个人。由此可推知，城市为治理空气污染所采取的措施给司机个人增加了负担，D项中的individual motorists为原文中individual drivers的同义替换词，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：A项利用car manufacturers进行干扰，原文第三段第二句说到，城市不可避免地把净化空气的成本推给了司机个人，而不是汽车制造商。由此可见，城市所采取的的措施对汽车制造商并没有偏见，反而是对其有利的，故A项错误。B项中的“不切实际”在原文中并无依据，故排除。C项利用原文中的politically和vulnerable这类细节信息进行干扰，但原文说的是城市所采取的措施在处理空气污染问题上存在政治争议，因此很脆弱，并没有说该举措对政治家过于温和，故C项错误。
长难句分析：That’s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers—who must pay fees or buy better vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.
本句主干为That’s because…，是主系表结构。because引导表语从句，从句的主干为they put the cost on to individual drivers…rather than on to the car manufacturers…。破折号中间的内容为who引导的定语从句，修饰前面的individual drivers。rather than引导比较状语，表示“而不是……”，修饰前面的because they…on to individual drivers。whose同样引导定语从句，修饰car manufacturers。
句意为：这是因为这些市级措施不可避免地把净化空气的成本推给了司机个人——他们必须支付费用或购买更好的汽车——而不是汽车制造商，这些制造商的欺骗行为才是造成有毒空气污染的真正原因。
13、33. The author believes that the extension of London’s Ulez will ________.
A arouse strong resistance
B ensure Khan’s electoral success
C improve the city’s trafficimprove the city’s traffic
D discourage car manufacturing
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的extension of London’s Ulez可定位至原文第四段。该段第二句提到了伦敦新的超低排放区（ultra-low emission zone）。后面第三句接着说到，如果萨迪克·汗获胜，并按照他的计划将其延伸（extends it）至南北环路，那么这势必会遭到更多受到影响的汽车司机的强烈反对。原文中extends it里的it指代的就是London’s Ulez，由此可知，伦敦超低排放区的扩大将会引起强烈的反对，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：B项利用原文中的election和Sadiq Khan wins进行干扰，但原文说的是新的超低排放区很可能在明年的市长选举（mayoral election）中成为一个大问题。如果萨迪克·汗获胜（Sadiq Khan wins），并按照他的计划在2021年将超低排放区延伸至南北环路，那么这势必会遭到更多受到影响的汽车司机的强烈反对。并没有说伦敦超低排放区的扩大是否会确保萨迪克·汗选举成功，故B项错误。文中没有提及超低排放区对交通的影响，C项内容在文中没有依据，故排除。D项利用原文第三段最后的car manufacturers进行干扰，但该句说的是汽车制造商的欺骗行为才是造成空气污染的真正原因，并不是说伦敦超低排放区的扩大会抑制汽车制造业，故D项错误。
长难句分析：And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.
本句的主干为…it is sure to…，是主系表结构。前半句中，And为连接词，if…in 2021 as he intends为if引导的条件状语从句，其中as he intends作方式状语修饰前面的部分。在后半句中，it为形式主语，后面的不定式to spark…motorists为真正的主语，句子结尾是who引导的定语从句，修饰motorists。
句意为：而且，如果萨迪克·汗获胜，并如愿在2021年将超低排放区延伸至南北环路，那么这势必会遭到更多受到影响的汽车司机的强烈反对。
14、34. Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?
A Local residents.
B Mayors.
C Councilors.
D National governments.
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。解题的一个关键在于题干中的should have（本该），言下之意是某一方没有承担起应有的责任。根据题干中的problem可定位至原文第六段首句。该句提到，但是对于这个远非任何一个城市或城镇能凭一己之力解决的问题，市长和议员们所能做的也就只有这么多了。第二句接着指出，他们之所以采取行动，是因为英国和欧洲其他国家的政府未采取行动。由此可推断，作者认为本就应该让各国政府来解决这个问题，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：A项利用原文第五段的Local officials和residents进行干扰，但原文说的是地方官员正在使用他们所能使用的手段来保护居民的健康，并没有提到居民应该来解决这一问题，故A项错误。B、C两项利用第六段开头的mayors and councilors进行干扰，但原文说的是市长和议员们已经对解决空气问题采取了措施，并且能做的也只有这么多，故B、C两项错误。
15、35. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companies ________.
A will raise low-emission car production
B should be forced to follow regulations
C will upgrade the design of their vehicles
D should be put under public supervision
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为推断题。根据题干中的auto companies可定位至原文最后一段。该段提到，限制高排量汽车进入某些地区，如市中心、“学校街道”，甚至个别道路，是针对两个问题的应对之策：政府没有加大力度切实执行现有法规、也没有要求汽车公司按规生产。最后一句是对上文中治理措施的总结：我们什么都做了，但就是没有坚持要求制造商制造低污染的汽车。由此可推断，政府应该强制要求汽车公司遵守其规定，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：关于汽车公司，最后一段主要讲了两件事，一是限制高污染汽车进入某些地区，二是政府未能坚持要求汽车制造商处理汽车污染问题，显然A、C项是针对汽车污染问题有可能采取的应对措施。但文章只是对此问题作客观描述，从最后一段无法明确得出汽车公司是否会提高低排放汽车的产量或改进汽车设计，故A、C选项属于主观臆测，可排除。最后一段中只说到现有法规执行不力，并没有提到公众监督，故D项排除。
长难句分析：Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas—city centres, “school streets”, even individual roads—are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance.
本句的主干为Restrictions…are a response…，是主系表结构。that引导定语从句，修饰主语Restrictions。破折号中间的内容为插入语，对certain areas的范围进行具体的解释说明。to the absence of a larger effort为后置定语，修饰表语a response。后面的to properly…compliance作effort的后置定语。
句意为：对于政府没有加大力度切实执行现有法规、也没有要求汽车公司按规生产这两个问题，限制高污染汽车进入某些区域——如市中心、“学校街道”，甚至个别道路——是一种应对之策。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this spring—the most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was born after 1995, give or take a year—the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks. Gen Zs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market that’s tighter than it’s been in decades. And employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new graduates for jobs in the U.S. this year than last, according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers. Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.
If “entitled” is the most common adjective, fairly or not, applied to millennials (those born between 1981 and 1995), the catchwords for Generation Z are practical and cautious. According to the career counselors and experts who study them, Generation Zs are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists. Despite graduating into the best economy in the past 50 years, Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like. They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both. They aren’t interested in taking any chances. The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency, especially for those who have college debt. College loan balances in the U.S. now stand at a record $1.5 trillion, according to the Federal Reserve.
One survey from Accenture found that 88 percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major with a job in mind. In a 2019 survey of University of Georgia students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment (followed by professional development and training, and then inspiring purpose). Job security or stability was the second most important career goal (work-life balance was number one), followed by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the greater good.
That’s a big change from the previous generation. “Millennials wanted more flexibility in their lives,” notes Tanya Michelsen, Associate Director of YouthSight, a UK-based brand manager that conducts regular 60-day surveys of British youth, in findings that might just as well apply to American youth. “Generation Zs are looking for more certainty and stability, because of the rise of the gig economy. They have trouble seeing a financial future and they are quite risk averse.”
16、36. Generation Zs graduating college this spring ________.
A are recognized for their abilities
B are in favor of office job offers
C are optimistic about the labor market
D are drawing growing public attention
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干内容可直接定位至原文第一段首句。该句提到，Z一代人即将在今年春天大学毕业，近几周来，人们对其关注度一直在稳步上升。该段最后一句话也说到，每个人都想知道，那些即将进入办公室、在小隔间工作的Z一代人与之前的人有什么不同。由此可知，今年春天即将大学毕业的Z一代人引起了公众的广泛关注，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：A项利用原文首句中的commonly-accepted（普遍接受的）进行干扰，对应A项中的recognized（认可的），但原文并没有提到和abilities（能力）相关的信息，故A项错误。B项利用首段最后一句中的office cubicles进行干扰，但原文说的是公众想知道那些即将入职办公室隔间（office cubicles）的Z一代人与之前的人有什么不同，并没有提到Z一代人对办公室工作的倾向，故B项错误。原文首段第三句提到，雇主计划今年在美国招聘的应届毕业生比去年多了17%，但这无法说明Z一代人对劳动力市场持乐观态度，C项属于曲解文意，故排除。
长难句分析：Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this spring—the most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was born after 1995, give or take a year—the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks.
本句的主干为…the attention has been rising…，是主谓结构，句末的in recent weeks作主句的时间状语。句首的Now that…this spring为原因状语从句，两个破折号之间的内容为插入语，用于对Generation Z作解释说明。
句意为：由于Z一代人在今年春天即将大学毕业，人们对他们的关注度在最近几周稳步上升。对于Z一代人最普遍认可的定义是：在1995年（或前后一年）出生的人。
17、37. Generation Zs are keenly aware ________.
A what a tough economic situation is like
B what their parents expect of them
C how they differ from past generations
D how valuable a counselor’s advice is
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的Generation Zs和keenly aware可定位至原文第二段第三句，Gen Zs know对应题干关键词。该句说到，尽管Z一代人毕业时是过去50年中最好的经济时期，他们却仍知道经济列车在受到重创后是什么样子。第四句接着强调，在2008年经济危机期间，他们可能正是受影响最大的孩子，当时许多父母失去了工作或毕生的积蓄，或两者兼而有之。由此可见，Z一代人非常清楚地知道严峻的经济形势是什么样的，A项中的tough economic situation对应原文中的 economic train wreck，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：B项利用原文第四句的parents进行干扰，但原文说的是许多父母在经济危机时期失去了工作和积蓄，并没有说明父母对Z一代人有何期望，B项关键词expect在原文中没有依据，故错误。C项利用首段最后一句的differ from进行干扰，但原文说的是公众想知道那些即将入职办公室隔间的Z一代人与之前的人有什么不同，C项偷换概念，故错误。D项利用原文第二段第二句中的counselors进行干扰，但原文提到职业咨询师只是为了引用其对Z一代人的看法，并没有说明Z一代人认为咨询师的建议非常宝贵，故D项错误。
18、38. The word “assuage” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ________.
A define
B relieve
C maintain
D deepen
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为词义辨析题。本题需要推断assuage一词的意思，单词所在句说到，蓬勃发展的经济似乎并没有assuage这一代人潜在的焦虑紧迫感，尤其是对那些背负大学债务的人而言。第二段开头提到，最常用来形容Z一代人的词是务实和谨慎，后半部分又说到，尽管Z一代人毕业时是过去50年中最好的经济时期，他们却仍知道经济列车受到重创后是什么样子，而且他们对任何冒险都不感兴趣。也就是说，Z一代人一直都存在一种焦虑感，哪怕是处在经济最佳时期，这种焦虑紧迫感也无法消除。因此“assuage”一词应和“消除”或“缓解”意思相近，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：A项define表示“定义”，C项maintain表示“维持，保持”，代入文中均无法构成合理语义，故排除。D项deepen表示“深化”，代入文中和原文意思相悖，故D项错误。
19、39. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that Generation Zs ________.
A care little about their job performance
B give top priority to professional training
C have a clear idea about their future jobs
D think it hard to achieve work-life balance
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为推断题。根据题干中的Paragraph 3可直接定位至第三段，题目问的是Z一代人的相关信息。该段第一句提到，埃森哲咨询公司的一项调查发现，今年88%的毕业生在选择专业时就会考虑到未来要从事的工作。也就是说，Z一代人对他们未来的工作有着明确的想法，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：A项中的job performance（工作表现）在原文中没有依据，故排除。第三段第二句明确指出，最受学生青睐的雇主的特点是可以提供稳定工作，其次才是职业发展和培训。第三句括号里的内容也说到，对于Z一代人来说，工作和生活的平衡是排在首位的，并非职业培训，故B项错误。D项利用原文词work-life balance进行干扰，但文中只是提到Z一代人将工作和生活的平衡排在首位，并不代表他们认为这一平衡难以实现，故D项错误。
20、40. Michelsen thinks that compared with millennials, Generation Zs are ________.
A less realistic
B less adventurous
C more diligent
D more generous
答案解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的Michelsen和millennials可定位至原文最后一段第二、三句。YouthSight的副总监塔尼亚·迈克尔逊指出：“千禧一代希望他们的生活能更加灵活。而由于零工经济的兴起，Z一代人正在寻求更多的确定性和稳定性。他们很难预见未来的财务状况，并且非常厌恶风险。”由此可知，迈克尔逊认为，与千禧一代相比，Z一代人更不喜冒险，B项中的less adventurous对应原文最后的risk averse，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：根据迈克尔逊的话可知，他认为Z一代人正在寻求更多的确定性和稳定性，而且厌恶风险，由此可推知，他们应该是非常现实的，A项与原文意思相悖，故错误。C、D两项在迈克尔逊所说的话中并没有提到，属于无中生有，故排除。
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