一、Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension
1、Question 1 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、It can benefit professionals and non-professionals alike.
B、It lists the various challenges physicists are confronting.
C、It describes how some mysteries of physics were solved.
D、It is one of the most fascinating physics books ever written.
解析：
Conversation One
听力原文
M: Hey, I just read a great book about physics. I think you’d like it. It’s called The Physics of the World. It’s written by a scientist named Sylvia Mendez.
W: Oh, I’ve read that book. It was great. The writer is a warm and competent guide to the mysteries of physics. (1) I think it promises enrichment for any reader, from those who know little about science to the career physicist.
M: And it’s refreshing to see a strong, curious, clever woman adding her voice to the scientific discourse in a field that has been traditionally dominated by men. (2) I think she has to be commended for making an effort to include anecdotes about little-known female scientists. You know they were often victims of “a generation firmly convinced that the woman’s place was in the home.”
W: (3) I like how the book is clearly written with each chapter brought to life by pieces of fascinating knowledge. For example, in one chapter she exposes a myth that I’ve heard taught by university physics professors. I’ve often heard that medieval glass windows are thicker at the bottom because glass “flows” like a fluid. This, she shows, is not true. The distortion is actually thanks to a peculiarity of the glassmaker’s process.
M: (4) Yeah, I like how she cultivates scientific engagement by providing a host of do-it-yourself experiments that bring the same foundational principles of classical physics that govern everything from the solar system to your kitchen table. From using complex laws of physics to test whether a spinning egg is cooked to measuring atmospheric pressure by lifting a piece of cardboard. Her hands-on examples make her book a truly interactive read.
W: Yes I must say this equation-free book is an ideal read for scientists of all stripes, anyone teaching science, and even people who dislike physics.
1. What does the woman say about the book the man recommended?
解析：A。原文中女士说到，这本书从对几乎不懂科学的人到职业物理学家都有用，A选项中的professionals和non-professionals分别对应原文中的those who know little about science和the career physicist。因此答案为A。
2、Question 2 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、Physicists’ contribution to humanity.
B、Stories about some female physicists.
C、Historical evolution of modern physics.
D、Women’s changing attitudes to physics.
解析：
Conversation One
听力原文
M: Hey, I just read a great book about physics. I think you’d like it. It’s called The Physics of the World. It’s written by a scientist named Sylvia Mendez.
W: Oh, I’ve read that book. It was great. The writer is a warm and competent guide to the mysteries of physics. (1) I think it promises enrichment for any reader, from those who know little about science to the career physicist.
M: And it’s refreshing to see a strong, curious, clever woman adding her voice to the scientific discourse in a field that has been traditionally dominated by men. (2) I think she has to be commended for making an effort to include anecdotes about little-known female scientists. You know they were often victims of “a generation firmly convinced that the woman’s place was in the home.”
W: (3) I like how the book is clearly written with each chapter brought to life by pieces of fascinating knowledge. For example, in one chapter she exposes a myth that I’ve heard taught by university physics professors. I’ve often heard that medieval glass windows are thicker at the bottom because glass “flows” like a fluid. This, she shows, is not true. The distortion is actually thanks to a peculiarity of the glassmaker’s process.
M: (4) Yeah, I like how she cultivates scientific engagement by providing a host of do-it-yourself experiments that bring the same foundational principles of classical physics that govern everything from the solar system to your kitchen table. From using complex laws of physics to test whether a spinning egg is cooked to measuring atmospheric pressure by lifting a piece of cardboard. Her hands-on examples make her book a truly interactive read.
W: Yes I must say this equation-free book is an ideal read for scientists of all stripes, anyone teaching science, and even people who dislike physics.
2. What can we find in the book the man recommended?
解析：B。由原文可知，作者在书中介绍了鲜为人知的女性物理学家的轶事，B选项中的Stories对应原文中的anecdotes，故本题答案为B。
3、Question 3 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、By exposing a lot of myths in physics.
B、By describing her own life experiences.
C、By including lots of fascinating knowledge.
D、By telling anecdotes about famous professors.
解析：
Conversation One
听力原文
M: Hey, I just read a great book about physics. I think you’d like it. It’s called The Physics of the World. It’s written by a scientist named Sylvia Mendez.
W: Oh, I’ve read that book. It was great. The writer is a warm and competent guide to the mysteries of physics. (1) I think it promises enrichment for any reader, from those who know little about science to the career physicist.
M: And it’s refreshing to see a strong, curious, clever woman adding her voice to the scientific discourse in a field that has been traditionally dominated by men. (2) I think she has to be commended for making an effort to include anecdotes about little-known female scientists. You know they were often victims of “a generation firmly convinced that the woman’s place was in the home.”
W: (3) I like how the book is clearly written with each chapter brought to life by pieces of fascinating knowledge. For example, in one chapter she exposes a myth that I’ve heard taught by university physics professors. I’ve often heard that medieval glass windows are thicker at the bottom because glass “flows” like a fluid. This, she shows, is not true. The distortion is actually thanks to a peculiarity of the glassmaker’s process.
M: (4) Yeah, I like how she cultivates scientific engagement by providing a host of do-it-yourself experiments that bring the same foundational principles of classical physics that govern everything from the solar system to your kitchen table. From using complex laws of physics to test whether a spinning egg is cooked to measuring atmospheric pressure by lifting a piece of cardboard. Her hands-on examples make her book a truly interactive read.
W: Yes I must say this equation-free book is an ideal read for scientists of all stripes, anyone teaching science, and even people who dislike physics.
3. How does the author bring her book to life?
解析：C。原文中女士提到，她喜欢这本书的一点是它在每一章都将有吸引力的知识融入到生活中，fascinating knowledge为原词复现，因此答案为C。
4、Question 4 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、It avoids detailing abstract concepts of physics.
B、It contains a lot of thought-provoking questions.
C、It demonstrates how they can become physicists.
D、It provides experiments they can do themselves.
解析：
Conversation One
听力原文
M: Hey, I just read a great book about physics. I think you’d like it. It’s called The Physics of the World. It’s written by a scientist named Sylvia Mendez.
W: Oh, I’ve read that book. It was great. The writer is a warm and competent guide to the mysteries of physics. (1) I think it promises enrichment for any reader, from those who know little about science to the career physicist.
M: And it’s refreshing to see a strong, curious, clever woman adding her voice to the scientific discourse in a field that has been traditionally dominated by men. (2) I think she has to be commended for making an effort to include anecdotes about little-known female scientists. You know they were often victims of “a generation firmly convinced that the woman’s place was in the home.”
W: (3) I like how the book is clearly written with each chapter brought to life by pieces of fascinating knowledge. For example, in one chapter she exposes a myth that I’ve heard taught by university physics professors. I’ve often heard that medieval glass windows are thicker at the bottom because glass “flows” like a fluid. This, she shows, is not true. The distortion is actually thanks to a peculiarity of the glassmaker’s process.
M: (4) Yeah, I like how she cultivates scientific engagement by providing a host of do-it-yourself experiments that bring the same foundational principles of classical physics that govern everything from the solar system to your kitchen table. From using complex laws of physics to test whether a spinning egg is cooked to measuring atmospheric pressure by lifting a piece of cardboard. Her hands-on examples make her book a truly interactive read.
W: Yes I must say this equation-free book is an ideal read for scientists of all stripes, anyone teaching science, and even people who dislike physics.
4. How does the book cultivate readers’ interest in physics?
解析：D。原文中男士说到，他喜欢作者通过提供一系列自己就可以完成的实验来培养科学参与性，D选项中的experiments they can do themselves为原文中do-it-yourself experiments的同义转述。本题选D。
5、Question 5 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、He is too busy to finish his assignment in time.
B、He does not know what kind of topic to write on.
C、He does not understand the professor’s instructions.
D、He has no idea how to proceed with his dissertation.
解析：
Conversation Two
听力原文
M: Hi professor. I was hoping I could have a moment of your time if you’re not too busy. (5) I’m having some problems getting started on my dissertation and I was hoping you could give me some advice on how to begin.
W: Sure. I have quite a few students though. So can you remind me what your topic is?
M: The general topic I chose is aesthetics, but that’s as far as I’ve got. I don’t really know where to go from there.
W: (6) Yeah, that’s much too large a topic. You really need to narrow it down in order to make it more accessible. Otherwise you’ll be writing a book.
M: Exactly. That’s what I wanted to ask you about. I was hoping it would be possible for me to change topics. (7) I’m really more interested in nature than beauty.
W: (8) I’m afraid you have to adhere to the assigned topic. Still, if you’re interested in nature, then that certainly can be worked into your dissertation. We’ve talked about Hume before in class, right?
M: Oh yeah, he’s the philosopher who wrote about where our ideas of beauty come from.
W: Exactly. I suggest you go to the library and get a copy of his biography. Start from there. But remember to stick to the parameters of the assignment. This paper is a large part of your cumulative grade. So make sure to follow the instructions. If you take a look at his biography, you can get a good idea of how his life experiences manifest themselves in his theories of beauty. Specifically the way he looked towards nature as the origin of what we find beautiful.
M: Great. Thanks for taking the time to answer my questions, Professor. I’ll let you get back to class now.
W: If there’s anything else you need, please come see me in my office any time.
5. What is the man’s problem?
解析：D。原文中男士说到，他写论文的时候遇到了一些问题，进行不下去了，因此来请教女士，选项D中的has no idea how to proceed对应录音中的having some problems getting started on，故本题答案为D。
6、Question 6 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、It is too broad.
B、It is a bit outdated.
C、It is challenging.
D、It is interesting.
解析：
Conversation Two
听力原文
M: Hi professor. I was hoping I could have a moment of your time if you’re not too busy. (5) I’m having some problems getting started on my dissertation and I was hoping you could give me some advice on how to begin.
W: Sure. I have quite a few students though. So can you remind me what your topic is?
M: The general topic I chose is aesthetics, but that’s as far as I’ve got. I don’t really know where to go from there.
W: (6) Yeah, that’s much too large a topic. You really need to narrow it down in order to make it more accessible. Otherwise you’ll be writing a book.
M: Exactly. That’s what I wanted to ask you about. I was hoping it would be possible for me to change topics. (7) I’m really more interested in nature than beauty.
W: (8) I’m afraid you have to adhere to the assigned topic. Still, if you’re interested in nature, then that certainly can be worked into your dissertation. We’ve talked about Hume before in class, right?
M: Oh yeah, he’s the philosopher who wrote about where our ideas of beauty come from.
W: Exactly. I suggest you go to the library and get a copy of his biography. Start from there. But remember to stick to the parameters of the assignment. This paper is a large part of your cumulative grade. So make sure to follow the instructions. If you take a look at his biography, you can get a good idea of how his life experiences manifest themselves in his theories of beauty. Specifically the way he looked towards nature as the origin of what we find beautiful.
M: Great. Thanks for taking the time to answer my questions, Professor. I’ll let you get back to class now.
W: If there’s anything else you need, please come see me in my office any time.
6. What does the professor think of the man’s topic?
解析：A。原文中女士说到，男士选的话题太大了，需要缩小范围，A选项中的broad是原文中large的同义替换，故本题选A。
7、Question 7 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、Biography.
B、Nature.
C、Philosophy.
D、Beauty.
解析：
Conversation Two
听力原文
M: Hi professor. I was hoping I could have a moment of your time if you’re not too busy. (5) I’m having some problems getting started on my dissertation and I was hoping you could give me some advice on how to begin.
W: Sure. I have quite a few students though. So can you remind me what your topic is?
M: The general topic I chose is aesthetics, but that’s as far as I’ve got. I don’t really know where to go from there.
W: (6) Yeah, that’s much too large a topic. You really need to narrow it down in order to make it more accessible. Otherwise you’ll be writing a book.
M: Exactly. That’s what I wanted to ask you about. I was hoping it would be possible for me to change topics. (7) I’m really more interested in nature than beauty.
W: (8) I’m afraid you have to adhere to the assigned topic. Still, if you’re interested in nature, then that certainly can be worked into your dissertation. We’ve talked about Hume before in class, right?
M: Oh yeah, he’s the philosopher who wrote about where our ideas of beauty come from.
W: Exactly. I suggest you go to the library and get a copy of his biography. Start from there. But remember to stick to the parameters of the assignment. This paper is a large part of your cumulative grade. So make sure to follow the instructions. If you take a look at his biography, you can get a good idea of how his life experiences manifest themselves in his theories of beauty. Specifically the way he looked towards nature as the origin of what we find beautiful.
M: Great. Thanks for taking the time to answer my questions, Professor. I’ll let you get back to class now.
W: If there’s anything else you need, please come see me in my office any time.
7. What’s the man really more interested in?
解析：B。男士的论文话题为美学，但他说他其实对自然更感兴趣，因此本题选B。
8、Question 8 is based on the conversation you have just heard.
A、Improve his cumulative grade.
B、Develop his reading ability.
C、Stick to the topic assigned.
D、List the parameters first.
解析：
Conversation Two
听力原文
M: Hi professor. I was hoping I could have a moment of your time if you’re not too busy. (5) I’m having some problems getting started on my dissertation and I was hoping you could give me some advice on how to begin.
W: Sure. I have quite a few students though. So can you remind me what your topic is?
M: The general topic I chose is aesthetics, but that’s as far as I’ve got. I don’t really know where to go from there.
W: (6) Yeah, that’s much too large a topic. You really need to narrow it down in order to make it more accessible. Otherwise you’ll be writing a book.
M: Exactly. That’s what I wanted to ask you about. I was hoping it would be possible for me to change topics. (7) I’m really more interested in nature than beauty.
W: (8) I’m afraid you have to adhere to the assigned topic. Still, if you’re interested in nature, then that certainly can be worked into your dissertation. We’ve talked about Hume before in class, right?
M: Oh yeah, he’s the philosopher who wrote about where our ideas of beauty come from.
W: Exactly. I suggest you go to the library and get a copy of his biography. Start from there. But remember to stick to the parameters of the assignment. This paper is a large part of your cumulative grade. So make sure to follow the instructions. If you take a look at his biography, you can get a good idea of how his life experiences manifest themselves in his theories of beauty. Specifically the way he looked towards nature as the origin of what we find beautiful.
M: Great. Thanks for taking the time to answer my questions, Professor. I’ll let you get back to class now.
W: If there’s anything else you need, please come see me in my office any time.
8. What does the professor say the man has to do?
解析：C。原文提及，男士说他对自然更感兴趣，但需要遵照指定的话题来做，C选项中的Stick to对应原文中的adhere to，因此本题答案选C。
9、Question 9 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、The unprecedented high temperature in Greenland.
B、The collapse of ice on the northern tip of Greenland.
C、The unusual cold spell in the Arctic area in October.
D、The rapid change of Arctic temperature within a day.
解析：
Passage One
听力原文
During the Arctic winter from October to March, the average temperature in the frozen north typically hovers around minus 20 degrees Celsius. But this year, the Arctic is experiencing much higher temperatures.
On February 20th, the temperature in Greenland climbed above freezing or zero degree Celsius and it stayed there for over 24 hours. (9) Then, on February 24th, the temperature on Greenland’s northern tip reached six degrees Celsius. Climate scientists described the phenomenon as stunning.
(10) Weather conditions that drive this bizarre temperature surge have visited the Arctic before. They typically appear about once in a decade. However, the last such increasing temperature took place two years ago.
This is troubling as climbing Arctic temperatures combined with rapid sea-ice loss are creating a new type of climate feedback loop which could accelerate Arctic warming. Indeed, sea-ice cover in the Arctic is melting faster than expected. Without those masses of cooling sea ice, warm air brought to the Arctic can penetrate further inland than it ever did before. The air can stay warmer, longer too. This drives additional melting.
Overall, Earth is warming at a rapid pace—2014 through 2017 rank as the hottest years on record and the Arctic is warming twice as fast as any place else on Earth. This raises unique challenges for Arctic wildlife and indigenous people, who depend on Arctic ecosystems to survive.
Previously, climate forecasts predicted that Arctic summer ice would disappear entirely by around 2060. (11) But based on what scientists are seeing now, the Arctic may be facing summers without ice within 20 years.
9. What did climate scientists describe as stunning?
解析：A。原文中说到，气象学家认为这种现象（the phenomenon）令人震惊，而这一现象在前一句中有提及，即格陵兰岛最北端温度达到了6℃，温度之高让气象学家震惊，因此本题选A。
10、Question 10 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、It has created a totally new climate pattern.
B、It will pose a serious threat to many species.
C、It typically appears about once every ten years.
D、It has puzzled the climate scientists for decades.
解析：
Passage One
听力原文
During the Arctic winter from October to March, the average temperature in the frozen north typically hovers around minus 20 degrees Celsius. But this year, the Arctic is experiencing much higher temperatures.
On February 20th, the temperature in Greenland climbed above freezing or zero degree Celsius and it stayed there for over 24 hours. (9) Then, on February 24th, the temperature on Greenland’s northern tip reached six degrees Celsius. Climate scientists described the phenomenon as stunning.
(10) Weather conditions that drive this bizarre temperature surge have visited the Arctic before. They typically appear about once in a decade. However, the last such increasing temperature took place two years ago.
This is troubling as climbing Arctic temperatures combined with rapid sea-ice loss are creating a new type of climate feedback loop which could accelerate Arctic warming. Indeed, sea-ice cover in the Arctic is melting faster than expected. Without those masses of cooling sea ice, warm air brought to the Arctic can penetrate further inland than it ever did before. The air can stay warmer, longer too. This drives additional melting.
Overall, Earth is warming at a rapid pace—2014 through 2017 rank as the hottest years on record and the Arctic is warming twice as fast as any place else on Earth. This raises unique challenges for Arctic wildlife and indigenous people, who depend on Arctic ecosystems to survive.
Previously, climate forecasts predicted that Arctic summer ice would disappear entirely by around 2060. (11) But based on what scientists are seeing now, the Arctic may be facing summers without ice within 20 years.
10. What does the passage say about that temperature surge in the Arctic?
解析：C。原文说到气温罕见上升的现象之前也曾造访过北极，通常约每十年出现一次（They typically appear about once in a decade）。C选项与原文基本视听一致，本题选C。
11、Question 11 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、Extinction of Arctic wildlife.
B、Iceless summers in the Arctic.
C、Emigration of indigenous people.
D、Better understanding of ecosystems.
解析：
Passage One
听力原文
During the Arctic winter from October to March, the average temperature in the frozen north typically hovers around minus 20 degrees Celsius. But this year, the Arctic is experiencing much higher temperatures.
On February 20th, the temperature in Greenland climbed above freezing or zero degree Celsius and it stayed there for over 24 hours. (9) Then, on February 24th, the temperature on Greenland’s northern tip reached six degrees Celsius. Climate scientists described the phenomenon as stunning.
(10) Weather conditions that drive this bizarre temperature surge have visited the Arctic before. They typically appear about once in a decade. However, the last such increasing temperature took place two years ago.
This is troubling as climbing Arctic temperatures combined with rapid sea-ice loss are creating a new type of climate feedback loop which could accelerate Arctic warming. Indeed, sea-ice cover in the Arctic is melting faster than expected. Without those masses of cooling sea ice, warm air brought to the Arctic can penetrate further inland than it ever did before. The air can stay warmer, longer too. This drives additional melting.
Overall, Earth is warming at a rapid pace—2014 through 2017 rank as the hottest years on record and the Arctic is warming twice as fast as any place else on Earth. This raises unique challenges for Arctic wildlife and indigenous people, who depend on Arctic ecosystems to survive.
Previously, climate forecasts predicted that Arctic summer ice would disappear entirely by around 2060. (11) But based on what scientists are seeing now, the Arctic may be facing summers without ice within 20 years.
11. What may occur in 20 years according to scientists’ recent observations?
解析：B。原文中的but为重要提示词，科学家根据现在的景象推测，北极可能在20年内夏天就不会有海冰了，B选项中的Iceless对应原文中的without ice，因此本题选B。
12、Question 12 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、A good start.
B、A detailed plan.
C、A strong determination.
D、A scientific approach.
解析：
Passage Two
听力原文
(12) A good dose of willpower is often necessary to see any task through, whether it’s sticking to a spending plan or finishing a great novel. (13) And if you want to increase that willpower, a new study suggests, you just simply have to believe you have it. According to the study, what matters most is what we think about our willpower. If we believe it’s a finite resource, we act that way. We feel exhausted and need breaks between demanding mental tasks. However, people who view their willpower as a limitless resource get energized instead. The researchers used a psychological assessment tool to test the validity of the study. They asked 1,100 Americans and 1,600 Europeans to grade different statements such as “after a challenging mental activity, my energy is depleted and I must rest to get it refueled again” or “I can focus on a mental task for long periods without feeling tired”. Although there was little difference between men and women overall, Americans were more likely to admit to needing breaks after completing mentally challenging tasks. (14) European participants, on the other hand, claimed they were able to keep going. Based on the findings, the researchers suggest that the key to boosting your willpower is to believe that you have an abundant supply of it. (15) Your feelings about your willpower affect the way you behave. But these feelings are changeable, they said. Changing your beliefs about the nature of your self-control can have positive effects on character development. This leads to healthier behaviors and perceptions of other people.
12. What is often necessary for carrying through a task?
解析：C。本文的主题词为“意志力”（willpower）。首句提及，在完成任何任务的过程中，良好的意志力都是必不可少的。C选项“一颗坚定的决心”是意志力（willpower）的同义替换，故本题选C。
13、Question 13 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、Most people get energized after a sufficient rest.
B、Most people tend to have a finite source of energy.
C、It is vital to take breaks between demanding mental tasks.
D、It is most important to have confidence in one’s willpower.
解析：
Passage Two
听力原文
(12) A good dose of willpower is often necessary to see any task through, whether it’s sticking to a spending plan or finishing a great novel. (13) And if you want to increase that willpower, a new study suggests, you just simply have to believe you have it. According to the study, what matters most is what we think about our willpower. If we believe it’s a finite resource, we act that way. We feel exhausted and need breaks between demanding mental tasks. However, people who view their willpower as a limitless resource get energized instead. The researchers used a psychological assessment tool to test the validity of the study. They asked 1,100 Americans and 1,600 Europeans to grade different statements such as “after a challenging mental activity, my energy is depleted and I must rest to get it refueled again” or “I can focus on a mental task for long periods without feeling tired”. Although there was little difference between men and women overall, Americans were more likely to admit to needing breaks after completing mentally challenging tasks. (14) European participants, on the other hand, claimed they were able to keep going. Based on the findings, the researchers suggest that the key to boosting your willpower is to believe that you have an abundant supply of it. (15) Your feelings about your willpower affect the way you behave. But these feelings are changeable, they said. Changing your beliefs about the nature of your self-control can have positive effects on character development. This leads to healthier behaviors and perceptions of other people.
13. What is the finding of the new study?
解析：D。原文说到，研究表明，要想增加意志力，你只要相信你有意志力就可以了，我们如何看待意志力是最重要的（what matters most），D选项是对原文这两句话的概括，因此本题选D。
14、Question 14 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、They could keep on working longer.
B、They could do more challenging tasks.
C、They found it easier to focus on work at hand.
D、They held more positive attitudes toward life.
解析：
Passage Two
听力原文
(12) A good dose of willpower is often necessary to see any task through, whether it’s sticking to a spending plan or finishing a great novel. (13) And if you want to increase that willpower, a new study suggests, you just simply have to believe you have it. According to the study, what matters most is what we think about our willpower. If we believe it’s a finite resource, we act that way. We feel exhausted and need breaks between demanding mental tasks. However, people who view their willpower as a limitless resource get energized instead. The researchers used a psychological assessment tool to test the validity of the study. They asked 1,100 Americans and 1,600 Europeans to grade different statements such as “after a challenging mental activity, my energy is depleted and I must rest to get it refueled again” or “I can focus on a mental task for long periods without feeling tired”. Although there was little difference between men and women overall, Americans were more likely to admit to needing breaks after completing mentally challenging tasks. (14) European participants, on the other hand, claimed they were able to keep going. Based on the findings, the researchers suggest that the key to boosting your willpower is to believe that you have an abundant supply of it. (15) Your feelings about your willpower affect the way you behave. But these feelings are changeable, they said. Changing your beliefs about the nature of your self-control can have positive effects on character development. This leads to healthier behaviors and perceptions of other people.
14. What do we learn about European participants as compared with their American counterparts?
解析：A。原文说到，美国人在完成智力挑战后更可能承认需要休息，而欧洲人可以继续坚持，即继续工作，A项中的keep on working longer对应原文中的keep going，因此本题选A。
15、Question 15 is based on the passage you have just heard.
A、They are part of their nature.
B、They are subject to change.
C、They are related to culture.
D、They are beyond control.
解析：
Passage Two
听力原文
(12) A good dose of willpower is often necessary to see any task through, whether it’s sticking to a spending plan or finishing a great novel. (13) And if you want to increase that willpower, a new study suggests, you just simply have to believe you have it. According to the study, what matters most is what we think about our willpower. If we believe it’s a finite resource, we act that way. We feel exhausted and need breaks between demanding mental tasks. However, people who view their willpower as a limitless resource get energized instead. The researchers used a psychological assessment tool to test the validity of the study. They asked 1,100 Americans and 1,600 Europeans to grade different statements such as “after a challenging mental activity, my energy is depleted and I must rest to get it refueled again” or “I can focus on a mental task for long periods without feeling tired”. Although there was little difference between men and women overall, Americans were more likely to admit to needing breaks after completing mentally challenging tasks. (14) European participants, on the other hand, claimed they were able to keep going. Based on the findings, the researchers suggest that the key to boosting your willpower is to believe that you have an abundant supply of it. (15) Your feelings about your willpower affect the way you behave. But these feelings are changeable, they said. Changing your beliefs about the nature of your self-control can have positive effects on character development. This leads to healthier behaviors and perceptions of other people.
15. What do the researchers say concerning people’s feelings about willpower?
解析：B。原文说到“你对意志力的感觉会影响你的表现。不过，这些感觉是可以改变的”，B选项中be subject to意为“可以……的；常遭受……”，因此本题选B。
16、Question 16 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、About half of current jobs might be automated.
B、The jobs of doctors and lawyers would be threatened.
C、The job market is becoming somewhat unpredictable.
D、Machine learning would prove disruptive by 2013.
解析：
Recording One
听力原文
Here is my baby niece Sarah. Her mom is a doctor and her dad is a lawyer. By the time Sarah goes to college, the jobs her parents do are going to look dramatically different.
(16) In 2013, researchers at Oxford University did a study on the future of work. They concluded that almost one in every two jobs has a high risk of being automated by machines. Machine learning is the technology that’s responsible for most of this disruption. It’s the most powerful branch of artificial intelligence. It allows machines to learn from data and copy some of the things that humans can do. My company, Kaggle, operates on the cutting edge of machine learning. We bring together hundreds of thousands of experts to solve important problems for industry and academia. This gives us a unique perspective on what machines can do, what they can’t do and what jobs they might automate or threaten.
Machine learning started making its way into industry in the early ’90s. It started with relatively simple tasks. It started with things like assessing credit risk from loan applications, sorting the mail by reading handwritten zip codes. Over the past few years, we have made dramatic breakthroughs. Machine learning is now capable of far, far more complex tasks. (17) In 2012, Kaggle challenged its community to build a program that could grade high school essays. The winning programs were able to match the grades given by human teachers.
Now, given the right data, machines are going to outperform humans at tasks like this. A teacher might read 10,000 essays over a 40-year career. A machine can read millions of essays within minutes. We have no chance of competing against machines on frequent, high-volume tasks.
But there are things we can do that machines cannot. Where machines have made very little progress is in tackling novel situations. Machines can’t handle things they haven’t seen many times before. (18) The fundamental limitation of machine learning is that it needs to learn from large volumes of past data. But humans don’t. We have the ability to connect seemingly different threads to solve problems we’ve never seen before.
16. What did the researchers at Oxford University conclude?
解析：A。原文提到，研究者得出的结论是，将近二分之一的工作面临被机器取代的高风险，A选项中的About half of current jobs与原文中的almost one in every two jobs对应，故本题选A。
17、Question 17 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、They are widely applicable for massive open online courses.
B、They are now being used by numerous high school teachers.
C、They could read as many as 10,000 essays in a single minute.
D、They could grade high-school essays just like human teacher.
解析：
Recording One
听力原文
Here is my baby niece Sarah. Her mom is a doctor and her dad is a lawyer. By the time Sarah goes to college, the jobs her parents do are going to look dramatically different.
(16) In 2013, researchers at Oxford University did a study on the future of work. They concluded that almost one in every two jobs has a high risk of being automated by machines. Machine learning is the technology that’s responsible for most of this disruption. It’s the most powerful branch of artificial intelligence. It allows machines to learn from data and copy some of the things that humans can do. My company, Kaggle, operates on the cutting edge of machine learning. We bring together hundreds of thousands of experts to solve important problems for industry and academia. This gives us a unique perspective on what machines can do, what they can’t do and what jobs they might automate or threaten.
Machine learning started making its way into industry in the early ’90s. It started with relatively simple tasks. It started with things like assessing credit risk from loan applications, sorting the mail by reading handwritten zip codes. Over the past few years, we have made dramatic breakthroughs. Machine learning is now capable of far, far more complex tasks. (17) In 2012, Kaggle challenged its community to build a program that could grade high school essays. The winning programs were able to match the grades given by human teachers.
Now, given the right data, machines are going to outperform humans at tasks like this. A teacher might read 10,000 essays over a 40-year career. A machine can read millions of essays within minutes. We have no chance of competing against machines on frequent, high-volume tasks.
But there are things we can do that machines cannot. Where machines have made very little progress is in tackling novel situations. Machines can’t handle things they haven’t seen many times before. (18) The fundamental limitation of machine learning is that it needs to learn from large volumes of past data. But humans don’t. We have the ability to connect seemingly different threads to solve problems we’ve never seen before.
17. What do we learn about Kaggle company’s winning programs?
解析：D。原文中说到凯格尔公司举行了一场比赛，编写可以为高中作文打分的程序，获胜的程序打分已经接近人类教师所打的分数。因此本题答案为D。
18、Question 18 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、It needs instructions throughout the process.
B、It does poorly on frequency, high-volume tasks.
C、It has to rely on huge amounts of previous data.
D、It is slow when it comes to tracking novel things.
解析：
Recording One
听力原文
Here is my baby niece Sarah. Her mom is a doctor and her dad is a lawyer. By the time Sarah goes to college, the jobs her parents do are going to look dramatically different.
(16) In 2013, researchers at Oxford University did a study on the future of work. They concluded that almost one in every two jobs has a high risk of being automated by machines. Machine learning is the technology that’s responsible for most of this disruption. It’s the most powerful branch of artificial intelligence. It allows machines to learn from data and copy some of the things that humans can do. My company, Kaggle, operates on the cutting edge of machine learning. We bring together hundreds of thousands of experts to solve important problems for industry and academia. This gives us a unique perspective on what machines can do, what they can’t do and what jobs they might automate or threaten.
Machine learning started making its way into industry in the early ’90s. It started with relatively simple tasks. It started with things like assessing credit risk from loan applications, sorting the mail by reading handwritten zip codes. Over the past few years, we have made dramatic breakthroughs. Machine learning is now capable of far, far more complex tasks. (17) In 2012, Kaggle challenged its community to build a program that could grade high school essays. The winning programs were able to match the grades given by human teachers.
Now, given the right data, machines are going to outperform humans at tasks like this. A teacher might read 10,000 essays over a 40-year career. A machine can read millions of essays within minutes. We have no chance of competing against machines on frequent, high-volume tasks.
But there are things we can do that machines cannot. Where machines have made very little progress is in tackling novel situations. Machines can’t handle things they haven’t seen many times before. (18) The fundamental limitation of machine learning is that it needs to learn from large volumes of past data. But humans don’t. We have the ability to connect seemingly different threads to solve problems we’ve never seen before.
18. What is the fundamental limitation of machine learning?
解析：C。原文说到机器学习最重要的局限性就在于，机器需要从大量过去的数据中学习。原文中的large volumes of past data对应C选项中的huge amounts of previous data，因此本题选C。
19、Question 19 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、The engineering problems with solar power.
B、The generation of steam with the latest technology.
C、The importance of exploring new energy sources.
D、The theoretical aspects of sustainable energy.
解析：
Recording Two
听力原文
(19) We’ve talked recently about the importance of sustainable energy. We’ve also talked about the different theories on how that can be done. So far, our discussions have all been theoretical. Now I have a practical question for you all. (20) Can you run a 140,000-kilogram train on just the steam generated by solar power? Well, one engineer, Tim Casselman, believes it’s possible.
And his home city of Sacramento, California, should see the technology’s first test. As part of the upgrading of its rail yard, Casselman, who is an inventor and self-proclaimed steam visionary, is campaigning for a new steam train that runs without any fire and could run on an existing 10-kilometer line, drawing tourists and perhaps offering city commuters a green alternative to their cars. Casselman wants to build an array of solar magnifying mirrors at one end of the line to collect and focus heat onto water-filled tubes.
This would generate steam that could be used to fill tanks on a small steam train without the use of fire. “Supplying power to trains in this way would offer the shortest distance from well to wheels,” he says, “with the least amount of energy lost.” According to Harry Valentine, a Canadian engineer who is researching modern steam technology, a special tank measuring 2 by 10 meters could store over 750 kilowatt hours of energy as high pressure steam enough to pull a two-car train for an hour or so.
Energy to drive a steam locomotive can be stored in other materials besides water. For example, a team at Tohoku University in Japan has studied materials that can store large amounts of heat. When heated, these materials turn from a solid into a liquid, absorbing energy as they change phase. The liquid is maintained above its melting point until steam is required, at which point the liquid is allowed to turn back into a solid, releasing its stored energy. (21) Another team at Nagoya University in Japan has tested calcium compound as an energy storage material, heating this chemical compound drives off carbon dioxide gas, leaving calcium oxide.
The gas can be stored under pressure in a tank. To recover the energy, the gas is bent back over the calcium oxide. In theory, says Valentine, this can create a high enough temperature to generate superheated steam.
19. What has the speaker previously talked about?
解析：D。本文开头中，讲话者说到他之前已经提到了可持续能源的重要性以及如何实现能源可持续的各种理论。原文第二句中的that就是指第一句中的sustainable energy。因此本题选D。
20、Question 20 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、Drive trains with solar energy.
B、Upgrade the city’s train facilities.
C、Build a new ten-kilometer railway line.
D、Cut down the city’s energy consumption.
解析：
Recording Two
听力原文
(19) We’ve talked recently about the importance of sustainable energy. We’ve also talked about the different theories on how that can be done. So far, our discussions have all been theoretical. Now I have a practical question for you all. (20) Can you run a 140,000-kilogram train on just the steam generated by solar power? Well, one engineer, Tim Casselman, believes it’s possible.
And his home city of Sacramento, California, should see the technology’s first test. As part of the upgrading of its rail yard, Casselman, who is an inventor and self-proclaimed steam visionary, is campaigning for a new steam train that runs without any fire and could run on an existing 10-kilometer line, drawing tourists and perhaps offering city commuters a green alternative to their cars. Casselman wants to build an array of solar magnifying mirrors at one end of the line to collect and focus heat onto water-filled tubes.
This would generate steam that could be used to fill tanks on a small steam train without the use of fire. “Supplying power to trains in this way would offer the shortest distance from well to wheels,” he says, “with the least amount of energy lost.” According to Harry Valentine, a Canadian engineer who is researching modern steam technology, a special tank measuring 2 by 10 meters could store over 750 kilowatt hours of energy as high pressure steam enough to pull a two-car train for an hour or so.
Energy to drive a steam locomotive can be stored in other materials besides water. For example, a team at Tohoku University in Japan has studied materials that can store large amounts of heat. When heated, these materials turn from a solid into a liquid, absorbing energy as they change phase. The liquid is maintained above its melting point until steam is required, at which point the liquid is allowed to turn back into a solid, releasing its stored energy. (21) Another team at Nagoya University in Japan has tested calcium compound as an energy storage material, heating this chemical compound drives off carbon dioxide gas, leaving calcium oxide.
The gas can be stored under pressure in a tank. To recover the energy, the gas is bent back over the calcium oxide. In theory, says Valentine, this can create a high enough temperature to generate superheated steam.
20. What is Tim Casselman trying to do in Sacramento?
解析：A。原文中先是提出了一个问题：你能靠太阳能让火车运行吗？紧接着文章说到，蒂姆·卡塞尔曼对此进行了首次测试。因此本题选A。
21、Question 21 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、Build a tank for keeping calcium oxide.
B、Find a new material for storing energy.
C、Recover super-heated steam.
D、Collect carbon dioxide gas.
解析：
Recording Two
听力原文
(19) We’ve talked recently about the importance of sustainable energy. We’ve also talked about the different theories on how that can be done. So far, our discussions have all been theoretical. Now I have a practical question for you all. (20) Can you run a 140,000-kilogram train on just the steam generated by solar power? Well, one engineer, Tim Casselman, believes it’s possible.
And his home city of Sacramento, California, should see the technology’s first test. As part of the upgrading of its rail yard, Casselman, who is an inventor and self-proclaimed steam visionary, is campaigning for a new steam train that runs without any fire and could run on an existing 10-kilometer line, drawing tourists and perhaps offering city commuters a green alternative to their cars. Casselman wants to build an array of solar magnifying mirrors at one end of the line to collect and focus heat onto water-filled tubes.
This would generate steam that could be used to fill tanks on a small steam train without the use of fire. “Supplying power to trains in this way would offer the shortest distance from well to wheels,” he says, “with the least amount of energy lost.” According to Harry Valentine, a Canadian engineer who is researching modern steam technology, a special tank measuring 2 by 10 meters could store over 750 kilowatt hours of energy as high pressure steam enough to pull a two-car train for an hour or so.
Energy to drive a steam locomotive can be stored in other materials besides water. For example, a team at Tohoku University in Japan has studied materials that can store large amounts of heat. When heated, these materials turn from a solid into a liquid, absorbing energy as they change phase. The liquid is maintained above its melting point until steam is required, at which point the liquid is allowed to turn back into a solid, releasing its stored energy. (21) Another team at Nagoya University in Japan has tested calcium compound as an energy storage material, heating this chemical compound drives off carbon dioxide gas, leaving calcium oxide.
The gas can be stored under pressure in a tank. To recover the energy, the gas is bent back over the calcium oxide. In theory, says Valentine, this can create a high enough temperature to generate superheated steam.
21. What has a Japanese research team tried to do?
解析：B。原文提到日本名古屋大学的团队测试钙化合物作为能量储存材料的性质，原文中的an energy storage material与B项中的a new material for storing energy一致，因此本题选B。
22、Question 22 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、The lack of supervision by both the national and local government.
B、The impact of the current economic crisis at home and abroad.
C、The poor management of day centers and home help services.
D、The poor relation between national health and social care services.
解析：
Recording Three
听力原文
Today’s crisis in care for older people in England has two main causes. First, people are living longer with a lot more complex needs. (22) Second, they rely on a system that has long been marked by a poor relation between national health and social care services.
Current services originate in two key measures. They are the National Health Service and the 1948 National Assistance Act. This required local government to provide residential accommodation for older people and supervise care homes run by independent organizations. They also provided home and community services including meals, day centers and home helpers and other subsidized services. The National Health Service was free and wholly publicly provided. It delivered the best health care for all. (23) No such vision guided residential and community care though. The care was substantially provided by voluntary services which worked together with local authorities as they long had with eligibility based on income. Today, life expectancy has risen from 66 for a male at birth in 1948 to around 80 now. In addition, there is better overall health and improved medical knowledge in care. This means an unprecedented number of people are surviving longer in conditions requiring expert support. Families provide at least as much of care as they ever did. Even so, they can rarely without subsidized support address serious personal needs. Care for older people faced persistent criticism as these trends became apparent. From the early 1960s, local authorities were required to plan health and welfare services. The aim was to enable older people to remain in their own homes for as long as possible. But this increased concern about the lack of coordination between free health and paid-for social care. Through the 1970s, a number of measures sought to improve matters.
However, at a time of financial crisis, funding diminished and little changed. (24) In the 1980s, the government cut spending. Meanwhile, preference for private over public services made management even more difficult. Simultaneously, the number of sick, older people grew. Governments emphasized the need to improve services. They did so though, while doing little to stop the erosion of available aid.
Services were irregular across authorities unless you were prepared to pay. They were increasingly difficult to obtain for any but the most severely disabled. Why has 60 years of criticism produced so little change? (25) Discrimination against older people has a long history. Additionally, those affected by inadequate health and social care are too vulnerable to launch the protests that have addressed other forms of discrimination.
22. What is one cause of the current crisis in care for the elderly in England?
解析：D。原文开头部分提到，英国养老危机有两个主要原因，其中之一是他们依赖的体制以国民医疗和社会保健服务之间关系不佳为特征。D选项为原词复现，属于视听一致，故本题选D。
23、Question 23 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、It was mainly provided by voluntary services.
B、It mainly caters to the need of privileged.
C、It called for a sufficient number of volunteers.
D、It has deteriorated over the past sixty years.
解析：
Recording Three
听力原文
Today’s crisis in care for older people in England has two main causes. First, people are living longer with a lot more complex needs. (22) Second, they rely on a system that has long been marked by a poor relation between national health and social care services.
Current services originate in two key measures. They are the National Health Service and the 1948 National Assistance Act. This required local government to provide residential accommodation for older people and supervise care homes run by independent organizations. They also provided home and community services including meals, day centers and home helpers and other subsidized services. The National Health Service was free and wholly publicly provided. It delivered the best health care for all. (23) No such vision guided residential and community care though. The care was substantially provided by voluntary services which worked together with local authorities as they long had with eligibility based on income. Today, life expectancy has risen from 66 for a male at birth in 1948 to around 80 now. In addition, there is better overall health and improved medical knowledge in care. This means an unprecedented number of people are surviving longer in conditions requiring expert support. Families provide at least as much of care as they ever did. Even so, they can rarely without subsidized support address serious personal needs. Care for older people faced persistent criticism as these trends became apparent. From the early 1960s, local authorities were required to plan health and welfare services. The aim was to enable older people to remain in their own homes for as long as possible. But this increased concern about the lack of coordination between free health and paid-for social care. Through the 1970s, a number of measures sought to improve matters.
However, at a time of financial crisis, funding diminished and little changed. (24) In the 1980s, the government cut spending. Meanwhile, preference for private over public services made management even more difficult. Simultaneously, the number of sick, older people grew. Governments emphasized the need to improve services. They did so though, while doing little to stop the erosion of available aid.
Services were irregular across authorities unless you were prepared to pay. They were increasingly difficult to obtain for any but the most severely disabled. Why has 60 years of criticism produced so little change? (25) Discrimination against older people has a long history. Additionally, those affected by inadequate health and social care are too vulnerable to launch the protests that have addressed other forms of discrimination.
23. What does the speaker say about residential and community care?
解析：A。原文提到，没有这样的远见去指导住房和社区护理，这些护理服务主要是由志愿服务机构提供。substantially既是重要提示词，又是A选项中mainly的同义词，因此本题选A。
24、Question 24 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、Their longer lifespans.
B、Fewer home helpers available.
C、Their preference for private services.
D、More of them suffering serious illnesses.
解析：
Recording Three
听力原文
Today’s crisis in care for older people in England has two main causes. First, people are living longer with a lot more complex needs. (22) Second, they rely on a system that has long been marked by a poor relation between national health and social care services.
Current services originate in two key measures. They are the National Health Service and the 1948 National Assistance Act. This required local government to provide residential accommodation for older people and supervise care homes run by independent organizations. They also provided home and community services including meals, day centers and home helpers and other subsidized services. The National Health Service was free and wholly publicly provided. It delivered the best health care for all. (23) No such vision guided residential and community care though. The care was substantially provided by voluntary services which worked together with local authorities as they long had with eligibility based on income. Today, life expectancy has risen from 66 for a male at birth in 1948 to around 80 now. In addition, there is better overall health and improved medical knowledge in care. This means an unprecedented number of people are surviving longer in conditions requiring expert support. Families provide at least as much of care as they ever did. Even so, they can rarely without subsidized support address serious personal needs. Care for older people faced persistent criticism as these trends became apparent. From the early 1960s, local authorities were required to plan health and welfare services. The aim was to enable older people to remain in their own homes for as long as possible. But this increased concern about the lack of coordination between free health and paid-for social care. Through the 1970s, a number of measures sought to improve matters.
However, at a time of financial crisis, funding diminished and little changed. (24) In the 1980s, the government cut spending. Meanwhile, preference for private over public services made management even more difficult. Simultaneously, the number of sick, older people grew. Governments emphasized the need to improve services. They did so though, while doing little to stop the erosion of available aid.
Services were irregular across authorities unless you were prepared to pay. They were increasingly difficult to obtain for any but the most severely disabled. Why has 60 years of criticism produced so little change? (25) Discrimination against older people has a long history. Additionally, those affected by inadequate health and social care are too vulnerable to launch the protests that have addressed other forms of discrimination.
24. What made management of care for the elderly more difficult in the 1980s?
解析：C。原文提到，在20世纪80年代，人们偏爱私人服务，这使得管理变得更加困难。C选项基本跟原文一致，因此本题选C。
25、Question 25 is based on the recording you have just heard.
A、They are unable to pay for health services.
B、They have long been discriminated against.
C、They are vulnerable to illnesses and diseases.
D、They have contributed a great deal to society.
解析：
Recording Three
听力原文
Today’s crisis in care for older people in England has two main causes. First, people are living longer with a lot more complex needs. (22) Second, they rely on a system that has long been marked by a poor relation between national health and social care services.
Current services originate in two key measures. They are the National Health Service and the 1948 National Assistance Act. This required local government to provide residential accommodation for older people and supervise care homes run by independent organizations. They also provided home and community services including meals, day centers and home helpers and other subsidized services. The National Health Service was free and wholly publicly provided. It delivered the best health care for all. (23) No such vision guided residential and community care though. The care was substantially provided by voluntary services which worked together with local authorities as they long had with eligibility based on income. Today, life expectancy has risen from 66 for a male at birth in 1948 to around 80 now. In addition, there is better overall health and improved medical knowledge in care. This means an unprecedented number of people are surviving longer in conditions requiring expert support. Families provide at least as much of care as they ever did. Even so, they can rarely without subsidized support address serious personal needs. Care for older people faced persistent criticism as these trends became apparent. From the early 1960s, local authorities were required to plan health and welfare services. The aim was to enable older people to remain in their own homes for as long as possible. But this increased concern about the lack of coordination between free health and paid-for social care. Through the 1970s, a number of measures sought to improve matters.
However, at a time of financial crisis, funding diminished and little changed. (24) In the 1980s, the government cut spending. Meanwhile, preference for private over public services made management even more difficult. Simultaneously, the number of sick, older people grew. Governments emphasized the need to improve services. They did so though, while doing little to stop the erosion of available aid.
Services were irregular across authorities unless you were prepared to pay. They were increasingly difficult to obtain for any but the most severely disabled. Why has 60 years of criticism produced so little change? (25) Discrimination against older people has a long history. Additionally, those affected by inadequate health and social care are too vulnerable to launch the protests that have addressed other forms of discrimination.
25. What does the speaker say about older people in England?
解析：B。原文最后部分提到对老年人的歧视由来已久，B选项是原文的同义转述，只是变更了语序和一些词的词性，故本题选B。
二、Part III Reading Comprehension
In what’s probably the craziest headline I’ve ever written, I’ve reported that (26)_____ in livestock protection are happening with scientists painting eyes on the butts of cows. The experiment is based upon the idea that farmers who’re protecting their herd from lions would shoot and kill lions in an effort to protect their livestock. While this makes a lot of sense, it results in many lion deaths that (27)_____ would have been unnecessary. Researchers in Australia have been (28)_____ and testing a method of trickery to make lions think they are being watched by the painted eyes on cow butts.
This idea is based on the principle that lions and other (29)_____ are far less likely to attack when they feel they are being watched. As conservation areas become smaller, lions are increasingly coming into contact with human populations, which are expanding to the (30)_____ of these protected areas.
Efforts like painting eyes on cow butts may seem crazy at first, but they could make actual headway in the fight for conservation. “If the method works, it could provide farmers in Botswana—and (31)_____—with a low-cost, sustainable tool to protect their livestock, and a way to keep lions safe from being killed.”
Lions are (32)_____ ambush (埋伏) hunters, so when they feel their prey has (33)_____ them, they usually give up on the hunt. Researchers are (34)_____ testing their idea on a select herd of cattle. They have painted half of the cows with eyes and left the other half as normal. Through satellite tracking of both the herd and the lions in the area, they will be able to (35)_____ if their psychological trickery will work to help keep farmers from shooting lions.
26、(1)
A、challenging
B、otherwise
C、nevertheless
D、advances
E、primarily
F、determine
G、testimonies
H、devising
I、currently
J、boundaries
K、predators
L、elsewhere
M、spotted
N、wrestle
O、retorted
解析：
名词：
advances 发展；进步
boundaries 边界；界限
predators 捕食者
testimonies 证据；证明
动词：
advances (-s) 前进；发展；促进
challenging (-ing) 挑战；质疑
determine 决定；确定
devising (-ing) 设计；构思
retorted (-ed) 顶嘴；反驳
spotted (-ed) 认出；发现
wrestle 摔跤
形容词
challenging 挑战的
spotted 有斑点的
副词
currently 目前
elsewhere 在别处
nevertheless 然而
otherwise 否则；要不然
primarily 主要地
26. advances
解析：名词辨析题。空格处所填词为句子的主语，由于谓语为系动词are，空处应填入名词复数形式。从后文中可以看出，新方法可以避免射杀狮子，只有advances（进步）符合题意，因为同时保护家畜和狮子是一种进步，故选advances。
27. otherwise
解析：语义理解题。空后为动词，故空处应该填入副词修饰。前文指出农户为保护家畜会射杀狮子，本句While表让步，指出虽然这种做法合乎情理，空后的虚拟语气表明这些狮子的死可能不是必要的，也就是说如果不是以这种方式保护家畜的话，杀死狮子是可以避免的，故选otherwise。
28. devising
解析：动词辨析题。空格后的and表并列，故空处所填词应该与testing形式一致，语义相近，空处需要填入动词现在分词。从后文可以看出，研究人员设计并测试了保护家畜的新方法，只有devising（设计；构思）与testing构成并列，故选devising。
29. predators
解析：名词辨析题。and表并列，空处应该填入名词，作主语，other表明空处所填词是lions所属的范畴概念，predators代入文中表示，狮子和其他种类的捕食者有相同的习性，故选predators。
30. boundaries
解析：名词辨析题。空格前为定冠词the，空格后为介词of，故空处应填入名词。结合后半句句意，人类活动的范围扩大到这些保护区的____，显然名词备选项中只有“边界”符合语义，故选boundaries。
31. elsewhere
解析：逻辑辨析题。空格所在位置为插入语，是对in Botswana的补充说明，空前的and表示并列，因而空格处所填词应同样表示地点，故选elsewhere。
32. primarily
解析：副词辨析题。空格所在句子不缺少句子成分，因而需填入副词。结合句意：狮子____是埋伏型的捕猎者。只有primarily“主要地”代入句子符合语义，故填primarily。
33. spotted
解析：动词辨析题。空格前为助动词has，空格后为名词，故空处应填入动词过去分词，与has一起构成句子的谓语。结合句意，由于狮子主要是埋伏型捕猎者，一旦它们认为猎物____它们，它们通常会放弃捕猎。retorted显然不符合语义，此处应该是猎物“发现”它们，故选spotted。
34. currently
解析：副词辨析题。空格所在句子不缺少句子成分，因此需填入副词，作状语。本句采用了现在进行时，可见是在描述现在的情况，故选currently。
35. determine
解析：动词辨析题。空格前是不定式标志词to，故空处应填入动词原形，构成不定式结构。空格后的if从句描述的是需要确定的情况，即研究人员可以确定他们的心理战术是否有效，故选determine。
27、(2)
A、challenging
B、otherwise
C、nevertheless
D、advances
E、primarily
F、determine
G、testimonies
H、devising
I、currently
J、boundaries
K、predators
L、elsewhere
M、spotted
N、wrestle
O、retorted
解析：见上一题！
28、(3)
A、challenging
B、otherwise
C、nevertheless
D、advances
E、primarily
F、determine
G、testimonies
H、devising
I、currently
J、boundaries
K、predators
L、elsewhere
M、spotted
N、wrestle
O、retorted
解析：见上一题！
29、(4)
A、challenging
B、otherwise
C、nevertheless
D、advances
E、primarily
F、determine
G、testimonies
H、devising
I、currently
J、boundaries
K、predators
L、elsewhere
M、spotted
N、wrestle
O、retorted
解析：见上一题！
30、(5)
A、challenging
B、otherwise
C、nevertheless
D、advances
E、primarily
F、determine
G、testimonies
H、devising
I、currently
J、boundaries
K、predators
L、elsewhere
M、spotted
N、wrestle
O、retorted
解析：见上一题！
31、(6)
A、challenging
B、otherwise
C、nevertheless
D、advances
E、primarily
F、determine
G、testimonies
H、devising
I、currently
J、boundaries
K、predators
L、elsewhere
M、spotted
N、wrestle
O、retorted
解析：见上一题！
32、(7)
A、challenging
B、otherwise
C、nevertheless
D、advances
E、primarily
F、determine
G、testimonies
H、devising
I、currently
J、boundaries
K、predators
L、elsewhere
M、spotted
N、wrestle
O、retorted
解析：见上一题！
33、(8)
A、challenging
B、otherwise
C、nevertheless
D、advances
E、primarily
F、determine
G、testimonies
H、devising
I、currently
J、boundaries
K、predators
L、elsewhere
M、spotted
N、wrestle
O、retorted
解析：见上一题！
34、(9)
A、challenging
B、otherwise
C、nevertheless
D、advances
E、primarily
F、determine
G、testimonies
H、devising
I、currently
J、boundaries
K、predators
L、elsewhere
M、spotted
N、wrestle
O、retorted
解析：见上一题！
35、(10)
A、challenging
B、otherwise
C、nevertheless
D、advances
E、primarily
F、determine
G、testimonies
H、devising
I、currently
J、boundaries
K、predators
L、elsewhere
M、spotted
N、wrestle
O、retorted
解析：见上一题！
Resilience Is About How You Recharge, Not How You Endure
36、36. It has been found that inadequate recovery often leads to poor health and accidents.
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
H、H
I、I
J、J
K、K
L、L
M、M
解析：36. 人们发现，恢复不充分通常会导致健康变差和事故。
