一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
1、(1)
A、swept
B、skipped
C、walked
D、ridden
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
2、(2)
A、for
B、within
C、while
D、though
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
3、(3)
A、careless
B、lawless
C、pointless
D、helpless
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
4、(4)
A、reason
B、reminder
C、compromise
D、proposal
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
5、(5)
A、information
B、interference
C、entertainment
D、equivalent
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
6、(6)
A、by
B、into
C、from
D、over
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
7、(7)
A、linked
B、directed
C、chained
D、compared
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
8、(8)
A、dismiss
B、discover
C、create
D、improve
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
9、(9)
A、recall
B、suggest
C、select
D、realize
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
10、(10)
A、released
B、issued
C、distributed
D、delivered
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
11、(11)
A、carry on
B、linger on
C、set in
D、log in
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
12、(12)
A、In vain
B、In effect
C、In return
D、In contrast
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
13、(13)
A、trusted
B、modernized
C、 thriving
D、competing
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
14、(14)
A、caution
B、delight
C、confidence
D、patience
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
15、(15)
A、on
B、after
C、beyond
D、across
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
16、(16)
A、divided
B、disappointed
C、protected
D、united
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
17、(17)
A、frequently
B、incidentally
C、occasionally
D、 eventually
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
18、(18)
A、skepticism
B、 tolerance
C、indifference
D、enthusiasm
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
19、(19)
A、manageable
B、defendable
C、vulnerable
D、invisible
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
20、(20)
A、invited
B、appointed
C、allowed
D、forced
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009, Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up,” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
21、21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for ________.
A、gaining excessive profits
B、failing to fulfill her duty
C、refusing to make compromises
D、leaving the board in tough times
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009, Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up,” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
22、22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be ________.
A、generous investors
B、unbiased executives
C、share price forecasters
D、independent advisers
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009, Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up,” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
23、23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to ________.
A、become more stable
B、report increased earnings
C、do less well in the stock market
D、perform worse in lawsuits
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009, Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up,” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
24、24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors ________.
A、may stay for the attractive offers from the firm
B、have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm
C、are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
D、will decline incentives from the firm
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009, Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up,” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
25、25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is ________.
A、permissive
B、positive
C、scornful
D、critical
Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the Internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.
26、26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Line 3, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper ________.
A、neglected the sign of crisis
B、failed to get state subsidies
C、were not charitable corporations
D、were in a desperate situation
Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the Internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.
27、27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because ________.
A、readers threatened to pay less
B、newspapers wanted to reduce costs
C、journalists reported little about these areas
D、subscribers complained about slimmer products
Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the Internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.
28、28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they ________.
A、have more sources of revenue
B、have more balanced newsrooms
C、are less dependent on advertising
D、are less affected by readership
Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the Internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.
29、29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?
A、Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.
B、Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
C、Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.
D、Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the Internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.
30、30. The most appropriate title for this text would be ________.
A、American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival
B、American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind
C、American Newspapers: A Thriving Business
D、American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.
Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood—materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses—usually around 1,200 square feet—than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life—few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers—but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.
31、31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ ________.
A、prosperity and growth
B、efficiency and practicality
C、restraint and confidence
D、pride and faithfulness
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.
Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood—materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses—usually around 1,200 square feet—than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life—few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers—but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.
32、32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?
A、It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
B、Its designing concept was affected by World War II.
C、Most American architects used to be associated with it.
D、It had a great influence upon American architecture.
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.
Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood—materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses—usually around 1,200 square feet—than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life—few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers—but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.
33、33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design ________.
A、was related to large space
B、was identified with emptiness
C、was not reliant on abundant decoration
D、was not associated with efficiency
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.
Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood—materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses—usually around 1,200 square feet—than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life—few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers—but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.
34、34. What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?
A、They ignored details and proportions.
B、They were built with materials popular at that time.
C、They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.
D、They shared some characteristics of abstract art.
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.
Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood—materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses—usually around 1,200 square feet—than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life—few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers—but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.
35、35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study Houses”?
A、Mechanical devices were widely used.
B、Natural scenes were taken into consideration.
C、Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.
D、Eco-friendly materials were employed.
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.
A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: “European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labor costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.
36、36. The EU is faced with so many problems that ________.
A、it has more or less lost faith in markets
B、even its supporters begin to feel concerned
C、some of its member countries plan to abandon euro
D、it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.
A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: “European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labor costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.
37、37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers ________.
A、are competing for the leading position
B、are busy handling their own crises
C、fail to reach an agreement on harmonisation
D、disagree on the steps towards disintegration
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.
A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: “European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labor costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.
38、38. To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that ________.
A、EU funds for poor regions be increased
B、stricter regulations be imposed
C、only core members be involved in economic co-ordination
D、voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.
A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: “European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labor costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.
39、39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that ________.
A、poor countries are more likely to get funds
B、strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries
C、loans will be readily available to rich countries
D、rich countries will basically control Eurobonds
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.
A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: “European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labor costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.
40、40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel ________.
A、pessimistic
B、desperate
C、conceited
D、hopeful
41、 Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes” on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.
But senior medical figures want to stop first-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.
“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be,” said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.
Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver’s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change their behaviour.
Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. “If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes — by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,” he said.
Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.
Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”
He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and hospitals—areas within which takeaways cannot open.
A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this. ”
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.
【A】“fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
【B】the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools.
【C】“lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.
【D】cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
【E】the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.
【F】parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.
【G】the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.
参考答案：EDCBG
42、 Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do—roughly 2 percent of all CO₂emissions?
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO₂, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO₂, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.
参考答案：
参考译文
有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体量跟全球航空公司产生的一样多——约占二氧化碳总排量的2%?
IT行业的很多日常工作对环境造成了惊人的破坏作用。根据人们得到“正确”答案所需查询的次数，谷歌搜索引擎会产生0.2到7克的二氧化碳排放量。为了快速将结果传递给用户，谷歌不得不在全球各地建立数据中心，并配备功能强大的计算机。在产生大量二氧化碳气体的同时，这些计算机会释放大量的热量，因此数据库中心必须要有良好的空调设备，这就会消耗更多的能源。
不过，谷歌和其他大型技术供应商们严密监控他们的工作效率，并做出改善。监控只是减排之路的第一步，但还有许多工作要做，而这也并不只是大公司的任务。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
43、Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to:
1) congratulate him/her, and
2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
Dear Li Ming,
I am writing to congratulate you on your being successfully admitted to Harvard University, which enjoys an international reputation for its academic excellence.
As you set out on a new journey, I guess you may have some doubts and worries. Hence I’d like to offer you some advice on how to prepare for your university life. First and foremost, you need to build a strong body for the future academic pursuit, so you can take some exercises during the breaks. In addition, I do recommend you to make full use of the library in your university by reading books besides the normal curriculum.
Congratulate you again and wish you a fruitful college life.
Sincerely yours,
Zhang Wei
参考译文
亲爱的李明：
我写信是为了祝贺你成功被哈佛大学录取，这所大学因其学术成就在国际上享有盛名。
在即将开始新的征程之际，我想你可能会有一些疑虑和担忧。因此我想就如何度过大学生活给你几条建议。首先也是最重要的是，你需要练就强健的体魄，为你的学术追求做准备。因此你可以在课间休息时做一些锻炼。其次，我建议你，充分利用大学的图书馆，阅读常规课程以外的书籍。
再次对你表示祝贺，并祝你有一个收获满满的大学生活。
谨致问候，
张伟
44、
Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
The column chart above indicates different market shares of automobiles of three brands between 2008 and 2009. During this period, there was a marked jump from 25% to 33% in the market portion of domestic brands, while that of Japanese brands declined significantly by 10% from 35% to 25%. At the same time, the percentage of American brands almost didn’t change.
It’s not difficult to come up with some possible factors to account for this trend. At the top of the list, with the rapid development of our economy and society, more and more people prefer domestic products to foreign ones. What’s more, it is undeniable that domestic cars become competitive and win the confidence of the Chinese customers.
From this graph, we can come to the safe conclusion that the Chinese automakers are doing a good job in outcompeting their Japanese and American counterparts in 2009. And I firmly believe this trend will continue in the years to come.
参考译文
上面的这幅柱状图指出在2008年至2009年期间三种品牌的轿车所占的市场份额。在此期间，中国品牌的市场份额从25%跃居到33%，提高了8%，而日本从35%骤降至25%，下降了10%。与此同时，美国品牌的市场份额几乎没有发生变化。
不难看出影响这一趋势的原因。首先最重要的是，随着我国经济和社会的快速发展，比起外国轿车越来越多的人更喜欢国产轿车。此外，不容否认的是，中国轿车变得具有竞争力，赢得了中国顾客的信心。
从这幅图表我们可以得出结论：中国轿车公司在2009年与日本和美国同行的竞争中脱颖而出，表现良好。我坚信这种趋势在未来将持续下去。
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