一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
1、(1)
A、However
B、Moreover
C、Therefore
D、Otherwise
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
2、(2)
A、off
B、back
C、over
D、around
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
3、(3)
A、power
B、concept
C、history
D、role
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
4、(4)
A、reward
B、resist
C、resume
D、reverse
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
5、(5)
A、silent
B、sudden
C、slow
D、steady
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
6、(6)
A、for
B、against
C、with
D、on
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
7、(7)
A、imaginative
B、expensive
C、sensitive
D、productive
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
8、(8)
A、similar
B、original
C、temporary
D、dominant
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
9、(9)
A、collect
B、provide
C、copy
D、print
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
10、(10)
A、give up
B、take over
C、bring back
D、pass down
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
11、(11)
A、before
B、after
C、since
D、when
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
12、(12)
A、kept
B、borrowed
C、released
D、withdrawn
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
13、(13)
A、Unless
B、Until
C、Because
D、Though
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
14、(14)
A、hide
B、express
C、raise
D、ease
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
15、(15)
A、analyzed
B、shared
C、stored
D、displayed
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
16、(16)
A、unsafe
B、unnatural
C、uncommon
D、unclear
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
17、(17)
A、steal
B、choose
C、benefit
D、return
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
18、(18)
A、consideration
B、prevention
C、manipulation
D、justification
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
19、(19)
A、cope with
B、fight against
C、adapt to
D、call for
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. (1)_______ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been (2)_______ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very (3)_______ of money itself,” only to (4)_______ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so (5)_______ in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work (6)_______ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very (7)_______ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the (8)_______ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they (9)_______ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to (10)_______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days (11)_______ a check is cashed and funds are (12)_______ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. (13)_______ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment (14)_______ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information (15)_______ there. The fact that this is not an (16)_______ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and (17)_______ from someone else’s accounts. The (18)_______ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to (19)_______ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic (20)_______ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
20、(20)
A、chunk
B、chip
C、path
D、trail
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total—disappeared.”
There will always be changes—new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.
21、21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate ________.
A、the impact of technological advances
B、the alleviation of job pressure
C、the shrinkage of textile mills
D、the decline of middle-class incomes
In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total—disappeared.”
There will always be changes—new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.
22、22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to ________.
A、work on cheap software
B、ask for a moderate salary
C、adopt an average lifestyle
D、contribute something unique
In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total—disappeared.”
There will always be changes—new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.
23、23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ________.
A、gains of technology have been erased
B、job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
C、factories are making much less money than before
D、new jobs and services have been offered
In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total—disappeared.”
There will always be changes—new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.
24、24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is ________.
A、[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution
B、[B] to ensure more education for people
C、[C] to advance economic globalization
D、[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century
In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total—disappeared.”
There will always be changes—new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.
25、25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?
A、New Law Takes Effect
B、Technology Goes Cheap
C、Average Is Over
D、Recession Is Bad
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio”, birds of passage.
Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.
Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.
With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.
Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.
26、26. “Birds of passage” refers to those who ________.
A、immigrate across the Atlantic
B、leave their home countries for good
C、stay in a foreign country temporarily
D、find permanent jobs overseas
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio”, birds of passage.
Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.
Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.
With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.
Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.
27、27. It is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US ________.
A、needs new immigrant categories
B、has loosened control over immigrants
C、should be adapted to meet challenges
D、has been fixed via political means
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio”, birds of passage.
Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.
Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.
With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.
Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.
28、28. According to the author, today’s birds of passage want ________.
A、financial incentives
B、a global recognition
C、opportunities to get regular jobs
D、the freedom to stay and leave
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio”, birds of passage.
Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.
Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.
With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.
Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.
29、29. The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated ________.
A、as faithful partners
B、with economic favors
C、with legal tolerance
D、as mighty rivals
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio”, birds of passage.
Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.
Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.
With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.
Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.
30、30. The most appropriate title for this text would be ________.
A、Come and Go: Big Mistake
B、Living and Thriving: Great Risk
C、With or Without: Great Risk
D、Legal or Illegal: Big Mistake
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.
Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.
John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.
31、31. The time needed in making decisions may ________.
A、vary according to the urgency of the situation
B、prove the complexity of our brain reaction
C、depend on the importance of the assessment
D、predetermine the accuracy of our judgment
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.
Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.
John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.
32、32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions ________.
A、can be associative
B、are not unconscious
C、can be dangerous
D、are not impulsive
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.
Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.
John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.
33、33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should ________.
A、trust our first impression
B、do as people usually do
C、think before we act
D、ask for expert advice
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.
Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.
John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.
34、34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on ________.
A、critical assessment
B、“thin sliced” study
C、sensible explanation
D、adequate information
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.
Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.
John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.
35、35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is ________.
A、tolerant
B、uncertain
C、optimistic
D、doubtful
Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on European corporate boards.
The European Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women—up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, European Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.
Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?
“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.
I understand Reding’s reluctance—and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.
After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power—as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.
If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.
36、36. In the European corporate workplace, generally ________.
A、women take the lead
B、men have the final say
C、corporate governance is overwhelmed
D、senior management is family-friendly
Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on European corporate boards.
The European Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women—up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, European Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.
Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?
“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.
I understand Reding’s reluctance—and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.
After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power—as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.
If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.
37、37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.
A、a reflection of gender balance
B、a reluctant choice
C、a response to Reding’s call
D、a voluntary action
Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on European corporate boards.
The European Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women—up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, European Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.
Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?
“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.
I understand Reding’s reluctance—and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.
After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power—as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.
If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.
38、38. According to Reding, quotas may help women ________.
A、get top business positions
B、see through the glass ceiling
C、balance work and family
D、anticipate legal results
Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on European corporate boards.
The European Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women—up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, European Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.
Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?
“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.
I understand Reding’s reluctance—and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.
After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power—as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.
If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.
39、39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of ________.
A、skepticism
B、objectiveness
C、indifference
D、approval
Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on European corporate boards.
The European Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women—up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, European Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.
Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?
“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.
I understand Reding’s reluctance—and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.
After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power—as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.
If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.
40、40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ________.
A、more social justice
B、massive media attention
C、suitable public policies
D、greater “soft pressure”
The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London’s best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I’d lost. But it’s still a day-by-day thing.” Now he’s living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He’s feeling positive, but he’ll carry on blogging—not about eating as cheaply as you can—“there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food”—but eating well on a budget. Here’s his advice for economical foodies.
41. _____
Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your week’s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it’s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It’s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you’ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.
42. _____
This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there’s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.
43. _____
You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer—that’s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you’ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go off” will be cooked or juiced.
44. _____
Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you’ll feel comfortable asking if they’ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they’ll let you have for free.
45. _____
You won’t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant—£1.75 a week for three months gives you £21—more than enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It’s £16.95 there—or £12.99 for a large pizza from Domino’s: I know which I’d rather eat.
41、(41)
The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London’s best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I’d lost. But it’s still a day-by-day thing.” Now he’s living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He’s feeling positive, but he’ll carry on blogging—not about eating as cheaply as you can—“there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food”—but eating well on a budget. Here’s his advice for economical foodies.
41. _____
Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your week’s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it’s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It’s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you’ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.
42. _____
This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there’s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.
43. _____
You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer—that’s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you’ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go off” will be cooked or juiced.
44. _____
Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you’ll feel comfortable asking if they’ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they’ll let you have for free.
45. _____
You won’t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant—£1.75 a week for three months gives you £21—more than enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It’s £16.95 there—or £12.99 for a large pizza from Domino’s: I know which I’d rather eat.
42、(42)
The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London’s best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I’d lost. But it’s still a day-by-day thing.” Now he’s living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He’s feeling positive, but he’ll carry on blogging—not about eating as cheaply as you can—“there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food”—but eating well on a budget. Here’s his advice for economical foodies.
41. _____
Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your week’s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it’s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It’s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you’ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.
42. _____
This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there’s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.
43. _____
You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer—that’s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you’ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go off” will be cooked or juiced.
44. _____
Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you’ll feel comfortable asking if they’ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they’ll let you have for free.
45. _____
You won’t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant—£1.75 a week for three months gives you £21—more than enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It’s £16.95 there—or £12.99 for a large pizza from Domino’s: I know which I’d rather eat.
43、(43)
The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London’s best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I’d lost. But it’s still a day-by-day thing.” Now he’s living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He’s feeling positive, but he’ll carry on blogging—not about eating as cheaply as you can—“there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food”—but eating well on a budget. Here’s his advice for economical foodies.
41. _____
Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your week’s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it’s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It’s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you’ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.
42. _____
This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there’s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.
43. _____
You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer—that’s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you’ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go off” will be cooked or juiced.
44. _____
Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you’ll feel comfortable asking if they’ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they’ll let you have for free.
45. _____
You won’t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant—£1.75 a week for three months gives you £21—more than enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It’s £16.95 there—or £12.99 for a large pizza from Domino’s: I know which I’d rather eat.
44、(44)
The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London’s best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I’d lost. But it’s still a day-by-day thing.” Now he’s living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He’s feeling positive, but he’ll carry on blogging—not about eating as cheaply as you can—“there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food”—but eating well on a budget. Here’s his advice for economical foodies.
41. _____
Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your week’s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it’s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It’s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you’ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.
42. _____
This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there’s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.
43. _____
You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer—that’s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you’ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go off” will be cooked or juiced.
44. _____
Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you’ll feel comfortable asking if they’ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they’ll let you have for free.
45. _____
You won’t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant—£1.75 a week for three months gives you £21—more than enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It’s £16.95 there—or £12.99 for a large pizza from Domino’s: I know which I’d rather eat.
45、(45)
I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does—try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day—they both just pop into my mind in the same way.
46、 I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does—try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day—they both just pop into my mind in the same way.
参考答案：
参考译文：
在过去的53年中挑任意一天，我都能立即知道我那天在哪里，新闻报道说发生了什么，甚至那天是星期几。我从四岁开始就有这种能力了。
我从未因自己大脑吸收大量的信息而觉得不适。我的大脑似乎能够应对记忆，而且这些信息在我大脑中排列得很有条理。每当我想到一段悲伤的回忆，我的做法和其他人一样——把这段回忆放在一边。我不认为只因为我的记忆更清晰，我就会更难受。强大的记忆力并没有让我的情感更加强烈或生动。我可以记起祖父去世的那天，并回想起我们在那之前一天去医院时我感到的悲伤。我还记得在那同一天，百老汇首映音乐剧《头发》——这两件事以同样的方式浮现在我脑海。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
47、Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to
1) inform them about the details, and
2) encourage them to participate.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
参考答案：
【参考范文】
Dear all,
Since charity has always been an earnest topic that concerns us, I am writing to invite you to conduct a charity sale, which will be raising money for kids in needs.
Although the charity sale will not be big in margin, we should make the best of our efforts to advocate the needs of the underprivileged children. The second-hand garments and books that will be sold during the sale will arrive on 9 November, and the sale will be held at the Youth Square for two days thereafter.
Everyone’s support for this sale will be genuinely appreciated and I sincerely hope that by working together, our cause of charity will bring society the awareness of childhood poverty.
Yours sincerely,
Zhang Wei
【参考译文】
各位同学：
鉴于慈善一直是我们所关注的话题，我在此写信邀请各位一起进行一项义卖活动，为需要帮助的孩子们筹钱。
虽然这次义卖的规模不大，我们也应该尽最大的努力为贫困儿童的需要进行宣传。本次义卖中售卖的二手衣物和图书将在11月9日运到，而义卖将在这之后在青年广场上进行并持续两天。
感谢大家对本次义卖的支持，并且我真诚地希望通过一起努力，我们可以让社会对儿童贫困加以关注。
谨致问候，
张伟
48、
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
参考答案：
【参考范文】
This chart displays a clear overview on the part-time employment rate of students in a college according to their school year. In general, many of the students participate in part-time jobs somehow, regardless of their school year, but apparently those spending the fourth year in college are most likely to work during extracurricular time, with a proportion of 88.24%. 71.93% of the third-graders and 71.13% of the sophomores do part-time jobs respectively, while 67.77% of the freshmen, who have just been at school since September, are undertaking part-time jobs.
Concerning the current schooling system, it is understandable that the majority of the students have such enthusiasm towards part-time jobs. There is a long vacation after each semester, and college students’ schedules are more flexible than high school attendants and official workforces. Therefore, college students are provided with sufficient time to develop themselves by applying for temporary work experiences. Meanwhile, the reason that varies students’ willingness is that seniors are faced with the pressure of employment, making the occupational expertise and thus a prepared mind for occupation more urgent priorities. Freshmen, in the meantime, require the most time to be spent on reviewing and reinforcing their mandatory courses.
Now that this tendency is explicit, it is the college administrators’ responsibilities to help students develop versatility that contains academic performance and part-time experience, while students themselves should balance study and work and make part-time experience a conducive point instead of a burden on academy.
【参考译文】
这张图表展示了关于一所高校不同年级的学生参加兼职工作的比率的详细信息概览。总的来说，很多大一到大四的学生都或多或少参加了兼职工作，但显然大四学生更可能在课余时间工作，比例达88.24%。分别有71.93%的大三学生和71.13%的大二学生会从事兼职工作，而九月份刚刚入学的大一学生有67.77%在做兼职。
从现在的教育制度角度来看，可以理解大部分学生都在做兼职的原因。每个学期结束后有一个很长的假期，而大学生的时间表也比高中生和正式参加工作的人更灵活。因此，大学生们有充足的时间去通过申请临时工的方式来发展自己的能力。同时，学生参加兼职的意愿不同是因为大四学生面临找工作的压力，使得职业技能和随之产生的提前进入工作状态的能力更为紧迫。与此同时，大一学生需要把大部分时间花在复习和巩固必修课上。
既然这个趋势已经很清楚，学校行政部门应该负起帮助学生全面发展的责任，包括学术表现和兼职工作经验；同时，学生自己也应该在学习和工作中找到平衡，使兼职经历成为一个加分项，而不是对学业的负担。
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