一、Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension
1、Question 1 is based on the news report you have just heard.
A、Ship traffic in the Atlantic.
B、Warm currents in the ocean.
C、Particles emitted by power plants.
D、Exhaust from cars in Europe.
2、Question 2 is based on the news report you have just heard.
A、They need to be taken seriously.
B、They have a huge effect on fishery.
C、They may be affecting the world’s climate.
D、They might be causing trouble to air flights.
3、Question 3 is based on the news report you have just heard.
A、To appeal for higher wages.
B、To demand better health care.
C、To dismiss the bad-tempered supervisor.
D、To call for a permanent security guard.
4、Question 4 is based on the news report you have just heard.
A、It had already taken strong action.
B、It would put customers’ needs first.
C、It was seeking help from the police.
D、It would take their appeal seriously.
5、Question 5 is based on the news report you have just heard.
A、The road was blocked.
B、The road was flooded.
C、The road was frozen with snow.
D、The road was covered with spilled gas.
6、Question 6 is based on the news report you have just heard.
A、A truck hit a barrier and overturned.
B、The truck driver dozed off while driving.
C、The heavy snow made driving very difficult.
D、A truck plunged into a pool of liquid chocolate.
7、Question 7 is based on the news report you have just heard.
A、It was fortunate that no passenger got injured.
B、It was a hard task to remove the spilled substance.
C、It was a long time before the clean-up was finished.
D、It was difficult to contact the manufacturer.
8、Question 8 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、She found it much safer to use cash.
B、She could enjoy discounts with cash.
C、She wanted to save for a new phone.
D、She had been cheated using phone apps.
9、Question 9 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、They derive greater pleasure from buying things.
B、They are less aware of the value of their money.
C、They find it less difficult to make purchases.
D、They can save a lot more time and trouble.
10、Question 10 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、More valuable items.
B、Electronic devices.
C、Everyday necessities.
D、More non-essential things.
11、Question 11 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、It may lead to excessive spending.
B、It is altering the way of shopping.
C、It can improve shopping efficiency.
D、It appeals more to younger people.
12、Question 12 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、He wanted the furniture store to give him a refund.
B、He had a problem with the furniture delivered.
C、He had to change the furniture delivery time.
D、He wanted to order some wooden furniture.
13、Question 13 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、Send the furniture back to the store.
B、Buy another brand of furniture.
C、Collect the furniture he ordered.
D、Describe the furniture he received.
14、Question 14 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、Improve their service.
B、Apologize to his wife.
C、Correct their mistake.
D、Give the money back.
15、Question 15 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、She recommended a new style.
B、She offered some gift to the man.
C、She checked all the items with the man.
D、She apologized to the man once more.
16、Question 16 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、Tidying up one’s home.
B、Reading books of wisdom.
C、Donating to charity.
D、Sharing with others.
17、Question 17 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、Things that occupy little space.
B、Things that are becoming rare.
C、Things that make one happy.
D、Things that cost a lot of money.
18、Question 18 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、It did little business because of the unusual cold weather.
B、It received an incredibly large number of donated books.
C、It sold as many as fifty boxes of books.
D、It joined the city’s clean-up campaign.
19、Question 19 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、Give free meals to the homeless.
B、Provide shelter for the homeless.
C、Call for change in the local government.
D、Help the vulnerable to cook lunches.
20、Question 20 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、Promote understanding.
B、Strengthen cooperation.
C、Follow his example.
D、Win national support.
21、Question 21 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、Spreading news of his deeds.
B、Sending him hand-made bags.
C、Following the example he sets.
D、Writing him thank-you notes.
22、Question 22 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、To install some audio equipment in a lab.
B、To test their eyesight using a phone app.
C、To send smartphone messages.
D、To solve word search puzzles.
23、Question 23 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、They could no longer concentrate on their task.
B、They could not go on until the ringing stopped.
C、They grabbed the phone and called back right away.
D、They asked their experimenter to hang up the phone.
24、Question 24 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、A decline in sports activities.
B、A rise in emotional problems.
C、A decline in academic performance.
D、A reduction in the amount of sleep.
25、Question 25 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、Ensure they have sufficient sleep every day.
B、Realize the disruptive effects of technology.
C、Take effective measures to raise productivity.
D、Protect the eyesight of the younger generation.
二、Part III Reading Comprehension
There’re three main types of financial stress people encounter. The first type is apparent in people being stressed about the (26)_____ ups and downs of investment markets—actually not so much the ups, but (27)_____ the downs. These people are usually unable or unprepared to endure the long haul.
The next common type of financial stress is that caused by debt. In a (28)_____ percentage of cases of debt-induced financial stress, credit cards and loans will be a central element. Often there’ll be a car loan and perhaps a mortgage, but credit cards often seem to be the gateway to debt-related financial difficulties for many.
The third type of stress and (29)_____ the least known is inherited financial stress, which is the most destructive. It is experienced by those who have grown up in households where their parents regularly (30)_____ and fought about money. Money therefore becomes a stressful topic, and so the thought of sitting down and planning is an unattractive (31)_____.
Those suffering inherited financial anxiety (32)_____ to follow one of two patterns. Either they put their head in the sand: they would (33)_____ examining their financial statements, budgeting, and discussing financial matters with those closest to them. Alternatively, they would go to the other (34)_____, and micro-analyze everything, to the point of complete (35)_____. They’re convinced that whatever decision they make will be the wrong one.
26、(1)
A、traditional
B、argued
C、incredibly
D、proposition
E、statement
F、normal
G、tend
H、possibly
I、inaction
J、definitely
K、avoid
L、considerable
M、rebelled
N、appearance
O、extreme
There’re three main types of financial stress people encounter. The first type is apparent in people being stressed about the (26)_____ ups and downs of investment markets—actually not so much the ups, but (27)_____ the downs. These people are usually unable or unprepared to endure the long haul.
The next common type of financial stress is that caused by debt. In a (28)_____ percentage of cases of debt-induced financial stress, credit cards and loans will be a central element. Often there’ll be a car loan and perhaps a mortgage, but credit cards often seem to be the gateway to debt-related financial difficulties for many.
The third type of stress and (29)_____ the least known is inherited financial stress, which is the most destructive. It is experienced by those who have grown up in households where their parents regularly (30)_____ and fought about money. Money therefore becomes a stressful topic, and so the thought of sitting down and planning is an unattractive (31)_____.
Those suffering inherited financial anxiety (32)_____ to follow one of two patterns. Either they put their head in the sand: they would (33)_____ examining their financial statements, budgeting, and discussing financial matters with those closest to them. Alternatively, they would go to the other (34)_____, and micro-analyze everything, to the point of complete (35)_____. They’re convinced that whatever decision they make will be the wrong one.
27、(2)
A、traditional
B、argued
C、incredibly
D、proposition
E、statement
F、normal
G、tend
H、possibly
I、inaction
J、definitely
K、avoid
L、considerable
M、rebelled
N、appearance
O、extreme
There’re three main types of financial stress people encounter. The first type is apparent in people being stressed about the (26)_____ ups and downs of investment markets—actually not so much the ups, but (27)_____ the downs. These people are usually unable or unprepared to endure the long haul.
The next common type of financial stress is that caused by debt. In a (28)_____ percentage of cases of debt-induced financial stress, credit cards and loans will be a central element. Often there’ll be a car loan and perhaps a mortgage, but credit cards often seem to be the gateway to debt-related financial difficulties for many.
The third type of stress and (29)_____ the least known is inherited financial stress, which is the most destructive. It is experienced by those who have grown up in households where their parents regularly (30)_____ and fought about money. Money therefore becomes a stressful topic, and so the thought of sitting down and planning is an unattractive (31)_____.
Those suffering inherited financial anxiety (32)_____ to follow one of two patterns. Either they put their head in the sand: they would (33)_____ examining their financial statements, budgeting, and discussing financial matters with those closest to them. Alternatively, they would go to the other (34)_____, and micro-analyze everything, to the point of complete (35)_____. They’re convinced that whatever decision they make will be the wrong one.
28、(3)
A、traditional
B、argued
C、incredibly
D、proposition
E、statement
F、normal
G、tend
H、possibly
I、inaction
J、definitely
K、avoid
L、considerable
M、rebelled
N、appearance
O、extreme
There’re three main types of financial stress people encounter. The first type is apparent in people being stressed about the (26)_____ ups and downs of investment markets—actually not so much the ups, but (27)_____ the downs. These people are usually unable or unprepared to endure the long haul.
The next common type of financial stress is that caused by debt. In a (28)_____ percentage of cases of debt-induced financial stress, credit cards and loans will be a central element. Often there’ll be a car loan and perhaps a mortgage, but credit cards often seem to be the gateway to debt-related financial difficulties for many.
The third type of stress and (29)_____ the least known is inherited financial stress, which is the most destructive. It is experienced by those who have grown up in households where their parents regularly (30)_____ and fought about money. Money therefore becomes a stressful topic, and so the thought of sitting down and planning is an unattractive (31)_____.
Those suffering inherited financial anxiety (32)_____ to follow one of two patterns. Either they put their head in the sand: they would (33)_____ examining their financial statements, budgeting, and discussing financial matters with those closest to them. Alternatively, they would go to the other (34)_____, and micro-analyze everything, to the point of complete (35)_____. They’re convinced that whatever decision they make will be the wrong one.
29、(4)
A、traditional
B、argued
C、incredibly
D、proposition
E、statement
F、normal
G、tend
H、possibly
I、inaction
J、definitely
K、avoid
L、considerable
M、rebelled
N、appearance
O、extreme
There’re three main types of financial stress people encounter. The first type is apparent in people being stressed about the (26)_____ ups and downs of investment markets—actually not so much the ups, but (27)_____ the downs. These people are usually unable or unprepared to endure the long haul.
The next common type of financial stress is that caused by debt. In a (28)_____ percentage of cases of debt-induced financial stress, credit cards and loans will be a central element. Often there’ll be a car loan and perhaps a mortgage, but credit cards often seem to be the gateway to debt-related financial difficulties for many.
The third type of stress and (29)_____ the least known is inherited financial stress, which is the most destructive. It is experienced by those who have grown up in households where their parents regularly (30)_____ and fought about money. Money therefore becomes a stressful topic, and so the thought of sitting down and planning is an unattractive (31)_____.
Those suffering inherited financial anxiety (32)_____ to follow one of two patterns. Either they put their head in the sand: they would (33)_____ examining their financial statements, budgeting, and discussing financial matters with those closest to them. Alternatively, they would go to the other (34)_____, and micro-analyze everything, to the point of complete (35)_____. They’re convinced that whatever decision they make will be the wrong one.
30、(5)
A、traditional
B、argued
C、incredibly
D、proposition
E、statement
F、normal
G、tend
H、possibly
I、inaction
J、definitely
K、avoid
L、considerable
M、rebelled
N、appearance
O、extreme
There’re three main types of financial stress people encounter. The first type is apparent in people being stressed about the (26)_____ ups and downs of investment markets—actually not so much the ups, but (27)_____ the downs. These people are usually unable or unprepared to endure the long haul.
The next common type of financial stress is that caused by debt. In a (28)_____ percentage of cases of debt-induced financial stress, credit cards and loans will be a central element. Often there’ll be a car loan and perhaps a mortgage, but credit cards often seem to be the gateway to debt-related financial difficulties for many.
The third type of stress and (29)_____ the least known is inherited financial stress, which is the most destructive. It is experienced by those who have grown up in households where their parents regularly (30)_____ and fought about money. Money therefore becomes a stressful topic, and so the thought of sitting down and planning is an unattractive (31)_____.
Those suffering inherited financial anxiety (32)_____ to follow one of two patterns. Either they put their head in the sand: they would (33)_____ examining their financial statements, budgeting, and discussing financial matters with those closest to them. Alternatively, they would go to the other (34)_____, and micro-analyze everything, to the point of complete (35)_____. They’re convinced that whatever decision they make will be the wrong one.
31、(6)
A、traditional
B、argued
C、incredibly
D、proposition
E、statement
F、normal
G、tend
H、possibly
I、inaction
J、definitely
K、avoid
L、considerable
M、rebelled
N、appearance
O、extreme
There’re three main types of financial stress people encounter. The first type is apparent in people being stressed about the (26)_____ ups and downs of investment markets—actually not so much the ups, but (27)_____ the downs. These people are usually unable or unprepared to endure the long haul.
The next common type of financial stress is that caused by debt. In a (28)_____ percentage of cases of debt-induced financial stress, credit cards and loans will be a central element. Often there’ll be a car loan and perhaps a mortgage, but credit cards often seem to be the gateway to debt-related financial difficulties for many.
The third type of stress and (29)_____ the least known is inherited financial stress, which is the most destructive. It is experienced by those who have grown up in households where their parents regularly (30)_____ and fought about money. Money therefore becomes a stressful topic, and so the thought of sitting down and planning is an unattractive (31)_____.
Those suffering inherited financial anxiety (32)_____ to follow one of two patterns. Either they put their head in the sand: they would (33)_____ examining their financial statements, budgeting, and discussing financial matters with those closest to them. Alternatively, they would go to the other (34)_____, and micro-analyze everything, to the point of complete (35)_____. They’re convinced that whatever decision they make will be the wrong one.
32、(7)
A、traditional
B、argued
C、incredibly
D、proposition
E、statement
F、normal
G、tend
H、possibly
I、inaction
J、definitely
K、avoid
L、considerable
M、rebelled
N、appearance
O、extreme
There’re three main types of financial stress people encounter. The first type is apparent in people being stressed about the (26)_____ ups and downs of investment markets—actually not so much the ups, but (27)_____ the downs. These people are usually unable or unprepared to endure the long haul.
The next common type of financial stress is that caused by debt. In a (28)_____ percentage of cases of debt-induced financial stress, credit cards and loans will be a central element. Often there’ll be a car loan and perhaps a mortgage, but credit cards often seem to be the gateway to debt-related financial difficulties for many.
The third type of stress and (29)_____ the least known is inherited financial stress, which is the most destructive. It is experienced by those who have grown up in households where their parents regularly (30)_____ and fought about money. Money therefore becomes a stressful topic, and so the thought of sitting down and planning is an unattractive (31)_____.
Those suffering inherited financial anxiety (32)_____ to follow one of two patterns. Either they put their head in the sand: they would (33)_____ examining their financial statements, budgeting, and discussing financial matters with those closest to them. Alternatively, they would go to the other (34)_____, and micro-analyze everything, to the point of complete (35)_____. They’re convinced that whatever decision they make will be the wrong one.
33、(8)
A、traditional
B、argued
C、incredibly
D、proposition
E、statement
F、normal
G、tend
H、possibly
I、inaction
J、definitely
K、avoid
L、considerable
M、rebelled
N、appearance
O、extreme
There’re three main types of financial stress people encounter. The first type is apparent in people being stressed about the (26)_____ ups and downs of investment markets—actually not so much the ups, but (27)_____ the downs. These people are usually unable or unprepared to endure the long haul.
The next common type of financial stress is that caused by debt. In a (28)_____ percentage of cases of debt-induced financial stress, credit cards and loans will be a central element. Often there’ll be a car loan and perhaps a mortgage, but credit cards often seem to be the gateway to debt-related financial difficulties for many.
The third type of stress and (29)_____ the least known is inherited financial stress, which is the most destructive. It is experienced by those who have grown up in households where their parents regularly (30)_____ and fought about money. Money therefore becomes a stressful topic, and so the thought of sitting down and planning is an unattractive (31)_____.
Those suffering inherited financial anxiety (32)_____ to follow one of two patterns. Either they put their head in the sand: they would (33)_____ examining their financial statements, budgeting, and discussing financial matters with those closest to them. Alternatively, they would go to the other (34)_____, and micro-analyze everything, to the point of complete (35)_____. They’re convinced that whatever decision they make will be the wrong one.
34、(9)
A、traditional
B、argued
C、incredibly
D、proposition
E、statement
F、normal
G、tend
H、possibly
I、inaction
J、definitely
K、avoid
L、considerable
M、rebelled
N、appearance
O、extreme
There’re three main types of financial stress people encounter. The first type is apparent in people being stressed about the (26)_____ ups and downs of investment markets—actually not so much the ups, but (27)_____ the downs. These people are usually unable or unprepared to endure the long haul.
The next common type of financial stress is that caused by debt. In a (28)_____ percentage of cases of debt-induced financial stress, credit cards and loans will be a central element. Often there’ll be a car loan and perhaps a mortgage, but credit cards often seem to be the gateway to debt-related financial difficulties for many.
The third type of stress and (29)_____ the least known is inherited financial stress, which is the most destructive. It is experienced by those who have grown up in households where their parents regularly (30)_____ and fought about money. Money therefore becomes a stressful topic, and so the thought of sitting down and planning is an unattractive (31)_____.
Those suffering inherited financial anxiety (32)_____ to follow one of two patterns. Either they put their head in the sand: they would (33)_____ examining their financial statements, budgeting, and discussing financial matters with those closest to them. Alternatively, they would go to the other (34)_____, and micro-analyze everything, to the point of complete (35)_____. They’re convinced that whatever decision they make will be the wrong one.
35、(10)
A、traditional
B、argued
C、incredibly
D、proposition
E、statement
F、normal
G、tend
H、possibly
I、inaction
J、definitely
K、avoid
L、considerable
M、rebelled
N、appearance
O、extreme
Doctor’s orders: Let children just play
【A】 Imagine a drug that could enhance a child’s creativity and critical thinking. Imagine that this drug were simple to make, safe to take, and could be had for free. The nation’s leading pediatricians (儿科医生) say this miracle compound exists. In a new clinical report, they are urging doctors to prescribe it liberally to the children in their care.
【B】“This may seem old-fashioned, but there are skills to be learned when kids aren’t told what to do,” said Dr. Michael Yogman, a Harvard Medical School pediatrician who led the drafting of the call to arms. Whether it’s rough physical play, outdoor play or pretend play, kids derive important lessons from the chance to make things up as they go, he said.
【C】The advice, issued Monday by the American Academy of Pediatrics, may come as a shock to some parents. After spending years fretting (烦恼) over which toys to buy, which apps to download and which skill-building programs to send their kids to after school, letting them simply play—or better yet, playing with them—could seem like a step backward. The pediatricians insist that it’s not. The academy’s guidance does not include specific recommendations for the dosing of play. Instead, it asks doctors to advise parents before their babies turn two that play is essential to healthy development.
【D】“Play is not silly behavior,” the academy’s report declares. It fosters children’s creativity, cooperation, and problem-solving skills—all of which are critical for a 21st-century workforce. When parents engage in play with their children, it builds a wall against the harmful effects of all kinds of stress, including poverty, the academy says. In the pediatricians’ view, essentially every life skill that’s valued in adults can be built up with play. “Collaboration, negotiation, decision-making, creativity, leadership, and increased physical activity are just some of the skills and benefits children gain through play,” they wrote. The pediatricians’ appeal comes as kids are being squeezed by increasing academic demands at school and the constant invasion of digital media.
【E】The trends have been a long time coming. Between 1981 and 1997, detailed time-use studies showed that the time children spent at play declined by 25 percent. Since the adoption of sweeping education reforms in 2001, public schools have steadily increased the amount of time devoted to preparing for standardized tests. The focus on academic “skills and drills” has cut deeply into recess (课间休息) and other time for free play.
【F】By 2009, a study of Los Angeles kindergarten classrooms found that five-year-olds were so burdened with academic requirements that they were down to an average of just 19 minutes per day of “choice time”, when they were permitted to play freely with blocks, toys or other children. One in four Los Angeles teachers reported there was no time at all for “free play”. Increased academic pressures have left 30 percent of U.S. kindergarten classes without any recess. Such findings prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to issue a policy statement in 2013 on the “crucial role of recess in school”.
【G】Pediatricians aren’t the only ones who have noticed. In a report titled “Crisis in the Kindergarten”, a group of educators, health professionals and child advocates called the loss of play in early childhood “a tragedy, both for the children themselves and for our nation and the world.” Kids in play-based kindergartens “end up equally good or better at reading and other intellectual skills, and they are more likely to become well-adjusted healthy people,” the Alliance for Childhood said in 2009. Indeed, new research demonstrates why playing with blocks might have been time better spent, Yogman said. The trial assessed the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention (干预) aimed at preschoolers. The results showed almost no gains in math achievement.
【H】Another playtime thief: the growing proportion of kids’ time spent in front of screens and digital devices, even among preschoolers. Last year, Common Sense Media reported that children up through age eight spent an average of two hours and 19 minutes in front of screens each day, including an average of 42 minutes a day for those under two. This increase of digital use comes with rising risks of obesity, sleep deprivation and cognitive (认知的), language and social-emotional delays, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned in 2016.
【I】“I respect that parents have busy lives and it’s easy to hand a child an iPhone,” Yogman said. “But there’s a cost to that. For young children, it’s much too passive. And kids really learn better when they’re actively engaged and have to really discover things.”
【J】The decline of play is a special hazard for the roughly 1 in 5 children in the United States wholive in poverty. These 14 million children most urgently need to develop the resilience (韧劲) that is cultivated with play. Instead, Yogman said, they are disproportionately affected by some of the trends that are making play scarce: academic pressures at schools that need to improve test scores, outside play areas that are limited or unsafe, and parents who lack the time or energy to share in playtime.
【K】Yogman also worries about the pressures that squeeze playtime for more affluent kids. “The notion that as parents we need to schedule every minute of their time is not doing them a great service,” he said. Even well-meaning parents may be “robbing them of the opportunity to have that joy of discovery and curiosity—the opportunity to find things out on their own.”
【L】Play may not be a hard sell to kids. But UCLA pediatrician Carlos Lerner acknowledged that the pediatricians’ new prescription may meet with skepticism (怀疑) from parents, who are anxious for advice on how to give their kids a leg up in the world. They should welcome the simplicity of the message, Lerner said. “It’s liberating to be able to offer them this advice: that you spending time with your child and letting him play is one of the most valuable things you can do,” he said. “It doesn’t have to involve spending a lot of money or time, or joining a parenting group. It’s something we can offer that’s achievable. They just don’t recognize it right now as particularly valuable.”
36、36. Increased use of digital devices steals away children’s playtime.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
Doctor’s orders: Let children just play
【A】 Imagine a drug that could enhance a child’s creativity and critical thinking. Imagine that this drug were simple to make, safe to take, and could be had for free. The nation’s leading pediatricians (儿科医生) say this miracle compound exists. In a new clinical report, they are urging doctors to prescribe it liberally to the children in their care.
【B】“This may seem old-fashioned, but there are skills to be learned when kids aren’t told what to do,” said Dr. Michael Yogman, a Harvard Medical School pediatrician who led the drafting of the call to arms. Whether it’s rough physical play, outdoor play or pretend play, kids derive important lessons from the chance to make things up as they go, he said.
【C】The advice, issued Monday by the American Academy of Pediatrics, may come as a shock to some parents. After spending years fretting (烦恼) over which toys to buy, which apps to download and which skill-building programs to send their kids to after school, letting them simply play—or better yet, playing with them—could seem like a step backward. The pediatricians insist that it’s not. The academy’s guidance does not include specific recommendations for the dosing of play. Instead, it asks doctors to advise parents before their babies turn two that play is essential to healthy development.
【D】“Play is not silly behavior,” the academy’s report declares. It fosters children’s creativity, cooperation, and problem-solving skills—all of which are critical for a 21st-century workforce. When parents engage in play with their children, it builds a wall against the harmful effects of all kinds of stress, including poverty, the academy says. In the pediatricians’ view, essentially every life skill that’s valued in adults can be built up with play. “Collaboration, negotiation, decision-making, creativity, leadership, and increased physical activity are just some of the skills and benefits children gain through play,” they wrote. The pediatricians’ appeal comes as kids are being squeezed by increasing academic demands at school and the constant invasion of digital media.
【E】The trends have been a long time coming. Between 1981 and 1997, detailed time-use studies showed that the time children spent at play declined by 25 percent. Since the adoption of sweeping education reforms in 2001, public schools have steadily increased the amount of time devoted to preparing for standardized tests. The focus on academic “skills and drills” has cut deeply into recess (课间休息) and other time for free play.
【F】By 2009, a study of Los Angeles kindergarten classrooms found that five-year-olds were so burdened with academic requirements that they were down to an average of just 19 minutes per day of “choice time”, when they were permitted to play freely with blocks, toys or other children. One in four Los Angeles teachers reported there was no time at all for “free play”. Increased academic pressures have left 30 percent of U.S. kindergarten classes without any recess. Such findings prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to issue a policy statement in 2013 on the “crucial role of recess in school”.
【G】Pediatricians aren’t the only ones who have noticed. In a report titled “Crisis in the Kindergarten”, a group of educators, health professionals and child advocates called the loss of play in early childhood “a tragedy, both for the children themselves and for our nation and the world.” Kids in play-based kindergartens “end up equally good or better at reading and other intellectual skills, and they are more likely to become well-adjusted healthy people,” the Alliance for Childhood said in 2009. Indeed, new research demonstrates why playing with blocks might have been time better spent, Yogman said. The trial assessed the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention (干预) aimed at preschoolers. The results showed almost no gains in math achievement.
【H】Another playtime thief: the growing proportion of kids’ time spent in front of screens and digital devices, even among preschoolers. Last year, Common Sense Media reported that children up through age eight spent an average of two hours and 19 minutes in front of screens each day, including an average of 42 minutes a day for those under two. This increase of digital use comes with rising risks of obesity, sleep deprivation and cognitive (认知的), language and social-emotional delays, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned in 2016.
【I】“I respect that parents have busy lives and it’s easy to hand a child an iPhone,” Yogman said. “But there’s a cost to that. For young children, it’s much too passive. And kids really learn better when they’re actively engaged and have to really discover things.”
【J】The decline of play is a special hazard for the roughly 1 in 5 children in the United States wholive in poverty. These 14 million children most urgently need to develop the resilience (韧劲) that is cultivated with play. Instead, Yogman said, they are disproportionately affected by some of the trends that are making play scarce: academic pressures at schools that need to improve test scores, outside play areas that are limited or unsafe, and parents who lack the time or energy to share in playtime.
【K】Yogman also worries about the pressures that squeeze playtime for more affluent kids. “The notion that as parents we need to schedule every minute of their time is not doing them a great service,” he said. Even well-meaning parents may be “robbing them of the opportunity to have that joy of discovery and curiosity—the opportunity to find things out on their own.”
【L】Play may not be a hard sell to kids. But UCLA pediatrician Carlos Lerner acknowledged that the pediatricians’ new prescription may meet with skepticism (怀疑) from parents, who are anxious for advice on how to give their kids a leg up in the world. They should welcome the simplicity of the message, Lerner said. “It’s liberating to be able to offer them this advice: that you spending time with your child and letting him play is one of the most valuable things you can do,” he said. “It doesn’t have to involve spending a lot of money or time, or joining a parenting group. It’s something we can offer that’s achievable. They just don’t recognize it right now as particularly valuable.”
37、37. Since the beginning of this century, an increasing amount of time has been shifted in public schools from recess to academic activities.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
Doctor’s orders: Let children just play
【A】 Imagine a drug that could enhance a child’s creativity and critical thinking. Imagine that this drug were simple to make, safe to take, and could be had for free. The nation’s leading pediatricians (儿科医生) say this miracle compound exists. In a new clinical report, they are urging doctors to prescribe it liberally to the children in their care.
【B】“This may seem old-fashioned, but there are skills to be learned when kids aren’t told what to do,” said Dr. Michael Yogman, a Harvard Medical School pediatrician who led the drafting of the call to arms. Whether it’s rough physical play, outdoor play or pretend play, kids derive important lessons from the chance to make things up as they go, he said.
【C】The advice, issued Monday by the American Academy of Pediatrics, may come as a shock to some parents. After spending years fretting (烦恼) over which toys to buy, which apps to download and which skill-building programs to send their kids to after school, letting them simply play—or better yet, playing with them—could seem like a step backward. The pediatricians insist that it’s not. The academy’s guidance does not include specific recommendations for the dosing of play. Instead, it asks doctors to advise parents before their babies turn two that play is essential to healthy development.
【D】“Play is not silly behavior,” the academy’s report declares. It fosters children’s creativity, cooperation, and problem-solving skills—all of which are critical for a 21st-century workforce. When parents engage in play with their children, it builds a wall against the harmful effects of all kinds of stress, including poverty, the academy says. In the pediatricians’ view, essentially every life skill that’s valued in adults can be built up with play. “Collaboration, negotiation, decision-making, creativity, leadership, and increased physical activity are just some of the skills and benefits children gain through play,” they wrote. The pediatricians’ appeal comes as kids are being squeezed by increasing academic demands at school and the constant invasion of digital media.
【E】The trends have been a long time coming. Between 1981 and 1997, detailed time-use studies showed that the time children spent at play declined by 25 percent. Since the adoption of sweeping education reforms in 2001, public schools have steadily increased the amount of time devoted to preparing for standardized tests. The focus on academic “skills and drills” has cut deeply into recess (课间休息) and other time for free play.
【F】By 2009, a study of Los Angeles kindergarten classrooms found that five-year-olds were so burdened with academic requirements that they were down to an average of just 19 minutes per day of “choice time”, when they were permitted to play freely with blocks, toys or other children. One in four Los Angeles teachers reported there was no time at all for “free play”. Increased academic pressures have left 30 percent of U.S. kindergarten classes without any recess. Such findings prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to issue a policy statement in 2013 on the “crucial role of recess in school”.
【G】Pediatricians aren’t the only ones who have noticed. In a report titled “Crisis in the Kindergarten”, a group of educators, health professionals and child advocates called the loss of play in early childhood “a tragedy, both for the children themselves and for our nation and the world.” Kids in play-based kindergartens “end up equally good or better at reading and other intellectual skills, and they are more likely to become well-adjusted healthy people,” the Alliance for Childhood said in 2009. Indeed, new research demonstrates why playing with blocks might have been time better spent, Yogman said. The trial assessed the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention (干预) aimed at preschoolers. The results showed almost no gains in math achievement.
【H】Another playtime thief: the growing proportion of kids’ time spent in front of screens and digital devices, even among preschoolers. Last year, Common Sense Media reported that children up through age eight spent an average of two hours and 19 minutes in front of screens each day, including an average of 42 minutes a day for those under two. This increase of digital use comes with rising risks of obesity, sleep deprivation and cognitive (认知的), language and social-emotional delays, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned in 2016.
【I】“I respect that parents have busy lives and it’s easy to hand a child an iPhone,” Yogman said. “But there’s a cost to that. For young children, it’s much too passive. And kids really learn better when they’re actively engaged and have to really discover things.”
【J】The decline of play is a special hazard for the roughly 1 in 5 children in the United States wholive in poverty. These 14 million children most urgently need to develop the resilience (韧劲) that is cultivated with play. Instead, Yogman said, they are disproportionately affected by some of the trends that are making play scarce: academic pressures at schools that need to improve test scores, outside play areas that are limited or unsafe, and parents who lack the time or energy to share in playtime.
【K】Yogman also worries about the pressures that squeeze playtime for more affluent kids. “The notion that as parents we need to schedule every minute of their time is not doing them a great service,” he said. Even well-meaning parents may be “robbing them of the opportunity to have that joy of discovery and curiosity—the opportunity to find things out on their own.”
【L】Play may not be a hard sell to kids. But UCLA pediatrician Carlos Lerner acknowledged that the pediatricians’ new prescription may meet with skepticism (怀疑) from parents, who are anxious for advice on how to give their kids a leg up in the world. They should welcome the simplicity of the message, Lerner said. “It’s liberating to be able to offer them this advice: that you spending time with your child and letting him play is one of the most valuable things you can do,” he said. “It doesn’t have to involve spending a lot of money or time, or joining a parenting group. It’s something we can offer that’s achievable. They just don’t recognize it right now as particularly valuable.”
38、38. It has been acknowledged that while kids may welcome pediatricians’ recommendation, their parents may doubt its feasibility.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
Doctor’s orders: Let children just play
【A】 Imagine a drug that could enhance a child’s creativity and critical thinking. Imagine that this drug were simple to make, safe to take, and could be had for free. The nation’s leading pediatricians (儿科医生) say this miracle compound exists. In a new clinical report, they are urging doctors to prescribe it liberally to the children in their care.
【B】“This may seem old-fashioned, but there are skills to be learned when kids aren’t told what to do,” said Dr. Michael Yogman, a Harvard Medical School pediatrician who led the drafting of the call to arms. Whether it’s rough physical play, outdoor play or pretend play, kids derive important lessons from the chance to make things up as they go, he said.
【C】The advice, issued Monday by the American Academy of Pediatrics, may come as a shock to some parents. After spending years fretting (烦恼) over which toys to buy, which apps to download and which skill-building programs to send their kids to after school, letting them simply play—or better yet, playing with them—could seem like a step backward. The pediatricians insist that it’s not. The academy’s guidance does not include specific recommendations for the dosing of play. Instead, it asks doctors to advise parents before their babies turn two that play is essential to healthy development.
【D】“Play is not silly behavior,” the academy’s report declares. It fosters children’s creativity, cooperation, and problem-solving skills—all of which are critical for a 21st-century workforce. When parents engage in play with their children, it builds a wall against the harmful effects of all kinds of stress, including poverty, the academy says. In the pediatricians’ view, essentially every life skill that’s valued in adults can be built up with play. “Collaboration, negotiation, decision-making, creativity, leadership, and increased physical activity are just some of the skills and benefits children gain through play,” they wrote. The pediatricians’ appeal comes as kids are being squeezed by increasing academic demands at school and the constant invasion of digital media.
【E】The trends have been a long time coming. Between 1981 and 1997, detailed time-use studies showed that the time children spent at play declined by 25 percent. Since the adoption of sweeping education reforms in 2001, public schools have steadily increased the amount of time devoted to preparing for standardized tests. The focus on academic “skills and drills” has cut deeply into recess (课间休息) and other time for free play.
【F】By 2009, a study of Los Angeles kindergarten classrooms found that five-year-olds were so burdened with academic requirements that they were down to an average of just 19 minutes per day of “choice time”, when they were permitted to play freely with blocks, toys or other children. One in four Los Angeles teachers reported there was no time at all for “free play”. Increased academic pressures have left 30 percent of U.S. kindergarten classes without any recess. Such findings prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to issue a policy statement in 2013 on the “crucial role of recess in school”.
【G】Pediatricians aren’t the only ones who have noticed. In a report titled “Crisis in the Kindergarten”, a group of educators, health professionals and child advocates called the loss of play in early childhood “a tragedy, both for the children themselves and for our nation and the world.” Kids in play-based kindergartens “end up equally good or better at reading and other intellectual skills, and they are more likely to become well-adjusted healthy people,” the Alliance for Childhood said in 2009. Indeed, new research demonstrates why playing with blocks might have been time better spent, Yogman said. The trial assessed the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention (干预) aimed at preschoolers. The results showed almost no gains in math achievement.
【H】Another playtime thief: the growing proportion of kids’ time spent in front of screens and digital devices, even among preschoolers. Last year, Common Sense Media reported that children up through age eight spent an average of two hours and 19 minutes in front of screens each day, including an average of 42 minutes a day for those under two. This increase of digital use comes with rising risks of obesity, sleep deprivation and cognitive (认知的), language and social-emotional delays, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned in 2016.
【I】“I respect that parents have busy lives and it’s easy to hand a child an iPhone,” Yogman said. “But there’s a cost to that. For young children, it’s much too passive. And kids really learn better when they’re actively engaged and have to really discover things.”
【J】The decline of play is a special hazard for the roughly 1 in 5 children in the United States wholive in poverty. These 14 million children most urgently need to develop the resilience (韧劲) that is cultivated with play. Instead, Yogman said, they are disproportionately affected by some of the trends that are making play scarce: academic pressures at schools that need to improve test scores, outside play areas that are limited or unsafe, and parents who lack the time or energy to share in playtime.
【K】Yogman also worries about the pressures that squeeze playtime for more affluent kids. “The notion that as parents we need to schedule every minute of their time is not doing them a great service,” he said. Even well-meaning parents may be “robbing them of the opportunity to have that joy of discovery and curiosity—the opportunity to find things out on their own.”
【L】Play may not be a hard sell to kids. But UCLA pediatrician Carlos Lerner acknowledged that the pediatricians’ new prescription may meet with skepticism (怀疑) from parents, who are anxious for advice on how to give their kids a leg up in the world. They should welcome the simplicity of the message, Lerner said. “It’s liberating to be able to offer them this advice: that you spending time with your child and letting him play is one of the most valuable things you can do,” he said. “It doesn’t have to involve spending a lot of money or time, or joining a parenting group. It’s something we can offer that’s achievable. They just don’t recognize it right now as particularly valuable.”
39、39. According to some professionals, deprivation of young children’s playtime will do harm not only to children themselves but to the country and the world.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
Doctor’s orders: Let children just play
【A】 Imagine a drug that could enhance a child’s creativity and critical thinking. Imagine that this drug were simple to make, safe to take, and could be had for free. The nation’s leading pediatricians (儿科医生) say this miracle compound exists. In a new clinical report, they are urging doctors to prescribe it liberally to the children in their care.
【B】“This may seem old-fashioned, but there are skills to be learned when kids aren’t told what to do,” said Dr. Michael Yogman, a Harvard Medical School pediatrician who led the drafting of the call to arms. Whether it’s rough physical play, outdoor play or pretend play, kids derive important lessons from the chance to make things up as they go, he said.
【C】The advice, issued Monday by the American Academy of Pediatrics, may come as a shock to some parents. After spending years fretting (烦恼) over which toys to buy, which apps to download and which skill-building programs to send their kids to after school, letting them simply play—or better yet, playing with them—could seem like a step backward. The pediatricians insist that it’s not. The academy’s guidance does not include specific recommendations for the dosing of play. Instead, it asks doctors to advise parents before their babies turn two that play is essential to healthy development.
【D】“Play is not silly behavior,” the academy’s report declares. It fosters children’s creativity, cooperation, and problem-solving skills—all of which are critical for a 21st-century workforce. When parents engage in play with their children, it builds a wall against the harmful effects of all kinds of stress, including poverty, the academy says. In the pediatricians’ view, essentially every life skill that’s valued in adults can be built up with play. “Collaboration, negotiation, decision-making, creativity, leadership, and increased physical activity are just some of the skills and benefits children gain through play,” they wrote. The pediatricians’ appeal comes as kids are being squeezed by increasing academic demands at school and the constant invasion of digital media.
【E】The trends have been a long time coming. Between 1981 and 1997, detailed time-use studies showed that the time children spent at play declined by 25 percent. Since the adoption of sweeping education reforms in 2001, public schools have steadily increased the amount of time devoted to preparing for standardized tests. The focus on academic “skills and drills” has cut deeply into recess (课间休息) and other time for free play.
【F】By 2009, a study of Los Angeles kindergarten classrooms found that five-year-olds were so burdened with academic requirements that they were down to an average of just 19 minutes per day of “choice time”, when they were permitted to play freely with blocks, toys or other children. One in four Los Angeles teachers reported there was no time at all for “free play”. Increased academic pressures have left 30 percent of U.S. kindergarten classes without any recess. Such findings prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to issue a policy statement in 2013 on the “crucial role of recess in school”.
【G】Pediatricians aren’t the only ones who have noticed. In a report titled “Crisis in the Kindergarten”, a group of educators, health professionals and child advocates called the loss of play in early childhood “a tragedy, both for the children themselves and for our nation and the world.” Kids in play-based kindergartens “end up equally good or better at reading and other intellectual skills, and they are more likely to become well-adjusted healthy people,” the Alliance for Childhood said in 2009. Indeed, new research demonstrates why playing with blocks might have been time better spent, Yogman said. The trial assessed the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention (干预) aimed at preschoolers. The results showed almost no gains in math achievement.
【H】Another playtime thief: the growing proportion of kids’ time spent in front of screens and digital devices, even among preschoolers. Last year, Common Sense Media reported that children up through age eight spent an average of two hours and 19 minutes in front of screens each day, including an average of 42 minutes a day for those under two. This increase of digital use comes with rising risks of obesity, sleep deprivation and cognitive (认知的), language and social-emotional delays, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned in 2016.
【I】“I respect that parents have busy lives and it’s easy to hand a child an iPhone,” Yogman said. “But there’s a cost to that. For young children, it’s much too passive. And kids really learn better when they’re actively engaged and have to really discover things.”
【J】The decline of play is a special hazard for the roughly 1 in 5 children in the United States wholive in poverty. These 14 million children most urgently need to develop the resilience (韧劲) that is cultivated with play. Instead, Yogman said, they are disproportionately affected by some of the trends that are making play scarce: academic pressures at schools that need to improve test scores, outside play areas that are limited or unsafe, and parents who lack the time or energy to share in playtime.
【K】Yogman also worries about the pressures that squeeze playtime for more affluent kids. “The notion that as parents we need to schedule every minute of their time is not doing them a great service,” he said. Even well-meaning parents may be “robbing them of the opportunity to have that joy of discovery and curiosity—the opportunity to find things out on their own.”
【L】Play may not be a hard sell to kids. But UCLA pediatrician Carlos Lerner acknowledged that the pediatricians’ new prescription may meet with skepticism (怀疑) from parents, who are anxious for advice on how to give their kids a leg up in the world. They should welcome the simplicity of the message, Lerner said. “It’s liberating to be able to offer them this advice: that you spending time with your child and letting him play is one of the most valuable things you can do,” he said. “It doesn’t have to involve spending a lot of money or time, or joining a parenting group. It’s something we can offer that’s achievable. They just don’t recognize it right now as particularly valuable.”
40、40. By playing with children, parents can prevent them from being harmed by stress.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
Doctor’s orders: Let children just play
【A】 Imagine a drug that could enhance a child’s creativity and critical thinking. Imagine that this drug were simple to make, safe to take, and could be had for free. The nation’s leading pediatricians (儿科医生) say this miracle compound exists. In a new clinical report, they are urging doctors to prescribe it liberally to the children in their care.
【B】“This may seem old-fashioned, but there are skills to be learned when kids aren’t told what to do,” said Dr. Michael Yogman, a Harvard Medical School pediatrician who led the drafting of the call to arms. Whether it’s rough physical play, outdoor play or pretend play, kids derive important lessons from the chance to make things up as they go, he said.
【C】The advice, issued Monday by the American Academy of Pediatrics, may come as a shock to some parents. After spending years fretting (烦恼) over which toys to buy, which apps to download and which skill-building programs to send their kids to after school, letting them simply play—or better yet, playing with them—could seem like a step backward. The pediatricians insist that it’s not. The academy’s guidance does not include specific recommendations for the dosing of play. Instead, it asks doctors to advise parents before their babies turn two that play is essential to healthy development.
【D】“Play is not silly behavior,” the academy’s report declares. It fosters children’s creativity, cooperation, and problem-solving skills—all of which are critical for a 21st-century workforce. When parents engage in play with their children, it builds a wall against the harmful effects of all kinds of stress, including poverty, the academy says. In the pediatricians’ view, essentially every life skill that’s valued in adults can be built up with play. “Collaboration, negotiation, decision-making, creativity, leadership, and increased physical activity are just some of the skills and benefits children gain through play,” they wrote. The pediatricians’ appeal comes as kids are being squeezed by increasing academic demands at school and the constant invasion of digital media.
【E】The trends have been a long time coming. Between 1981 and 1997, detailed time-use studies showed that the time children spent at play declined by 25 percent. Since the adoption of sweeping education reforms in 2001, public schools have steadily increased the amount of time devoted to preparing for standardized tests. The focus on academic “skills and drills” has cut deeply into recess (课间休息) and other time for free play.
【F】By 2009, a study of Los Angeles kindergarten classrooms found that five-year-olds were so burdened with academic requirements that they were down to an average of just 19 minutes per day of “choice time”, when they were permitted to play freely with blocks, toys or other children. One in four Los Angeles teachers reported there was no time at all for “free play”. Increased academic pressures have left 30 percent of U.S. kindergarten classes without any recess. Such findings prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to issue a policy statement in 2013 on the “crucial role of recess in school”.
【G】Pediatricians aren’t the only ones who have noticed. In a report titled “Crisis in the Kindergarten”, a group of educators, health professionals and child advocates called the loss of play in early childhood “a tragedy, both for the children themselves and for our nation and the world.” Kids in play-based kindergartens “end up equally good or better at reading and other intellectual skills, and they are more likely to become well-adjusted healthy people,” the Alliance for Childhood said in 2009. Indeed, new research demonstrates why playing with blocks might have been time better spent, Yogman said. The trial assessed the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention (干预) aimed at preschoolers. The results showed almost no gains in math achievement.
【H】Another playtime thief: the growing proportion of kids’ time spent in front of screens and digital devices, even among preschoolers. Last year, Common Sense Media reported that children up through age eight spent an average of two hours and 19 minutes in front of screens each day, including an average of 42 minutes a day for those under two. This increase of digital use comes with rising risks of obesity, sleep deprivation and cognitive (认知的), language and social-emotional delays, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned in 2016.
【I】“I respect that parents have busy lives and it’s easy to hand a child an iPhone,” Yogman said. “But there’s a cost to that. For young children, it’s much too passive. And kids really learn better when they’re actively engaged and have to really discover things.”
【J】The decline of play is a special hazard for the roughly 1 in 5 children in the United States wholive in poverty. These 14 million children most urgently need to develop the resilience (韧劲) that is cultivated with play. Instead, Yogman said, they are disproportionately affected by some of the trends that are making play scarce: academic pressures at schools that need to improve test scores, outside play areas that are limited or unsafe, and parents who lack the time or energy to share in playtime.
【K】Yogman also worries about the pressures that squeeze playtime for more affluent kids. “The notion that as parents we need to schedule every minute of their time is not doing them a great service,” he said. Even well-meaning parents may be “robbing them of the opportunity to have that joy of discovery and curiosity—the opportunity to find things out on their own.”
【L】Play may not be a hard sell to kids. But UCLA pediatrician Carlos Lerner acknowledged that the pediatricians’ new prescription may meet with skepticism (怀疑) from parents, who are anxious for advice on how to give their kids a leg up in the world. They should welcome the simplicity of the message, Lerner said. “It’s liberating to be able to offer them this advice: that you spending time with your child and letting him play is one of the most valuable things you can do,” he said. “It doesn’t have to involve spending a lot of money or time, or joining a parenting group. It’s something we can offer that’s achievable. They just don’t recognize it right now as particularly valuable.”
41、41. Playing with digital device discourages kids from active discovery, according to pediatrician Dr. Michael Yogman.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
Doctor’s orders: Let children just play
【A】 Imagine a drug that could enhance a child’s creativity and critical thinking. Imagine that this drug were simple to make, safe to take, and could be had for free. The nation’s leading pediatricians (儿科医生) say this miracle compound exists. In a new clinical report, they are urging doctors to prescribe it liberally to the children in their care.
【B】“This may seem old-fashioned, but there are skills to be learned when kids aren’t told what to do,” said Dr. Michael Yogman, a Harvard Medical School pediatrician who led the drafting of the call to arms. Whether it’s rough physical play, outdoor play or pretend play, kids derive important lessons from the chance to make things up as they go, he said.
【C】The advice, issued Monday by the American Academy of Pediatrics, may come as a shock to some parents. After spending years fretting (烦恼) over which toys to buy, which apps to download and which skill-building programs to send their kids to after school, letting them simply play—or better yet, playing with them—could seem like a step backward. The pediatricians insist that it’s not. The academy’s guidance does not include specific recommendations for the dosing of play. Instead, it asks doctors to advise parents before their babies turn two that play is essential to healthy development.
【D】“Play is not silly behavior,” the academy’s report declares. It fosters children’s creativity, cooperation, and problem-solving skills—all of which are critical for a 21st-century workforce. When parents engage in play with their children, it builds a wall against the harmful effects of all kinds of stress, including poverty, the academy says. In the pediatricians’ view, essentially every life skill that’s valued in adults can be built up with play. “Collaboration, negotiation, decision-making, creativity, leadership, and increased physical activity are just some of the skills and benefits children gain through play,” they wrote. The pediatricians’ appeal comes as kids are being squeezed by increasing academic demands at school and the constant invasion of digital media.
【E】The trends have been a long time coming. Between 1981 and 1997, detailed time-use studies showed that the time children spent at play declined by 25 percent. Since the adoption of sweeping education reforms in 2001, public schools have steadily increased the amount of time devoted to preparing for standardized tests. The focus on academic “skills and drills” has cut deeply into recess (课间休息) and other time for free play.
【F】By 2009, a study of Los Angeles kindergarten classrooms found that five-year-olds were so burdened with academic requirements that they were down to an average of just 19 minutes per day of “choice time”, when they were permitted to play freely with blocks, toys or other children. One in four Los Angeles teachers reported there was no time at all for “free play”. Increased academic pressures have left 30 percent of U.S. kindergarten classes without any recess. Such findings prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to issue a policy statement in 2013 on the “crucial role of recess in school”.
【G】Pediatricians aren’t the only ones who have noticed. In a report titled “Crisis in the Kindergarten”, a group of educators, health professionals and child advocates called the loss of play in early childhood “a tragedy, both for the children themselves and for our nation and the world.” Kids in play-based kindergartens “end up equally good or better at reading and other intellectual skills, and they are more likely to become well-adjusted healthy people,” the Alliance for Childhood said in 2009. Indeed, new research demonstrates why playing with blocks might have been time better spent, Yogman said. The trial assessed the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention (干预) aimed at preschoolers. The results showed almost no gains in math achievement.
【H】Another playtime thief: the growing proportion of kids’ time spent in front of screens and digital devices, even among preschoolers. Last year, Common Sense Media reported that children up through age eight spent an average of two hours and 19 minutes in front of screens each day, including an average of 42 minutes a day for those under two. This increase of digital use comes with rising risks of obesity, sleep deprivation and cognitive (认知的), language and social-emotional delays, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned in 2016.
【I】“I respect that parents have busy lives and it’s easy to hand a child an iPhone,” Yogman said. “But there’s a cost to that. For young children, it’s much too passive. And kids really learn better when they’re actively engaged and have to really discover things.”
【J】The decline of play is a special hazard for the roughly 1 in 5 children in the United States wholive in poverty. These 14 million children most urgently need to develop the resilience (韧劲) that is cultivated with play. Instead, Yogman said, they are disproportionately affected by some of the trends that are making play scarce: academic pressures at schools that need to improve test scores, outside play areas that are limited or unsafe, and parents who lack the time or energy to share in playtime.
【K】Yogman also worries about the pressures that squeeze playtime for more affluent kids. “The notion that as parents we need to schedule every minute of their time is not doing them a great service,” he said. Even well-meaning parents may be “robbing them of the opportunity to have that joy of discovery and curiosity—the opportunity to find things out on their own.”
【L】Play may not be a hard sell to kids. But UCLA pediatrician Carlos Lerner acknowledged that the pediatricians’ new prescription may meet with skepticism (怀疑) from parents, who are anxious for advice on how to give their kids a leg up in the world. They should welcome the simplicity of the message, Lerner said. “It’s liberating to be able to offer them this advice: that you spending time with your child and letting him play is one of the most valuable things you can do,” he said. “It doesn’t have to involve spending a lot of money or time, or joining a parenting group. It’s something we can offer that’s achievable. They just don’t recognize it right now as particularly valuable.”
42、42. The suggestion of letting children simply play may sound like going backwards to parents who want to help build their children’s skills.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
Doctor’s orders: Let children just play
【A】 Imagine a drug that could enhance a child’s creativity and critical thinking. Imagine that this drug were simple to make, safe to take, and could be had for free. The nation’s leading pediatricians (儿科医生) say this miracle compound exists. In a new clinical report, they are urging doctors to prescribe it liberally to the children in their care.
【B】“This may seem old-fashioned, but there are skills to be learned when kids aren’t told what to do,” said Dr. Michael Yogman, a Harvard Medical School pediatrician who led the drafting of the call to arms. Whether it’s rough physical play, outdoor play or pretend play, kids derive important lessons from the chance to make things up as they go, he said.
【C】The advice, issued Monday by the American Academy of Pediatrics, may come as a shock to some parents. After spending years fretting (烦恼) over which toys to buy, which apps to download and which skill-building programs to send their kids to after school, letting them simply play—or better yet, playing with them—could seem like a step backward. The pediatricians insist that it’s not. The academy’s guidance does not include specific recommendations for the dosing of play. Instead, it asks doctors to advise parents before their babies turn two that play is essential to healthy development.
【D】“Play is not silly behavior,” the academy’s report declares. It fosters children’s creativity, cooperation, and problem-solving skills—all of which are critical for a 21st-century workforce. When parents engage in play with their children, it builds a wall against the harmful effects of all kinds of stress, including poverty, the academy says. In the pediatricians’ view, essentially every life skill that’s valued in adults can be built up with play. “Collaboration, negotiation, decision-making, creativity, leadership, and increased physical activity are just some of the skills and benefits children gain through play,” they wrote. The pediatricians’ appeal comes as kids are being squeezed by increasing academic demands at school and the constant invasion of digital media.
【E】The trends have been a long time coming. Between 1981 and 1997, detailed time-use studies showed that the time children spent at play declined by 25 percent. Since the adoption of sweeping education reforms in 2001, public schools have steadily increased the amount of time devoted to preparing for standardized tests. The focus on academic “skills and drills” has cut deeply into recess (课间休息) and other time for free play.
【F】By 2009, a study of Los Angeles kindergarten classrooms found that five-year-olds were so burdened with academic requirements that they were down to an average of just 19 minutes per day of “choice time”, when they were permitted to play freely with blocks, toys or other children. One in four Los Angeles teachers reported there was no time at all for “free play”. Increased academic pressures have left 30 percent of U.S. kindergarten classes without any recess. Such findings prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to issue a policy statement in 2013 on the “crucial role of recess in school”.
【G】Pediatricians aren’t the only ones who have noticed. In a report titled “Crisis in the Kindergarten”, a group of educators, health professionals and child advocates called the loss of play in early childhood “a tragedy, both for the children themselves and for our nation and the world.” Kids in play-based kindergartens “end up equally good or better at reading and other intellectual skills, and they are more likely to become well-adjusted healthy people,” the Alliance for Childhood said in 2009. Indeed, new research demonstrates why playing with blocks might have been time better spent, Yogman said. The trial assessed the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention (干预) aimed at preschoolers. The results showed almost no gains in math achievement.
【H】Another playtime thief: the growing proportion of kids’ time spent in front of screens and digital devices, even among preschoolers. Last year, Common Sense Media reported that children up through age eight spent an average of two hours and 19 minutes in front of screens each day, including an average of 42 minutes a day for those under two. This increase of digital use comes with rising risks of obesity, sleep deprivation and cognitive (认知的), language and social-emotional delays, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned in 2016.
【I】“I respect that parents have busy lives and it’s easy to hand a child an iPhone,” Yogman said. “But there’s a cost to that. For young children, it’s much too passive. And kids really learn better when they’re actively engaged and have to really discover things.”
【J】The decline of play is a special hazard for the roughly 1 in 5 children in the United States wholive in poverty. These 14 million children most urgently need to develop the resilience (韧劲) that is cultivated with play. Instead, Yogman said, they are disproportionately affected by some of the trends that are making play scarce: academic pressures at schools that need to improve test scores, outside play areas that are limited or unsafe, and parents who lack the time or energy to share in playtime.
【K】Yogman also worries about the pressures that squeeze playtime for more affluent kids. “The notion that as parents we need to schedule every minute of their time is not doing them a great service,” he said. Even well-meaning parents may be “robbing them of the opportunity to have that joy of discovery and curiosity—the opportunity to find things out on their own.”
【L】Play may not be a hard sell to kids. But UCLA pediatrician Carlos Lerner acknowledged that the pediatricians’ new prescription may meet with skepticism (怀疑) from parents, who are anxious for advice on how to give their kids a leg up in the world. They should welcome the simplicity of the message, Lerner said. “It’s liberating to be able to offer them this advice: that you spending time with your child and letting him play is one of the most valuable things you can do,” he said. “It doesn’t have to involve spending a lot of money or time, or joining a parenting group. It’s something we can offer that’s achievable. They just don’t recognize it right now as particularly valuable.”
43、43. Dr. Michael Yogman believes the idea that parents should carefully schedule children’s time may not be helpful to their growth.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
Doctor’s orders: Let children just play
【A】 Imagine a drug that could enhance a child’s creativity and critical thinking. Imagine that this drug were simple to make, safe to take, and could be had for free. The nation’s leading pediatricians (儿科医生) say this miracle compound exists. In a new clinical report, they are urging doctors to prescribe it liberally to the children in their care.
【B】“This may seem old-fashioned, but there are skills to be learned when kids aren’t told what to do,” said Dr. Michael Yogman, a Harvard Medical School pediatrician who led the drafting of the call to arms. Whether it’s rough physical play, outdoor play or pretend play, kids derive important lessons from the chance to make things up as they go, he said.
【C】The advice, issued Monday by the American Academy of Pediatrics, may come as a shock to some parents. After spending years fretting (烦恼) over which toys to buy, which apps to download and which skill-building programs to send their kids to after school, letting them simply play—or better yet, playing with them—could seem like a step backward. The pediatricians insist that it’s not. The academy’s guidance does not include specific recommendations for the dosing of play. Instead, it asks doctors to advise parents before their babies turn two that play is essential to healthy development.
【D】“Play is not silly behavior,” the academy’s report declares. It fosters children’s creativity, cooperation, and problem-solving skills—all of which are critical for a 21st-century workforce. When parents engage in play with their children, it builds a wall against the harmful effects of all kinds of stress, including poverty, the academy says. In the pediatricians’ view, essentially every life skill that’s valued in adults can be built up with play. “Collaboration, negotiation, decision-making, creativity, leadership, and increased physical activity are just some of the skills and benefits children gain through play,” they wrote. The pediatricians’ appeal comes as kids are being squeezed by increasing academic demands at school and the constant invasion of digital media.
【E】The trends have been a long time coming. Between 1981 and 1997, detailed time-use studies showed that the time children spent at play declined by 25 percent. Since the adoption of sweeping education reforms in 2001, public schools have steadily increased the amount of time devoted to preparing for standardized tests. The focus on academic “skills and drills” has cut deeply into recess (课间休息) and other time for free play.
【F】By 2009, a study of Los Angeles kindergarten classrooms found that five-year-olds were so burdened with academic requirements that they were down to an average of just 19 minutes per day of “choice time”, when they were permitted to play freely with blocks, toys or other children. One in four Los Angeles teachers reported there was no time at all for “free play”. Increased academic pressures have left 30 percent of U.S. kindergarten classes without any recess. Such findings prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to issue a policy statement in 2013 on the “crucial role of recess in school”.
【G】Pediatricians aren’t the only ones who have noticed. In a report titled “Crisis in the Kindergarten”, a group of educators, health professionals and child advocates called the loss of play in early childhood “a tragedy, both for the children themselves and for our nation and the world.” Kids in play-based kindergartens “end up equally good or better at reading and other intellectual skills, and they are more likely to become well-adjusted healthy people,” the Alliance for Childhood said in 2009. Indeed, new research demonstrates why playing with blocks might have been time better spent, Yogman said. The trial assessed the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention (干预) aimed at preschoolers. The results showed almost no gains in math achievement.
【H】Another playtime thief: the growing proportion of kids’ time spent in front of screens and digital devices, even among preschoolers. Last year, Common Sense Media reported that children up through age eight spent an average of two hours and 19 minutes in front of screens each day, including an average of 42 minutes a day for those under two. This increase of digital use comes with rising risks of obesity, sleep deprivation and cognitive (认知的), language and social-emotional delays, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned in 2016.
【I】“I respect that parents have busy lives and it’s easy to hand a child an iPhone,” Yogman said. “But there’s a cost to that. For young children, it’s much too passive. And kids really learn better when they’re actively engaged and have to really discover things.”
【J】The decline of play is a special hazard for the roughly 1 in 5 children in the United States wholive in poverty. These 14 million children most urgently need to develop the resilience (韧劲) that is cultivated with play. Instead, Yogman said, they are disproportionately affected by some of the trends that are making play scarce: academic pressures at schools that need to improve test scores, outside play areas that are limited or unsafe, and parents who lack the time or energy to share in playtime.
【K】Yogman also worries about the pressures that squeeze playtime for more affluent kids. “The notion that as parents we need to schedule every minute of their time is not doing them a great service,” he said. Even well-meaning parents may be “robbing them of the opportunity to have that joy of discovery and curiosity—the opportunity to find things out on their own.”
【L】Play may not be a hard sell to kids. But UCLA pediatrician Carlos Lerner acknowledged that the pediatricians’ new prescription may meet with skepticism (怀疑) from parents, who are anxious for advice on how to give their kids a leg up in the world. They should welcome the simplicity of the message, Lerner said. “It’s liberating to be able to offer them this advice: that you spending time with your child and letting him play is one of the most valuable things you can do,” he said. “It doesn’t have to involve spending a lot of money or time, or joining a parenting group. It’s something we can offer that’s achievable. They just don’t recognize it right now as particularly valuable.”
44、44. One quarter of teachers in an American city said that children in kindergartens had no time for playing freely.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
Doctor’s orders: Let children just play
【A】 Imagine a drug that could enhance a child’s creativity and critical thinking. Imagine that this drug were simple to make, safe to take, and could be had for free. The nation’s leading pediatricians (儿科医生) say this miracle compound exists. In a new clinical report, they are urging doctors to prescribe it liberally to the children in their care.
【B】“This may seem old-fashioned, but there are skills to be learned when kids aren’t told what to do,” said Dr. Michael Yogman, a Harvard Medical School pediatrician who led the drafting of the call to arms. Whether it’s rough physical play, outdoor play or pretend play, kids derive important lessons from the chance to make things up as they go, he said.
【C】The advice, issued Monday by the American Academy of Pediatrics, may come as a shock to some parents. After spending years fretting (烦恼) over which toys to buy, which apps to download and which skill-building programs to send their kids to after school, letting them simply play—or better yet, playing with them—could seem like a step backward. The pediatricians insist that it’s not. The academy’s guidance does not include specific recommendations for the dosing of play. Instead, it asks doctors to advise parents before their babies turn two that play is essential to healthy development.
【D】“Play is not silly behavior,” the academy’s report declares. It fosters children’s creativity, cooperation, and problem-solving skills—all of which are critical for a 21st-century workforce. When parents engage in play with their children, it builds a wall against the harmful effects of all kinds of stress, including poverty, the academy says. In the pediatricians’ view, essentially every life skill that’s valued in adults can be built up with play. “Collaboration, negotiation, decision-making, creativity, leadership, and increased physical activity are just some of the skills and benefits children gain through play,” they wrote. The pediatricians’ appeal comes as kids are being squeezed by increasing academic demands at school and the constant invasion of digital media.
【E】The trends have been a long time coming. Between 1981 and 1997, detailed time-use studies showed that the time children spent at play declined by 25 percent. Since the adoption of sweeping education reforms in 2001, public schools have steadily increased the amount of time devoted to preparing for standardized tests. The focus on academic “skills and drills” has cut deeply into recess (课间休息) and other time for free play.
【F】By 2009, a study of Los Angeles kindergarten classrooms found that five-year-olds were so burdened with academic requirements that they were down to an average of just 19 minutes per day of “choice time”, when they were permitted to play freely with blocks, toys or other children. One in four Los Angeles teachers reported there was no time at all for “free play”. Increased academic pressures have left 30 percent of U.S. kindergarten classes without any recess. Such findings prompted the American Academy of Pediatrics to issue a policy statement in 2013 on the “crucial role of recess in school”.
【G】Pediatricians aren’t the only ones who have noticed. In a report titled “Crisis in the Kindergarten”, a group of educators, health professionals and child advocates called the loss of play in early childhood “a tragedy, both for the children themselves and for our nation and the world.” Kids in play-based kindergartens “end up equally good or better at reading and other intellectual skills, and they are more likely to become well-adjusted healthy people,” the Alliance for Childhood said in 2009. Indeed, new research demonstrates why playing with blocks might have been time better spent, Yogman said. The trial assessed the effectiveness of an early mathematics intervention (干预) aimed at preschoolers. The results showed almost no gains in math achievement.
【H】Another playtime thief: the growing proportion of kids’ time spent in front of screens and digital devices, even among preschoolers. Last year, Common Sense Media reported that children up through age eight spent an average of two hours and 19 minutes in front of screens each day, including an average of 42 minutes a day for those under two. This increase of digital use comes with rising risks of obesity, sleep deprivation and cognitive (认知的), language and social-emotional delays, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned in 2016.
【I】“I respect that parents have busy lives and it’s easy to hand a child an iPhone,” Yogman said. “But there’s a cost to that. For young children, it’s much too passive. And kids really learn better when they’re actively engaged and have to really discover things.”
【J】The decline of play is a special hazard for the roughly 1 in 5 children in the United States wholive in poverty. These 14 million children most urgently need to develop the resilience (韧劲) that is cultivated with play. Instead, Yogman said, they are disproportionately affected by some of the trends that are making play scarce: academic pressures at schools that need to improve test scores, outside play areas that are limited or unsafe, and parents who lack the time or energy to share in playtime.
【K】Yogman also worries about the pressures that squeeze playtime for more affluent kids. “The notion that as parents we need to schedule every minute of their time is not doing them a great service,” he said. Even well-meaning parents may be “robbing them of the opportunity to have that joy of discovery and curiosity—the opportunity to find things out on their own.”
【L】Play may not be a hard sell to kids. But UCLA pediatrician Carlos Lerner acknowledged that the pediatricians’ new prescription may meet with skepticism (怀疑) from parents, who are anxious for advice on how to give their kids a leg up in the world. They should welcome the simplicity of the message, Lerner said. “It’s liberating to be able to offer them this advice: that you spending time with your child and letting him play is one of the most valuable things you can do,” he said. “It doesn’t have to involve spending a lot of money or time, or joining a parenting group. It’s something we can offer that’s achievable. They just don’t recognize it right now as particularly valuable.”
45、45. According to a pediatrician, no matter what kind of play children engage in, they are learning how to create things.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
Americans spend billions of dollars each year trying to change their weight with diets, gym memberships and plastic surgery.
Trying to live up to the images of “perfect” models and movie heroes has a dark side: anxiety, depression, as well as unhealthy strategies for weight loss or muscle gain. It also has a financial cost. Having an eating disorder boosts annual health care costs by nearly US$2,000 per person.
Why is there both external and internal pressure to look “perfect”? One reason is that society rewards people who are thin and healthy-looking. Researchers have shown that body mass index is related to wages and income. Especially for women, there is a clear penalty at work for being overweight or obese. Some studies have also found an impact for men, though a less noticeable one.
While the research literature is clear that labor market success is partly based on how employers and customers perceive your body image, no one had explored the other side of the question. Does a person’s own perception of body image matter to earnings and other indicators of success in the workplace?
Our recently published study answered this question by tracking a large national random sample of Americans over a critical time period when bodies change from teenage shape into adult form and when people build their identities.
As in other research, women in our sample tend to over-perceive weight—they think they’re heavier than they are—while men tend to under-perceive theirs.
We found no relationship between the average person’s self-perception of weight and labor market outcomes, although self-perceived weight can influence self-esteem (自尊心), mental health and health behaviors.
While the continued gender penalty in the labor market is frustrating, our finding that misperceived weight does not harm workers is more heartening.
Since employers’ perception of weight is what matters in the labor market, changing discrimination laws to include body type as a category would help. Michigan is the only state that prohibits discrimination on the basis of weight and height. We believe expanding such protections would make the labor market more fair and efficient.
46、46. What does the author say may have an adverse impact on people?
A、Undergoing plastic surgeries in pursuit of beauty.
B、Imitating the lifestyles of heroes and role models.
C、Striving to achieve perfection regardless of financial cost.
D、Attempting to meet society’s expectation of appearance.
Americans spend billions of dollars each year trying to change their weight with diets, gym memberships and plastic surgery.
Trying to live up to the images of “perfect” models and movie heroes has a dark side: anxiety, depression, as well as unhealthy strategies for weight loss or muscle gain. It also has a financial cost. Having an eating disorder boosts annual health care costs by nearly US$2,000 per person.
Why is there both external and internal pressure to look “perfect”? One reason is that society rewards people who are thin and healthy-looking. Researchers have shown that body mass index is related to wages and income. Especially for women, there is a clear penalty at work for being overweight or obese. Some studies have also found an impact for men, though a less noticeable one.
While the research literature is clear that labor market success is partly based on how employers and customers perceive your body image, no one had explored the other side of the question. Does a person’s own perception of body image matter to earnings and other indicators of success in the workplace?
Our recently published study answered this question by tracking a large national random sample of Americans over a critical time period when bodies change from teenage shape into adult form and when people build their identities.
As in other research, women in our sample tend to over-perceive weight—they think they’re heavier than they are—while men tend to under-perceive theirs.
We found no relationship between the average person’s self-perception of weight and labor market outcomes, although self-perceived weight can influence self-esteem (自尊心), mental health and health behaviors.
While the continued gender penalty in the labor market is frustrating, our finding that misperceived weight does not harm workers is more heartening.
Since employers’ perception of weight is what matters in the labor market, changing discrimination laws to include body type as a category would help. Michigan is the only state that prohibits discrimination on the basis of weight and height. We believe expanding such protections would make the labor market more fair and efficient.
47、47. What have researchers found out about people’s earnings?
A、They are closely related to people’s social status.
B、They have to do with people’s body weight and shape.
C、They seem to matter much less to men than to women.
D、They may not be equal to people’s contributions.
Americans spend billions of dollars each year trying to change their weight with diets, gym memberships and plastic surgery.
Trying to live up to the images of “perfect” models and movie heroes has a dark side: anxiety, depression, as well as unhealthy strategies for weight loss or muscle gain. It also has a financial cost. Having an eating disorder boosts annual health care costs by nearly US$2,000 per person.
Why is there both external and internal pressure to look “perfect”? One reason is that society rewards people who are thin and healthy-looking. Researchers have shown that body mass index is related to wages and income. Especially for women, there is a clear penalty at work for being overweight or obese. Some studies have also found an impact for men, though a less noticeable one.
While the research literature is clear that labor market success is partly based on how employers and customers perceive your body image, no one had explored the other side of the question. Does a person’s own perception of body image matter to earnings and other indicators of success in the workplace?
Our recently published study answered this question by tracking a large national random sample of Americans over a critical time period when bodies change from teenage shape into adult form and when people build their identities.
As in other research, women in our sample tend to over-perceive weight—they think they’re heavier than they are—while men tend to under-perceive theirs.
We found no relationship between the average person’s self-perception of weight and labor market outcomes, although self-perceived weight can influence self-esteem (自尊心), mental health and health behaviors.
While the continued gender penalty in the labor market is frustrating, our finding that misperceived weight does not harm workers is more heartening.
Since employers’ perception of weight is what matters in the labor market, changing discrimination laws to include body type as a category would help. Michigan is the only state that prohibits discrimination on the basis of weight and height. We believe expanding such protections would make the labor market more fair and efficient.
48、48. What does the author’s recent study focus on?
A、Previous literature on indicators of competitiveness in the workplace.
B、Traits that matter most in one’s pursuit of success in the labor market.
C、Whether self-perception of body image impacts one’s workplace success.
D、How bosses’ perception of body image impacts employees’ advancement.
Americans spend billions of dollars each year trying to change their weight with diets, gym memberships and plastic surgery.
Trying to live up to the images of “perfect” models and movie heroes has a dark side: anxiety, depression, as well as unhealthy strategies for weight loss or muscle gain. It also has a financial cost. Having an eating disorder boosts annual health care costs by nearly US$2,000 per person.
Why is there both external and internal pressure to look “perfect”? One reason is that society rewards people who are thin and healthy-looking. Researchers have shown that body mass index is related to wages and income. Especially for women, there is a clear penalty at work for being overweight or obese. Some studies have also found an impact for men, though a less noticeable one.
While the research literature is clear that labor market success is partly based on how employers and customers perceive your body image, no one had explored the other side of the question. Does a person’s own perception of body image matter to earnings and other indicators of success in the workplace?
Our recently published study answered this question by tracking a large national random sample of Americans over a critical time period when bodies change from teenage shape into adult form and when people build their identities.
As in other research, women in our sample tend to over-perceive weight—they think they’re heavier than they are—while men tend to under-perceive theirs.
We found no relationship between the average person’s self-perception of weight and labor market outcomes, although self-perceived weight can influence self-esteem (自尊心), mental health and health behaviors.
While the continued gender penalty in the labor market is frustrating, our finding that misperceived weight does not harm workers is more heartening.
Since employers’ perception of weight is what matters in the labor market, changing discrimination laws to include body type as a category would help. Michigan is the only state that prohibits discrimination on the basis of weight and height. We believe expanding such protections would make the labor market more fair and efficient.
49、49. What is the finding of the author’s recent research?
A、Being overweight actually does not do much harm to the overall well-being of employees.
B、People are not adversely affected in the workplace by false self-perception of body weight.
C、Self-esteem helps to combat gender inequality in the workplace.
D、Gender inequality continues to frustrate a lot of female employees.
Americans spend billions of dollars each year trying to change their weight with diets, gym memberships and plastic surgery.
Trying to live up to the images of “perfect” models and movie heroes has a dark side: anxiety, depression, as well as unhealthy strategies for weight loss or muscle gain. It also has a financial cost. Having an eating disorder boosts annual health care costs by nearly US$2,000 per person.
Why is there both external and internal pressure to look “perfect”? One reason is that society rewards people who are thin and healthy-looking. Researchers have shown that body mass index is related to wages and income. Especially for women, there is a clear penalty at work for being overweight or obese. Some studies have also found an impact for men, though a less noticeable one.
While the research literature is clear that labor market success is partly based on how employers and customers perceive your body image, no one had explored the other side of the question. Does a person’s own perception of body image matter to earnings and other indicators of success in the workplace?
Our recently published study answered this question by tracking a large national random sample of Americans over a critical time period when bodies change from teenage shape into adult form and when people build their identities.
As in other research, women in our sample tend to over-perceive weight—they think they’re heavier than they are—while men tend to under-perceive theirs.
We found no relationship between the average person’s self-perception of weight and labor market outcomes, although self-perceived weight can influence self-esteem (自尊心), mental health and health behaviors.
While the continued gender penalty in the labor market is frustrating, our finding that misperceived weight does not harm workers is more heartening.
Since employers’ perception of weight is what matters in the labor market, changing discrimination laws to include body type as a category would help. Michigan is the only state that prohibits discrimination on the basis of weight and height. We believe expanding such protections would make the labor market more fair and efficient.
50、50. What does the author think would help improve the situation in the labor market?
A、Banning discrimination on the basis of employees’ body image.
B、Expanding protection of women against gender discrimination.
C、Helping employees change their own perception of beauty.
D、Excluding body shape as a category in the labor contract.
The work-life balance is dead. By this, I’m not advocating that you should give up your pursuit of having a fulfilling career and a thriving personal life, and I’m definitely not saying that you have to give up one to have the other. I also acknowledge that we have a work-life problem, but I’m arguing that the concept of balance has never been helpful, because it’s too limiting. You see, our language makes a difference, and how we refer to things matters because it affects our thinking and therefore our actions.
At the minimum, most of us work because we want to be able to support ourselves, our families, and the people around us. In the ideal world, we’re all doing work that we’re proud of and that provides meaning and purpose to us. But even if your job doesn’t give you shivers of joy each new day, working is a part of what each of us does and the contribution we make to society. When you separate work and life, it’s a little bit harder to make that connection. But when you think of work as part of a full life and a complete experience, it becomes easier to see that success in one aspect often supports another.
Losing your balance and falling isn’t pleasant. A goal to balance suggests that things could quickly get off balance, and that causes terrible outcomes. It’s more constructive to think of solutions that continue to evolve over shifts in life and work. Rather than falling or failing, you may have good days or better days or not-so-good days. These variations are normal, and it’s more useful to think of life as something that is ever evolving and changing, rather than a high-risk enterprise where things could go wrong with one misstep.
How we talk to ourselves matters, and how we talk about issues makes a difference. Let’s bury “work-life balance” and think bigger and better about work-life fulfillment to do a little less balancing and a lot more living.
51、51. What does the author suggest by saying “The work-life balance is dead”?
A、The hope of achieving a thriving life is impossible to realize.
B、The pursuit of a fulfilling career involves personal sacrifice.
C、The imbalance between work and life simply doesn’t exist anymore.
D、The concept of work-life balance contributes little to a fulfilling life.
The work-life balance is dead. By this, I’m not advocating that you should give up your pursuit of having a fulfilling career and a thriving personal life, and I’m definitely not saying that you have to give up one to have the other. I also acknowledge that we have a work-life problem, but I’m arguing that the concept of balance has never been helpful, because it’s too limiting. You see, our language makes a difference, and how we refer to things matters because it affects our thinking and therefore our actions.
At the minimum, most of us work because we want to be able to support ourselves, our families, and the people around us. In the ideal world, we’re all doing work that we’re proud of and that provides meaning and purpose to us. But even if your job doesn’t give you shivers of joy each new day, working is a part of what each of us does and the contribution we make to society. When you separate work and life, it’s a little bit harder to make that connection. But when you think of work as part of a full life and a complete experience, it becomes easier to see that success in one aspect often supports another.
Losing your balance and falling isn’t pleasant. A goal to balance suggests that things could quickly get off balance, and that causes terrible outcomes. It’s more constructive to think of solutions that continue to evolve over shifts in life and work. Rather than falling or failing, you may have good days or better days or not-so-good days. These variations are normal, and it’s more useful to think of life as something that is ever evolving and changing, rather than a high-risk enterprise where things could go wrong with one misstep.
How we talk to ourselves matters, and how we talk about issues makes a difference. Let’s bury “work-life balance” and think bigger and better about work-life fulfillment to do a little less balancing and a lot more living.
52、52. What does the author say about our use of language?
A、It impacts how we think and behave.
B、It changes with the passage of time.
C、It reflects how we communicate.
D、It differs from person to person.
The work-life balance is dead. By this, I’m not advocating that you should give up your pursuit of having a fulfilling career and a thriving personal life, and I’m definitely not saying that you have to give up one to have the other. I also acknowledge that we have a work-life problem, but I’m arguing that the concept of balance has never been helpful, because it’s too limiting. You see, our language makes a difference, and how we refer to things matters because it affects our thinking and therefore our actions.
At the minimum, most of us work because we want to be able to support ourselves, our families, and the people around us. In the ideal world, we’re all doing work that we’re proud of and that provides meaning and purpose to us. But even if your job doesn’t give you shivers of joy each new day, working is a part of what each of us does and the contribution we make to society. When you separate work and life, it’s a little bit harder to make that connection. But when you think of work as part of a full life and a complete experience, it becomes easier to see that success in one aspect often supports another.
Losing your balance and falling isn’t pleasant. A goal to balance suggests that things could quickly get off balance, and that causes terrible outcomes. It’s more constructive to think of solutions that continue to evolve over shifts in life and work. Rather than falling or failing, you may have good days or better days or not-so-good days. These variations are normal, and it’s more useful to think of life as something that is ever evolving and changing, rather than a high-risk enterprise where things could go wrong with one misstep.
How we talk to ourselves matters, and how we talk about issues makes a difference. Let’s bury “work-life balance” and think bigger and better about work-life fulfillment to do a little less balancing and a lot more living.
53、53. What does the author say we do in an ideal world?
A、We do work that betters the lives of our families and friends.
B、We do work that gives us bursts of joy each new day.
C、We do meaningful work that contributes to society.
D、We do demanding work that brings our capacity into full play.
The work-life balance is dead. By this, I’m not advocating that you should give up your pursuit of having a fulfilling career and a thriving personal life, and I’m definitely not saying that you have to give up one to have the other. I also acknowledge that we have a work-life problem, but I’m arguing that the concept of balance has never been helpful, because it’s too limiting. You see, our language makes a difference, and how we refer to things matters because it affects our thinking and therefore our actions.
At the minimum, most of us work because we want to be able to support ourselves, our families, and the people around us. In the ideal world, we’re all doing work that we’re proud of and that provides meaning and purpose to us. But even if your job doesn’t give you shivers of joy each new day, working is a part of what each of us does and the contribution we make to society. When you separate work and life, it’s a little bit harder to make that connection. But when you think of work as part of a full life and a complete experience, it becomes easier to see that success in one aspect often supports another.
Losing your balance and falling isn’t pleasant. A goal to balance suggests that things could quickly get off balance, and that causes terrible outcomes. It’s more constructive to think of solutions that continue to evolve over shifts in life and work. Rather than falling or failing, you may have good days or better days or not-so-good days. These variations are normal, and it’s more useful to think of life as something that is ever evolving and changing, rather than a high-risk enterprise where things could go wrong with one misstep.
How we talk to ourselves matters, and how we talk about issues makes a difference. Let’s bury “work-life balance” and think bigger and better about work-life fulfillment to do a little less balancing and a lot more living.
54、54. What does the author say about life?
A、It is cyclical.
B、It is dynamic.
C、It is fulfilling.
D、It is risky.
The work-life balance is dead. By this, I’m not advocating that you should give up your pursuit of having a fulfilling career and a thriving personal life, and I’m definitely not saying that you have to give up one to have the other. I also acknowledge that we have a work-life problem, but I’m arguing that the concept of balance has never been helpful, because it’s too limiting. You see, our language makes a difference, and how we refer to things matters because it affects our thinking and therefore our actions.
At the minimum, most of us work because we want to be able to support ourselves, our families, and the people around us. In the ideal world, we’re all doing work that we’re proud of and that provides meaning and purpose to us. But even if your job doesn’t give you shivers of joy each new day, working is a part of what each of us does and the contribution we make to society. When you separate work and life, it’s a little bit harder to make that connection. But when you think of work as part of a full life and a complete experience, it becomes easier to see that success in one aspect often supports another.
Losing your balance and falling isn’t pleasant. A goal to balance suggests that things could quickly get off balance, and that causes terrible outcomes. It’s more constructive to think of solutions that continue to evolve over shifts in life and work. Rather than falling or failing, you may have good days or better days or not-so-good days. These variations are normal, and it’s more useful to think of life as something that is ever evolving and changing, rather than a high-risk enterprise where things could go wrong with one misstep.
How we talk to ourselves matters, and how we talk about issues makes a difference. Let’s bury “work-life balance” and think bigger and better about work-life fulfillment to do a little less balancing and a lot more living.
55、55. What does the author advise us to do?
A、Make life as simple as possible.
B、Talk about balance in simpler terms.
C、Balance life and work in a new way.
D、Strive for a more fulfilling life.
三、Part IV Translation
56、 茶拥有5000年的历史。传说，神农氏（Shen Nong）喝开水时，几片野树叶子落进壶里，开水顿时散发出宜人的香味。他喝了几口，觉得很提神。茶就这样发现了。
自此，茶在中国开始流行。茶园遍布全国，茶商变得富有。昂贵、雅致的茶具成了地位的象征。
今天，茶不仅是一种健康的饮品，而且是中国文化的一个组成部分。越来越多的国际游客一边品茶，一边了解中国文化。
参考答案：
参考译文
Tea has a history of 5,000 years. Legend has it that when Shen Nong was drinking boiled water, a few leaves of wild trees fell into the pot and the boiled water immediately gave off a pleasant fragrance. He took a few sips of the water and found it very refreshing, from which tea was discovered.
Since then, tea has become popular in China. Tea plantations spread throughout the country and tea merchants became rich. Expensive and elegant tea sets became a symbol of status.
Today, tea is not only a kind of healthy drink, but also a part of Chinese culture. More and more international tourists are learning about Chinese culture while tasting tea.
四、Part I Writing
57、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the use of PowerPoint (PPT) in class. You can start your essay with the sentence “The use of PowerPoint is becoming increasingly popular in class”. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
参考答案：
参考范文
The use of PowerPoint is becoming increasingly popular in class. As more and more classrooms across the country are now equipped with multimedia screens and projectors, using PowerPoint slides has become one of the most common ways of teaching nowadays.
There are a lot of factors contributing to this changes of teaching equipment. First of all, it is more convenient for teachers to make PowerPoint slides than to write on a blackboard with a chalk, and it is easier for students to understand as well. Moreover, teaching assisted by PowerPoint slides is apparently more interactive. There are plenty of functions that allow both teachers and students to mark, change and even animate the information on the slides, whereas the traditional teaching tools may limit the creativity of teaching methods.
All in all, the continuous development of PowerPoint-assisted teaching opens up a bright future for education, and I am convinced that this kind of technology will continue to benefit more teachers and students.
参考译文
在课堂上使用PowerPoint变得越来越流行。随着全国越来越多的教室配备了多媒体屏幕和投影仪，使用PowerPoint幻灯片已成为当下最常见的教学方式之一。
教学设备的这种变化可归功于诸多因素。首先，相较于用粉笔在黑板上书写，PowerPoint幻灯片对老师来说制作更方便，对学生们来说也更容易理解。此外，使用PowerPoint幻灯片辅助教学显然更具互动性。有许多功能可以让教师和学生对幻灯片上的信息进行标记、更改，甚至添加动画效果，而传统教学工具可能会限制教学的创新性。
总而言之，PowerPoint辅助教学的不断发展为教育开创了光明的未来，我相信这种技术将会继续造福更多的教师和学生。
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