Section Ⅰ Use of English
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
1、 (1)
A served
B performed
C rebelled
D betrayed
答案解析：
答案精析：空格处需填入动词，作who引导的定语从句的谓语，该从句的先行词是men and women，从后面的World War II（二战）和the people they liberated（他们解放的人）可知，这些男人和女人是在二战时期服兵役的人，故正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：B选项表示“执行；履行”时为及物动词，而空处需填入不及物动词；perform作不及物动词时表示“表现（好/不好）”，不符合语义，故排除B选项。C选项表示“反叛”，与前文的liberate（解放）相悖，故排除。D选项为及物动词，不符合语法，因此排除。
2、 (2)
A actual
B common
C special
D normal
答案解析：
答案精析：空格处应填入形容词，修饰man，由空格后的grown into hero（逐渐成长为英雄）可知，G.I本来并非英雄，只是普通人。再根据后文描述：他是被迫离开家的农场小孩，背负战争的重担，睡在寒冷的散兵坑里，缺少必要的食物和庇护，坚持到战争胜利，驱赶了纳粹分子统治。这是所有普通士兵都需要经历的成长之路，故正确答案为B选项。
错项排除：A选项表示“真实的，实际的”，与之相对的是“虚假的”，此处不涉及真假情况，故排除。C选项与原文表达相反， 故排除。D选项强调“正常”，与之相对的是“不正常”，此处不涉及正常与否，故排除。
3、 (3)
A bore
B eased
C removed
D loaded
答案解析：
答案精析：空处应该填入动词，作who引导的定语从句的谓语，宾语为burdens。结合后文slept in cold foxholes（睡在寒冷的散兵坑），without the…of food and shelter（缺乏食物和庇护所），可知G. I.背负着战争的重担，故正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：B、C选项与原文语义相反，故排除。D选项多用于load sth. on sb.或load sb. with sth.的结构，原文表 “背负”用的介词搭配应为is loaded with，而非主动语态，故排除。
4、 (4)
A necessities
B facilities
C commodities
D properties
答案解析：
答案精析：空格后的介词of在此处表示同位关系，空处所填名词与food and shelter（食物和庇护所）表示相近的含义。食物和庇护所是生活必须条件，故此处正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：B选项的“设施”、C选项的“商品”和D选项的“财产”都不能与food和shelter形成同义关系，故排除。
5、 (5)
A and
B nor
C but
D hence
答案解析：
答案精析：上文已经提到G. I.是common man（普通人），且torn away from his home（被迫离乡），可知此处volunteer soldier和average guy之间是转折关系，G. I.不是志愿兵，而是普通人，not… but…表示“不是……而是……”，故正确答案为C选项。
错项排除：A选项and表示顺承关系，而此处逻辑出现差距，故排除A项。B选项表示“也不”，与前文所说G. I.是普通人的背景信息相悖，故排除。D选项表示因果或时间先后关系，此处不存在此类关系，故排除。
6、 (6)
A for
B into
C from
D against
答案解析：
答案精析：此处应该填入介词，空后宾语是enemies（敌人），敌我双方应该是“反抗，对立”的关系，故正确答案为D选项。
错误排除：A、B、C选项均无法表示敌我关系，因此可以排除。
长难句分析：Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be.
本句是由but连接的两个并列句，but前面的句子为主+谓+宾+宾补结构，the symbol of American military adventurism是war toy的同位语；but后的句子是主系表结构，其中表语为how引导的表语从句how it used to be。
句意为：成千上万的美国人和外国人都将G. I. Joe视为没有思想的战争玩具，是美国军事冒险主义的象征，但过去并非如此。
7、 (7)
A meaning
B implying
C symbolizing
D claiming
答案解析：
答案精析：空处所填动词现在分词作后置定语，修饰abbreviation（缩写），G. I.是军事缩写，意思是“政府发放”，故正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：G. I.与Government Issue是同义关系，后者是前者的解释说明，不存在“暗示”或“声称”的关系，故排除B、D选项。C选项的symbolizing表示“象征”，通常象征物与事物本体不属于同一类事物，故排除。
8、 (8)
A handed out
B turned over
C brought back
D passed down
答案解析：
答案精析：空处应填入过去分词词组作后置定语，修饰articles（物品），空格前的it指代G. I.，由其含义“政府发放”，可知物品与士兵之间的关系是物品被分发给士兵，故正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：B选项常用搭配为turn sth. over to sb.，表示“（应某人要求）将某物移交给某人”，此处无法体现。C选项表示“带回”或“回忆起”，在文中没有体现物品是被带回的，故排除。D选项表示一代传给下一代，文中没有体现，故排除。
9、 (9)
A pushed
B got
C made
D managed
答案解析：
答案精析：空处所填动词为who引导的定语从句的宾语。从A common name（一个普通的名字），a working class name（工人阶级的名字），可知，Joe是从未跻身上层社会的人的名字。make it表示“成功，做成”，故正确答案为C选项。
错项排除：A、D选项都不能与it构成搭配，表示“做成某事”应使用manage to do，所以排除。B选项与it搭配表示“明白；弄清楚”，不符合句意，因此也排除。
10、 (10)
A ever
B never
C either
D neither
答案解析：
答案精析：前文提到Joe是从未跻身上流社会的普通人的名字，president（总统）、vice-president（副总统）、secretary of state（国务卿）均为上层成功人士，体现了Joe与上流社会的不沾边，故此处应该填入否定词，即美国从未有过总统、副总统或国务卿名叫Joe。故正确答案为B选项。
错项排除：A选项与文意相反。C、D选项均表示两者间的关系，此处体现不出两者的概念。
长难句分析：G. I. is just a military abbreviation meaning Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles handed out to soldiers.
本句为and连接的并列句，and前的句子是主系表结构，meaning Government Issue为现在分词作后置定语，修饰abbreviation，指明这一缩写含义。and后的句子同样是主系表结构，表语是介词结构on all of the articles。handed out to soldiers是过去分词作后置定语，修饰articles.
句意为：G. I.只是一个军事简称，意思是“政府发放”，它出现在所有分发给士兵的物品上。
11、 (11)
A disguised
B disturbed
C disputed
D distinguished
答案解析：
答案精析：空处应填入形容词作career的定语，结合前文的hero（英雄）和drove back the Nazi reign of murder（驱除纳粹分子的残暴统治），可知G.I. Joe的军事生涯应该是成功的，故正确答案为D选项。
错项排除：A、B、C选项虽然与D选项形近，但均不能与career构成符合上下文的语义，故排除。
12、 (12)
A company
B collection
C community
D colony
答案解析：
答案精析：空处应能构成a _____ of，后接名词复数American personalities（美国人性格特点）作宾语，只有collection可与personalities搭配，a collection of表示“……的集合”，故正确答案为B选项。
错项排除：A选项构成a company of表示“一群人”，后面通常接人，不与personalities搭配，故排除。C选项构成a community of表示“团体，社群”，宾语通常也为人，故排除。D选项构成a colony of表示“（生物）群落”，宾语多为动植物。
13、 (13)
A employed
B appointed
C interviewed
D questioned
答案解析：
答案精析：Pyle _____为定语从句，修饰soldiers，空处所填动词的宾语为先行词soldiers。根据上文可知，Pyle为war correspondent（战地记者），故此处应为Pyle采访士兵，故正确答案为C选项。
错项排除：A、B选项均与战地记者的身份不符，因此排除。原文体现不出“质疑”的含义，“询问”不如“采访”更贴近战地记者的工作内容，故排除D选项。
14、 (14)
A ethical
B military
C political
D human
答案解析：
答案精析：Pyle因报道战争中____一面而闻名。从空格后的writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers（报道浑身尘土、积雪和泥浆的士兵）可以看出Pyle更关注的是战争中的人或人性的一面，故正确答案为D选项。
错项排除：A、C选项在文中没有体现，故排除。原文提到Pyle关注的是与人有关的一面，而非“what towns were captured（占领的城镇）”，也就是说军事的一面并非Pyle关注的重点，故B选项错误。
15、 (15)
A ruined
B commuted
C patrolled
D gained
答案解析：
答案精析：空处为被动语态，所填动词应为及物动词，并且可以与miles构成动宾搭配。or为并列连词，故前后语义一致，所填词应该与captured（占领）和liberated（解放）的意思相近，表示军事成果，gain miles可以表示士兵挺近的英里数，故正确答案为D选项。
错项排除：A选项ruined的宾语不能是空间距离，不能与miles构成动宾搭配，故排除。B选项表示“通勤”指上学或上下班，且为不及物动词，故排除。C选项patrolled的宾语为具体区域或地点，也不能是空间距离，故排除。
16、 (16)
A paralleled
B counteracted
C duplicated
D contradicted
答案解析：
答案精析：空处所填词体现Pyle的报道和Bill Maulden的“威利”系列漫画之间的关系。从后面的Both men…可知，两人是相似的，故正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：B、D选项均表示对立关系，与原文文意不符，故排除。C选项“复制”强调完全相同，而报道和漫画属于不同事物，两者无法达到复制的关系，故排除。
17、 (17)
A neglected
B avoided
C emphasized
D admired
答案解析：
答案精析：前文提到两者相似，此处进一步阐述相似之处。前文提到Pyle关注the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers（浑身尘土、积雪和泥浆的士兵），也就是战争的艰苦。由此可知两人应该都强调战争的the dirt and exhaustion（肮脏与损耗），故正确答案为C选项。
错项排除：A、B选项与原文文意相反，故排除。D选项admired的宾语通常为正面的事物，此处the dirt and exhaustion带有负面色彩，故admired在此不符合逻辑，应当排除。
18、 (18)
A stages
B illusions
C fragments
D advances
答案解析：
答案精析：空处所填词是emphasized的宾语。后文描述了士兵之间以及士兵与平民分享咖啡、烟草、威士忌等物品，并同住同睡的场景，这些是体现文明的细节和缩影，与此含义相近的为fragments（片段），故正确答案为C选项。
错项排除：A选项表示“阶段”，此处体现不出文明的不同阶段，故排除A选项。Pyle报道的是战时的真实场景，并非幻觉，故B选项错误。这些场景体现的是人性的温情，但不是人性的发展进步，故D选项排除。
19、 (19)
A With
B To
C Among
D Beyond
答案解析：
答案精析：空处应填入介词，其后的宾语是后面列举的国家，句子的主语是G. I. Joe。空处所填词应该是这些国家对G. I. Joe的评价，填入To，表示“对……而言”，故正确答案为B选项。
错项排除：with表示“和……一起”，代入原文大意为：和埃及，法国和其他国家一起，G. I. Joe是美国士兵，逻辑不通。C选项表示同类事物的其中之一，G. I. Joe与前面列举的国家不属同类，故排除。而G. I. Joe超过其他国家也不符合逻辑，故排除D选项。
20、 (20)
A on the contrary
B by this means
C from the outset
D at that point
答案解析：
答案精析：空格后的the most important person是American soldier的同位语，只有D选项符合句意，大意为：对于埃及、法国等国家，G. I. Joe指任何一个美国士兵，在那时是他们生命中最重要的人。
错项排除：文中不含转折关系，且A选项与句意矛盾，故排除A选项。B选项强调方式和手段，文中没有体现，故排除。C选项强调从头至尾的延续性，指“一直是最重要的人”，而对埃及和法国等国家来说，只有在二战时美国士兵才是最重要的人，故C选项不符合句意。
长难句分析：Both men emphasized the dirt and exhaustion of war, the fragments of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.
本句为复合句，主干为Both men emphasized the dirt and exhaustion of war, the fragments of civilization，为主谓宾结构，the dirt and exhaustion of war和the fragments of civilization是并列宾语。that引导的同位语从句，表明文明的片段所指的内容，使用了sb. share sth. with sb.的结构，其中sth.进行了后置，是冒号后的coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep。
句意为：两人都强调了战争的肮脏和丑恶以及战争的消耗，并关注士兵们与平民分享咖啡、烟草、威士忌等物品，并同住同睡的文明片段。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.
The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.
21、21. It is implied in Paragraph 1 that nowadays homework ________.
A is receiving more criticism
B is gaining more preferences
C is not required for advanced courses
D is no longer an educational ritual
答案解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Paragraph 1和nowadays homework可定位至原文第一段首句。该句指出，作业一直不受学生和部分家长的欢迎，但近年来尤其受到蔑视。题干中nowadays和原文中的in recent years对应，A选项中的criticism和原文中scorned的语义色彩一致，故正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：B选项中preferences（喜爱）与原文中scorned的语义色彩相反，故错误。原文最后一句提到，除一些高级课程外，家庭作业在学术成绩中的占比不得超过10%，并非高级课程可以不做要求，故C选项错误。原文中只是说一些学区开始改变对家庭作业这一教育惯例的看法，并非要废除这一教育惯例，故D选项错误。
22、22. L. A. Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students ________.
A tend to have moderate expectations for their education
B have asked for a different educational standard
C may have problems finishing their homework
D have voiced their complaints about homework
答案解析：
答案精析：根据poor students可定位至原文第二段首句。该句指出，这一规定旨在解决贫困或混乱家庭的学生在完成家庭作业时会遇到的困难，也就是说该规定是因为贫困学生在完成作业方面有困难，选项中的finishing是对原文中completing的同义替换，故正确答案为C选项。
错项排除：A、D选项在原文均未提及，故排除。原文第二段最后指出，这一政策相当于暗示应该对贫困学生降低标准，并非是贫困学生主动要求设定不同的标准，故B选项错误。
23、23. According to Paragraph 3, one problem with the policy is that it may ________.
A result in students’ indifference to their report cards
B undermine the authority of state tests
C restrict teachers’ power in education
D discourage students from doing homework
答案解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位至原文第三段，该段第二句指出，在家庭作业占学生成绩的比重的不足10%的情况下，学生可以跳过一半作业不做，但成绩却不受多大影响。这将会使学生不重视家庭作业，失去做家庭作业的动力，D选项与原文指出的大意相符，为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项在原文并未提及，故排除。B选项中“state tests”在原文只是作为例证，并未提及会削弱州立考试的权威性，故排除。第三段最后一句只是说这一规定没有赋予老师权利去寻找最适合学生的家庭作业，并不是限制了老师的权利，故C选项错误。
24、24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether ________.
A it should be eliminated
B it counts much in schooling
C it places extra burdens on teachers
D it is important for grades
答案解析：
答案精析：根据题干中Paragraph 4和a key question可定位至原文第四段。该段首句指出，该政策并未解决真正棘手的问题（thorny questions）。第二、三句详细阐述了第一句所说的棘手问题。通过假设家庭作业重要或不重要，指出了该政策的不合理之处，也就说明该政策没有解决家庭作业是否重要的问题。故正确答案为B选项。
错项排除：取消家庭作业是假设家庭作业不重要时应采取的举措，并非该政策尚未解决的问题，故排除A选项。第四段最后一句指出该政策也无法保证老师布置的作业没有超过他们愿意批改的量，并未提及家庭作业增加了老师的额外负担，故C选项错误。原文认为如果家庭作业重要，则它应该在分数中占比更多，此处只是假设，并非待解决的问题，故排除D选项。
25、25. A suitable title for this text could be ________.
A A Faulty Approach to Homework
B A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students
C Thorny Questions about Homework
D Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy
答案解析：
答案精析：全文围绕一项家庭作业的新政策进行展开，大部分篇幅都在批评该政策的不足与可能带来的不良后果，可见正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：原文只是提到该政策旨在解决贫困学生做作业时遇到的困难，并未提及是否受贫困学生欢迎，故B选项错误。关于家庭作业的棘手问题是新政策未解决的问题，属于文章细节信息，不能作为文章的标题，故C选项也应排除。文章是对教育政策的解读，全文在批评该政策的不足，语调客观，不能判断文章解读有误，故D选项错误。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the color, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.
Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not color-coded at all until the early 20th century, in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colors were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine color, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behavior: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences—or invent them where they did not previously exist.
26、26. By saying “it is...the rainbow” (Line 2, Para. 1), the author means pink ________.
A cannot explain girls’ lack of imagination
B should not be associated with girls’ innocence
C should not be the sole representation of girlhood
D cannot influence girls’ lives and interests
答案解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位至原文第一段第二句，该句划线部分的字面含义是“它只是彩虹中的很小一部分”，从字面意义可以看出粉色不是全部，而and前后的语义一致；后面指出，尽管粉色可以在一定程度上代表少女时期，但它也不断地融合女孩对于外貌的认同。也就是说粉色会使女孩对于少女时期的认同变得单一，综合来看，C选项与原文暗示的信息一致，故为正确答案。
错项排除：原文虽然提及“lack of imagination（缺乏想象力）”，但其主体不是女孩，而是女孩生活和兴趣缺乏想象力这一现象，强调单一性，A选项错误。原文提到粉色代表了女孩的纯真，并未表示女孩的纯真不应该与粉色联系起来，故B选项错误。原文提到粉色会融合女孩对于外表的认同，使得女孩生活和兴趣缺乏想象力，可见粉色对女孩是有影响的，故D选项错误。
长难句分析：It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance.
本句是由and连接两个并列句，and前面的分句的句子主干是It is not that…but…，为主系表结构，其中表语是由not… but…连接的两个表语从句pink is intrinsically bad和it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow。and后是主从复合句，主句主干为it…fuses girls’ identity to appearance，为主谓宾结构。though引导让步状语从句，从句中使用了主谓宾结构，in one way为状语。
句意为：并非粉色本身不好，而是它只是彩虹的一小部分，并且粉色可以在一定程度上代表少女时期，但它也不断地使女孩的外貌意识融合趋同。
27、27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colors？
A Colors are encoded in girls’ DNA.
B Blue used to be regarded as the color for girls.
C White is preferred by babies.
D Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing genders.
答案解析：
答案精析：根据原文第二段第五句可知，蓝色代表着女性（femininity），后面提到直到20世纪80年代，粉色才被视为女性的颜色，也就是说蓝色曾被认为是女孩的颜色，因而B选项表述正确。
错项排除：第二段第一句指出，女孩喜欢粉色看似植根于她们的DNA，而事实并非如此，故A选项错误。婴儿之所以穿白色衣服，是因为当时清洗衣物的唯一方式是煮沸衣服，并未提及婴儿更喜欢白色，故C选项错误。原文明确提出粉色曾被认为是更加男性化（masculine）的颜色，而非D选项表述的中性颜色，故D选项错误。
28、28. The author suggests that our perception of children’s psychological development was much influenced by ________.
A the observation of children’s nature
B the marketing of products for children
C researches into children’s behavior
D studies of childhood consumption
答案解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的perception和psychological development可定位至原文第三段第一句。该句指出，营销潮流深刻影响我们对儿童天性的认知，包括对儿童心理发展的核心观念。故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文中儿童天性包括儿童心理发展，都受到营销潮流的影响，但并未提及对儿童心理发展的认知受对儿童天性的观察影响，故A选项错误。原文提到儿童行为研究，是为了解释toddler一词的来源，与题干所说的对儿童心理发展的认知无关，故C选项错误。原文提到childhood consumerism只是为了说明Daniel Cook的身份，与题干问题也无关，故D选项错误。
29、29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to ________.
A classify consumers into smaller groups
B attach equal importance to different genders
C focus on infant wear and older kids’ clothes
D create some common shoppers’ terms
答案解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Paragraph 4和department stores可定位至第四段第一句。该句指出，商业出版物建议百货商场在儿童服装和大龄儿童服装之间增加“一个跳板”，以增加销售。最后一句指出细分市场的最简单方式之一就是扩大性别差异或者创造原来不存在的差异，可见百货商场实质上是被建议将消费者细分成更小的群体，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文只提到扩大性别差距，未提及对不同性别同等重视，故排除B选项。原文只是建议在婴儿服装和大龄儿童服装之间增加一个消费群，并不是要关注这两个群体，故C选项错误。常见的购物者术语是市场细分的结果，并不等于百货商场被建议这么做，故D选项错误。
30、30. It can be concluded that girls’ attraction to pink seems to be ________.
A fully understood by clothing manufacturers
B clearly explained by their inborn tendency
C mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen
D well interpreted by psychological experts
答案解析：
答案精析：文章从女孩迷恋粉色切入，得出了粉色对女孩的吸引并非由女孩天性决定，而是受到服装制造商的营销伎俩影响；然后分析了商人为追逐利益而不断细分市场的行为，可见女孩对粉色的喜爱更多的是由商人后天强加的，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：女孩对粉色的喜爱是由服装制造商创造出来的，因而不是被服装制造商完全理解，故A选项错误。原文已经指明女孩对粉色的偏爱并非与生俱来，与B选项表述矛盾，故B选项错误。D选项在原文中并未提及，故排除。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
In 2010, a federal judge shook America’s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades— by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.
On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman’s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.
But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents’ monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad’s. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibers that have been separated from cotton seeds.”
Despite the appeals court’s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.
As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules—most are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the dots”, explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.
Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
31、31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like ________.
A genes to be patentable
B the BIO to issue a warning
C their executives to be active
D judges to rule out gene patenting
答案解析：
答案精析：根据第一段，对于法官裁决基因不可申请专利，生物科技公司的高层感到极其焦虑（violently agitated），可见生物科技公司对这一裁决是不满的，也就是他们想要基因可以申请专利，故正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：第一段最后一句指出，生物科技行业组织给成员发出预警是事实，并非生物科技公司想要生物科技行业组织这么做，故B选项错误。原文只提到高层对这一裁决感到焦虑，没有提到是否活跃，C选项在原文没有体现，故排除。D选项与原文内容相悖，故错误。
32、32. Those who are against gene patents believe that ________.
A genetic tests are not reliable
B only man-made products are patentable
C patents on genes depend much on innovation
D courts should restrict access to genetic tests
答案解析：
答案精析：根据Those who are against gene patents可定位至原文第三段第三句。该句中Critics是这一表述的同义转述。该句指出批评人士认为基因是自然产物，因此不能申请专利，言下之意就是：只有人造的产品才可以申请专利，故正确答案为B选项。
错项排除：文章第三段提到基因垄断限制了其他公司进行基因测试，没有提到基因测试是否可靠，故A选项错误。原文也没有提到法院是否应该限制基因测试，故D选项错误。原文提到基因专利抑制（suppress）了创新，并非依赖创新，故C选项错误。
33、33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for ________.
A discovering gene interactions
B establishing disease correlations
C drawing pictures of genes
D identifying human DNA
答案解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Hans Sauer可定位至原文第五段最后一句。该句指出生物公司渴望赢得专利权是为了将相关的基因点连接起来（connecting the dots）。第五段第四句提到公司正在研究基因如何相互作用（how genes interact），可见生物公司想要赢得专利权是为了发现基因是如何相互作用的，故正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：原文第五段提到correlations是指基因的相关性，以用来诊断疾病的病因和药物的药效，而不是疾病之间的相关性，故B选项错误。C选项在原文中未提及，故排除。公司要申请人类DNA专利，并没有提到其目的是否为鉴别人类DNA，故D选项错误。
34、34. By saying “Each meeting was packed” (Para. 6), the author means that ________.
A the Supreme Court was authoritative
B the BIO was a powerful organization
C gene patenting was a great concern
D lawyers were keen to attend conventions
答案解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位到原文最后一段最后一句。packed表示“拥挤的”，该句的字面意思是“每次会议都座无虚席”。前文提到BIO召开会议，期间包括一些研讨会，针对不断变化的基因专利案形势对律师进行培训。由此可见，会议座无虚席是因为人们对于基因专利授予的关注，故正确答案为C选项。
错项排除：会议由BIO召开，与最高法院是否权威无关，故排除A选项。虽然会议是由BIO召开，但是主要是关于基因专利的，与其是否强大无关，故B选项错误。会议包含对律师进行培训，但无法判断“会议座无虚席”意味着律师热衷于开会，故D选项错误。
35、35. Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is ________.
A critical
B supportive
C scornful
D objective
答案解析：
答案精析：从全文来看，作者从基因专利案件切入，分析案件进展。整篇文章就事论事，并未表达自己的观点看法，故作者对于基因专利的态度是客观的，正确答案为D选项。
错项排除：A、B、C选项均带有明显的感情倾向，在原文均无法找到依据。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.
No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.
But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. , lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.
Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them—especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.
36、36. By saying “to find silver linings” (Line 1, Para. 2) the author suggests that the jobless try to ________.
A seek subsidies from the government
B make profits from the troubled economy
C explore reasons for the unemployment
D look on the bright side of the recession
答案解析：
答案精析：第二段首句提到，失业者努力在全国性经济灾难中寻找一线希望，即指他们努力看到经济衰退中好的一面。后面说失业者在某些方面得到提升（improved them in some ways）也印证了这一点，故D选项为正确答案。silver lining指“（不幸或不快中的）一线希望”。
错项排除：原文没有提及失业者努力获取政府补助、探索失业的原因或者从经济困境中获利，故A、B、C选项均与原文内容无关，均可排除。
37、37. According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people ________.
A struggle against each other
B realize the national dream
C challenge their prudence
D reconsider their lifestyle
答案解析：
答案精析：第二段提到经济衰退对人们的影响包括使失业者不那么物质（less materialistic）、经济上更谨慎（more financially prudent）、更能体谅别人的不易（more aware of the struggles of others）、使社会从暴富和豪宅的狂热民族梦想中清醒，并终止了挥霍无度的花钱方式（put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending），可以看出经济衰退使人们重新审视自己的生活方式，故D选项为正确答案，
错项排除：A选项中struggle（争斗）是对原文中struggle（艰难求生）的错误解读，原文是说失业使得人们更能体谅别人的艰难了，并非使人们相互争斗，两者语义有偏差，故错误。原文提到经济衰退使人们从民族梦想的狂热中清醒，并非实现民族梦想，故B选项错误。原文只是说人们在经济上更谨慎了，并未提及“挑战谨慎程度”，故C选项错误。
长难句分析：Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others.
本句主干为Many said that…，为主谓宾结构，其中宾语是that引导的宾语从句。宾语从句的主干是unemployment…had improved them，为主谓宾结构，while extremely painful是让步状语，in some ways是方式状语。冒号后是以分号隔开的两个句子，均为主系表结构，充当some ways的同位语。
句意为：很多人说虽然失业极其痛苦，但在某些方面使他们有所改善：他们不再那么物质，在经济上更加谨慎了；也更加能体谅别人的不易。
38、38. Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recessions may ________.
A impose a heavier burden on immigrants
B bring out more evils of human nature
C promote the advance of rights and freedoms
D ease conflicts between races and classes
答案解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Benjamin Friedman可定位至原文第三段第二句，该句指出本杰明·弗里德曼认为经济停滞或衰退的漫长时期使社会变得气量更加狭小（more mean-spirited），包容性降低（less inclusive），也就是人的丑恶面更加明显，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文只提到反移民情绪会加剧，并未提及是否会加重移民者的负担，故A选项错误。原文明确提及经济衰退会使权利和自由的发展停止或倒退（stopped or reversed），C选项中的promote（促进）与原文信息相悖，故错误。原文明确提及种族和阶级之间的斗争会加剧（increase），D选项中的ease（缓和）与原文信息相悖，故错误。
长难句分析：In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms.
本句主干为Benjamin Friedman argues that…，为主谓宾结构，宾语是that引导的宾语从句，宾语从句的主干为lengthy periods…have left…and have stopped…。In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth为状语，表明言论发表的出处。both inside and outside the U.S.为地点状语。of economic stagnation or decline为介词结构作后置定语，修饰periods。
句意为：在《经济增长的道德结果》一书中，经济历史学家本杰明·弗里德曼指出，无论在美国还是其他国家，长期的经济停滞或衰退会使社会变得气量更加狭小，包容性降低，也经常使人权和自由止步不前甚至倒退。
39、39. The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recession graduates from elite universities tend to ________.
A lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities
B catch up quickly with experienced employees
C see their life chances as dimmed as the others’
D recover more quickly than the others
答案解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的The research of Till Von Wachter可定位至原文第四段最后一句。该句指出，提尔的研究表明名校毕业生能很快赶上（catch up fairly quickly）他们在经济繁荣时期毕业的话本应达到的水平，也就是说他们能更快地从经济衰退中恢复过来，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文明确指出名校毕业生恢复得更快，而普通大众（the masses）会落后，故A选项错误。原文中没有提及experienced employees，B选项属于无中生有，故错误。原文明确提出，并非所有的毕业生（not all people）都认为自己机会渺茫，然后指出名校毕业生恢复更快，可见名校毕业生机会并不渺茫，故C选项错误。
长难句分析：The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
本句主干为The research…suggests that…，为主谓宾结构，宾语是that引导的宾语从句，of Till Von Wachter是介词结构作后置定语，修饰research，the economist in Columbia University是Till Von Wachter的同位语。在宾语从句主干为not all people …see their life chances dimmed，为主谓宾宾补结构，graduating into a recession为现在分词作后置定语，修饰people。冒号后是对主句的补充说明，以分号隔开两个分句。分号前的分句主干为those…catch up fairly quickly，本句为主谓结构，with degrees from elite universities为介词结构作后置定语，修饰those。where引导的从句where they otherwise would have been使用了虚拟语气，为介词to的宾语，与to一起作句子的状语成分。其后的if引导条件状语从句。分号后的分句使用了强调句型it is… that…，主干为the masses are left behind，为主谓结构，beneath them为介词结构作后置定语，修饰the masses。
句意为：哥伦比亚大学的经济学家提尔·冯·瓦赫特的研究表明，并非所有经济萧条时期毕业的人都机会渺茫：名校毕业生能很快达到在繁荣时期毕业会达到的水平；落后的是学历不如他们的大众阶层。
40、40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is ________.
A trivial
B positive
C certain
D destructive
答案解析：
答案精析：根据题干中influence of hard times可定位至文章最后一段最后两句。作者说艰难时期对社会的影响还需观望（wait and see），但艰难时期肯定（certainly）会重塑社会，可见作者认为肯定是存在影响的，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文最后一句提到困难时期持续时间越长越会改变社会，并没有指明这种影响的程度以及性质是好是坏，故A、B、D选项均与原文信息不符。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
41、 “Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not. Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favorite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration. From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus—On Famous Men, highlighting the virtues (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolò Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders. Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist’s personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. “The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working, and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit,” wrote Smiles, “what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself.” His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life. This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals. Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.” This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding—from gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.【A】emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.【B】highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.【C】focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.【D】opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.【E】held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.【F】dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.【G】depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.
正确答案：AFGCE
答案解析：
选项分析
[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
强调传统英雄的美德。
[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.
突出知名艺术家的公共荣誉。
[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.
专注于那些人生难以被模仿的划时代人物。
[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.
开辟了理解历史伟人的新领域。
[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.
认为历史应该是人民群众及其斗争的历史。
[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.
认为成功的领导者不需要有美德。
[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.
描绘了工程师、工业家和探险家有价值的生活。
试题解析
答案精析：根据Petrarch可定位至原文第三段第二句。该句指出，他的作品《名人列传》强调了古典英雄的美德（highlighting the virtues (or virtue) of classical heroes），A选项中emphasized是对原文中highlighting的同义替换，其余部分为原词复现，故A选项为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Niccolò Machiavelli可定位至原文第三段最后两句。该段最后一句指出，马基雅维利认为成功领导者的技能是狡猾、无情、勇敢，而不是（rather than）美德、仁慈和正义，也就是说他认为成功的领导者不需要有美德，故F选项为正确答案。
43. G
答案精析：根据Samuel Smiles可定位至原文第四段第三句。该句指出，塞缪尔的作品《自助》是工程师、企业家和探险家有价值的生活（the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers）的一份目录，也就是他描绘这些人的生活。G选项是对原文信息的复现，故为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Thomas Carlyle可定位至原文第一、五、七段。其中首段只是作为引言出处，没有与选项匹配的内容。第五段首句指出托马斯关注（focus on）真正英雄的人生，并接着指出这些划时代人物（epochal figures）的生活难以模仿（hard to imitate），可以推知，C选项是对本段内容的复现及整合，为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Marx and Engels可定位至原文第六段。该段第二句指出，马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中写道，迄今为止，所有现存社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史，接着在第四句指出，history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.（历史应该是人民群众及其斗争的历史），E选项是对这一内容的完全复现，故为正确答案。
选项分析
[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
强调传统英雄的美德。
[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.
突出知名艺术家的公共荣誉。
[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.
专注于那些人生难以被模仿的划时代人物。
[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.
开辟了理解历史伟人的新领域。
[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.
认为历史应该是人民群众及其斗争的历史。
[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.
认为成功的领导者不需要有美德。
[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.
描绘了工程师、工业家和探险家有价值的生活。
试题解析
答案精析：根据Petrarch可定位至原文第三段第二句。该句指出，他的作品《名人列传》强调了古典英雄的美德（highlighting the virtues (or virtue) of classical heroes），A选项中emphasized是对原文中highlighting的同义替换，其余部分为原词复现，故A选项为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Niccolò Machiavelli可定位至原文第三段最后两句。该段最后一句指出，马基雅维利认为成功领导者的技能是狡猾、无情、勇敢，而不是（rather than）美德、仁慈和正义，也就是说他认为成功的领导者不需要有美德，故F选项为正确答案。
43. G
答案精析：根据Samuel Smiles可定位至原文第四段第三句。该句指出，塞缪尔的作品《自助》是工程师、企业家和探险家有价值的生活（the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers）的一份目录，也就是他描绘这些人的生活。G选项是对原文信息的复现，故为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Thomas Carlyle可定位至原文第一、五、七段。其中首段只是作为引言出处，没有与选项匹配的内容。第五段首句指出托马斯关注（focus on）真正英雄的人生，并接着指出这些划时代人物（epochal figures）的生活难以模仿（hard to imitate），可以推知，C选项是对本段内容的复现及整合，为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Marx and Engels可定位至原文第六段。该段第二句指出，马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中写道，迄今为止，所有现存社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史，接着在第四句指出，history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.（历史应该是人民群众及其斗争的历史），E选项是对这一内容的完全复现，故为正确答案。
选项分析
[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
强调传统英雄的美德。
[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.
突出知名艺术家的公共荣誉。
[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.
专注于那些人生难以被模仿的划时代人物。
[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.
开辟了理解历史伟人的新领域。
[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.
认为历史应该是人民群众及其斗争的历史。
[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.
认为成功的领导者不需要有美德。
[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.
描绘了工程师、工业家和探险家有价值的生活。
试题解析
答案精析：根据Petrarch可定位至原文第三段第二句。该句指出，他的作品《名人列传》强调了古典英雄的美德（highlighting the virtues (or virtue) of classical heroes），A选项中emphasized是对原文中highlighting的同义替换，其余部分为原词复现，故A选项为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Niccolò Machiavelli可定位至原文第三段最后两句。该段最后一句指出，马基雅维利认为成功领导者的技能是狡猾、无情、勇敢，而不是（rather than）美德、仁慈和正义，也就是说他认为成功的领导者不需要有美德，故F选项为正确答案。
43. G
答案精析：根据Samuel Smiles可定位至原文第四段第三句。该句指出，塞缪尔的作品《自助》是工程师、企业家和探险家有价值的生活（the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers）的一份目录，也就是他描绘这些人的生活。G选项是对原文信息的复现，故为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Thomas Carlyle可定位至原文第一、五、七段。其中首段只是作为引言出处，没有与选项匹配的内容。第五段首句指出托马斯关注（focus on）真正英雄的人生，并接着指出这些划时代人物（epochal figures）的生活难以模仿（hard to imitate），可以推知，C选项是对本段内容的复现及整合，为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Marx and Engels可定位至原文第六段。该段第二句指出，马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中写道，迄今为止，所有现存社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史，接着在第四句指出，history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.（历史应该是人民群众及其斗争的历史），E选项是对这一内容的完全复现，故为正确答案。
选项分析
[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
强调传统英雄的美德。
[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.
突出知名艺术家的公共荣誉。
[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.
专注于那些人生难以被模仿的划时代人物。
[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.
开辟了理解历史伟人的新领域。
[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.
认为历史应该是人民群众及其斗争的历史。
[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.
认为成功的领导者不需要有美德。
[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.
描绘了工程师、工业家和探险家有价值的生活。
试题解析
答案精析：根据Petrarch可定位至原文第三段第二句。该句指出，他的作品《名人列传》强调了古典英雄的美德（highlighting the virtues (or virtue) of classical heroes），A选项中emphasized是对原文中highlighting的同义替换，其余部分为原词复现，故A选项为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Niccolò Machiavelli可定位至原文第三段最后两句。该段最后一句指出，马基雅维利认为成功领导者的技能是狡猾、无情、勇敢，而不是（rather than）美德、仁慈和正义，也就是说他认为成功的领导者不需要有美德，故F选项为正确答案。
43. G
答案精析：根据Samuel Smiles可定位至原文第四段第三句。该句指出，塞缪尔的作品《自助》是工程师、企业家和探险家有价值的生活（the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers）的一份目录，也就是他描绘这些人的生活。G选项是对原文信息的复现，故为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Thomas Carlyle可定位至原文第一、五、七段。其中首段只是作为引言出处，没有与选项匹配的内容。第五段首句指出托马斯关注（focus on）真正英雄的人生，并接着指出这些划时代人物（epochal figures）的生活难以模仿（hard to imitate），可以推知，C选项是对本段内容的复现及整合，为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Marx and Engels可定位至原文第六段。该段第二句指出，马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中写道，迄今为止，所有现存社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史，接着在第四句指出，history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.（历史应该是人民群众及其斗争的历史），E选项是对这一内容的完全复现，故为正确答案。
选项分析
[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
强调传统英雄的美德。
[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.
突出知名艺术家的公共荣誉。
[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.
专注于那些人生难以被模仿的划时代人物。
[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.
开辟了理解历史伟人的新领域。
[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.
认为历史应该是人民群众及其斗争的历史。
[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.
认为成功的领导者不需要有美德。
[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.
描绘了工程师、工业家和探险家有价值的生活。
试题解析
答案精析：根据Petrarch可定位至原文第三段第二句。该句指出，他的作品《名人列传》强调了古典英雄的美德（highlighting the virtues (or virtue) of classical heroes），A选项中emphasized是对原文中highlighting的同义替换，其余部分为原词复现，故A选项为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Niccolò Machiavelli可定位至原文第三段最后两句。该段最后一句指出，马基雅维利认为成功领导者的技能是狡猾、无情、勇敢，而不是（rather than）美德、仁慈和正义，也就是说他认为成功的领导者不需要有美德，故F选项为正确答案。
43. G
答案精析：根据Samuel Smiles可定位至原文第四段第三句。该句指出，塞缪尔的作品《自助》是工程师、企业家和探险家有价值的生活（the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers）的一份目录，也就是他描绘这些人的生活。G选项是对原文信息的复现，故为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Thomas Carlyle可定位至原文第一、五、七段。其中首段只是作为引言出处，没有与选项匹配的内容。第五段首句指出托马斯关注（focus on）真正英雄的人生，并接着指出这些划时代人物（epochal figures）的生活难以模仿（hard to imitate），可以推知，C选项是对本段内容的复现及整合，为正确答案。
答案精析：根据Marx and Engels可定位至原文第六段。该段第二句指出，马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中写道，迄今为止，所有现存社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史，接着在第四句指出，history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.（历史应该是人民群众及其斗争的历史），E选项是对这一内容的完全复现，故为正确答案。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
42、 When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates. Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25. This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.
正确答案：
参考译文
当发展中国家的人考虑移民时，他们通常关心的是去硅谷或发达国家的医院或大学工作这样最好最光明的前景。这些人正是英国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国试图以大学毕业生移民优待政策的方式来吸引的人才。
很多研究发现，发展中国家受过良好教育的人尤其有可能移民。2004年关于印度家庭的一项大规模调查发现，将近40%移居国外的人受过高中以上教育。与之对比的是，全印度25岁以上受过高中教育的人约占3.3%。这种“人才流失”问题长期困扰着贫穷国家的决策者。他们担心这将损害本国经济，使他们丧失急需的熟练工人，而这些劳动者本可以在国内大学任教，在医院工作，或设计新颖的产品供工厂生产。
答案解析：
生词本
migration n. 迁移；移民
concerned adj. 关注的；担忧的
prospect n. 前景
departure n. 离开
Silicon Valley 硅谷
immigration n. 移民
privilege vt. 给予……特权
household n. 家庭
brain drain 人才流失
bother vt. 使烦恼
policymaker n. 决策者
deprive vt. 剥夺
表达难点
第一句：When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world.
When引导时间状语从句，worry about表示“担忧，担心”，但这里翻译为“考虑”更符合语境，be concerned at表示“关注，关心”，of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities是介词短语作后置定语修饰prospect，这一表达过长，可以进行拆译，departure to+地点，表示“前往某地”，in the developed world是地点状语。这句话可译为：当发展中国家的人考虑移民时，他们通常关心的是去硅谷或发达国家的医院或大学工作这样最好最光明的前景。
第二句：These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.
这句话包含两个定语从句，一个修饰workers，一个修饰immigration rules。这句话的主句是These are the kind of workers，注意workers不要翻译为“工人”，翻译为“人员、人才”更为符合语境。privilege在本句中使用了动词词性，需要特别注意。这句话可以译为：这些人正是英国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国试图以大学毕业生移民优待政策的方式来吸引的人才。
第三句：Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate.
本句使用了宾语从句，from developing countries是后置定语，修饰people，翻译时可处理为前置定语，be likely to do表示“可能……”。本句话可译为：很多研究发现，发展中国家受过良好教育的人尤其可能移民。
第四句：A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25.
本句使用了宾语从句，注意big不可直译为“大”，在这里指的是调查的规模，可译为“大规模的”，of Indian households是介词结构作后置定语，翻译时可以前置为“关于印度家庭的”，more than应翻译为“……以上”，compared with是过去分词结构作状语，翻译为“与之对比的是”。本句话可译为：2004年关于印度家庭的一项大规模调查发现，将近40%移居国外的人受过高中以上教育。与之对比的是，全印度25岁以上受过高中教育的人约占3.3%。
第五句：This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries.
本句为简单句，主谓宾结构，顺序直译即可，注意bothered一词的翻译。本句可译为：这种“人才流失”问题长期困扰着贫穷国家的决策者。
第六句：They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.
本句的句子主干是they fear，fear的宾语是that引导的宾语从句。宾语从句的主干是it hurts their economies，后面depriving them of much-needed skilled workers是分词结构作状语，who could have…to make是定语从句，修饰workers，注意这里面使用了虚拟语气，需要翻译为“本可以”，且定语从句比较长，可以进行拆译。本句话可译为：他们担心这将损害本国经济，使他们丧失急需的熟练工人，而这些劳动者本可以在国内大学任教，在医院工作，或设计新颖的产品供工厂生产。
Section Ⅲ Writing
43、Part A47. Directions:Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day. Write an email to the customer service center to 1) make a complaint, and 2) demand a prompt solution.You should write about 100 words on the ANSERE SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)
正确答案：
参考范文
To whom it may concern,
I’m writing to complain about quality problems of the electronic dictionary that I bought from your online store last Friday.
First of all, there is big noise when it works, which has brought me much inconvenience when I use it. Besides, it broke down all of a sudden yesterday. I tried several times to reboot it, but it just didn’t work. As a regular customer of yours, I feel rather disappointed with this purchase.
For all these problems, I strongly request that you can either send me a brand-new one or offer me a full refund. I will appreciate your prompt solution. I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Zhang Wei
参考译文
敬启者：
我写信是为了投诉上周五在你们网店购买的电子词典的质量问题。
首先，用的时候它发出很大的噪声，这给我的使用带来极大不便。另外，昨天它忽然就坏了。我试着重启了几次，依然不能工作。作为你们的常客，我对此次购物十分失望。
针对所有这些问题，我强烈要求你们给我寄一台全新的电子词典或者全额退款。我将感谢你们及时的解决方案，期待你们的回信。
谨上，
张伟
答案解析：
本篇作文考查的是投诉信，要求考生向网上商店的客服中心投诉购买的电子词典出现了问题，并要求对方马上给出解决方案。首段开门见山指明写作目的：投诉电子词典出现的问题；第二段描述商品的质量问题；最后一段要求对方及时解决。写作时注意信件格式，以及投诉信的语气和措辞。
44、Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following table. In your writing, you should 1) describe the table, and 2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
正确答案：
参考范文
The table above gives the information about the survey of staff’s job satisfaction in a certain company. Among the three groups classified by age, employees aged above 50 have the largest percentage of satisfaction, which amounts to 40%; while employees between 41 and 50 years old comes the last, with shocking 0%. Meanwhile, workers in their 40s account for the greatest proportion of dissatisfaction. 50% of those under 40 years old are not clear about job satisfaction.
A great many reasons might have contributed to the differences, but I would like to lay stress on the following two reasons. First, those over 50 years old have accumulated much experience and certain achievements, resulting in higher salaries and positive attitude toward their work. It is no surprising that they are more satisfied with their jobs. On the contrast, owing to the enormous life and financial pressure and the anxiety brought by mid-life crisis, middle-aged people in their forties suffer confusion and disappointment more frequently, which leads to difficulties in enjoying in work.
Taking all the above analysis into consideration, we can evidently reach a conclusion that different age group have different satisfaction levels. The company should figure out strategies to improve the job satisfaction among employees between 41 and 50 years old.
参考译文
上表为某公司员工满意度调查的信息。在三个以年龄划分的人群中，50岁以上的员工中对工作满意的人数占比最多，为40%；而41到50岁的员工满意人数最少，是令人震惊的0%。同时，40岁至50岁的员工不满意占比最大。40岁以下的员工中50%的人并不清楚自己对工作的满意度。
许多原因可能导致了这些差异，但我想强调以下两个原因。首先，那些50岁以上人群已经积累了很多工作经验和一些工作成果，这使他们工资更高，对工作的态度更积极。因此他们对工作更满意不足为奇。与之对比的是，由于巨大的生活和经济压力以及中年危机带来的焦虑感，40多岁的中年员工更加频繁地感到迷茫和失望，这导致他们很难享受工作。
考虑到上述分析，我们可以得出，不同年龄群体的人工作满意度不同的结论。公司应该制定策略提高40多岁的中年员工的满意度。
答案解析：
题目分析
本篇作文属于图表类作文，需要分析数据变化以及数据间的关系。表格涉及两个维度：员工年龄及对应的满意度，由于数据较多，可选取极值（最大值、最小值）进行比较。
文章大纲
第一段：分析数据——满意度最高的是50岁以上人群，满意度最低的是41-50岁人群（同时也是不满意度最高的人群），小于等于40岁的人群中50%的人不清楚。
第二段：分析原因——50岁以上的人已经有一定的工作经验和工作成就，薪水高，心态好；41-50岁人群处于中年危机加之生活、经济压力大，因而对现状不满。
第三段：给出评价——公司应该制定策略提高中年员工的满意度。
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