一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
Even if families don’t sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation’s great traditions: the Sunday roast. (1)_____ a cold winter’s day, few culinary pleasures can (2)_____ it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this (3)_____ should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure (4)_____ to damage our health.
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has (5)_____ a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked (6)_____ high temperatures. This means that people should (7)_____ crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin-crust pizzas and only (8)_____ toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? (9)_____ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no (10)_____ evidence that it causes cancer in humans.
Scientists say the compound is (11)_____ to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof. (12)_____ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is (13)_____ to follow the FSA advice. (14)_____, it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a (15)_____.
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be (16)_____ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? (17)_____, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods (18)_____, but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, its (19)_____ risks coming across as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just (20)_____ with no one listening.
1、(1)
A、In
B、Towards
C、On
D、Till
解析：
答案精析：介词辨析题。原文第一句提到，尽管英国人不再像之前那样频繁地聚会，但很多人仍然会在周日吃烧烤，这是这个国家的传统。空格所在句中， ____ a cold winter’s day后面提到了culinary pleasures（烹饪的乐趣），可见该句是对前面提到的周日烧烤进行相关说明，通过描绘在一个寒冷的冬日烧烤的场景，来体现这是一件多么惬意的事。此处考查的是“在……的一天”的表达方式，应填入介词on，如果时间前有形容词修饰，表示在“具体的某一天”，填入空格在此处表示“在一个寒冷的冬日”。
错项排除：表示时间时，in后面通常是加一段时间如年、季、月等，或者是一天中的早上、下午或晚上，一般不与具体某一天连用，故排除A项。把B、D两个选项代入空格处意思分别是“朝着一个寒冷的冬日”和“直到一个寒冷的冬日”，都存在语义不通的问题，故排除。
2、(2)
A、match
B、express
C、satisfy
D、influence
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。原文第一句提到，尽管英国不再像之前那样频繁地聚餐了，但还是有很多英国人仍保留着周日烧烤的传统。第二句进一步说到，在寒冷的冬日，很少有烹饪的乐趣可以与之____。空格后的it指代的就是第一句话中的the Sunday roast，再由前面的few（很少，几乎没有）可知，周日烧烤对英国人来说还是有很大吸引力的，是其他餐食不能比的。因此空格处应填入match，意为“很少有烹饪的乐趣可以与之媲美”。
错项排除：空格所在句的主语为pleasures（乐趣），B项express（表达）的主语应该是人或者语言，而不是pleasures，故排除。C项satisfy（满足）的主语可以是“乐趣”，但满足的对象应该是人，而不是代指the Sunday roast的it，故排除。D项中的influence（影响）代入句子后语义不通，故排除。
3、(3)
A、patience
B、enjoyment
C、surprise
D、concern
解析：
答案精析：名词辨析题。空格所在句前面提到，在寒冷的冬日，几乎没有什么烹饪的乐趣能与周日烧烤相比。空格前面的this代指前文中提到的事物，即这种“烹饪的乐趣”，结合空格所在句大意：食品警察确信，这一____将会成为一种罪恶的乐趣。由此可知，空格中应填入与pleasure意义相似的词，故enjoyment正确。
错项排除：A、C、D选项的“耐心”、“惊喜”、“忧虑”在上文中均无依据，故排除。
4、(4)
A、intensified
B、privileged
C、compelled
D、guaranteed
解析：
答案精析：形容词辨析题。空格所在句中，this ____为主语，should be rendered为谓语，意为“将会成为”，后面接名词性短语another guilty pleasure作为宾语，句子主干完整，所以空格及其后面的部分是pleasure的修饰成分。空格所在句大意为：食品警察确信享受周日烧烤会成为另一种罪恶的乐趣，（它）____损害我们的健康。根据空格前出现的be determined（坚定地认为，确信）可知，作者要表达的是高温烹饪美食与损害身体健康之间存在必然联系，故应填入guaranteed，be guaranteed to do为固定搭配，意为“肯定会，必然会”，带入空格guaranteed to damage our health作pleasure的后置定语，意为“肯定会对我们的健康有害”，符合上下文语境。
错项排除：前文中只提到食品警察确信高温烹饪食品对身体健康有害，没有“强化”、“强迫”或是“享有特权”的意思，故排除A、B、C三项。
长难句分析：Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this enjoyment should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure guaranteed to damage our health.
本句的主干为the food police are determined，句子开头是一个由as引导的非限制性定语从句，对整个主句进行说明。主语+be动词+形容词的结构后面多接名词性从句，此处determined后面是that引导的宾语从句。在句子末尾，guaranteed to damage our health充当后置定语，修饰pleasure。
句意为：正如我们现在报道的，食品警察断定这种享受将会成为另一种罪恶的快乐，必定会损害我们的健康。
5、(5)
A、issued
B、received
C、ignored
D、cancelled
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。根据空格前面的has、后面的a public warning（一项公开警告）和各个选项可知，空格中应填入动词的过去分词形式，与has共同构成谓语表示现在完成时。题目考查的是动词与a public warning的搭配。前文指出，食品警察确信高温烹饪对身体有害，接着说到食品标准局____了一项有关高温烹饪食物风险的公开警告。由此可推测出，食品标准局应该是在确认危害之后发出了这一警告。issue有“发表（声明）；发出（警告）”之意，代入空格，符合上下文语义，故应填入issued。
错项排除：根据原文，英国食品标准局应该是警告的发出方，而不是接收方，也没有忽略或取消这一警告，B、C、D选项代入空格均与原文意思不符，故排除。
6、(6)
A、under
B、at
C、for
D、by
解析：
答案精析：介词辨析题。空格所在句中acrylamide（丙烯酰胺）后面是that引导的定语从句，用来解释说明这种物质是如何产生的。结合上下文，很容易推断出that forms in some foods cooked ____ high temperatures大意是：在高温中烹制食品时产生。本题考查的是“在高温中”这一表达中介词的用法。at a high/low temperature（在高/低温中）是固定搭配，故B项正确。
错项排除：under一般用于表示方位或者低于某一数值，for表示目的，而by表示方式或被动，与high temperatures搭配无法表示“在高温中”，故A、C、D项均可排除。
长难句分析：The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has issued a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked at high temperatures.
本句的主干为The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has issued a public warning，为主谓宾结构。about the risk of a compound为介词短语作后置定语，修饰warning。called acrylamide为过去分词结构作后置定语，修饰compound。之后是一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词acrylamide。在句子末尾，过去分词结构cooked at high temperatures作后置定语，修饰foods。
句意为：在高温中烹饪食物时，会产生一种叫做丙烯酰胺的化合物。食品标准局已经发布了一项关于该化合物风险的公开警告。
7、(7)
A、forget
B、regret
C、finish
D、avoid
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空格所在句大意为：这意味着人们应该____把土豆烤到酥脆，拒绝薄脆披萨……。本句开头的This指代的是上文中食品标准局有关高温烹饪食品风险的警告，由此可知这一警告应该是建议人们不吃或少吃烤制食品。空格处所填动词和逗号后的reject并列，故应填入和reject意思相近的词。D项avoid代入空格符合语义，表示人们应该“避免”制作和食用烤制食品。
错项排除：A、B、C选项代入空格处分别表示：“忘记做了某事”、“后悔做了某事”和“完成了某事”，均不符合语境，故排除。
8、(8)
A、partially
B、regularly
C、easily
D、initially
解析：
答案精析：副词辨析题。上文讲到食品标准局对人们发出警告，建议人们应该少吃或不吃烤制食物，要避免把土豆烤到酥脆，拒绝薄脆披萨，并且只____烤面包。由此可知空格处的副词是用来修饰面包烤制的程度。partially表示“不完全地；部分地”，代入空格意为“不要过分烤制面包”，符合食品标准局给人们的健康建议，故A项正确。
错项排除：B项填入表示“有规律地烤面包”，C项填入表示“容易地烤面包”，D项填入表示“刚开始烤面包”，均不符合原文意思，故排除。
9、(9)
A、Unless
B、Since
C、If
D、While
解析：
答案精析：连词辨析题。空格所在句大意为：____已经有研究证明丙烯酰胺可能会导致老鼠的神经系统受损，还没有____证据证明该物质也会致使人类患癌。而紧接着在第三段的首句中提到，仍没有确凿的证据（cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof）证明该物质（the compound）致癌。由此可以推断出空格所在句的两个分句之间是转折关系。While在表示“尽管”时可以引导让步状语从句，表达转折关系，填入空格后语义通顺，故D项正确。
错项排除：Unless和If引导的都是条件状语从句，而原文中的前后两句话并不是“条件-结果”关系，故A、C两项错误。B项的Since引导原因状语从句，表示因果关系，也不符合原文的逻辑关系，故错误。
10、(10)
A、secondary
B、external
C、conclusive
D、negative
解析：
答案精析：形容词辨析题。原文第三段首句提到have no hard scientific proof（没有确凿的证据），再结合前文中质疑是否有证据证明这个耸人听闻的建议（alarmist advice）和there is no ____ evidence that it causes cancer in humans（没有证据表明它会使人类身患癌症），可以推断出丙烯酰胺会使人患癌这件事仍缺乏确凿的或决定性的证据。conclusive表示“决定性的；确定的”，填入空格符合文章逻辑，故C项正确。
错项排除：将A、B、D三项代入原文分别表示：“次要的证据”、“外部的证据”和“负面的证据”，都不符合上下文语义，故均可排除。
11、(11)
A、insufficient
B、bound
C、likely
D、slow
解析：
答案精析：形容词辨析题。空格所在句大意为：科学家们说该物质____导致癌症，但是仍然没有确凿的证据。这里的compound曾在第二段第一句中出现，指的是丙烯酰胺。结合第二段最后一句提到丙烯酰胺会导致老鼠的神经系统受损，但尚无确凿的证据表明它会导致人类身患癌症，可以推断出丙烯酰胺这种物质会致癌的说法还只是一种猜测，并不能肯定。因此，空格处应填入likely，be likely to表示“可能会……”，符合原文逻辑，故C项正确。
错项排除：A项代入原文表示“不足以致癌”，和后面but无法构成逻辑通顺的转折，故排除。B项代入原文表示“一定会致癌”，与上文中“没有确凿的证据证明其致癌”的说法相悖，故排除。D项代入原文表示“会慢慢导致癌症”，言下之意也是丙烯酰胺一定会致癌，只是过程较为缓慢，与原文意思不符，故排除。
12、(12)
A、On the basis of
B、At the cost of
C、In addition to
D、In contrast to
解析：
答案精析：介词词组辨析题。空格位于句子开头，之后是一个名词词组，后面是一个完整的句子。结合四个选项都是介词词组，可知空格中的词将与后面的名词共同构成状语，修饰主句。解题的关键就在于找到the precautionary principle与后面句子之间的逻辑关系。该句大意为：____预防原则，可以说听从食品标准局的建议是____。根据语义可知，听从食品标准局的建议是按照预防原则做事的具体表现，而“基于……原则”通常会用based on/on the basis of a certain principle来表达，故A项正确。
错项排除：B、C、D三项填入之后分别表示“以预防原则为代价”、“除预防原则外”以及“与预防原则相比”，都不符合原文语义，故排除。
13、(13)
A、interesting
B、advisable
C、urgent
D、fortunate
解析：
答案精析：形容词辨析题。空格所在句大意为：基于预防原则，可以说听从食品标准局的建议是____。原文第二、三段一直在围绕丙烯酰胺致癌是否有据可查展开，可见此处讨论的是，在没有确凿证据的情况下，人们是否还应该听从食品标准局的建议。而出于预防原则，人们是应该避免风险、注意饮食健康的。因此可以推断，原文是在表明应该听从食品标准局的建议，故advisable正确，表示听从建议是“可取的”。
错项排除：“听取建议”不应该是“有意思的”或者“幸运的”，故A、D项排除。原文只是说为了保险起见而听取建议，这只是一种预防措施，并不是非常紧急，故C项错误。
14、(14)
A、As usual
B、In particular
C、By definition
D、After all
解析：
答案精析：词组辨析题。本题重点考查句子与上文之间的逻辑关系。前一句中提到，基于预防原则，人们可以考虑听从食品标准局的建议。而空格所在句的大意是：____，吸烟会引发癌症这一传言在被证实____之前，就已经流传了许多年。由此可知，后一句话是对前一句话起到支撑论证的作用。用吸烟致癌的例子来进一步说明听从食品标准局的建议是可取的。After all表示“毕竟”，在这里可以起到加强语气、推出结论的作用，符合语境，故正确。
错项排除：吸烟致癌的传言很多年后才得以证实这件事，并不是经常发生的，也没有遵循任何定义或是存在必然性，故A、C两项错误。B项In particular表示一种递进关系，与原文中前后两句话的逻辑不符，故排除。
15、(15)
A、resemblance
B、combination
C、connection
D、pattern
解析：
答案精析：名词辨析题。空格所在句表示，吸烟致癌这件事很早就有传闻，并在很多年之后才找到证据证实____。可见这里的evidence（证据）是证实了吸烟与癌症之间存在某种关联，故C项正确。
错项排除：吸烟和癌症之间并不是相似物，也不是结合或者模式的关系，故排除A、B、D选项。
16、(16)
A、made
B、served
C、saved
D、used
解析：
答案精析：动词词组辨析题。空格所在句大意为：毋庸置疑的是，在周日，一块水煮牛肉永远都可以和蒸蔬菜一起被____，没有约克郡布丁，也没有葡萄酒。由于上文提到很多英国人仍保留着周日吃烧烤的传统，但如果听从食品标准局的建议，他们在周日就只能吃一些水煮肉和蒸蔬菜。可见这里说的是周日的餐桌上应该会有什么食物，be served up表示“被端上餐桌”，符合原文意思，故B项正确。
错项排除：A项的be made up后面应该加“of+组成部分”，表示“由……组成”，代入空格之后无论是语法还是语义都说不通，故排除。句中只是在讨论哪些食物应该被端上餐桌、哪些不应该，并未涉及“存储”或“用光”的意思，故排除C、D两项。
17、(17)
A、To be fair
B、For instance
C、To be brief
D、In general
解析：
答案精析：词组辨析题。此处空格之后是一个完整句子，四个选项都是表示逻辑关系的独立词组，可知本题考查的是对句子间逻辑关系的理解。空格所在句之前提到，这样的生活（只吃水煮肉和蒸蔬菜）有意义吗？言外之意是食品标准局的建议并不值得采纳。空格所在句大意为：____，食品标准局称，他们并不是要让人们舍弃烤制食物，而是要减少整体的摄入量。结合前面内容可推断出，作者是在为食品标准局的建议正名，承认食品标准局其实并没有武断地禁止人们吃烤制美食，但是仍然会有被误解的风险。A项To be fair代入原文符合上下文逻辑，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：B项的For instance表示举例关系，C项的To be brief和D项的In general表示对前文的总结，均与语境不符，故排除。
18、(18)
A、reluctantly
B、entirely
C、gradually
D、carefully
解析：
答案精析：副词辨析题。空格所在句中，the FSA says it is not telling people后面加了两个不定式形式，进一步解释食品标准局对人们的建议具体是什么。第一个不定式是to cut out roast foods ____，第二个不定式是to reduce their lifetime intake，根据but可知两个不定式之间是转折（或相对）的关系，即“食品标准局让人们做的不是____舍弃烤制食物，而是降低整体的摄入量”。entirely填入空格表示“全然”舍弃，与上一句中作者为食品标准局的建议正名相呼应，同时与后一个不定式形成对比，故B项正确。
错项排除：本题的解题关键在于理解后一个不定式的意思，然后再根据两者的转折关系去倒推前一个不定式，从而确定空格中的副词想表达的重点是什么。A、C、D项分别把重点落在了是否“情愿”、是否要“循序渐进”、是否要“小心翼翼”上，均与原文语境不符，也都不能与后文的不定时形成对比关系，故排除。
19、(19)
A、promise
B、experience
C、campaign
D、competition
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空格所在句大意为：但是，它的____存在着强人所难、过度保护的风险。由上文可知，这里的“它”代指的是食品标准局，由此可以推断出这句话的主语指的是食品标准局针对烤制食品的警告和建议。campaign代入空格表示食品标准局倡议人们少吃烤制食品的宣传活动，符合原文语境，故正确。
错项排除：对于食品标准局的活动，前文中没有提及有关“承诺”、“经历或经验”、“比赛”的信息，故A、B、D三项均可排除。
20、(20)
A、follow up
B、pick up
C、open up
D、end up
解析：
答案精析：动词词组辨析题。空格所在句大意为：关于健康问题，不间断的骇人言论只会____没有人再听。在这里，作者担心食品标准局的一再警告可能会造成适得其反的后果，也就是公众不再把他们的话当回事。end up with是固定搭配，表示“到头来，结果是”，代入空格表示“到头来只会落得没人再听的下场”，符合语境，故正确。
错项排除：follow up with sth.表示“在做某件事之后做别的事”，pick up with后通常加sb.，表示“结识某人”，open up表示“开放”、“开张营业”、“对别人敞开心扉”等。以上意思均不符合语境，故排除A、B、C三项。
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
A group of Labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK “town of culture” award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017, and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities. Britain’s towns, it is true, are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bid to beat their bigger competitors. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.
Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no longer able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008. A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows what will follow—village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?
It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run “year of culture” washes in and washes out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.
It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow’s year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of a complex series of factors that have turned the city into the powerhouse of art, music and theatre that it remains today.
A “town of culture” could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town’s peculiarities—helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people. Jeremy Wright, the culture secretary, should welcome this positive, hope-filled proposal, and turn it into action.
21、21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a “town of culture” award could ________.
A、consolidate the town-city ties in Britain
B、promote cooperation among Britain’s towns
C、increase the economic strength of Britain’s town
D、focus Britain’s limited resources on cultural events
解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的Cooper and her colleagues argue可定位至原文第一段第三句。该句提到，库珀和她的同事们认为，赫尔市获得了“文化之城”（city of culture）的称号，这给它带来了2.2亿英镑的投资，同时也带动了艺术繁荣，而这种情况不应该局限于城市。后文接着提到，英国的城镇由于缺乏资源而无法与城市竞争“文化之城”，而“文化之镇”的评选却可以作为年度盛事来帮助城镇吸引资金、创造就业。也就是说库珀和她同事对于“文化之镇”的看法是，可以通过此活动推动城镇的经济发展，因此C项正确。
错项排除：文章第一段中提到了city和town，但它们是分别作为两个独立的主体，并未提及两者之间的联系，故A项排除。B项中，关于城镇之间的合作，没有原文依据，故排除。D项利用cultural events和limited resources设置干扰，但第一段最后说的是“文化之镇”可以作为一项年度活动（annual event），并没有说要聚焦于文化活动（cultural events）上，该段中提到城镇缺乏资源（lack the resources）也不等同于D项中英国有限的资源（limited resources），故D项排除。
长难句分析：Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities.
本句为复合句。句子主干为Cooper and her colleagues argue that，是主谓宾结构，that后面为宾语从句。宾语从句为主谓宾结构，主语为the success，谓语为ought not to be confined to，宾语为cities，其中be confined to意为“局限于……”。宾语从句中包含一个where引导的非限制性定语从句，用于进一步说明该称号为赫尔市带来的好处。
句意为：库珀和她的同事们认为，赫尔市荣获的这一称号给它带来了2.2亿英镑的投资，同时也带动了该地的艺术繁荣，这种成功不应只局限于城市。
22、22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as ________.
A、a sensible compromise
B、a self-deceiving attempt
C、an eye-catching bonus
D、an inaccessible target
解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的Paragraph 2和the proposal可定位至原文第二段第一句。题干中的regarded...as...是对文中see...as...的同义替换，该句指出，有些人将提案视为a booby prize（安慰奖），根据后文可知，人们将提案视为a booby prize是因为英国已无法再申请“欧洲文化之都”这样知名度较高的荣誉称号了。本段第二句接着提到，而愤世嫉俗者认为，英国在脱欧后急于重塑自身形象，正逐渐湮没在自我庆祝的无尽狂欢中。结合这两种看法可以推断出，一些人对提案的看法是消极的、负面的：因为无法申请更好的荣誉称号，所以设立一种具有自我欺骗性质的安慰奖来作为替代品，因此B项正确。
错项排除：A项中的sensible compromise在文中并无与此相关的表述，可直接排除。C项中的bonus主要是针对文中出现的award来设置干扰，但文中所说的提案是设立a “town of culture” award，并没有对有无奖金作具体描述，故C项排除。原文说英国无法再申请诸如“欧洲文化之都”这样的荣誉称号了，并不是说提案中的“文化之镇”是无法达到的目标，故D项排除。
长难句分析：Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no longer able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008.
本句为复合句。句子主干为Some might see the proposal as a booby prize，是主谓宾结构。for the fact that之后部分为原因状语从句，从句中主语为Britain，谓语为is no longer able to apply for，介词for后面为宾语。a sought-after award 是前面European capital of culture的同位语，bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008作后置定语修饰a sought-after award。
句意为：有些人可能会认为这个提案不过是一种安慰奖，因为英国已经无法再申请“欧洲文化之都”这种更具知名度的荣誉称号了。“欧洲文化之都”这一颇受欢迎的称号在1990年由格拉斯哥市获得，在2008年由利物浦市获得。
23、23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ________.
A、endeavors to maintain its image
B、meets the aspirations of its people
C、brings its local arts to prominence
D、commits to its long-term growth
解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的a title holder和successful可定位至第三段第三句。该句指出，对于那些成功获得荣誉称号的城市，该称号不只是在一年的时间里使酒店房间爆满，带来引人瞩目的艺术活动和媒体好评，它还会改变当地居民的愿望，塑造更大胆、更乐观的城市形象。再结合第三段开始提到的不太好的案例，举办得很糟糕的“文化年”只会带来一时的声望却不能产生持久的影响，可以得出结论：获得荣誉称号的城市只有更注重长期发展，才能算得上成功，因此D项正确。
错项排除：A项利用image设置干扰，但文中是说塑造更为乐观、大胆的城市形象，而且这只是城市长期发展的一个具体表现，并不是成功的必要条件，故A项排除。B项“满足当地人的愿望”与文中说的“改变当地人民的愿望”相悖，故排除。C项利用第三段第二句中的bringing prominence作干扰，但原文说的是举办得很糟糕的“文化年”只会带来短期的名气，并没有提到local arts的相关信息，而第三句中的bring in high-profile arts events也只是成功案例的具体表现之一，并非必要条件，因此arts只是干扰信息，故C项排除。
24、24. “Glasgow” is mentioned in Paragraph 4 to present ________.
A、a contrasting case
B、a supporting example
C、a background story
D、a related topic
解析：
答案精析：本题为例证题。根据题干中的Glasgow和Paragraph 4可定位至原文第四段第二句。第四段第一句提到，想要做到正确很难，这需要市政当局的远见卓识以及各个方面的协作。第二句明确指出，但这是可以做到的，接着提到Glasgow，说它当选为欧洲文化之都，把自身变成了文化、音乐、戏剧的实力强区，并且一直将这样的地位保持到今天。由此可见，第二句冒号后面的内容是对冒号前面观点的举例说明，所以说，Glasgow的例子是对第一句的例证，即虽然想要做到正确很难，但Glasgow做到了，这属于一个支持性的论据，因此B为正确答案。
错项排除：文章中Glasgow的出现是作为一个成功的例子，A项中“对比鲜明的反例”与原文内容相悖，故排除。Glasgow在文中并不是作为某件事的背景出现的，故C项排除。D项过于笼统，无法表明其真正作用，故排除。
25、25. What is the author’s attitude towards the proposal?
A、Skeptical.
B、Objective.
C、Favorable.
D、Critical.
解析：
答案精析：本题为观点态度题。根据题文同序原则，可定位至原文最后一段。通读文章可知，前四段是对提案相关内容的客观描述，最后一段是作者对提案的看法。最后一段中，作者说到，“文化之镇”不仅仅只是关于艺术，还有助于维持当地商业文化的繁荣，根据原文中的honouring、helping、supporting和celebrating这类含有积极意义的词可知，作者对提案的态度是积极的、赞成的，因此选C。
错项排除：通过最后一段，可知作者的态度是积极的，因此含消极意义的A、D项可排除。在最后一段中，作者描述了提案的积极作用，并未涉及不足之处，文章第二段对提案的消极评价只是一些愤世嫉俗者的观点，并非作者的观点，因此B项排除。
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet, the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around £500 to £5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs” had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.
In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.
26、26. Scientific publishing is seen as “a licence to print money” partly because ________.
A、its funding has enjoyed a steady increase
B、its marketing strategy has been successful
C、its payment for peer review is reduced
D、its content acquisition costs nothing
解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的a licence to print money可定位至原文第一段第一句。文章一开始就提到，科学类刊物出版业一直以来都是“印钞许可证”，之后提到两个原因，分别是科学家们会无偿提供论文，以及另一些科学家们免费提供同行评审工作。由此可知，科学类刊物出版业之所以被认为是“印钞许可证”是因为它获取的出版内容都是免费的，D项中的its content acquisition对应第一段第二句的supply the articles，costs nothing对应原文中的without monetary reward，故D项是对这两点内容的概括。在第二段第一句中也明确提到了科研论文内容可免费获取，因此D项正确。
错项排除：文章第三段中提到了funded和increasingly，但原文说的是研究人员在公共资助下所做的研究，以及大学支付的订阅费用和学术出版业的利润有所增长，A项利用原文这两个词进行细节拼凑，故排除。文章第二段说到，出版商只需要找到市场，并不涉及市场营销的具体内容，故B项排除。C项中同行评审费用降低与文中所说的免费的同行评审不相符，故排除。
27、27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publisher Elsevier has ________.
A、thrived mainly on university libraries
B、gone through an existential crisis
C、revived the publishing industry
D、financed researchers generously
解析：
答案精析：本题为推断题。根据题干中的Paragraph 2 and 3可定位至原文第二、三段。原文第二段主要是讲科研论文的出版是免费的，出版商只需要找到市场即可；而大学图书馆则对钱并不敏感。第三段主要是说学术类出版商爱思唯尔的年利润高达9亿英镑，而英国大学订阅这些科研资料的费用就达到了2.1亿英镑。结合第二、三段内容可知，学术类出版商从大学获得的出版内容（研究人员的科研成果）是免费的，但是大学的研究人员要想重新读到他们自己的研究成果，则需要支付订阅费用，这也是学术类出版商获取利润的模式。由此可知，出版商获利的主要来源是大学，因此A项正确。
错项排除：B项中的existential crisis出现在原文第二段末尾，但原文指的是其他出版商遇到的危机，而不是说爱思唯尔遇到了危机，B项属于张冠李戴，故排除。第三段说在其他类出版业都面临危机的时候，爱思唯尔的利润仍高达9亿英镑，但这并不等同于爱思唯尔振兴了出版行业，故C项排除。文中提到科研工作者的研究成果是受到publicly funded（公共资金资助），并不是爱思唯尔资助的，故D项排除。
28、28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
A、Relieved.
B、Puzzled.
C、Concerned.
D、Encouraged.
解析：
答案精析：本题为态度题。根据题干中的the success of Sci-Hub可定位至第四段。题目问作者对Sci-Hub网站的成功持何种态度，从该段作者描述Sci-Hub时使用的词语thoroughly illegal（完全非法的）可以看出，作者对该网站的评价是负面的。在第四段最后，文章指出，Sci-Hub网站的成功表明出版业的法律生态系统已经失去了其合法性。由此可以得出，作者对于Sci-Hub对学术出版行业所造成的冲击是深感忧虑的，因此选C。
错项排除：从文中描述Sci-Hub所用的词thoroughly illegal可以看出作者对其评价是负面的，故排除表示积极态度的A、D选项。B项“感到疑惑的”没有原文依据，故排除。
29、29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms ________.
A、allow publishers some room to make money
B、render publishing much easier for scientists
C、 reduce the cost of publication substantially
D、free universities from financial burdens
解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的Paragraph 5 and 6和open access terms可定位至第五段第三句。句中冒号后面的句子是对前面内容的进一步解释说明，对答题尤为重要。该句指出，英国超过一半的科研成果是通过开放获取方式发表的：要么是自发表之日起就可以免费获取，要么是付费一年或更长时间也可以获取，这样的话，出版商就可以在文章正式发表之前获得利润。由此可知，开放获取方式使出版商有赚取利润的空间。选项A中的make money是对文中make a profit的同义替换，因此A项正确。
错项排除：文中只是说半数以上的研究成果是通过开放获取方式发表的，并未表明这一方式使科学研究成果的发表变得更容易，故B项排除。文章最后一段说到，去年的一项报告指出，成本在以高于通货膨胀率的速度稳步上升，C项“成本下降”与此不符，故排除。文中说到大学每年要支付订阅费用，但没有内容表明开放获取方式可以使大学摆脱财政负担，故D项排除。
30、30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?
A、Trial subscription is offered.
B、Labour triumphs over status.
C、Costs are well controlled.
D、The few feed on the many.
解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题文同序原则，可定位至最后一段。该段第一句指出，在某些方面，科学类刊物出版业类似于社交网络经济：为了获取社会地位而免费提供劳动力，结果只是让少数几家控制市场的大公司获利。通俗来讲，就是多数人养活了少数人，因此D项正确。
错项排除：文中多次提及subscription，但未提到Trial subscription（试用订阅）的相关内容，故A项排除。定位句指出，免费提供劳动力是为了换取地位，B项与此不符，故排除。第六段最后讲到，成本的增长率超过了通货膨胀率，C项表述与此相悖，故排除。
长难句分析：In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.
本句为复合句。主句为冒号之前的部分，主句的主语为the scientific publishing model，谓语为resembles，宾语为the economy of the social internet。句子开头的In some ways作主句的状语。冒号后面的部分是对主句的解释说明，共包含两个分句，由while连接，表示对比关系。
句意为：从某些方面来说，科学类刊物的出版模式类似于社交网络经济：免费提供劳动力是希望换取社会地位，但巨额利润却被少数几家操纵市场的大公司赚取。
Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.
A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Particia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.
The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an “important” policy interest. Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection”.
But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt” phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.
31、31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will ________.
A、help little to reduce gender bias
B、pose a threat to the state government
C、raise women’s position in politics
D、greatly broaden career options
解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad可定位至原文第二段第一句。该句指出，刘易斯和哈达德所倡议的法案是为了保证董事会和委员会中的“性别平等”，而题目问的是作者对这项法案的看法。在文章第一段，作者明确提出了一个观点，即多样性授权只对最有特权的人有利，对普通人则没有什么帮助。接着在第二段中就给出了法案的例子，并在段末明确指出，这项法案provide a case in point，也就是说举法案之例说明了作者第一段提出的观点（授权政策对于其初衷的实现几乎没有帮助），而法案本身对其想要保证“性别平等”的初衷也无甚帮助，因此A项正确。
错项排除：文章第三段中提到state-government，但原文说的是刘易斯和哈达德担心州政府委员会中女性比例不足40%，法案如果通过，州委员会将要为女性预留50%的席位，并未说明这会对州政府产生影响或威胁，B项属于过度推断，故排除。文章说法案的目的是保证董事会和委员会中的“性别平等”，并没有说它将提升女性的政治地位，故C项排除。D项的career options过于宽泛，不能替代文中的board seats，故D项排除。
32、32. Which of the following is true of the California measure?
A、It has irritated private business owners.
B、It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.
C、It may go against the Constitution.
D、It will settle the prior controversies.
解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的California measure可定位至原文第四段第一句。第四段主要讲加利福尼亚州所采取的一项措施，要求私企实行性别配额制。本段最后说到，州长承认该法规以性别区分人群这一点可能违反了宪法，因此C项正确。constitution表示“宪法”，加了否定前缀un-和形容词后缀-al后为unconstitutional，表示“违反宪法的”。
错项排除：从文章可知，加利福尼亚州采取的这项措施是针对私营企业的，但文中并未提到这项措施激怒了私营企业主，故A项排除。文章第五段第一句说美国最高法院对于以性别为基础的分类是不认同的，B项内容与此相悖，故排除。D项利用原文词prior controversies设置干扰，但文中说的是prior discrimination（之前的歧视），在文中指的是之前不存在性别歧视的企业，D项内容与此不符，故排除。
33、33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate ________.
A、the harm from arbitrary board decision
B、the importance of constitutional guarantees
C、the pressure on women in global corporations
D、the needlessness of government interventions
解析：
答案精析：本题为例证题。根据题干中的the study by Catalyst可定位至第七段第二句。第七段第一句说到，在没有政府干预的情况下，企业董事会中女性的数量也在稳定增长，这是针对第六段中But are such government mandates even necessary的回应，也就是对政府干预的必要性提出质疑。接着第七段第二句提到Catalyst的一项研究，该研究表明，2010到2015年间，全球企业董事会中女性占比增长了54%，以数据证实了第一句中所说的情况。由此可知，作者提到这项研究是为了论证之前的观点，即政府干预是没有必要的，因此选D。
错项排除：A项中的arbitrary board decision在文中无相关描述，故A项排除。B项利用原文词constitutional guarantees设置干扰，但文中第五段说的是宪法保障的“平等保护”条款，而Catalyst的研究与它没有直接关系，故B项排除。文中Catalyst的研究说的是女性在全球企业董事会的人数占比增加，并没有提到女性在全球企业中的压力问题，故C项排除。
34、34. Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to ________.
A、the underestimation of elite women’s role
B、the objection to female participation on boards
C、the entry of unqualified candidates into the board
D、the growing tension between labor and management
解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota可定位至第八段最后一句。第八段开始指出，要求公司把性别作为董事会任职资格的主要考虑因素，将不可避免地导致一些经验不足的私营部门董事会出现，接着定位句说到，挪威在全国范围内采取了企业性别配额措施后，这种情况就发生了。由此可以得出，这一情况导致董事会中出现了一些不合格的成员，C项中的unqualified对应原文中的less experienced，因此选C。
错项排除：原文第九段最后一句中出现elite women，说的是“金裙子”（golden skirt）现象，即同一位精英女性会占据不同董事会的多个席位，A项表述与此相反，故排除。文章虽然一直在讨论女性进入董事会的性别配额制，但是并没有涉及反对女性进入董事会的相关内容，故B项排除。D项内容没有原文依据，故排除。
35、35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?
A、Women’s need in employment should be considered.
B、Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.
C、Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.
D、Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.
解析：
答案精析：本题为推断题。由于没有明确的定位词，无法定位到具体某段，因此需要整体把握文章大意。文章第一段提出观点，虽然多样性授权受到进步人士的支持，但它通常很难实现他们所主张的平等，对普通人的帮助也不大。接着以性别配额制为例，从不同方面说明这种政府授权是没有必要的，甚至会造成一些不好的影响，最后重申第一段提出的观点。通篇看来，文章里诸多举例论证都是为了说明一个观点：有些政策华而不实，根本无法实现其目的，换句话说，政策的制定应该考虑其本身的可行性，因此选B。
错项排除：文章用很大篇幅讨论性别配额制中的女性等相关内容，但并没有涉及具体的女性工作需求，故A项排除。文章第一段提到平等和公平竞争，但并没有提及“每个人”应该怎么做，故C项排除。D项本身没错，但文中主要讨论的是某些政策的出发点是好的，但却无法真正实现，D项偏离了这一主题，故排除。
Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a “GAFA tax”, meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon—in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.
The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the United States trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain’s DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia’s MAAL (multinational anti-avoidance law), and India’s SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.
In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization’s work, but France’s digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.
France’s planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.
36、36. The French Senate has passed a bill to ________.
A、regulate digital services platforms
B、protect French companies interests
C、impose a levy on tech multinationals
D、curb the influence of advertising
解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的The French Senate可定位至原文第一段第一句。该句指出，法国参议院在上周四通过了一项数字服务税，征收对象主要是大型跨国公司。在第一段最后，特别表明这些公司主要是指总部设在美国的跨国科技公司。C项中的impose是文中原词，levy是对文中tax的同义替换，tech multinationals是对文中large multinationals和multinational tech companies的同义替换，因此选C。
错项排除：A项利用文中出现的digital services和 platform设置干扰，但文章中说的是数字服务包括出售商品和服务的平台，并未说这项议案是要规范数字服务平台，故A项排除。文中明确说到，这项税收是针对提供数字服务的跨国公司，并未涉及对法国本土企业的描述，故B项排除。D项利用原文词advertising进行干扰，但文中出现advertising的地方依然是在说数字服务所包括的内容，并非是要表达这项税收议案的目的是抑制广告的影响，故D项排除。
37、37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax ________.
A、may trigger countermeasures against France
B、is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad
C、aims to ease international trade tensions
D、will prompt the tech giants to quit France
解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的Paragraph 2可定位至原文第二段。第二段主要讲这项数字服务税提案正在等待法国总统签字，但是它已经引起了巨大争议。本段最后一句说到，这可能导致美国对法国启动贸易制裁，A项中的countermeasures是对文中trade sanctions的同义转述，因此选A。
错项排除：文章指出，这项税收引发了significant controversy（巨大争议），但并未表明是否会引起国内外的批评，故B项排除。从文中可知，这项税收可能造成美法之间关系紧张，C项与此内容相悖，故排除。文中只是说美国贸易代表将会就这项税收是否有意针对美国公司而展开调查，但并没有说会放弃法国市场，D项属于过度推断，故排除。
长难句分析：But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the United States trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
本句为复合句。句子主干为it has already sparked significant controversy，属于主谓宾结构。with短语作伴随状语，其中又包含了whether引导的宾语从句，作into的宾语。which引导的是非限制性定语从句，对整句话进行补充说明。
句意为：但它已经引起了巨大争议，美国贸易代表已经开始调查该税收是否有意针对美国，这进而可能会导致美国对法国进行贸易制裁。
38、38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that ________.
A、redistribution of tech giants’ revenue must be ensured
B、the current international tax system needs upgrading
C、tech multinationals’ monopoly should be prevented
D、all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights
解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的unilateral measures和share the opinion可定位至第四段。该段开头说到，这些单边措施的具体细节不同，但都是针对跨国公司的收入征税，即使国际税收系统没有授权，这些国家也认为他们有权征税。该段最后一句明确指出，这些国家一致认为，国际税收系统没有跟上现代经济的发展，也就是说，国际税收体系需要进行升级。题干中的share the opinion是对文中share a view的同义替换，选项B中的needs upgrading对应文中的has failed to keep up with the current economy，因此选B。
错项排除：文章中说采取单边措施的国家都认为他们有权对跨国公司征税，但这并不是要确保对科技巨头的收益进行重新分配，故A项排除。虽然文中提到了unilateral（单边的），但只是说这些国家单方面要求征税，并不是要打破跨国公司的垄断，因此C项中的monopoly无原文依据，故排除。D项利用taxing rights进行干扰，但文中说的是他们认为他们有征税的权利，并没有涉及平等，故D项排除。
长难句分析：These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right.
本句为but连接的两个并列分句。but之前的分句的主语是These unilateral developments，谓语是differ，in their specifics作状语表示“在细节上（不同）”。but之后的分句的主语是they，are designed为谓语，be designed to表示“目的是，旨在……”，不定式短语to tax multinationals on income and revenue作目的状语。后面是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词income and revenue。believe之后是一个宾语从句，在句子末尾是一个even if引导的让步状语从句。
句意为：这些单边措施的具体细节虽然不同，但目的都在于对跨国公司的收入征税。这些国家认为，即使国际税收规则并没有相关授权，他们也有权征收此税。
39、39. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the OECD’s current work ________.
A、is being resisted by US companies
B、needs to be readjusted immediately
C、is faced with uncertain prospects
D、needs to involve more countries
解析：
答案精析：本题为细节题。根据题干中的Paragraph 5和OECD’s current work可定位至第五段。第五段开头指出，针对这些单边措施，经济合作与发展组织目前的工作主要是在2020年年底之前与131个国家就国际解决方案达成共识。接着又说到，美国和法国也参与了这项工作，但法国的数字服务税和美国的回应使人们对国际税收体系的未来产生了疑虑。也就是说，经济合作与发展组织目前的这项工作未来会怎样还不确定，C项中的uncertain对应原文中的raise questions，prospects对应原文中的what the future holds，因此选C。
错项排除：文中说到美国对法国数字税作出对抗性的回应，而不是抵制OECD目前的工作，A项属于张冠李戴，故排除。文中说了目前这项工作的前景不是很乐观，但并没说这项工作需要立刻进行调整，故B项排除。文中说到这项工作有131个国家参与，但并没有说需要更多国家参与，故D项排除。
40、40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?
A、France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
B、France Leads the Charge on Digital Tax
C、France Says “NO” to Tech Multinationals
D、France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy
解析：
答案精析：本题为主旨大意题，题干要求选出最适合文章的题目。对于此类问题，需要整体把握文章大意。文章第一段提到，法国的数字税，接着对其征收对象和可能引发的问题进行描述，后面又举了其他几个国家的例子来介绍这一税收产生的背景，并指出国际税收体系没有跟上当代经济发展的趋势。最后文章呼吁国际税收体系的改革应该建立在广泛共识的基础上，否则就会出现其他国家效仿法国的情况。由此可知，文章通篇都在围绕法国的数字税进行论述，只有B项最贴合这一主题，因此选B。
错项排除：A项只是法国数字税可能会引发的问题之一，属于文中细节但不足以概括全文，故排除。文章提到法国主要针对跨国科技公司征收数字税，而C项的“法国对跨国科技公司说‘不’”，话题过于宽泛、没有针对性，故排除。D项的Demands a Role没有原文依据，故排除。
In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here’s what hard science reveals about eye contact:
41. _____
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother’s eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking at someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone’s attention in a crowded room. “Eye contact and smile” can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
42. _____
Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.
43. _____
With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it’s more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. “Whether you’re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you’re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,” said Minson.
44. _____
When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.
45. _____
In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. “Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ.” A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.
41、(41)
解析：
选项分析
Eye fixations are brief
此标题的关键词为“Eye fixations”（目光锁定），因此对应段落应与“目光锁定的时间”有关。
译文：目光锁定的时间很短暂
Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude
此标题的关键词为“instinctively felt to be rude”（本能地认为是粗鲁无礼的），因此对应段落应与“眼神接触给人带来的感觉”有关。
译文：眼神接触过多会被人本能地认为是粗鲁无礼的
Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
此标题的关键词为“friendly social signal”（友善的社交信号），因此对应段落应与“眼神接触传递的社交信号”有关。
译文：眼神接触可能是一种友善的社交信号
Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
此标题的关键词为“Personality”（性格）和“reacts to”（反应），因此对应段落应与“具备某种性格的人对眼神接触所作出的反应”有关。
译文：性格会影响人面对眼神接触时的反应
Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
此标题的关键词为“Biological factors”（生物学因素），因此对应段落应与“眼神接触背后的生物学因素”有关。
译文：人们正在研究眼神接触背后的生物学因素
Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers
此标题的关键词为“holding eye contact”（保持眼神接触）和“strangers”（陌生人），因此对应段落应与“与陌生人进行眼神接触”有关。
译文：大多数人在与陌生人进行眼神接触时都会感到不适
Eye contact can also be aggressive
此标题的关键词为“aggressive”（有攻击性），因此对应段落应与“眼神接触的攻击性”有关。
译文：眼神接触也可能会表达出攻击性
试题解析
41. Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
答案精析：文章第一段前两句指出，与他人进行的眼神交流可能是友好的，但也可能带有敌意。而在第二段中，由母亲与婴儿之间充满依恋的目光接触引入，讨论了成年人的世界中，目光接触可以表示赞许和关注。原文中的complimentary、availability、confidence都传达出目光接触的积极含义，而最后一句则引用Monica Moore的话来证明本段观点。由于第二段大部分内容都在讲述眼神交流可以传达友好的信息，因此a friendly social signal可以概括本段内容，故为正确答案。
干扰项排除：第二段第一、二句中的gaze表示“注视”，与Eye fixations are brief中的Eye fixations含义相近。但这两句所指的母亲与婴儿之间的注视只是表达依恋的一种方式，属于友好信号的一种，而并不是围绕gaze展开论述。并且，本段中也没有提及gaze的时间是否短暂，故排除Eye fixations are brief。
42. Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
答案精析：第三段第一句就出现关键词the hormone oxytocin，即一种名叫oxytocin的激素会影响面试时面试官与面试者眼神交流的次数。第二句提到，自闭症人群会受这种激素影响而避免眼神交流。第三句指出，其他研究人员正在探索人们在对视时大脑特定区域的反应情况。由于研究眼神交流时激素的作用和大脑特定区域的反应均是在研究眼神交流背后的生物学因素，Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated可以概括本段内容，为正确答案。
长难句分析：Neuroscientist Bonnie Auyeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded.
本句为神经学家Bonnie Auyeung的观点，句子主干为Neuroscientist Bonnie Auyeung found that...。that引导的宾语从句中the hormone oxytocin为主语，the hormone是对oxytocin的解释说明，表示oxytocin是一种激素；谓语为increased，宾语为the amount of eye contact。from men toward the interviewer作为从句中eye contact的后置定语，表示眼神交流的方向。词组during a brief interview和从句when the direction...was recorded都作时间状语，表示眼神交流发生的时间。
句意为：神经学家邦妮·欧阳发现，在一次简短的面试中，面试官和面试者的目光方向都被记录下来，一种名叫催产素的激素增加了双方眼神交流的次数。
43. Eye contact can also be aggressive
答案精析：第四段第一句通过Julia Minson的观点引出本段要说明的内容：眼神交流在不同的场合下会传递不同的信息。随后指出，在一些情况下，眼神交流也可能表达出支配或威胁的意思，在试图说服别人时，保持眼神交流可能会适得其反。第二句中的dominance or intimidation对应aggressive，第三句中的may backfire也指眼神交流可能会导致事与愿违。故Eye contact can also be aggressive正确。
干扰项排除：Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude与第四段末尾的trying to maintain eye contact may backfire有一定信息重叠，二者都表示眼神接触可能会让对方感到不适。但相比之下，aggressive比felt to be rude和第四段的意思更为贴近；且instinctively（本能地）在第四段中并未提及，故排除。
44. Eye fixations are brief
答案精析：第五段第一句指出人在观察其他人的面部时目光的运动规律，第二句提到目光停留的时间短暂，第三句指出人如何感知整个图像仍在研究中。Eye fixations对应原文第五段第一句中的our eyes pause，而原文中的at about three per second（每秒约三次）对应brief。因此Eye fixations are brief是对第五段的概括，为正确答案。
45. Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
答案精析：第六段通过Jari Hietanen及其同事的话，引出不同性格的人对眼神交流的反应不同。随后指出，性格不同的人在被别人注视的时候反应不同，且作出回应的时间长短也不同。由此可推断，性格对一个人的眼神交流会有影响。第一句中的personality dimension和第三句中的people who scored...anxiety对应Personality，故选Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact。
干扰项排除：Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers与第六段结尾的more comfortable feelings...at them有部分信息重合，都表示一些人对于眼神交流会感到不舒服。但该项中主语为Most people，而原文中只是说受性格因素影响、对负面情绪较为敏感的人才会如此。Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers夸大范围，故排除。
42、(42)
解析：见上一题！
43、(43)
解析：见上一题！
44、(44)
解析：见上一题！
45、(45)
解析：见上一题！
Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) 【With the Church’s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.】
During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) 【Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.】 Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy, and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle.
(48) 【Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.】 It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.
The Church’s long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. (49) 【As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era—the Age of Reason.】
The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) 【Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase ‘sapere aude’ or ‘dare to know’】, after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay “An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?”. It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.
46、(46) ~ (50)
参考答案：
参考译文
46. 随着教会的教义和思维方式被文艺复兴的光芒所掩盖，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以消除，由此人类被带入未经探索的全新知识领域。
47. 每次在他们的科学发现公布之前，当时的许多思想家都仍然保留着较为古老的思维方式，其中包括地心说，该学说认为地球是宇宙的中心。
48. 尽管教会试图镇压新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但更多关于宇宙运行方式的解释正以人们无法忽视的速度不断涌现。
49. 随着许多人承担起在世界范围内传播理性和科学思想体系的责任，文艺复兴时代已经结束，理性时代这一新纪元即将到来。
50. 这种探索未知信息、理解已知信息的行为，可以用拉丁短语“sapere aude”准确地表达出来，意为“敢于求知”。
解析：
生词本
eclipse v. 使黯然失色
Renaissance n. 文艺复兴
Medieval adj. 中世纪的
revelation n. 揭露
sustain v. 维持
geocentric adj. 以地球为中心的
suppress v. 镇压
logician n. 逻辑学家
rationalist n. 理性主义者
integrate v. （使）合并；（使）融入
表达难点
46. ①With结构中的teachings意为“教义”，being eclipsed是被动形式，翻译时可将主宾颠倒，转换为主动形式，或直接译为“被……所掩盖”。Church首字母大写时表示“教会；教派”。②bridge the gap between A and B表示“消除A与B之间的鸿沟/隔阂/分歧”，此处采用被动语态，译为“鸿沟得以消除”。③lead to意为“导致；通向”，此处可引申为“开辟出，将人类带入……”。
47. ①revelations意为“揭露”，这里表示上文中提到的scientific study and discovery，因此可以译为“他们的科学发现”。②sustain本意为“维持，使保持”，此处可引申为“持有某种观点，保持某种行为习惯或方式等”。③分词短语including the geocentric view作为后置定语修饰主句宾语ways of thinking，在翻译时可通过重复宾语“思维方式”来引出，或者用“其中”连接。④that引导的同位语从句对the geocentric view进行解释说明，翻译时为避免重复可以用“该学说……”代替。
48. ①attempts在本句中为名词，表示“尝试；试图”，翻译时可转译为动词，由动作的发出者Church充当主语。不定式短语to suppress...作后置定语，在翻译时可根据语义进行调整，放在“试图”之后作其宾语。②were being made是过去进行时的被动语态，表示explanations正在形成，可引申为“涌现，出现”。that引导的定语从句较简短，在翻译时可以放在被修饰词的前面。
49. ①integrate into意为“融入，使……并入”，表示将理性和科学思想体系“融入到了”世界各地，此处可引申为“在世界范围内传播理性科学思想”。take on the duty of意为“肩负起……的使命或责任”。②常用句式It’s time for...意为“是时候……了”，放在本句中表示“是新时代的时候了”，即“新时代即将到来”。
50.①capture作动词时有“（用图画、文章、电影等准确地）表达，刻画，描述”的含义，本句中的“were captured by”在翻译时可根据汉语表达习惯转化为主动形式：“用……准确表达”或“由……充分诠释”。②句末的dare to know 即对拉丁短语sapere aude的解释，因此在翻译时需保留拉丁短语的原本表达，要将dare to know译出。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
47、Part A
51. Directions：
The student union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest.
Write a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
Notice
December 21st, 2019
It is hereby to proclaim that a singing contest will be held in the auditorium on December 31st, with the intention to enrich the campus life and celebrate the coming of the New Year.
There will be 20 candidates to participate in the contest. Each contestant is going to present at least two songs on the New Year’s eve and will be graded by four specialized music professors. The average point of the two songs will be the final score. The style of songs is unlimited, but the length of each entry should be no more than 5 minutes.
If you are interested, do not hesitate to apply on the campus website or at the Student Union Center. We are looking forward to your participation and wonderful performance. The Student Union
参考译文
通知
为丰富校园生活、迎接新年的到来，学校将于12月31日在大礼堂举办一场歌唱比赛。
比赛将会有20名选手参加。每位选手当晚将演唱至少两首歌曲，并由四位音乐教授担任评委进行打分。两首歌曲的平均分即为最终成绩。歌曲风格不限，时长不得超过5分钟。
感兴趣的同学不要犹豫，在学校网站或学生会中心即可报名。我们期待各位的参与和精彩演出。
学生会
2019年12月21日
解析：
题目分析
2020年小作文题目要求考生写一则通知，以学生会的名义告知学校留学生，接下来将举办一场歌唱比赛。要注意通知类应用文的格式，要在正文上方写Notice的标题，在通知最后右下角写通知发出人或发出单位，发布的日期一般写在正文右上角。校园活动的通知不需要使用过于正式的语言，自然顺畅即可。第一段开门见山，指出学校即将举办歌唱比赛，并说明比赛的目的、时间和地点。第二段介绍歌唱比赛的具体安排，如参赛人数、歌曲要求、评分流程等。最后一段可以留下报名方式，并鼓励同学们积极参赛。
48、
Part B
52. Directions：
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the pictures briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
As is vividly depicted in the pictures, the two students’ attitudes to the given task are completely different. The girl thinks it’s better to finish her homework as soon as possible; the boy, however, doesn’t get started until the last moment. It is obvious that the girl’s positive learning habit is preferable to the boy’s procrastination.
Starting to work without delay means a high chance of getting better results, since there will be more time for one to reflect upon work and improve the details. In other words, developing a good habit is very useful to efficiently achieve the goals that one has set for himself. By contrast, loads of tasks caused by procrastination may drive one to work from day to night to beat the clock as deadlines draw close. Consequentially, the efficiency and the quality of work would be tremendously influenced, which may cause damage to the whole team.
From what has been discussed above, we can easily come to the conclusion that we should choose to finish the task as soon as possible, because it is significant for everyone to overcome procrastination and cultivate a good habit.
参考译文
如图所示，对于要完成的任务，两个学生的态度截然不同。女孩认为尽快完成作业更好；而男孩则是不到最后一刻不开始。很明显，相较于男孩的拖延，女孩积极的学习习惯更可取。
立即开始而不拖延意味着有更高几率获得更好的结果，因为这样可以有更多的时间来反思工作并改善细节。换句话说，养成良好的习惯对于高效完成设定的目标很有帮助。相比之下，在最后期限临近时，拖延所造成的大量任务可能会让人不得不夜以继日地工作以赶时间。其结果必然是工作效率和工作质量大打折扣，这可能会损害整个团队的利益。
通过上面的讨论，我们很容易得出结论：应该尽快完成任务，因为克服拖延、养成良好习惯对每个人都意义重大。
解析：
题目分析
2020年的大作文采用图画命题的形式，要求考生对图画内容进行简单描述，阐述图画的深层含义并给出自己的见解。图片主要描绘了在完成学习任务时的两种不同态度：一种是尽早完成，另一种是拖延至最后一刻。图片的标题是“习惯”，通过两幅图的对比，不难看出图片倡导的是要养成良好的学习习惯，合理规划时间，避免懒散拖延的学习习惯。考生可从“尽早完成”的正面习惯切入，也可以从“拖延”这一反面习惯的弊端切入，合理阐述自己的观点即可。
文章大纲
第一段描述图片，简要说明对待作业两种不同的态度，以此来引出习惯这一话题。
第二段详细分析及时完成工作这一习惯的好处以及将任务拖延到最后一刻完成的弊端。
第三段亮明自己的看法，即学生应该选择积极的态度，尽快完成工作。
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