一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
1、(1)
A、served
B、performed
C、rebelled
D、betrayed
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
2、(2)
A、actual
B、common
C、special
D、normal
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
3、(3)
A、bore
B、eased
C、removed
D、loaded
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
4、(4)
A、necessities
B、facilities
C、commodities
D、properties
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
5、(5)
A、and
B、nor
C、but
D、hence
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
6、(6)
A、for
B、into
C、from
D、against
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
7、(7)
A、meaning
B、implying
C、symbolizing
D、claiming
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
8、(8)
A、handed out
B、turned over
C、brought back
D、passed down
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
9、(9)
A、pushed
B、got
C、made
D、managed
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
10、(10)
A、ever
B、never
C、either
D、neither
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
11、(11)
A、disguised
B、disturbed
C、disputed
D、distinguished
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
12、(12)
A、company
B、collection
C、community
D、colony
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
13、(13)
A、employed
B、appointed
C、interviewed
D、questioned
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
14、(14)
A、ethical
B、military
C、political
D、human
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
15、(15)
A、ruined
B、commuted
C、patrolled
D、gained
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
16、(16)
A、paralleled
B、counteracted
C、duplicated
D、contradicted
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
17、(17)
A、neglected
B、avoided
C、emphasized
D、admired
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
18、(18)
A、stages
B、illusions
C、fragments
D、advances
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
19、(19)
A、With
B、To
C、Among
D、Beyond
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who (1)_____ in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the (2)_____ man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who (3)_____ all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the (4)_____ of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, (5)_____ an average guy, up (6)_____ the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name is not much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation (7)_____ Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles (8)_____ to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9)_____ it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has (10)_____ had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a (11)_____ career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a (12)_____ of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle (13)_____ portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)_____ side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were (15)_____ or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports (16)_____ the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men (17)_____ the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)_____ of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)_____ Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, (20)_____ the most important person in their lives.
20、(20)
A、on the contrary
B、by this means
C、from the outset
D、at that point
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.
The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.
21、21. It is implied in Paragraph 1 that nowadays homework ________.
A、is receiving more criticism
B、is gaining more preferences
C、is not required for advanced courses
D、is no longer an educational ritual
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.
The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.
22、22. L. A. Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students ________.
A、tend to have moderate expectations for their education
B、have asked for a different educational standard
C、may have problems finishing their homework
D、have voiced their complaints about homework
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.
The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.
23、23. According to Paragraph 3, one problem with the policy is that it may ________.
A、result in students’ indifference to their report cards
B、undermine the authority of state tests
C、restrict teachers’ power in education
D、discourage students from doing homework
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.
The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.
24、24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether ________.
A、it should be eliminated
B、it counts much in schooling
C、it places extra burdens on teachers
D、it is important for grades
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.
The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.
25、25. A suitable title for this text could be ________.
A、A Faulty Approach to Homework
B、A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students
C、Thorny Questions about Homework
D、Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy
Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the color, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.
Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not color-coded at all until the early 20th century, in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colors were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine color, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behavior: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences—or invent them where they did not previously exist.
26、26. By saying “it is...the rainbow” (Line 2, Para. 1), the author means pink ________.
A、cannot explain girls’ lack of imagination
B、should not be associated with girls’ innocence
C、should not be the sole representation of girlhood
D、cannot influence girls’ lives and interests
Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the color, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.
Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not color-coded at all until the early 20th century, in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colors were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine color, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behavior: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences—or invent them where they did not previously exist.
27、27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colors？
A、Colors are encoded in girls’ DNA.
B、Blue used to be regarded as the color for girls.
C、White is preferred by babies.
D、Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing genders.
Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the color, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.
Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not color-coded at all until the early 20th century, in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colors were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine color, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behavior: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences—or invent them where they did not previously exist.
28、28. The author suggests that our perception of children’s psychological development was much influenced by ________.
A、the observation of children’s nature
B、the marketing of products for children
C、researches into children’s behavior
D、studies of childhood consumption
Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the color, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.
Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not color-coded at all until the early 20th century, in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colors were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine color, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behavior: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences—or invent them where they did not previously exist.
29、29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to ________.
A、classify consumers into smaller groups
B、attach equal importance to different genders
C、focus on infant wear and older kids’ clothes
D、create some common shoppers’ terms
Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the color, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.
Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not color-coded at all until the early 20th century, in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colors were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine color, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behavior: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences—or invent them where they did not previously exist.
30、30. It can be concluded that girls’ attraction to pink seems to be ________.
A、fully understood by clothing manufacturers
B、clearly explained by their inborn tendency
C、mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen
D、well interpreted by psychological experts
In 2010, a federal judge shook America’s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades— by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.
On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman’s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.
But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents’ monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad’s. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibers that have been separated from cotton seeds.”
Despite the appeals court’s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.
As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules—most are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the dots”, explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.
Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
31、31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like ________.
A、genes to be patentable
B、the BIO to issue a warning
C、their executives to be active
D、judges to rule out gene patenting
In 2010, a federal judge shook America’s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades— by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.
On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman’s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.
But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents’ monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad’s. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibers that have been separated from cotton seeds.”
Despite the appeals court’s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.
As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules—most are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the dots”, explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.
Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
32、32. Those who are against gene patents believe that ________.
A、genetic tests are not reliable
B、only man-made products are patentable
C、patents on genes depend much on innovation
D、courts should restrict access to genetic tests
In 2010, a federal judge shook America’s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades— by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.
On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman’s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.
But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents’ monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad’s. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibers that have been separated from cotton seeds.”
Despite the appeals court’s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.
As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules—most are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the dots”, explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.
Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
33、33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for ________.
A、discovering gene interactions
B、establishing disease correlations
C、drawing pictures of genes
D、identifying human DNA
In 2010, a federal judge shook America’s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades— by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.
On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman’s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.
But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents’ monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad’s. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibers that have been separated from cotton seeds.”
Despite the appeals court’s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.
As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules—most are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the dots”, explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.
Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
34、34. By saying “Each meeting was packed” (Para. 6), the author means that ________.
A、the Supreme Court was authoritative
B、the BIO was a powerful organization
C、gene patenting was a great concern
D、lawyers were keen to attend conventions
In 2010, a federal judge shook America’s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades— by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.
On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman’s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.
But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents’ monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad’s. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibers that have been separated from cotton seeds.”
Despite the appeals court’s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.
As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules—most are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the dots”, explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.
Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
35、35. Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is ________.
A、critical
B、supportive
C、scornful
D、objective
The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.
No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.
But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. , lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.
Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them—especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.
36、36. By saying “to find silver linings” (Line 1, Para. 2) the author suggests that the jobless try to ________.
A、seek subsidies from the government
B、make profits from the troubled economy
C、explore reasons for the unemployment
D、look on the bright side of the recession
The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.
No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.
But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. , lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.
Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them—especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.
37、37. According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people ________.
A、struggle against each other
B、realize the national dream
C、challenge their prudence
D、reconsider their lifestyle
The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.
No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.
But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. , lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.
Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them—especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.
38、38. Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recessions may ________.
A、impose a heavier burden on immigrants
B、bring out more evils of human nature
C、promote the advance of rights and freedoms
D、ease conflicts between races and classes
The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.
No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.
But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. , lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.
Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them—especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.
39、39. The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recession graduates from elite universities tend to ________.
A、lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities
B、catch up quickly with experienced employees
C、see their life chances as dimmed as the others’
D、recover more quickly than the others
The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.
No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.
But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. , lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.
Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them—especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.
40、40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is ________.
A、trivial
B、positive
C、certain
D、destructive
41、 “Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.
Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favorite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.
From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus—On Famous Men, highlighting the virtues (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolò Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.
Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist’s personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. “The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working, and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit,” wrote Smiles, “what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself.” His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.
This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.
Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”
This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding—from gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.
参考答案：AFGCE
42、 When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.
Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25. This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.
参考答案：
参考译文
当发展中国家的人考虑移民时，他们通常关心的是去硅谷或发达国家的医院或大学工作这样最好最光明的前景。这些人正是英国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国试图以大学毕业生移民优待政策的方式来吸引的人才。
很多研究发现，发展中国家受过良好教育的人尤其有可能移民。2004年关于印度家庭的一项大规模调查发现，将近40%移居国外的人受过高中以上教育。与之对比的是，全印度25岁以上受过高中教育的人约占3.3%。这种“人才流失”问题长期困扰着贫穷国家的决策者。他们担心这将损害本国经济，使他们丧失急需的熟练工人，而这些劳动者本可以在国内大学任教，在医院工作，或设计新颖的产品供工厂生产。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
43、Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day. Write an email to the customer service center to
1) make a complaint, and
2) demand a prompt solution.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSERE SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
To whom it may concern,
I’m writing to complain about quality problems of the electronic dictionary that I bought from your online store last Friday.
First of all, there is big noise when it works, which has brought me much inconvenience when I use it. Besides, it broke down all of a sudden yesterday. I tried several times to reboot it, but it just didn’t work. As a regular customer of yours, I feel rather disappointed with this purchase.
For all these problems, I strongly request that you can either send me a brand-new one or offer me a full refund. I will appreciate your prompt solution. I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Zhang Wei
参考译文
敬启者：
我写信是为了投诉上周五在你们网店购买的电子词典的质量问题。
首先，用的时候它发出很大的噪声，这给我的使用带来极大不便。另外，昨天它忽然就坏了。我试着重启了几次，依然不能工作。作为你们的常客，我对此次购物十分失望。
针对所有这些问题，我强烈要求你们给我寄一台全新的电子词典或者全额退款。我将感谢你们及时的解决方案，期待你们的回信。
谨上，
张伟
44、
Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following table. In your writing, you should
1) describe the table, and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
The table above gives the information about the survey of staff’s job satisfaction in a certain company. Among the three groups classified by age, employees aged above 50 have the largest percentage of satisfaction, which amounts to 40%; while employees between 41 and 50 years old comes the last, with shocking 0%. Meanwhile, workers in their 40s account for the greatest proportion of dissatisfaction. 50% of those under 40 years old are not clear about job satisfaction.
A great many reasons might have contributed to the differences, but I would like to lay stress on the following two reasons. First, those over 50 years old have accumulated much experience and certain achievements, resulting in higher salaries and positive attitude toward their work. It is no surprising that they are more satisfied with their jobs. On the contrast, owing to the enormous life and financial pressure and the anxiety brought by mid-life crisis, middle-aged people in their forties suffer confusion and disappointment more frequently, which leads to difficulties in enjoying in work.
Taking all the above analysis into consideration, we can evidently reach a conclusion that different age group have different satisfaction levels. The company should figure out strategies to improve the job satisfaction among employees between 41 and 50 years old.
参考译文
上表为A公司员工满意度调查的信息。在三个以年龄划分的人群中，50岁以上的员工中对工作满意的人数占比最多，为40%；而41到50岁的员工满意人数最少，是令人震惊的0%。同时，40岁至50岁的员工不满意占比最大。40岁以下的员工中50%的人并不清楚自己对工作的满意度。
许多原因可能导致了这些差异，但我想强调以下两个原因。首先，那些50岁以上人群已经积累了很多工作经验和一些工作成果，这使他们工资更高，对工作的态度更积极。因此他们对工作更满意不足为奇。与之对比的是，由于巨大的生活和经济压力以及中年危机带来的焦虑感，40多岁的中年员工更加频繁地感到迷茫和失望，这导致他们很难享受工作。
考虑到上述分析，我们可以得出，不同年龄群体的人工作满意度不同的结论。公司应该制定策略提高40多岁的中年员工的满意度。
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