一、Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension
1、Question 1 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、She is a great athlete.
B、She is a famed speaker.
C、She is a famous scientist.
D、She is a noted inventor.
解析：
M: Tonight, we have a very special guest. (1) [Mrs. Anna Sanchez is a three-time Olympic champion and author of the new book To the Edge.] Mrs. Sanchez, thank you for joining us.
W: Thank you for having me.
M: Let’s start with your book. What does the title “To the Edge” mean? What are you referring to?
W: (2) [The book is about how science and technology has helped push humans to the edge of their physical abilities.] I argue that in the past 20 years, we’ve had the best athletes the world has ever seen.
M: But is this a fair comparison? How do you know how, say, a football player from 50 years ago would compare to one today?
W: Well, you are right. That comparison would be perhaps impossible to make. But the point is more about our knowledge today of human biochemistry, nutrition, and mechanics. (3)[ I believe that while our bodies have not changed in thousands of years, what has changed is the scientific knowledge. ]This has allowed athletes to push the limits of what was previously thought possible.
M: That’s interesting. Please tell us more about these perceived limits.
W: The world is seeing sports records being broken that could only be broken with the aid of technology, whether this be the speed of a tennis serve or the fastest time in a hundred-meter dash or 200-meter swimming race.
M: (4)[ Is there any concern that technology is giving some athletes an unfair advantage over others? ]
W: That is an interesting question and one that has to be considered very carefully. Skis, for example, went from being made of wood to a metal alloy, which allows for better control and faster speed. There’s no stopping technological progress. But, as I said, each situation should be considered carefully on a case-by-case basis.
1. What do we learn about Anna Sanchez? （关于安娜·桑切斯，我们可以了解到什么？）
解析：A。四个选项都是在说She的职业，推测题目问的是女士的情况，听音时应注意与女士职业相关的信息。录音一开始，男士就说今晚将有一位特别嘉宾，安娜·桑切斯夫人，她是三届奥运会冠军，由此可知，女士是一名运动员，因此选A。
错项排除：B项中的speaker和D项的inventor，在录音中并没有与之相关的信息，故均可排除。录音中女士提到science and technology，是用来说明科技对运动员的影响，并不能说明女士是科学家，C项的scientist利用女士提到的science作干扰，故排除。
2、Question 2 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、How knowledge of human biochemistry has been evolving.
B、How nutrition helps athletes’ performance in competitions.
C、How scientific training enables athletes to set new records.
D、How technology has helped athletes to scale new heights.
解析：
M: Tonight, we have a very special guest. (1) [Mrs. Anna Sanchez is a three-time Olympic champion and author of the new book To the Edge.] Mrs. Sanchez, thank you for joining us.
W: Thank you for having me.
M: Let’s start with your book. What does the title “To the Edge” mean? What are you referring to?
W: (2) [The book is about how science and technology has helped push humans to the edge of their physical abilities.] I argue that in the past 20 years, we’ve had the best athletes the world has ever seen.
M: But is this a fair comparison? How do you know how, say, a football player from 50 years ago would compare to one today?
W: Well, you are right. That comparison would be perhaps impossible to make. But the point is more about our knowledge today of human biochemistry, nutrition, and mechanics. (3)[ I believe that while our bodies have not changed in thousands of years, what has changed is the scientific knowledge. ]This has allowed athletes to push the limits of what was previously thought possible.
M: That’s interesting. Please tell us more about these perceived limits.
W: The world is seeing sports records being broken that could only be broken with the aid of technology, whether this be the speed of a tennis serve or the fastest time in a hundred-meter dash or 200-meter swimming race.
M: (4)[ Is there any concern that technology is giving some athletes an unfair advantage over others? ]
W: That is an interesting question and one that has to be considered very carefully. Skis, for example, went from being made of wood to a metal alloy, which allows for better control and faster speed. There’s no stopping technological progress. But, as I said, each situation should be considered carefully on a case-by-case basis.
2. What is the woman’s book mainly about? （女士的书主要讲了什么？）
解析：D。在录音开始部分，男士介绍女士的时候提到了女士的新书《到达极限》，接着男士又围绕书的标题和具体内容向女士提问，女士说到她的这本书主要讲科学和技术如何帮助人类达到他们的体能极限，D项中的How technology has helped为原词复现，athletes对应录音中的humans，scale new heights对应录音中的to the edge of their physical abilities，D项与录音内容相符，因此选D。
错项排除：录音中，女士提到人类对于human biochemistry、nutrition和mechanics等学科的理解，但这并非书中的内容，A项的human biochemistry和B项的nutrition是针对问题进行的细节拼凑，故均可排除。C项的scientific training是指进行科学合理的训练，只是利用science进行细节拼凑，但录音中并没有提到和training相关的信息，故排除。
3、Question 3 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、Our physical structures.
B、Our scientific knowledge.
C、Our biochemical process.
D、Our concept of nutrition.
解析：
M: Tonight, we have a very special guest. (1) [Mrs. Anna Sanchez is a three-time Olympic champion and author of the new book To the Edge.] Mrs. Sanchez, thank you for joining us.
W: Thank you for having me.
M: Let’s start with your book. What does the title “To the Edge” mean? What are you referring to?
W: (2) [The book is about how science and technology has helped push humans to the edge of their physical abilities.] I argue that in the past 20 years, we’ve had the best athletes the world has ever seen.
M: But is this a fair comparison? How do you know how, say, a football player from 50 years ago would compare to one today?
W: Well, you are right. That comparison would be perhaps impossible to make. But the point is more about our knowledge today of human biochemistry, nutrition, and mechanics. (3)[ I believe that while our bodies have not changed in thousands of years, what has changed is the scientific knowledge. ]This has allowed athletes to push the limits of what was previously thought possible.
M: That’s interesting. Please tell us more about these perceived limits.
W: The world is seeing sports records being broken that could only be broken with the aid of technology, whether this be the speed of a tennis serve or the fastest time in a hundred-meter dash or 200-meter swimming race.
M: (4)[ Is there any concern that technology is giving some athletes an unfair advantage over others? ]
W: That is an interesting question and one that has to be considered very carefully. Skis, for example, went from being made of wood to a metal alloy, which allows for better control and faster speed. There’s no stopping technological progress. But, as I said, each situation should be considered carefully on a case-by-case basis.
3. What has changed in the past thousands of years?（在过去的几千年里什么发生了变化？）
解析：B。在录音中间部分，女士提到，她认为在过去的几千年里我们的身体没有改变，改变的是科学知识，B项的science knowledge属于原词复现，因此选B。本题需要注意录音中说到的改变和未改变的各是什么，以及题干具体问的是什么。
错项排除：A项中的physical structure对应录音中的our bodies，但这是属于没有改变的，而题干问的是改变的东西，故排除。C项和D项利用录音中的biochemistry和nutrition进行干扰，但录音中女士说的是，我们对人类生物化学和营养学方面的了解很重要，并不是“生化过程”或“营养观念”发生了变化，故C、D两项错误。
4、Question 4 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、It may increase the expenses of sports competitions.
B、It may lead to athletes’ over reliance on equipment.
C、It may give an unfair advantage to some athletes.
D、It may change the nature of sports competitions.
解析：
M: Tonight, we have a very special guest. (1) [Mrs. Anna Sanchez is a three-time Olympic champion and author of the new book To the Edge.] Mrs. Sanchez, thank you for joining us.
W: Thank you for having me.
M: Let’s start with your book. What does the title “To the Edge” mean? What are you referring to?
W: (2) [The book is about how science and technology has helped push humans to the edge of their physical abilities.] I argue that in the past 20 years, we’ve had the best athletes the world has ever seen.
M: But is this a fair comparison? How do you know how, say, a football player from 50 years ago would compare to one today?
W: Well, you are right. That comparison would be perhaps impossible to make. But the point is more about our knowledge today of human biochemistry, nutrition, and mechanics. (3)[ I believe that while our bodies have not changed in thousands of years, what has changed is the scientific knowledge. ]This has allowed athletes to push the limits of what was previously thought possible.
M: That’s interesting. Please tell us more about these perceived limits.
W: The world is seeing sports records being broken that could only be broken with the aid of technology, whether this be the speed of a tennis serve or the fastest time in a hundred-meter dash or 200-meter swimming race.
M: (4)[ Is there any concern that technology is giving some athletes an unfair advantage over others? ]
W: That is an interesting question and one that has to be considered very carefully. Skis, for example, went from being made of wood to a metal alloy, which allows for better control and faster speed. There’s no stopping technological progress. But, as I said, each situation should be considered carefully on a case-by-case basis.
4. What is the man’s concern about the use of technology in sports competitions? （关于在体育比赛中运用科技，男士担心什么？）
解析：C。录音最后男士问到，会不会有人担心（concern）科技（technology）给一些运动员带来的优势对其他人来说是不公平的。C项的give an unfair advantage属于原词复现，因此选C。需要注意的是，本题的答案在录音中是以问题的形式出现的。听音时应对此类细节稍加留意。
错项排除：A、B、D三项在录音中没有与之相对应的具体内容，属于主观臆断，故均可排除。
5、Question 5 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、Experience.
B、Flexibility.
C、Family background.
D、Business connections.
解析：
W: I’ve worked in international trade all my life. My father did so too before me. So I guess you could say it runs in the family.
M: What products have you worked with?
W: All sorts, really. I’ve imported textiles, machinery, toys, solar panels, all kinds of things over the years. Trends and demand come and go. (5) [So, one needs to be very flexible to succeed in this industry.]
M: I see. What goods are you trading now?
W: I now import furniture from China into Italy and foods from Italy into China. (6) [I even use the same container. It’s a very efficient way of conducting trade.]
M: The same container? You mean you own a 40-foot cargo container?
W: Yeah, that’s right. (7)[ I have a warehouse in Genoa, Italy, and another in Shanghai.] I source mid-century modern furniture from different factories in China. It’s very good value for money. I collect it all in my warehouse and then dispatch it to my other warehouse in Italy. Over there I do the same, but with Italian foods instead of furniture, things like pasta, cheese, wine, chocolates. And I send all that to my warehouse in China in the same freight container I use for the furniture.
M: So, I presume you sell both lines of products wholesale in each respective country.
W: Of course. I possess a network of clients and partners in both countries. That’s the main benefit of having done this for so long. I’ve made great business contacts over time.
M: How many times do you ship?
W: I did 12 shipments last year, 18 this year, and I hope to grow to around 25 next year. That’s both ways, there and back again. Demand for authentic Italian food in China is growing rapidly. And similarly, sales of affordable yet stylish wooden furniture are also increasing in Italy. (8)[ Furniture is marginally more profitable, mostly because it enjoys lower customs duties. ]
5. What does the woman think is required to be successful in international trade? （女士认为，在国际贸易中要想取得成功需要什么？）
解析：B。在录音前面部分，女士指出，她一直从事国际贸易行业，在这一行业中潮流和需求总在变化，所以一个人要想成功需要非常灵活（very flexible），B项的Flexibility与此相符，因此选B。
错项排除：录音中说到女士一直从事国际贸易，但并没有提到她的经验是成功的因素，故A项排除。录音开始女士说到她的父亲也做国际贸易，这可以算是她的家族产业，但并未说这一行业的成功需要家庭背景，故C项排除。D项的Business connections利用在录音中提到的business contacts进行干扰，录音中女士说她建立了良好的商业往来关系，但并未说明这是在国际贸易中取得成功所需要的，故排除。
6、Question 6 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、Buying directly from factories.
B、Shipping goods in bulk by sea.
C、Having partners in many parts of the world.
D、Using the same container back and forth.
解析：
W: I’ve worked in international trade all my life. My father did so too before me. So I guess you could say it runs in the family.
M: What products have you worked with?
W: All sorts, really. I’ve imported textiles, machinery, toys, solar panels, all kinds of things over the years. Trends and demand come and go. (5) [So, one needs to be very flexible to succeed in this industry.]
M: I see. What goods are you trading now?
W: I now import furniture from China into Italy and foods from Italy into China. (6) [I even use the same container. It’s a very efficient way of conducting trade.]
M: The same container? You mean you own a 40-foot cargo container?
W: Yeah, that’s right. (7)[ I have a warehouse in Genoa, Italy, and another in Shanghai.] I source mid-century modern furniture from different factories in China. It’s very good value for money. I collect it all in my warehouse and then dispatch it to my other warehouse in Italy. Over there I do the same, but with Italian foods instead of furniture, things like pasta, cheese, wine, chocolates. And I send all that to my warehouse in China in the same freight container I use for the furniture.
M: So, I presume you sell both lines of products wholesale in each respective country.
W: Of course. I possess a network of clients and partners in both countries. That’s the main benefit of having done this for so long. I’ve made great business contacts over time.
M: How many times do you ship?
W: I did 12 shipments last year, 18 this year, and I hope to grow to around 25 next year. That’s both ways, there and back again. Demand for authentic Italian food in China is growing rapidly. And similarly, sales of affordable yet stylish wooden furniture are also increasing in Italy. (8)[ Furniture is marginally more profitable, mostly because it enjoys lower customs duties. ]
6. What does the woman say is special about her way of doing trade? （女士说，她做贸易的方式有什么特别之处？）
解析：D。录音中男士问女士在做什么贸易，女士回答说在中国和意大利的贸易往返中，她会使用同一个集装箱，这是一种非常高效的贸易方式。题干中的way of doing trade对应录音中的way of conducting trade，special对应录音中的very efficient，D项的Using the same container属于原词复现，因此选D。
错项排除：录音中女士说她会从中国各工厂采购家具，只说到这些家具性价比很高，并未说从厂家直购有什么特别之处，故排除A项。B项利用录音中出现的ship进行干扰，但录音中说的是货运次数，并没有任何特殊之处，故排除B项。录音后面说女士在中国和意大利都有客户和合作伙伴，C项利用录音中出现的partners进行干扰，但录音中并没有说在世界许多地方，也没说这有何特别，故排除。
7、Question 7 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、Warehouses.
B、Factories.
C、Investors.
D、Retailers.
解析：
W: I’ve worked in international trade all my life. My father did so too before me. So I guess you could say it runs in the family.
M: What products have you worked with?
W: All sorts, really. I’ve imported textiles, machinery, toys, solar panels, all kinds of things over the years. Trends and demand come and go. (5) [So, one needs to be very flexible to succeed in this industry.]
M: I see. What goods are you trading now?
W: I now import furniture from China into Italy and foods from Italy into China. (6) [I even use the same container. It’s a very efficient way of conducting trade.]
M: The same container? You mean you own a 40-foot cargo container?
W: Yeah, that’s right. (7)[ I have a warehouse in Genoa, Italy, and another in Shanghai.] I source mid-century modern furniture from different factories in China. It’s very good value for money. I collect it all in my warehouse and then dispatch it to my other warehouse in Italy. Over there I do the same, but with Italian foods instead of furniture, things like pasta, cheese, wine, chocolates. And I send all that to my warehouse in China in the same freight container I use for the furniture.
M: So, I presume you sell both lines of products wholesale in each respective country.
W: Of course. I possess a network of clients and partners in both countries. That’s the main benefit of having done this for so long. I’ve made great business contacts over time.
M: How many times do you ship?
W: I did 12 shipments last year, 18 this year, and I hope to grow to around 25 next year. That’s both ways, there and back again. Demand for authentic Italian food in China is growing rapidly. And similarly, sales of affordable yet stylish wooden furniture are also increasing in Italy. (8)[ Furniture is marginally more profitable, mostly because it enjoys lower customs duties. ]
7. What does the woman have in both Italy and China?（女士在意大利和中国都有什么？）
解析：A。录音中女士提到，她在意大利的热那亚有一个仓库（warehouse），在上海也有一个，因此选A。
错项排除：录音中说女士会从工厂采购家具，并不是在中国和意大利都有工厂，故B项排除。录音后面提到，女士在意大利和中国都有客户和合作伙伴（clients and partners），并非Investors和Retailers，故排除C、D两项。
8、Question 8 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、Trendy style.
B、Unique design.
C、Lower import duties.
D、Lower shipping costs.
解析：
W: I’ve worked in international trade all my life. My father did so too before me. So I guess you could say it runs in the family.
M: What products have you worked with?
W: All sorts, really. I’ve imported textiles, machinery, toys, solar panels, all kinds of things over the years. Trends and demand come and go. (5) [So, one needs to be very flexible to succeed in this industry.]
M: I see. What goods are you trading now?
W: I now import furniture from China into Italy and foods from Italy into China. (6) [I even use the same container. It’s a very efficient way of conducting trade.]
M: The same container? You mean you own a 40-foot cargo container?
W: Yeah, that’s right. (7)[ I have a warehouse in Genoa, Italy, and another in Shanghai.] I source mid-century modern furniture from different factories in China. It’s very good value for money. I collect it all in my warehouse and then dispatch it to my other warehouse in Italy. Over there I do the same, but with Italian foods instead of furniture, things like pasta, cheese, wine, chocolates. And I send all that to my warehouse in China in the same freight container I use for the furniture.
M: So, I presume you sell both lines of products wholesale in each respective country.
W: Of course. I possess a network of clients and partners in both countries. That’s the main benefit of having done this for so long. I’ve made great business contacts over time.
M: How many times do you ship?
W: I did 12 shipments last year, 18 this year, and I hope to grow to around 25 next year. That’s both ways, there and back again. Demand for authentic Italian food in China is growing rapidly. And similarly, sales of affordable yet stylish wooden furniture are also increasing in Italy. (8)[ Furniture is marginally more profitable, mostly because it enjoys lower customs duties. ]
8. What does the woman say makes furniture marginally more profitable? （女士说是什么使得家具贸易的利润稍微高一点？）
解析：C。录音最后女士提到，家具的利润稍微高点，主要是因为它的关税比较低，C项的Lower import duties是录音中lower customs duties的同义替换，因此选C。
错项排除：录音中说到，造型时尚的木质家具的销量在增加，但并未说这使得家具利润更高，A、B两项利用这一内容设置干扰，故均可排除。D项利用录音中出现的lower和ship进行细节拼凑，但录音中并没有提到运输成本，故排除。
9、Question 9 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、It helps employees to reduce their stress.
B、It prevents employees from feeling bored.
C、It strengthens harmony among employees.
D、It helps employees to view things positively.
解析：
“Too many people view their jobs as a five-day prison, which they are paroled every Friday,” says Joel Goodman, founder of The Humor Project, a humor-consulting group in Saratoga Springs, New York. (9) [Humor unlocks the office prison because it lets adults bring some of their childlike spirit to the job. ]
According to Howard Pollio, professor of psychology at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, an office with humor breaks is an office with satisfied and productive employees. (10)[Pollio conducted a study that proved humor can help workers excel at routine production tasks.] Employees perform better when they have fun. In large corporations with a hierarchy of power, there is often no outlet for stress. “Every company needs underground ways of poking fun at the organization, ”says Lynn M. Mark, a speaker on workplace humor for Saint Mary’s Health Center in St. Louis.
Kodak’s Rochester, New York branch discovered a way for its 20,000 employees to uncork their bottled-up resentments. Their 1,000-square-foot “humor room” features a toy store. Among the room’s many stress-reducing gadgets, the main attraction is a boss doll with detachable arms and legs. (11)[ Employees can take the doll apart as long as they put its arms and legs back in place. ]
Sandy Cohen, owner of a graphic print production business, created “the quote board” to document the bizarre phrases people say when under strict deadlines. “When you’re under stress, you say stupid things,” says Cohen. Now we just look at each other and say “That’s one for the quote board”.
9. What does the passage say about humor in the workplace? （关于职场幽默，文章说了什么？）
解析：A。四个选项中都涉及到employees，推测题目所问的应与职场、员工等信息相关。录音中说到职场幽默时，提到它可以打开“办公室监狱”的大门，用“监狱”比喻“办公室”，来说明职场中员工的压力很大，而幽默可以打开监狱的大门，也就是说，幽默可以帮助人们在工作时减少压力。录音中还提到大公司中压力往往没有释放的出口，之后又举“幽默屋”和“引用板”的例子来说明人们如何利用幽默精神来减压，由此可知本篇主要在说幽默可以帮助缓解压力，因此选A。
错项排除：录音中讲员工时，提到的词有satisfied、excel、resentments、stress等，并没有提到员工感到无聊、员工间的关系、或积极看待事物，故B、C、D三项均可排除。
10、Question 10 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、Weekends are conducive to reducing stress.
B、Humor is vital to interpersonal relationships.
C、All workers experience some emotional stress.
D、Humor can help workers excel at routine tasks.
解析：
“Too many people view their jobs as a five-day prison, which they are paroled every Friday,” says Joel Goodman, founder of The Humor Project, a humor-consulting group in Saratoga Springs, New York. (9) [Humor unlocks the office prison because it lets adults bring some of their childlike spirit to the job. ]
According to Howard Pollio, professor of psychology at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, an office with humor breaks is an office with satisfied and productive employees. (10)[Pollio conducted a study that proved humor can help workers excel at routine production tasks.] Employees perform better when they have fun. In large corporations with a hierarchy of power, there is often no outlet for stress. “Every company needs underground ways of poking fun at the organization, ”says Lynn M. Mark, a speaker on workplace humor for Saint Mary’s Health Center in St. Louis.
Kodak’s Rochester, New York branch discovered a way for its 20,000 employees to uncork their bottled-up resentments. Their 1,000-square-foot “humor room” features a toy store. Among the room’s many stress-reducing gadgets, the main attraction is a boss doll with detachable arms and legs. (11)[ Employees can take the doll apart as long as they put its arms and legs back in place. ]
Sandy Cohen, owner of a graphic print production business, created “the quote board” to document the bizarre phrases people say when under strict deadlines. “When you’re under stress, you say stupid things,” says Cohen. Now we just look at each other and say “That’s one for the quote board”.
10. What does the study by Howard Pollio show? （霍华德·波利奥的研究表明了什么？）
解析：D。录音中间部分提到，波利奥进行的一项研究证明，幽默可以帮助员工在常规任务中表现出色，D项的excel at routine tasks对应录音中的excel at routine production tasks，因此选D。
错项排除：录音开始提到很多人将一周的工作视为五天监禁，每逢周五才能获得假释，A项中的Weekends是针对此内容进行的干扰，但这并非波利奥的研究，故排除。录音中在说波利奥的研究时，并未提到interpersonal relationships（人际关系），故B项排除。录音中提到，在大公司工作的员工压力往往没有释放的出口，但这并不等于所有员工都有情绪压力，而且这也不是波利奥的研究发现，故C项排除。
11、Question 11 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、Smash the toys to release their bottled-up resentments.
B、Take the boss doll apart as long as they reassemble it.
C、Design and install stress-reducing gadgets.
D、Strike at the boss doll as hard as they like.
解析：
“Too many people view their jobs as a five-day prison, which they are paroled every Friday,” says Joel Goodman, founder of The Humor Project, a humor-consulting group in Saratoga Springs, New York. (9) [Humor unlocks the office prison because it lets adults bring some of their childlike spirit to the job. ]
According to Howard Pollio, professor of psychology at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, an office with humor breaks is an office with satisfied and productive employees. (10)[Pollio conducted a study that proved humor can help workers excel at routine production tasks.] Employees perform better when they have fun. In large corporations with a hierarchy of power, there is often no outlet for stress. “Every company needs underground ways of poking fun at the organization, ”says Lynn M. Mark, a speaker on workplace humor for Saint Mary’s Health Center in St. Louis.
Kodak’s Rochester, New York branch discovered a way for its 20,000 employees to uncork their bottled-up resentments. Their 1,000-square-foot “humor room” features a toy store. Among the room’s many stress-reducing gadgets, the main attraction is a boss doll with detachable arms and legs. (11)[ Employees can take the doll apart as long as they put its arms and legs back in place. ]
Sandy Cohen, owner of a graphic print production business, created “the quote board” to document the bizarre phrases people say when under strict deadlines. “When you’re under stress, you say stupid things,” says Cohen. Now we just look at each other and say “That’s one for the quote board”.
11. What can Kodak’s employees do in the humor room? （柯达的员工可以在“幽默屋”里做什么？）
解析：B。录音中提到柯达公司有一间“幽默屋”，里面有很多减压小工具，其中最吸引人的是一个可拆卸的老板玩偶，员工可以随意把这个玩偶拆开，但之后要再组装好。B项的Take the boss doll apart as long as they reassemble it对应录音中的take the doll apart as long as they put its arms and legs back in place，因此选B。
错项排除：A项利用录音中出现的bottled-up resentments设置干扰，但录音中并没有提到smash the toys，故排除。C项利用录音中出现的stress-reducing gadgets设置干扰，但录音中只说“幽默屋”里有很多减压小玩具，并没有说员工可以设计和安装它们，故排除。D项利用录音中出现的boss doll设置干扰，但录音中只提到可以拆卸并组合这个玩偶，没有说可以随意揍老板玩偶，故排除。
12、Question 12 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、The recent finding of a changed gene in obese mice.
B、A breakthrough in understanding gene modification.
C、A newly discovered way for people to lose weight.
D、The self-repairing ability of a gene in obese mice.
解析：
(12) [Public interest was aroused by the latest discovery of a changed gene in obese mice. ]The news was made known by Rockefeller University geneticist Jeffrey Friedman. The researchers believe this gene influences development of a hormone that tells organism how fat or full it is. (13) [Those with the changed gene may not sense when they have eaten enough or if they have sufficient fatty tissue, and thus can’t tell when to stop eating. ]
The researchers also reported finding a gene nearly identical to the mouse obesity gene in humans. The operation of this gene in humans has not yet been demonstrated, however. (14) [Still, professionals like University of Vermont psychologist Esther Rothblum reacted enthusiastically, “This research indicates that people really are born with a tendency to have a certain weight, just as they are to have a particular skin color or height.” ]
Actually, behavioral geneticists believe that less than half of the total weight variation is programmed in the genes, while height is almost entirely genetically determined. Whatever role genes play, Americans are getting fatter. A survey by the Center for Disease Control found that obesity has increased greatly over the last 10 years. (15)[ Such rapid change underlines the role of environmental factors like the abundance of rich foods in Americans’ overeating. ]The Center for Disease Control has also found that teens are far less physically active than they were even a decade ago.
Accepting that weight is predetermined can relieve guilt for overweight people. But people’s belief that they cannot control their weight can itself contribute to obesity.
12. What does the speaker say has aroused public interest?（讲话者说是什么引起了公众的兴趣？）
解析：A。录音开头即提到，最近在肥胖老鼠体内发现的一种变异基因引起了公众的兴趣，A项中的a changed gene in obese mice属于原词复现，而recent finding是录音中the latest discovery的同义替换，故A为正确答案。
错项排除：录音中没有提及gene modification，故B项排除。录音中只是通过对老鼠的实验引出肥胖与基因的关系，用来解释可能造成肥胖的因素，并没有提及新发现的减肥方法，C项只是利用录音中的latest discovery及weight进行细节拼凑，故排除。录音开头围绕obese mice的话题展开论述，但没有提到self-repairing ability（自我修复力），故排除D项。
13、Question 13 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、It renders an organism unable to fight diseases.
B、It prevents the mice’s fatty tissues from growing.
C、It helps organisms adapt to environmental changes.
D、It renders mice unable to sense when to stop eating.
解析：
(12) [Public interest was aroused by the latest discovery of a changed gene in obese mice. ]The news was made known by Rockefeller University geneticist Jeffrey Friedman. The researchers believe this gene influences development of a hormone that tells organism how fat or full it is. (13) [Those with the changed gene may not sense when they have eaten enough or if they have sufficient fatty tissue, and thus can’t tell when to stop eating. ]
The researchers also reported finding a gene nearly identical to the mouse obesity gene in humans. The operation of this gene in humans has not yet been demonstrated, however. (14) [Still, professionals like University of Vermont psychologist Esther Rothblum reacted enthusiastically, “This research indicates that people really are born with a tendency to have a certain weight, just as they are to have a particular skin color or height.” ]
Actually, behavioral geneticists believe that less than half of the total weight variation is programmed in the genes, while height is almost entirely genetically determined. Whatever role genes play, Americans are getting fatter. A survey by the Center for Disease Control found that obesity has increased greatly over the last 10 years. (15)[ Such rapid change underlines the role of environmental factors like the abundance of rich foods in Americans’ overeating. ]The Center for Disease Control has also found that teens are far less physically active than they were even a decade ago.
Accepting that weight is predetermined can relieve guilt for overweight people. But people’s belief that they cannot control their weight can itself contribute to obesity.
13. What do we learn about the changed gene?（关于变异基因我们可以知道什么？）
解析：D。根据四个选项中的renders、prevents和helps，推测题干可能会问某事物产生的作用或影响。录音中说到具有变异基因的老鼠（Those with the changed gene）不知道什么时候该停止进食。D项中的unable to sense对应录音中的can’t tell，when to stop eating属于原词复现，故D项正确。
错项排除：A项和C项利用录音中出现的Disease和environmental进行干扰，但选项内容与录音中所表达的相差甚远，故均可排除。录音中提到fatty tissue，但只是说老鼠不知道自己是否已经储存了足够的脂肪组织，并没有说变异基因是否会影响脂肪组织的形成，故B项错误。
14、Question 14 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、Human beings have more obesity genes than most mice do.
B、Half of a person’s total weight variation can be controlled.
C、People are born with a tendency to have a certain weight.
D、The function of the obesity genes is yet to be explored.
解析：
(12) [Public interest was aroused by the latest discovery of a changed gene in obese mice. ]The news was made known by Rockefeller University geneticist Jeffrey Friedman. The researchers believe this gene influences development of a hormone that tells organism how fat or full it is. (13) [Those with the changed gene may not sense when they have eaten enough or if they have sufficient fatty tissue, and thus can’t tell when to stop eating. ]
The researchers also reported finding a gene nearly identical to the mouse obesity gene in humans. The operation of this gene in humans has not yet been demonstrated, however. (14) [Still, professionals like University of Vermont psychologist Esther Rothblum reacted enthusiastically, “This research indicates that people really are born with a tendency to have a certain weight, just as they are to have a particular skin color or height.” ]
Actually, behavioral geneticists believe that less than half of the total weight variation is programmed in the genes, while height is almost entirely genetically determined. Whatever role genes play, Americans are getting fatter. A survey by the Center for Disease Control found that obesity has increased greatly over the last 10 years. (15)[ Such rapid change underlines the role of environmental factors like the abundance of rich foods in Americans’ overeating. ]The Center for Disease Control has also found that teens are far less physically active than they were even a decade ago.
Accepting that weight is predetermined can relieve guilt for overweight people. But people’s belief that they cannot control their weight can itself contribute to obesity.
14. What does University of Vermont psychologist Esther Rothblum say?（佛蒙特大学心理学家埃丝特·罗斯布卢姆说了什么？）
解析：C。录音中埃丝特·罗斯布鲁姆说到：这项研究表明，人们确实天生就有一定的体重倾向，就像他们天生就有特定的肤色或身高一样。C项整句属于原句复现，故为正确答案。
错项排除：录音中只是说在人体内发现了一种与老鼠肥胖基因几乎相同的基因，但并没有把人类的肥胖基因数量与老鼠进行对比，故A项排除。录音中提到了half of the total weight variation，但只是说行为遗传学家认为，在决定体重差异的因素中，基因占比不到一半，并不是说这部分基因可以控制，故B项排除。D项内容只是客观事实，并非埃丝特·罗斯布鲁姆所说的话，故排除。
15、Question 15 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、The worsening of natural environment.
B、The abundant provision of rich foods.
C、The accelerated pace of present-day life.
D、The adverse impact of the food industry.
解析：
(12) [Public interest was aroused by the latest discovery of a changed gene in obese mice. ]The news was made known by Rockefeller University geneticist Jeffrey Friedman. The researchers believe this gene influences development of a hormone that tells organism how fat or full it is. (13) [Those with the changed gene may not sense when they have eaten enough or if they have sufficient fatty tissue, and thus can’t tell when to stop eating. ]
The researchers also reported finding a gene nearly identical to the mouse obesity gene in humans. The operation of this gene in humans has not yet been demonstrated, however. (14) [Still, professionals like University of Vermont psychologist Esther Rothblum reacted enthusiastically, “This research indicates that people really are born with a tendency to have a certain weight, just as they are to have a particular skin color or height.” ]
Actually, behavioral geneticists believe that less than half of the total weight variation is programmed in the genes, while height is almost entirely genetically determined. Whatever role genes play, Americans are getting fatter. A survey by the Center for Disease Control found that obesity has increased greatly over the last 10 years. (15)[ Such rapid change underlines the role of environmental factors like the abundance of rich foods in Americans’ overeating. ]The Center for Disease Control has also found that teens are far less physically active than they were even a decade ago.
Accepting that weight is predetermined can relieve guilt for overweight people. But people’s belief that they cannot control their weight can itself contribute to obesity.
15. What accounts for Americans’ obesity according to a survey by the Center for Disease Control?（根据疾病控制中心所做的调查，是什么导致了美国人的肥胖问题？）
解析：B。录音后半部分提到了疾病控制中心认为美国肥胖人数大幅增加，凸显了环境因素的影响，比如美国人大量食用油腻食品（rich foods）。由此可知油腻食品是导致美国人肥胖问题的一大原因，B项中的abundant provision of rich foods是对录音中abundance of rich foods的同义替换，故B项正确。
错项排除：录音中虽然提到environmental factors，但在这里指“外部环境因素”，且随后举了油腻食品的例子加以解释，并不是指自然环境，故A项排除。C项中的present-day life和D项中的food industry在录音中未提及，故排除。
16、Question 16 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、Similarity in interests
B、Mental stimulation.
C、Openness.
D、Compassion.
解析：
Qualities of a relationship such as openness, compassion and mental stimulation, are of concern to most of us, regardless of sex. But, judging from the questionnaire response, they are more important to women than to men. Asked to consider the ingredients of close friendship, women rated these qualities above all others. (16)[ Men assigned a lower priority to them, in favor of “similarity in interests”, selected by 77% of men, and “responsiveness in a crisis”, chosen by 61% of male respondents.] “Mental stimulation”—ranked third in popularity by men as well as women,—was the only area of overlap. Among men, only 28% named “openness” as an important quality; “caring” was picked by just 23%.
(17)[ It is evident by their selections that when women speak of close friendships, they are referring to emotional factors,] while men emphasized the pleasure they find in a friend’s company. That is, when a man speaks of “a friend”, he is likely to be talking about someone he does things with—a teammate, a fellow hobbyist, a drinking buddy. These activities are the fabric of the friendship. It is a “doing” relationship in which similarity in interests is the key bond. This factor was a consideration of less than 11% of women. Women opt for a warm, emotional atmosphere where communication flows freely; activity is mere background.
Lastly, men, as we have seen, have serious questions about each other’s loyalty. Perhaps this is why they placed such strong emphasis on responsiveness in a crisis—someone I can call on for help. Women, as their testimonies indicate, are generally more secure with each other and consequently are more likely to treat this issue lightly. In follow-up interviews, this was confirmed numerous times as woman after woman indicated that being there when needed was taken for granted. (18) [As for the hazards of friendship, more than a few relationships have been shattered because of cutthroat competition and feelings of betrayal. This applies to both men and women,] but unequally. In comparison, nearly twice as many men complained about these issues as women. Further, while competition and betrayal are the main thorns to female friendship, men are plagued in almost equal amounts by two additional issues: lack of frankness and a fear of appearing unmanly. Obviously, for a man, a good friendship is hard to find.
16. What quality do men value most concerning friendship according to a questionnaire response?（根据问卷调查，关于友谊，男性最看重的品质是什么？）
解析：A。根据选项中的interests、Openness和Compassion，推测题干有可能问和品质相关的问题，听音时需注意。录音开始讲到，男性在一段关系中对之前提到的坦诚、互相理解、精神激励的重视程度较低。后面说到调查发现，77%的男性选择了“志趣相投”，随后提到了一系列占比更低的品质。由此可知，男性对于友谊最看重的是志趣相投，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：录音在提到similarity in interests前已经指出，男性重视openness、compassion 和mental stimulation的程度比女性低，他们最看重的是志趣相投，故B、C、D三项均可排除。
17、Question 17 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、The willingness to offer timely help.
B、The joy found in each other’s company.
C、Personal bonds.
D、 Emotional factors.
解析：
Qualities of a relationship such as openness, compassion and mental stimulation, are of concern to most of us, r egardless of sex. But, judging from the questionnaire response, they are more important to women than to men. Asked to consider the ingredients of close friendship, women rated these qualities above all others. (16)[ Men assigned a lower priority to them, in favor of “similarity in interests”, selected by 77% of men, and “responsiveness in a crisis”, chosen by 61% of male respondents.] “Mental stimulation”—ranked third in popularity by men as well as women,—was the only area of overlap. Among men, only 28% named “openness” as an important quality; “caring” was picked by just 23%.
(17)[ It is evident by their selections that when women speak of close friendships, they are referring to emotional factors,] while men emphasized the pleasure they find in a friend’s company. That is, when a man speaks of “a friend”, he is likely to be talking about someone he does things with—a teammate, a fellow hobbyist, a drinking buddy. These activities are the fabric of the friendship. It is a “doing” relationship in which similarity in interests is the key bond. This factor was a consideration of less than 11% of women. Women opt for a warm, emotional atmosphere where communication flows freely; activity is mere background.
Lastly, men, as we have seen, have serious questions about each other’s loyalty. Perhaps this is why they placed such strong emphasis on responsiveness in a crisis—someone I can call on for help. Women, as their testimonies indicate, are generally more secure with each other and consequently are more likely to treat this issue lightly. In follow-up interviews, this was confirmed numerous times as woman after woman indicated that being there when needed was taken for granted. (18) [As for the hazards of friendship, more than a few relationships have been shattered because of cutthroat competition and feelings of betrayal. This applies to both men and women,] but unequally. In comparison, nearly twice as many men complained about these issues as women. Further, while competition and betrayal are the main thorns to female friendship, men are plagued in almost equal amounts by two additional issues: lack of frankness and a fear of appearing unmanly. Obviously, for a man, a good friendship is hard to find.
17. What do women refer to when speaking of close friendships?（当谈到亲密的友谊时，女性指的是什么？）
解析：D。录音中间提到，当女性谈论亲密友谊时，她们说的是情感类因素。D项的Emotional factors为原词复现，故D项正确。
错项排除：录音后半部分提到being there when needed，与A项含义接近，但这只是女性在看待友谊时认为理所当然的一点，不属于女性对亲密友谊的定义，故A项错误。B项属于男性对亲密友谊的观点，故错误。录音中提到bond，但说的是男性的亲密关系以志趣相投为核心纽带，故C项错误。
18、Question 18 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、Failure to keep a promise.
B、Lack of frankness.
C、Feelings of betrayal.
D、Loss of contact.
解析：
Qualities of a relationship such as openness, compassion and mental stimulation, are of concern to most of us, regardless of sex. But, judging from the questionnaire response, they are more important to women than to men. Asked to consider the ingredients of close friendship, women rated these qualities above all others. (16)[ Men assigned a lower priority to them, in favor of “similarity in interests”, selected by 77% of men, and “responsiveness in a crisis”, chosen by 61% of male respondents.] “Mental stimulation”—ranked third in popularity by men as well as women,—was the only area of overlap. Among men, only 28% named “openness” as an important quality; “caring” was picked by just 23%.
(17)[ It is evident by their selections that when women speak of close friendships, they are referring to emotional factors,] while men emphasized the pleasure they find in a friend’s company. That is, when a man speaks of “a friend”, he is likely to be talking about someone he does things with—a teammate, a fellow hobbyist, a drinking buddy. These activities are the fabric of the friendship. It is a “doing” relationship in which similarity in interests is the key bond. This factor was a consideration of less than 11% of women. Women opt for a warm, emotional atmosphere where communication flows freely; activity is mere background.
Lastly, men, as we have seen, have serious questions about each other’s loyalty. Perhaps this is why they placed such strong emphasis on responsiveness in a crisis—someone I can call on for help. Women, as their testimonies indicate, are generally more secure with each other and consequently are more likely to treat this issue lightly. In follow-up interviews, this was confirmed numerous times as woman after woman indicated that being there when needed was taken for granted. (18) [As for the hazards of friendship, more than a few relationships have been shattered because of cutthroat competition and feelings of betrayal. This applies to both men and women,] but unequally. In comparison, nearly twice as many men complained about these issues as women. Further, while competition and betrayal are the main thorns to female friendship, men are plagued in almost equal amounts by two additional issues: lack of frankness and a fear of appearing unmanly. Obviously, for a man, a good friendship is hard to find.
18. What may threaten a friendship for both men and women?（什么因素对男性和女性而言都可能会威胁到友谊？）
解析：C。录音后半部分提到，谈到友谊的隐患，很多关系都因为残酷竞争和背叛感而破裂。这一点同时适用于男性和女性，但是程度有所不同。录音中提到cutthroat competition和feelings of betrayal两个因素，而C项即为第二个因素，故正确。
错项排除：A项中的promise和D项的Loss of contact在录音中没有提及，故排除。B项在录音结尾有提及，但“不够坦诚”是男性面临的威胁友谊的主要因素，而非男性和女性都会面对的因素，故B项排除。
19、Question 19 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、Along the low-lying Colorado River.
B、At the Dinosaur National Monument.
C、Along the border of the U.S. and Canada.
D、At museums of natural history in large cities.
解析：
The partial skeletons of more than 20 dinosaurs and scattered bones of about 300 more have been discovered in Utah and Colorado at what is now the Dinosaur National Monument. (19) [Many of the best specimens may be seen today at museums of natural history in the larger cities of the United States and Canada.] This dinosaur pit is the largest and best preserved deposit of dinosaurs known today. (20) [Many people get the idea from the massive bones in the pit wall that some disaster, such as a volcanic explosion or a sudden flood, killed a whole herd of dinosaurs in this area. ]This could have happened, but it probably did not.
The main reasons for thinking otherwise are the scattered bones and the thickness of the deposit. In other deposits where the animals were thought to have died together, the skeletons were usually complete and often all the bones were in their proper places. Rounded pieces of fossil bone have been found here. These fragments got their smooth, round shape by rolling along the stream bottom. In a mass killing, the bones would have been left on the stream or lake bottom together at the same level. But in this deposit, the bones occur throughout a zone of sandstone about 12 feet thick. The mixture of swamp dwellers and dryland types also seems to indicate that the deposit is a mixture from different places.
The pit area is a large dinosaur graveyard—not a place where they died. (21) [Most of the remains probably floated down an eastward flowing river until they were left on a shallow sandbar. ]Some of them may have come from far-away dryland areas to the west. Perhaps they drowned trying to cross a small stream, or were washed away during floods. Some of the swamp dwellers may have got stuck in the very sandbar that became their grave. Others may have floated for miles before being stranded.
Even today, similar events take place: when floods come in the spring, sheep, cattle, and deer are often trapped by rising waters and often drown. Their dead bodies float downstream until the flood recedes, and leaves them stranded on a bar or shore where they lie, half buried in the sand, until they decay. Early travelers on the Missouri River reported that shores and bars were often lined with the decaying bodies of buffalo that had died during spring floods.
19. Where can many of the best dinosaur specimens be found in North America?（在北美哪里可以找到许多保存最完好的恐龙标本？）
解析：D。根据选项中的Along、At以及后面所跟的不同地点，推测题干可能会问某种事物的地址。录音开头指出，如今，许多保存最完好的标本可以在美国和加拿大一些大城市的自然历史博物馆里看到，D项与录音表述一致，故正确。
错项排除：录音中提到了Colorado和Dinosaur National Monument，但录音说的是犹他州和科罗拉多州是发现恐龙骨架和一些碎骨的地方，也就是现在的国立恐龙公园。由此可知，这并不是保存恐龙标本的地方，故排除A、B两项。录音中说的是自然历史博物馆位于美国和加拿大的一些大城市，而不是美国和加拿大的边界，故C项排除。
20、Question 20 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、Volcanic explosions could bring whole animal species to extinction.
B、Some natural disaster killed a whole herd of dinosaurs in the area.
C、The pit should be carefully preserved for the study of dinosaurs.
D、The whole region must have been struck by a devastating flood.
解析：
The partial skeletons of more than 20 dinosaurs and scattered bones of about 300 more have been discovered in Utah and Colorado at what is now the Dinosaur National Monument. (19) [Many of the best specimens may be seen today at museums of natural history in the larger cities of the United States and Canada.] This dinosaur pit is the largest and best preserved deposit of dinosaurs known today. (20) [Many people get the idea from the massive bones in the pit wall that some disaster, such as a volcanic explosion or a sudden flood, killed a whole herd of dinosaurs in this area. ]This could have happened, but it probably did not.
The main reasons for thinking otherwise are the scattered bones and the thickness of the deposit. In other deposits where the animals were thought to have died together, the skeletons were usually complete and often all the bones were in their proper places. Rounded pieces of fossil bone have been found here. These fragments got their smooth, round shape by rolling along the stream bottom. In a mass killing, the bones would have been left on the stream or lake bottom together at the same level. But in this deposit, the bones occur throughout a zone of sandstone about 12 feet thick. The mixture of swamp dwellers and dryland types also seems to indicate that the deposit is a mixture from different places.
The pit area is a large dinosaur graveyard—not a place where they died. (21) [Most of the remains probably floated down an eastward flowing river until they were left on a shallow sandbar. ]Some of them may have come from far-away dryland areas to the west. Perhaps they drowned trying to cross a small stream, or were washed away during floods. Some of the swamp dwellers may have got stuck in the very sandbar that became their grave. Others may have floated for miles before being stranded.
Even today, similar events take place: when floods come in the spring, sheep, cattle, and deer are often trapped by rising waters and often drown. Their dead bodies float downstream until the flood recedes, and leaves them stranded on a bar or shore where they lie, half buried in the sand, until they decay. Early travelers on the Missouri River reported that shores and bars were often lined with the decaying bodies of buffalo that had died during spring floods.
20. What occurs to many people when they see the massive bones in the pit wall?（当很多人看到坑壁上的巨型骨骼时，他们会想到什么？）
解析：B。录音中间指出，很多人在看到坑壁上的巨型骨骼时会猜想，或许是某场灾难，例如火山爆发或突如其来的洪水，导致了此处一大群恐龙的死亡。B项中的Some natural disaster是对录音中具体的some disaster, such as a volcanic explosion or a sudden flood的概括，后半句的killed a whole heard of dinosaurs in the area属于原词复现，故B项为正确答案。
错项排除：录音只是说火山爆发和洪水是人们猜测导致恐龙死亡的原因，并没有说火山爆发让整个物种灭绝或被洪水侵袭，A、D两项属于断章取义，故排除。录音中没有提到人们觉得应该保护恐龙坑以用作研究，故C项排除。
21、Question 21 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、They floated down an eastward flowing river.
B、They lay buried deep in the sand for millions of years.
C、They were skeletons of dinosaurs inhabiting the locality.
D、They were remains of dinosaurs killed in a volcanic explosion.
解析：
The partial skeletons of more than 20 dinosaurs and scattered bones of about 300 more have been discovered in Utah and Colorado at what is now the Dinosaur National Monument. (19) [Many of the best specimens may be seen today at museums of natural history in the larger cities of the United States and Canada.] This dinosaur pit is the largest and best preserved deposit of dinosaurs known today. (20) [Many people get the idea from the massive bones in the pit wall that some disaster, such as a volcanic explosion or a sudden flood, killed a whole herd of dinosaurs in this area. ]This could have happened, but it probably did not.
The main reasons for thinking otherwise are the scattered bones and the thickness of the deposit. In other deposits where the animals were thought to have died together, the skeletons were usually complete and often all the bones were in their proper places. Rounded pieces of fossil bone have been found here. These fragments got their smooth, round shape by rolling along the stream bottom. In a mass killing, the bones would have been left on the stream or lake bottom together at the same level. But in this deposit, the bones occur throughout a zone of sandstone about 12 feet thick. The mixture of swamp dwellers and dryland types also seems to indicate that the deposit is a mixture from different places.
The pit area is a large dinosaur graveyard—not a place where they died. (21) [Most of the remains probably floated down an eastward flowing river until they were left on a shallow sandbar. ]Some of them may have come from far-away dryland areas to the west. Perhaps they drowned trying to cross a small stream, or were washed away during floods. Some of the swamp dwellers may have got stuck in the very sandbar that became their grave. Others may have floated for miles before being stranded.
Even today, similar events take place: when floods come in the spring, sheep, cattle, and deer are often trapped by rising waters and often drown. Their dead bodies float downstream until the flood recedes, and leaves them stranded on a bar or shore where they lie, half buried in the sand, until they decay. Early travelers on the Missouri River reported that shores and bars were often lined with the decaying bodies of buffalo that had died during spring floods.
21. What does the speaker suggest about the large number of dinosaur bones found in the pit?（对于在恐龙坑中发现的大量恐龙骨骼，讲话者说了什么？）
解析：A。录音后半部分提到恐龙的大部分遗骸可能曾沿着一条向东的河漂流而下，最后被留在了一处浅滩沙洲上。其中A项的floated down an eastward flowing river属于原词复现，故为正确答案。
错项排除：录音中没有提及恐龙被埋藏了多长时间，故B项排除。录音中提到既有swamp dwellers又有dryland types，并明确说到这些恐龙化石可能来自不同地区，C项与此内容相悖，故排除。录音之前提及了volcanic explosion，但只是人们看到恐龙骨骼时的猜测，并不是讲话者的观点，故D项错误。
22、Question 22 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、Indulging in seeking leisure and material comfort.
B、Attaching too much importance to independence.
C、Failing to care for parents in the traditional way.
D、Leaving their parents on the verge of starvation.
解析：
I would like particularly to talk about the need to develop a new style of aging in our own society. (22) [Young people in this country have been accused of not caring for their parents the way they would have in the old country. ]And this is true. (23) [But it is also true that old people have been influenced by an American ideal of independence and autonomy.] So we live alone, perhaps on the verge of starvation, in time without friends. But we are independent. This standard American style has been forced on every ethnic group, although there are many groups for whom the ideal is not practical. It is a poor ideal and pursuing it does a great deal of harm. This ideal of independence also contains a tremendous amount of unselfishness.
In talking to today’s young mothers, I have asked them what kind of grandmothers they think they are going to be. I hear devoted loving mothers say that when they are through raising their children, they have no intention of becoming grandmothers. (24) [They are astonished to hear that in most of the world, throughout most of its history, families have been three- or four-generation families, living under the same roof.] We have overemphasized the small family unit—father, mother, small children. We think it is wonderful if grandma and grandpa, if they’re still alive, can live alone. We have reached the point where we think the only thing we can do for our children is to stay out of their way. And the only thing we can do for our daughter-in-law is to see as little of her as possible. Old people’s nursing homes, even the best one, are filled with older people who believe the only thing they can do for their children is to look cheerful when they come to visit. (25) [So in the end, older people have to devote all their energies to not being a burden. ]
We are beginning to see what a tremendous price we’ve paid for our emphasis on independence and autonomy. We’ve isolated old people and we’ve cut off the children from their grandparents. One of the reasons we have as bad a generation gap today as we do is that grandparents have stepped out. Young people are being deprived of the thing they need most—perspective—to know why their parents behave so peculiarly and why their grandparents say the things they do.
22. What have young Americans been accused of?（美国的年轻人因为什么而受到指责？）
解析：C。录音开头指出，美国的年轻人因为没有像旧时那样照顾父母而备受指责。C项中的Failing to care for parents为录音中not caring for their parents的同义替换，in the traditional way是对录音中the way they would have in the old country的同义替换，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：录音中没有提到美国年轻人追求休闲和物质上的舒适，故A项排除。B项利用independence设置干扰，但录音说的是美国老年人受到了美国独立自主理念的影响，并不是年轻人受到指责的原因，故B项错误。D项利用on the verge of starvation设置干扰，但录音中是说老年人因受到独立自主思想的影响，即使挨饿也愿意独立生活，并没有说年轻人让父母忍饥挨饿，故D项错误。
23、Question 23 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、They have great difficulty living by themselves.
B、They have little hope of getting any family care.
C、They have fond memories of their good old days.
D、They have a sense of independence and autonomy.
解析：
I would like particularly to talk about the need to develop a new style of aging in our own society. (22) [Young people in this country have been accused of not caring for their parents the way they would have in the old country. ]And this is true. (23) [But it is also true that old people have been influenced by an American ideal of independence and autonomy.] So we live alone, perhaps on the verge of starvation, in time without friends. But we are independent. This standard American style has been forced on every ethnic group, although there are many groups for whom the ideal is not practical. It is a poor ideal and pursuing it does a great deal of harm. This ideal of independence also contains a tremendous amount of unselfishness.
In talking to today’s young mothers, I have asked them what kind of grandmothers they think they are going to be. I hear devoted loving mothers say that when they are through raising their children, they have no intention of becoming grandmothers. (24) [They are astonished to hear that in most of the world, throughout most of its history, families have been three- or four-generation families, living under the same roof.] We have overemphasized the small family unit—father, mother, small children. We think it is wonderful if grandma and grandpa, if they’re still alive, can live alone. We have reached the point where we think the only thing we can do for our children is to stay out of their way. And the only thing we can do for our daughter-in-law is to see as little of her as possible. Old people’s nursing homes, even the best one, are filled with older people who believe the only thing they can do for their children is to look cheerful when they come to visit. (25) [So in the end, older people have to devote all their energies to not being a burden. ]
We are beginning to see what a tremendous price we’ve paid for our emphasis on independence and autonomy. We’ve isolated old people and we’ve cut off the children from their grandparents. One of the reasons we have as bad a generation gap today as we do is that grandparents have stepped out. Young people are being deprived of the thing they need most—perspective—to know why their parents behave so peculiarly and why their grandparents say the things they do.
23. What does the speaker say about old people in the United States?（关于美国的老年人，讲话者说了什么？）
解析：D。录音开头在说完年轻人受到的指责后，转而表明老年人的思想：但老年人也确实受到了美国独立自主理念的影响。D项的a sense of对应录音中的an...ideal of，independence and autonomy属于原词复现，故D项为正确答案。
错项排除：A项利用录音中的perhaps on the verge of starvation的意思设置干扰，但这只是假设老年人在极端情况下，也有着愿意独立生活的意识，并没有说老年人难以独立生活，故A项错误。录音中并未提及老年人是否指望得到家人的照顾，也没有提及过去的美好时光，故B、C两项排除。
24、Question 24 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、People in many parts of the world preferred small-size families.
B、There have been extended families in most parts of the world.
C、Many elderly people were unwilling to take care of their grandchildren.
D、So many young Americans refused to live together with their parents.
解析：
I would like particularly to talk about the need to develop a new style of aging in our own society. (22) [Young people in this country have been accused of not caring for their parents the way they would have in the old country. ]And this is true. (23) [But it is also true that old people have been influenced by an American ideal of independence and autonomy.] So we live alone, perhaps on the verge of starvation, in time without friends. But we are independent. This standard American style has been forced on every ethnic group, although there are many groups for whom the ideal is not practical. It is a poor ideal and pursuing it does a great deal of harm. This ideal of independence also contains a tremendous amount of unselfishness.
In talking to today’s young mothers, I have asked them what kind of grandmothers they think they are going to be. I hear devoted loving mothers say that when they are through raising their children, they have no intention of becoming grandmothers. (24) [They are astonished to hear that in most of the world, throughout most of its history, families have been three- or four-generation families, living under the same roof.] We have overemphasized the small family unit—father, mother, small children. We think it is wonderful if grandma and grandpa, if they’re still alive, can live alone. We have reached the point where we think the only thing we can do for our children is to stay out of their way. And the only thing we can do for our daughter-in-law is to see as little of her as possible. Old people’s nursing homes, even the best one, are filled with older people who believe the only thing they can do for their children is to look cheerful when they come to visit. (25) [So in the end, older people have to devote all their energies to not being a burden. ]
We are beginning to see what a tremendous price we’ve paid for our emphasis on independence and autonomy. We’ve isolated old people and we’ve cut off the children from their grandparents. One of the reasons we have as bad a generation gap today as we do is that grandparents have stepped out. Young people are being deprived of the thing they need most—perspective—to know why their parents behave so peculiarly and why their grandparents say the things they do.
24. What is astonishing to the young mothers interviewed by the speaker?（对于讲话者所采访的年轻母亲们来说，什么事情令她们感到惊讶？）
解析：B。录音中间部分指出，当年轻的母亲们听说世界上大多数地方的家庭，在历史上多数时期里，都是三代或四代同堂，所有人都生活在同一个屋檐下时，她们感到惊讶不已。B项中的extended families是录音中three- or four-generation families的概括，most parts of the world是录音中most of the world的转述，故B项正确。
错项排除：录音中陈述的事实是世界上很多地方的人生活在大家庭里，没有提到这些地方对家庭规模的偏好，故A项错误。录音中没有提到老年人不愿意照顾孙辈，只是说年轻母亲没有想过要成为祖母，两个说法并没有直接关系，故C项错误。录音中没有提到美国的年轻人是否愿意与父母住在一起，故D项排除。
25、Question 25 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、Leave their younger generations alone.
B、Avoid being a burden to their children.
C、Stay healthy by engaging in joyful activities.
D、View things from their children’s perspective.
解析：
I would like particularly to talk about the need to develop a new style of aging in our own society. (22) [Young people in this country have been accused of not caring for their parents the way they would have in the old country. ]And this is true. (23) [But it is also true that old people have been influenced by an American ideal of independence and autonomy.] So we live alone, perhaps on the verge of starvation, in time without friends. But we are independent. This standard American style has been forced on every ethnic group, although there are many groups for whom the ideal is not practical. It is a poor ideal and pursuing it does a great deal of harm. This ideal of independence also contains a tremendous amount of unselfishness.
In talking to today’s young mothers, I have asked them what kind of grandmothers they think they are going to be. I hear devoted loving mothers say that when they are through raising their children, they have no intention of becoming grandmothers. (24) [They are astonished to hear that in most of the world, throughout most of its history, families have been three- or four-generation families, living under the same roof.] We have overemphasized the small family unit—father, mother, small children. We think it is wonderful if grandma and grandpa, if they’re still alive, can live alone. We have reached the point where we think the only thing we can do for our children is to stay out of their way. And the only thing we can do for our daughter-in-law is to see as little of her as possible. Old people’s nursing homes, even the best one, are filled with older people who believe the only thing they can do for their children is to look cheerful when they come to visit. (25) [So in the end, older people have to devote all their energies to not being a burden. ]
We are beginning to see what a tremendous price we’ve paid for our emphasis on independence and autonomy. We’ve isolated old people and we’ve cut off the children from their grandparents. One of the reasons we have as bad a generation gap today as we do is that grandparents have stepped out. Young people are being deprived of the thing they need most—perspective—to know why their parents behave so peculiarly and why their grandparents say the things they do.
25. What does the speakers say older people try their best to do?（讲话者说老年人在尽最大努力做什么？）
解析：B。录音后半部分提到，老人唯一能为孩子做的就是在他们来看望时表现得开朗一些，尽最大努力不给孩子造成负担（not being a burden）。B项表述与录音一致，being a burden属于原词复现，故为正确答案。
错项排除：录音中提到养老院里的很多老人相信，他们唯一能为孩子们做的就是在他们来看望时表现得开朗一些，不给孩子造成负担，但这并不等同于“不打扰”，A项表述过度引申，故排除。C项中的joyful activities在录音中没有提及，故可排除。D项利用录音中出现的perspective设置干扰，但录音中是说年轻人缺乏一种视角来理解父辈的行为，并不是老年人要站在孩子的角度看问题，故D项排除。
二、Part III Reading Comprehension
The United Nations issued a report last week warning that humans are destroying nature at such a rate that life on Earth is at risk. When the report came out, it naturally (26)_____ headlines. But obviously it didn’t hijack the news agenda in the manner of a major terrorist attack or (27)_____ of war.The report from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is clear on what’s at (28)_____ and what needs to change. IPBES chair Robert Watson says the “ (29)_____ evidence” presents an “ominous (凶兆的) picture”. “The health of ecosystems on which we and all other species depend is (30)_____ more rapidly than ever,” Robert Watson said. “We are (31)_____ the very foundations of our economies, livelihoods, food security, health and quality of life worldwide.” The report says it’s not too late if we make “transformative change”—fundamental, system-wide reorganization—at every level from local to global, and we need to focus on how to make that happen.First, don’t indulge in despair, because despair leads to inertia and doing nothing means certain (32)_____ . Every action to save nature will improve our collective and personal futures and the only way to respond to a threat of this scale is with (33)_____ action rooted in headstrong optimism. Second, we need relentless focus, just like when paramedics (救护人员) arrive on a scene and use the concept of “triage (伤员鉴别分类)” to ensure the most (34)_____ cases get treated first. Saving the natural world needs that kind of thinking. We don’t have the (35)_____ to do everything at once. We need to make hard choices.
26、(1)
A、urgent
B、inventory
C、deteriorating
D、disaster
E、stifled
F、determined
G、stake
H、capacity
I、eroding
J、grabbed
K、junction
L、declaration
M、monotonous
N、overwhelming
O、stagnation
解析：
名词
capacity 才能，能力
declaration 宣布；宣言
disaster 灾难，灾祸
inventory 清单；库存
junction 交叉路口，汇合处
stagnation 停滞，停止
stake 桩；股份
动词
deteriorating (-ing) 变坏，恶化
determined (-ed) 决定，下决心
eroding (-ing) 侵蚀，腐蚀
grabbed (-ed) 抓住；攫取
overwhelming (-ing) 充溢；压倒
stake 拿……冒险
stifled (-ed) 压制；窒息；扑灭
形容词
determined 坚决的
monotonous 单调的，乏味的
overwhelming 压倒性的
urgent 紧急的，迫切的
26. grabbed
解析：动词辨析题。空格所在句为when引导的时间状语从句+主句结构，其中主句缺谓语动词。根据从句的时态判断空格处应该填入动词的过去式。空格所在句含义为，报告一经发布，自然就 头条新闻，只有grabbed（抓住；攫取）填入空格可以构成合理语义，意为“抓住头条”，引申为“自然就成为头条新闻”。
27. declaration
解析：名词辨析题。空格所在句主干成分完整，空格前面为连词or，连接两个并列的成分，or前面为名词attack，由此推测空格处填入名词。空格位于in the manner of引导的方式状语中，这一部分的语义为，“以重大恐怖袭击或 战争的方式”。在名词选项中，declaration填入空格构成词组declaration of war，意为“宣战”，符合题意。
28. stake
解析：名词辨析题。空格所在句主干成分完整，空格位于介词on之后what引导的宾语从句中。宾语从句中表语成分不完整，at为介词，由此推测空格处应填入名词与at共同构成表语。空格所在句意为，这份来自IPBES的报告清楚地说明了什么正处于 ，以及需要做出哪些改变。在名词选项中，stake填入空格构成词组at stake，意为“处在危险中”，符合语境。
29. overwhelming
解析：形容词辨析题。空格所在句主干成分完整，空格前面为定冠词the，空格后为名词evidence，由此推断空格处应填入形容词，修饰名词evidence，与之共同构成says后面宾语从句的主语。文章第一段即提到环境问题的严峻性，空格所在句又提到了需要做出改变，结合下文中的ominous picture，推测相关的evidence应该是极其充分的。形容词选项中overwhelming代入空格，表示“压倒性的证据呈现出一幅‘不祥的景象’”，可以构成合理语义。其他形容词选项无法表达出这一含义。
30. deteriorating
解析：动词辨析题。空格所在句谓语部分不完整，由此推测应该填入动词的分词形式与is共同构成谓语。空格所在句意为，我们和其他物种赖以生存的生态系统的整体状况以前所未有的速度 。分词选项中deteriorating代入句中符合语境，表示“生态系统的健康整体状况正在恶化”。
31. eroding
解析：动词辨析题。空格所在句谓语部分不完整，空格前为are，空格后为名词性短语the very foundations，由此推测应该填入动词的分词形式与are共同构成谓语。本句大意为：我们正在 全球的经济、生计、粮食安全、健康和生活质量的基础。根据文章开头说的“人类破坏大自然的速度如此之快”可知，人类对环境的破坏也殃及了全球范围内诸多要素的基础。分词选项中eroding代入句中可以构成合理语义，表示我们正在侵蚀着全球经济、生计等要素的基础，符合题意。
32. disaster
解析：名词辨析题。空格所在句为because引导的原因状语从句，从句中由and连接两个并列的分句，空格所缺成分作后一分句中means后面的宾语，因此应填入名词。该原因状语从句意为，因为绝望会导致惰性，无所作为就意味着 。空格所在句的下一句说到，唯一的方法就是要行动起来，可见如果不行动就会使问题恶化，导致灾难性后果。名词选项中disaster代入句中可以构成合理语义，意为“无所作为就意味着灾难”，符合题意。名词备选项中stagnation（停滞）干扰性较强，但无所作为并不会让问题“停滞”，而是会“加剧”问题带来的后果，故stagnation错误。
33. determined
解析：形容词辨析题。空格所在句主干成分完整，空格前面是is with，后面是名词，由此推出空格处填入形容词，与with和action共同构成is后面的表语。空格所在句意为，拯救自然的每一次行动都将改善我们集体和个人的未来，而要应对这种规模的威胁，唯一的方法就是用 行动并坚持乐观主义。形容词选项中determined代入句中构成合理语义，意为“坚决的行动”。形容词备选项中urgent（紧急的）一词干扰性较强，但根据上文对despair和doing nothing的否定可知，原文强调的是面对环境问题我们要坚定不移地行动起来，不能沉湎于绝望中或是无所作为，并没有强调行动的迫切性，故urgent不符合语境，排除。
34. urgent
解析：形容词辨析题。空格所在句主干成分完整，空格前为the most，空格后为名词cases，由此推测空格处填入形容词修饰cases，共同构成ensure后面宾语从句的主语。空格所在句的句意为，第二，我们需要持续关注，就像救护人员到达现场，依照“伤员鉴别分类”的概念，来确保情况最 病患优先得到治疗，形容词选项中urgent代入句中符合题意，意为“最危急的病患优先得到治疗”，符合题意。
35. capacity
解析：名词辨析题。空格所在句宾语成分不完整，空格前面为the，空格后为不定式，由此推断空格处填入名词与the一起构成宾语。空格所在句意为，我们没有 同时做所有的事情，名词选项中capacity代入空格构成合理语义，意为“我们没有能力同时做所有的事情”，符合题意。
27、(2)
A、urgent
B、inventory
C、deteriorating
D、disaster
E、stifled
F、determined
G、stake
H、capacity
I、eroding
J、grabbed
K、junction
L、declaration
M、monotonous
N、overwhelming
O、stagnation
解析：见上一题！
28、(3)
A、urgent
B、inventory
C、deteriorating
D、disaster
E、stifled
F、determined
G、stake
H、capacity
I、eroding
J、grabbed
K、junction
L、declaration
M、monotonous
N、overwhelming
O、stagnation
解析：见上一题！
29、(4)
A、urgent
B、inventory
C、deteriorating
D、disaster
E、stifled
F、determined
G、stake
H、capacity
I、eroding
J、grabbed
K、junction
L、declaration
M、monotonous
N、overwhelming
O、stagnation
解析：见上一题！
30、(5)
A、urgent
B、inventory
C、deteriorating
D、disaster
E、stifled
F、determined
G、stake
H、capacity
I、eroding
J、grabbed
K、junction
L、declaration
M、monotonous
N、overwhelming
O、stagnation
解析：见上一题！
31、(6)
A、urgent
B、inventory
C、deteriorating
D、disaster
E、stifled
F、determined
G、stake
H、capacity
I、eroding
J、grabbed
K、junction
L、declaration
M、monotonous
N、overwhelming
O、stagnation
解析：见上一题！
32、(7)
A、urgent
B、inventory
C、deteriorating
D、disaster
E、stifled
F、determined
G、stake
H、capacity
I、eroding
J、grabbed
K、junction
L、declaration
M、monotonous
N、overwhelming
O、stagnation
解析：见上一题！
33、(8)
A、urgent
B、inventory
C、deteriorating
D、disaster
E、stifled
F、determined
G、stake
H、capacity
I、eroding
J、grabbed
K、junction
L、declaration
M、monotonous
N、overwhelming
O、stagnation
解析：见上一题！
34、(9)
A、urgent
B、inventory
C、deteriorating
D、disaster
E、stifled
F、determined
G、stake
H、capacity
I、eroding
J、grabbed
K、junction
L、declaration
M、monotonous
N、overwhelming
O、stagnation
解析：见上一题！
35、(10)
A、urgent
B、inventory
C、deteriorating
D、disaster
E、stifled
F、determined
G、stake
H、capacity
I、eroding
J、grabbed
K、junction
L、declaration
M、monotonous
N、overwhelming
O、stagnation
解析：见上一题！
Children Understand Far More About Other Minds Than Long Believed
【A】Until a few decades ago, scholars believed that young children know very little, if anything, about what others are thinking. Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, who is credited with founding the scientific study of children’s thinking, was convinced that preschool children cannot consider what goes on in the minds of others. The interviews and experiments he conducted with kids in the middle of the 20th century suggested that they were trapped in their subjective viewpoints, incapable of imagining what others think, feel or believe.
【B】Much of the subsequent research on early childhood thinking was highly influenced by Piaget’s ideas. Scholars sought to refine his theory and empirically confirm his views. But it became increasingly clear that Piaget seemed to have gravely underestimated the intellectual powers of very young kids before they can make themselves understood by speech. Researchers began to devise ever more ingenious ways of figuring out what goes on in the minds of babies, and the resulting picture of their abilities shows subtle variations. Consequently, the old view of children’s egocentric (自我中心的) nature and intellectual weaknesses has increasingly fallen out of favor and become replaced by a more generous position that sees a budding sense not only of the physical world but also of other minds, even in the “youngest young”.【C】Historically, children didn’t receive much respect for their mental powers. Piaget not only believed that children were “egocentric” in the sense that they were unable to differentiate between their own viewpoint and that of others; he was also convinced that their thinking was characterized by systematic errors and confusions. When playing with others, they don’t cooperate because they do not realize there are different roles and perspectives. He was convinced that children literally cannot “get their act together”: instead of playing cooperatively and truly together, they play side by side, with little regard for others. And when speaking with others, a young child supposedly cannot consider the listener’s viewpoint but “talks to himself without listening to others”.
【D】Piaget and his followers maintained that children go through something like a dark age of intellectual development before slowly and gradually becoming enlightened by reason and rationality as they reach school age. Alongside this enlightenment develops an ever-growing understanding of other persons, including their attitudes and views of the world.
【E】Today, a very different picture of children’s mental development emerges. Psychologists continually reveal new insights into the depth of young children’s knowledge of the world, including their understanding of other minds. Recent studies suggest that even infants are sensitive to others’ perspectives and beliefs.
【F】Part of the motivation to revise some of Piaget’s conclusions stemmed from an ideological shift about the origin of human knowledge that occurred in the second half of the 20th century. It became increasingly unpopular to assume that a basic understanding of the world can be built entirely from experience. This was in part prompted by theorist Noam Chomsky, who argued that something as complex as the rules of grammar cannot be picked up from exposure to speech, but is supplied by an inborn “language faculty”. Others followed suit and defined further “core areas” in which knowledge allegedly cannot be pieced together from experience but must be possessed at birth. One such area is our knowledge of others’ minds. Some even argue that a basic knowledge of others’ minds is not only possessed by human infants, but must be evolutionarily old and hence shared by our nearest living relatives, the great apes.
【G】To prove that infants know more in this realm than had been acknowledged, researchers needed to come up with innovative ways of showing it. A big part of why we now recognize so much more of kids’ intellectual capacities is the development of much more sensitive research tools than Piaget had at his disposal.
【H】Instead of engaging babies in dialog or having them execute complex motor tasks, the newer methods capitalize on behaviors that have a firm place in infants’ natural behavior repertoire: looking, listening, sucking, making facial expressions, gestures, and simple manual actions. The idea of focusing on these “small behaviors” is that they give kids the chance to demonstrate their knowledge implicitly and spontaneously without having to respond to questions or instructions. For example, children might look longer at an event that they did not expect to happen, or they might show facial expressions indicating that they have sympathetic concern for others. When researchers measure these less demanding, and often involuntary, behaviors, they can detect a sensitivity to others’ mental states at a much younger age than with the more taxing methods that Piaget and his followers deployed.
【I】In the 1980s, these kinds of implicit measures became customary in developmental psychology. But it took a while longer before these tools were employed to measure children’s grasp of the mental lives of others.
【J】 In a set of experiments, my colleagues at the University of Southern California and I found evidence that babies can even anticipate how others will feel when their expectations are disappointed. We acted out several puppet (木偶) shows in front of two-year-old children. In these puppet shows, a protagonist (Cookie Monster) left his precious belongings (cookies) on stage and later returned to fetch them. What the protagonist did not know was that an antagonist had come and messed with his possessions. The children had witnessed these acts and attentively watched the protagonist return. We recorded children’s facial and bodily expressions. Children bit their lips, wrinkled their nose or wiggled (扭动) in their chair when the protagonist came back, as if they anticipated the bewilderment and disappointment he was about to experience. Importantly, children showed no such reactions and remained calm when the protagonist had seen the events himself and thus knew what to expect. Our study reveals that by the tender age of two, kids not only track what others believe or expect; they can even foresee how others will feel when they discover reality.
【K】Studies like this reveal that there is much more going on in small kids’ and even infants’ minds than was previously believed. With the explicit measures used by Piaget and successors, these deeper layers of kids’ understanding cannot be accessed. The new investigative tools demonstrate that kids know more than they can say: when we scratch beneath the surface, we find an emerging understanding of relations and perspectives that Piaget probably did not dream of.
【L】Despite these obvious advances in the study of young children’s thinking, it would be a grave mistake to dismiss the careful and systematic analyses compiled by Piaget and others before the new tests dominated the scene because the original methods revealed essential facts about how children think that the new methods cannot uncover.
【M】There’s no consensus in today’s science community about how much we can infer from a look, a facial expression, or a hand gesture. These behaviors clearly indicate a curiosity about what goes on in the mind of others, and probably a set of early intuitions coupled with a willingness to learn more. They pave the way to richer and more explicit forms of understanding of the minds of others. But they can in no way replace the child’s growing ability to articulate and refine his understanding of how people behave and why.
36、36. Piaget believed that small children could not collaborate with others while playing.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
解析：36. 皮亚杰认为小孩子在玩耍时不能与他人合作。
