一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very (1)_____, particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, (2)_____, a younger sibling.
(3)_____, there’s another sort of parent that’s a bit easier to (4)_____: a patient parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, (5)_____ every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy (6)_____. Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a (7)_____ and composed style with their kids. I understand this.
You’re only human, and sometimes your kids can (8)_____ you just a little too far. And then the (9)_____ happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too (10)_____ and does nobody any good. You wish that you could (11)_____ the clock and start over. We’ve all been there.
(12)_____, even though it’s common, it’s important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child that you may (13)_____ for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also (14)_____ your child’s self-esteem.
If you consistently lose your (15)_____ with your kids, then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the (16)_____ of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when (17)_____ by stress is one of the most important of all life’s skills.
Certainly, it’s incredibly (18)_____ to maintain patience at all times with your children. A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with (19)_____ situations involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and (20)_____ from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.
1、(1)
A、tedioius
B、pleasant
C、instructive
D、tricky
解析:
答案精析:形容词辨析题。空格所在句和前面一句的大意为:每个为人父母的人都想成为一位好父母。但要给“好父母”下定义无疑是非常____。But说明两个句子之间是转折关系。空格后半句解释道:尤其因为孩子对相同的教育方式作出的反应有所不同。可见给“好父母”下定义这件事并不容易。而tricky表示“棘手的;困难的;微妙的”,填入空格表示“虽然人人都想做好父母,但却很难对其下一个准确的定义”,前后形成对比,故D项正确。
错项排除:“下定义”无法是“沉闷的”, A项代入空格中语义不通,故排除。B项和C项无法体现出句子之间的转折关系,故排除。
2、(2)
A、in addition
B、for example
C、at once
D、by accident
解析:
答案精析:词组辨析题。空格所在句大意为:面对父母不同的养育方式,一个安静、守规矩的孩子可能会比____,年纪更小的孩子表现得更好。前面一句提到,不同的孩子会对不同的养育方式作出不同反应。可以看出,空格所在句是对前一句话的举例说明,故for example填入空格符合逻辑,因此B项正确。
错项排除:A项表示“此外”,C项表示“马上”,这两项填入空格语义不通,故排除。D项代入空格表示偶然性,这与空格所在句的前一句话无法构成合理的逻辑关系,故错误。
3、(3)
A、Fortunately
B、Occasionally
C、Accordingly
D、Eventually
解析:
答案精析:副词辨析题。空格所在句大意为:____,有一类父母会比较容易____一些:耐心的父母。在上一段的后半部分作者讲到,很难对“好父母”进行定义,而空格所在句提到了在某种意义上“更容易”的一个概念——“耐心的父母”。接着该段第二句指出,每个年龄段的孩子都会受益于耐心的教育。由此可推知,前后文存在轻度转折的关系。而Fortunately不仅在语义上和easier相呼应,体现出“下定义虽然难,但好在……比较容易”,而且也可以在逻辑上体现出一定的转折关系,故A项正确。
错项排除:B项的Occasionally表示“偶尔”,如果用来修饰后面的句子会出现语义不通,故排除。C项表示顺承关系,D项表示总结,两项均不符合原文逻辑,故排除。
4、(4)
A、amuse
B、assist
C、describe
D、train
解析:
答案精析:动词辨析题。在上一段的后半部分,作者提到了给“好父母”下定义是比较困难的,而空格所在句指出,有一类父母会比较容易____一些,那就是“耐心的父母”。上下文之间存在一定的转折关系,且在内容上有关联性,可推测出空格中的内容应与前文中的defining有呼应关系。describe表示“描述;形容”,与define(下定义)词义相近,填入空格符合语义,表示“耐心的父母”的形象描述起来会相对容易一些,故C项正确。
错项排除:如果将A项填入空格,则表示耐心的父母更容易被取悦,这并不会对教育孩子有帮助,同时和上下文的逻辑关系也不符,故排除。上文中没有提到过要“协助”或者“训练”某一类父母,B项和D项均无上下文依据,也无法和前文的defining形成呼应,故排除。
5、(5)
A、while
B、because
C、unless
D、once
解析:
答案精析:连词辨析题。空格所在句大意为:还是要知道,____每位父母都愿意做到耐心,这并不容易。从语义上看,两个分句之间存在转折关系,可推测出空格处应填入表示“尽管;虽然”意思的词。while在作连词时表示“尽管”,填入空格后符合上下文的逻辑关系,故A项正确。
错项排除:B项表示因果关系,C项和D项都表示条件,与原文逻辑不符,故排除。
6、(6)
A、answer
B、task
C、choice
D、access
解析:
答案精析:名词辨析题。空格所在句大意为:还是要知道,尽管每位父母都愿意做到耐心,这并不是容易的____。句中的this代指的是“做耐心的父母”这件事,并且空格处的名词也应该是此事的代指。后一句接着指出,有时父母会感到疲惫和沮丧,也就是说做有耐心的父母并不是一件容易的事。task意为“任务”,代入空格表示“做耐心的父母”这项任务或这件事情,故B项为正确答案。
错项排除:原文中并没有对某一事件提出问题或质疑,所以也不存在“答案”或“回答”,故排除A项。在前文中,并没有提到让父母们做出选择,或者找到通往哪里的入口,故C、D两项可排除。
7、(7)
A、tolerant
B、formal
C、rigid
D、critical
解析:
答案精析:形容词辨析题。空格所在句大意为:有时父母们会感到疲惫和沮丧,无法对他们的孩子保持一种____和平静的态度。上一句中提到,虽然父母们也想保持耐心,但实际上却很难做到。由此可知,空格所在句是对上句话的进一步解释,即父母们在感到疲惫时很难对孩子们还保持冷静。空格处应填入和patient或composed情感态度相类似的词,tolerant表示“包容的;容忍的”,与patient(耐心的)和composed(镇静的)意思相近,因此A项为正确答案。
错项排除:前文中并没有提到父母是否应该保持“正式”,且formal一词和耐心并无关联,故B项错误。C项“严格的”和D项“批评的”都表示负面的情感态度,无法和composed构成意义上的并列关系,故C、D两项排除。
8、(8)
A、move
B、drag
C、push
D、send
解析:
答案精析:动词辨析题。空格所在句大意为:你只是个普通人,而有时你的孩子会把你____。后一句描述了之后会发生的场景:你失去了耐心,对你的孩子要么大喊大叫,要么说一些对任何人都不好的话。由此可推知,出现这种场景的原因之一就是你的孩子会把你逼得无法忍受。push表示“推动;促使”,而push sb. too far表示“逼得某人发脾气”,故C项是正确答案。
错项排除:move表示方位上的改变,没有太多引申含义,故排除A项。而drag有“(用力)拖动”的意思,但从语义上判断,父母是被孩子们逼得想发火,而不是在前面拖。D项的send表示“发送”,也与语义不符。A、B、D三项均无法表示父母与孩子之间的冲突,故排除。
9、(9)
A、mysterious
B、illogical
C、suspicious
D、inevitable
解析:
答案精析:形容词辨析题。空格所在句的大意为:然后____的事就发生了:你失去耐心,或者对孩子大吼大叫……。前一句话提到,有时候孩子们会把父母逼得忍无可忍。And then表示前后两句话应该是顺承的关系。本段最后一句也提到,我们(父母)都有过这样的经历。可见,父母因情绪失控的场面是在所难免的。inevitable表示“不可避免的”,符合前后句语义逻辑,故D项正确。
错项排除:将A项代入空格所在句,意为:孩子们把父母逼得忍无可忍,而后父母失去耐心,这并不是一件神秘的事,不符合逻辑,故错误。B项和C项都表示某种程度的转折,无法与原文所描述的场景相呼应,故排除。
10、(10)
A、boring
B、native
C、harsh
D、vague
解析:
答案精析:形容词辨析题。空格所在句后面部分的大意为:你失去耐心,或者对孩子大吼大叫,或者说一些过于____的话,这些话对谁都没有好处。句子中either… or…的结构表示“对孩子大吼大叫”和“说一些过于____的话”为并列关系,且前后内容在意思上是相近的,都是父母在失去耐心后的具体表现。空格处应填入能表达愤怒情绪的词,harsh表示“严厉的;刺耳的”,填入空格意为“说一些过于严厉的话”,符合原文语境,故C项正确。
错项排除:根据常识,父母在失去耐心后不太可能说一些“无聊的”或者“模糊的”话,因此可排除A项和D项。而B项表示父母在教训孩子时说的话过于“幼稚”,与原文语义不符,因此排除B项。
11、(11)
A、turn back
B、take apart
C、set aside
D、cover up
解析:
答案精析:动词词组辨析题。空格所在句大意为:你希望可以____时钟,重新来过。前文说到父母们在忍无可忍时会对孩子大吼大叫,说一些过分的话。而本句则讲述了家长在大发雷霆之后开始后悔自己失控的行为。句中的and连接了空格和start over(重新来过),表示两个部分之间存在并列关系,空格处应填入与start over意思相近的词。turn back有“使逆转”的意思,而turn back the clock表示“把时钟往回拨”,也就是“让时间倒流”,符合语境,故A项正确。
错项排除:B、C、D三项代入原文分别表示“拆开时钟”、“把时钟留存起来”和“掩盖时钟”,都不符合原文语境,故均可排除。
12、(12)
A、Overall
B、Instead
C、However
D、Otherwise
解析:
答案精析:副词辨析题。空格所在句大意为:____,虽然这种情况很常见,但有一点很重要:要记得在某个疲惫的时刻,你可能会对你的孩子说出让你可能____很长时间的话。句中的第一个it指代的是前文提到的“父母对孩子失去耐心、大发雷霆”的情况。后面一句指出,这样做会破坏你和孩子之间的关系。由此可知,本段是想强调父母对孩子失去耐心这种情况的负面影响,与上一段的We’ve all been there(我们都有过这样的经历)存在转折关系。However代入空格符合原文逻辑,故C项正确。
错项排除:Overall表示总结,Instead表示相反,Otherwise表示假设,填入空格均不符合原文逻辑,不能与上段形成转折关系,故排除其余三项。
13、(13)
A、like
B、miss
C、believe
D、regret
解析:
答案精析:动词辨析题。空格所在句后半句大意为:在某个疲惫的时刻,你可能会对你的孩子说出让你可能 很长时间的话。在前文第三段倒数第二句中,已经提到了父母在疲惫时可能会对孩子发火,并说出一些“对谁都没有好处”(does nobody any good)的话,他们之后又会希望时光倒流,收回自己说过的话。这里的a moment of fatigue对应上文中的get exhausted。因此D项regret(后悔)符合前文“希望时光倒流”的表述,故D项正确。
错项排除:“喜欢”、“想念”、“相信”均不符合原文中父母后悔的心情,故排除A、B、C三项。
长难句分析:However, even though it’s common, it’s important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child that you may regret for a long time.
本句的主干为it’s important to keep in mind,为主系表结构,其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式短语to keep in mind。在本句开头,However做状语表示转折,之后是由even though引导的一个让步状语从句。在keep in mind后面有一个that引导的宾语从句,用来充当keep的宾语。在该宾语从句中,your child后面又嵌套着一个that引导的定语从句,用来修饰先行词something。
句意为:然而,虽然这种情况很常见,但有一点很重要,就是要记得在某个疲惫的时刻,你可能会对你的孩子说出让你后悔很久的话。
14、(14)
A、raise
B、affect
C、justify
D、reflect
解析:
答案精析:动词辨析题。空格所在句大意为:这可能不仅会损害你和孩子的关系,还会____孩子的自尊心。not only…but also…表示两个句子前后是递进的关系,空格处所填词的感情色彩应与damage相近,表示一种消极影响。affect可以表示“产生负面影响”的意思,填入空格符合上下文语义,故B项正确。
错项排除:A项的“提高”与C项的“证明合法”在语义上都与句子中对亲子关系的负面影响不符,故排除。D项代入空格表示“反映孩子的自尊心”,逻辑不通,故排除。
15、(15)
A、time
B、bond
C、race
D、cool
解析:
答案精析:名词辨析题。空格所在句大意为:如果你总是跟你的孩子失去____,那么你就在不经意间向孩子树立了一个缺乏情绪控制力的榜样。由后半句的“缺乏情绪控制力”可以推知空格处表达的含义同样为“失去耐心”。cool在做名词时表示“沉着;冷静”,lose your cool表示“火冒三丈;失去冷静”,填入空格符合原文语境,故D项正确。
错项排除:lose time表示“耽误时间”,lose bond表示“失去联系”,lose a race表示“在比赛中被打败”,A、B、C三项代入空格中均不符合语境,故排除。
16、(16)
A、nature
B、secret
C、importance
D、context
解析:
答案精析:名词辨析题。空格所在句大意为:我们都越来越意识到应该向年轻一代示范保持宽容和耐心的____。本句的前一句话说到,父母的有些行为其实是在向孩子们树立情绪失控的坏榜样。本句的后一句话说到,(保持耐心)这项能力将对孩子的一生都有帮助。并且,本段最后一句话也提到了保持情绪稳定是一项非常重要的生活技能(one of the most important of all life’s skills)。可见上下文都是在强调父母给孩子做示范的“重要性”,因此填入importance符合语境,C项正确。
错项排除:上下文中并没有提到父母给孩子做示范的“本质”、“秘密”或“背景”是什么,故排除A、B、D三项。
17、(17)
A、cheated
B、defeated
C、confused
D、confronted
解析:
答案精析:动词辨析题。空格所在句大意为:实际上,在被压力____的情况下还能保持情绪稳定,这是所有生活技能中最重要的技能之一。句子中的when引导时间状语从句,表示是在何种情况下需要人保持情绪稳定。空格后紧跟的是by stress,且四个选项都是动词的过去分词形式,可以推知填入的动词过去分词与by构成被动语态。前文一直强调在被孩子逼得无法忍受时,要保持耐心。可见此处说的也应是在面对压力时,需要保持情绪稳定。confronted by stress表示“面对压力”,符合语义,故D项正确。
错项排除:人“被压力欺骗”或者“被压力迷惑”的表述都语义不通,故排除A项和C项。而如果说人“被压力打败”,言下之意是人已经在压力之下完全崩溃,那么下文中的“保持情绪稳定”也就无从谈起,故排除B项。
18、(18)
A、terrible
B、hard
C、strange
D、wrong
解析:
答案精析:形容词辨析题。空格所在句大意为:当然,面对孩子时想要一直保持耐心是非常____的。该句后面一句意为“一个更为现实的目标是……”。结合上文一直在讨论父母保持耐心的不易,可以推测此处是在给出可行的建议,而空格所在句是在为之做铺垫,以便在下文说明,承认“要求父母一直保持耐心是不现实的”。由上文内容也可得知,保持耐心很重要,但也有很多情况父母是忍无可忍的,可见要想随时对孩子保持耐心是很难的。此处填入hard符合语境,故B项正确。
错项排除:上文一直在强调对孩子保持耐心的重要性,说明保持耐心并不是“可怕的”或者“奇怪的”,更不是“错误的”。原文是在说一直保持耐心是不容易的,故A、C、D三项错误。
19、(19)
A、trying
B、changing
C、exciting
D、surprising
解析:
答案精析:形容词辨析题。空格所在句大意为:一个更为现实的目标是,在面对与孩子相处中的____情况时,尽自己最大的努力保持宽容和冷静。trying作形容词时表示“难以对付的”,填入空格表示“和孩子相处有时会非常考验人”,这与上文中的exhausted和a single moment of fatigue都属于同一种情形,上下文意思连贯,故A项正确。
错项排除:原文通篇都没有提到与孩子相处是“不断变化的”或是“令人惊讶的”,因此排除B项和D项。C项填入空格,表示“父母在与孩子相处得非常兴奋时,还要尽可能地保持冷静”,语义不通,故C项错误。
20、(20)
A、hide
B、emerge
C、withdraw
D、escape
解析:
答案精析:动词辨析题。空格所在句大意为:我可以向你保证:如果不断向着这个目标努力,你和你的孩子都将受益,并且会从压力中____,身心都会感觉良好。由空格所在句中的benefit和feeling better可知,空格处所表达的意思是从压力中解脱出来。emerge from表示“摆脱(困难或糟糕的情形)”,因此emerge填入空格符合语境,故B项正确。
错项排除:四个选项都可以表示“摆脱”的意思,但关键在于感情色彩不同。hide侧重于“隐藏”或“逃避”,withdraw侧重于“后撤”,escape则表示“逃脱”,三个选项都有“消极回避”的含义,而emerge有“迎难而上,找到解脱之道”的含义,因此A、C、D三项的感情色彩与上下文不符,故排除。
长难句分析:I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and emerge from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.
本句中出现了表示解释说明的冒号,冒号前面的是一个简单句,结构为“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”;冒号后面是一个复合句。复合句句首是由As a result of引导的原因状语,you and your children作主语,will benefit and emerge作谓语。后面是一个由from引导的状语成分,表示范围,即“从压力中脱离”。在句子的末尾,由现在分词feeling做伴随状语,表示主语在完成一个动作之后又伴随着某种状态,其逻辑主语为you and your children。
句意为:我可以向你保证:不断向着这个目标努力的结果是,你和你的孩子都将受益,而且会从压力中解脱出来,身心都会感觉良好。
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.
They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat—one social and one asocial—for four days. The robot rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels to move around and colorful markings.
During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.
Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.
Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, she says.
The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels. “We’d assumed we’d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary,” says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.
The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals. “We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are, too,” says Wiles.
21、21. Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can ________.
A、pick up social signals from non-living rats
B、distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one
C、attain sociable traits through special training
D、send out warning messages to their fellows
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。题目问的是奎因及其同事做测试的目的。根据题干中的Quinn and her colleagues和test,可定位至原文第一段最后一句。该句提到,拉蕾·奎因和她的同事们测试了老鼠是否能察觉到机械鼠发出的社交信号。由此可见,该测试的目的在于研究老鼠能否察觉到没有生命的机械鼠发出的社交信号。A项中的pick up(接收;识别)对应原文中的detect(觉察),non-living rats(无生命的老鼠)对应原文中的robotic rats(机械鼠),故正确答案为A项。
错项排除:B项利用原文第一句中的identify friends…and enemies…(辨别朋友和敌人)进行干扰,但原文说的是老鼠和其他动物都需要非常熟悉其他动物发出的社交信号,这样才能识别出哪些是需要合作的朋友,哪些是需要躲避的敌人。这只是在陈述客观事实,并不是实验的目的所在,故B项错误。C项利用原文多次出现的social进行干扰,但原文中并没有提到special training(特殊训练)的相关内容,故C项错误。D项中的关键词warning messages(警告消息)也没有在原文中提及,故D项排除。
长难句分析:To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.
本句句子主干为Laleh Quinn…and her colleagues tested whether…,是主谓宾结构。句首的不定式为目的状语,at the University of California, San Diego为后置定语,修饰Laleh Quinn。后面的whether引导宾语从句,作tested的宾语,从句最后的from robotic rats为后置定语,修饰signals。
句意为:为了确定这一特征是否适用于非生物体,加州大学圣地亚哥分校的拉蕾·奎因和她的同事们测试了老鼠是否能察觉到机械鼠发出的社交信号。
22、22. What did the asocial robot do during the experiment?
A、It followed the social robot.
B、It played with some toys.
C、It set the trapped rats free.
D、It moved around alone.
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。根据题干中的asocial robot和during the experiment可定位至原文第三段。该段第二句指出,在实验过程中,非社交机械鼠只是简单地前后左右移动。D项中moved around alone对应原文中的simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side,故正确答案为D。
错项排除:A、B、C三项均属于偷换概念。第三段第一句说的是在实验过程中,社交机械鼠(social robot rat)会跟着真老鼠到处走动,并不是非社交机械鼠跟随着社交机械鼠,故A项错误。该句后面接着提到,社交机械鼠会和真老鼠玩同样的玩具(played with the same toys),并打开笼门让被困的老鼠逃脱(let trapped rats escape)。这些行为的主体是社交机械鼠(social robot rat),并不是非社交机械鼠(asocial robot),故B、C两项错误。
23、23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they ________.
A、tried to practice a means of escape
B、expected it to do the same in return
C、wanted to display their intelligence
D、considered that an interesting game
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。根据题干中的According to Quinn和the rats released the social robot可定位至原文第五段。原文中set the social robot free对应题干中的released the social robot,段末的says Quinn对应题干中的According to Quinn。该段开头说到,在18次试验中,真老鼠释放社交机械鼠的可能性比释放非社交机械鼠的可能性平均高出52%。该段后面的内容接着指出,真老鼠会释放社交机械鼠,这表明真老鼠会把机械鼠看作真正的社交个体,而这可能会让真老鼠更容易记住自己早些时候释放过它,并希望在它们自己被困时,机械鼠能反过来帮助它们来作为回报。由此可知,老鼠释放了社交机械鼠是因为它们期望机械鼠能以同样的方式予以回报,B项中的to do the same in return对应原文中的return the favour,故正确答案为B项。
错项排除:A项利用原文中的set…free和get trapped进行干扰,但原文并未提到有关“练习逃跑方法”的信息,故A项错误。C项利用原文中的displayed进行干扰,但原文说的是社交机械鼠表现出了探索和玩耍的行为,并不是说真老鼠想展示它们的智慧,故C项错误。D项利用原文中的playing进行干扰,但原文说的是社交机械鼠表现出了玩耍行为,并没有提到真老鼠认为释放机械鼠是一个有趣的游戏,故D项错误。
24、24. Janet Wiles notes that rats ________.
A、can remember other rats’ facial features
B、differentiate smells better than sizes
C、respond more to actions than to looks
D、can be scared by a plastic box on wheels
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。根据题干中的Janet Wiles可定位至原文第六段。该段第三句引号里的内容为Janet Wiles所说的话:“我们原本以为必须要给它(机械鼠)安装一个可以活动的头和尾巴,加上一些面部特征,并在它身上添加气味,让它闻起来像一只真正的老鼠,但这些都没有必要。”由此可知,机械鼠的外表和气味并不会对实验有太大影响,再结合前文第五段第二、三句可知,因为有社交行为,真老鼠才会把机械鼠看作真正的社交个体。由于机械鼠表现出了共同探索和玩耍的行为,真老鼠可能会和社交机械鼠更加亲近。因此可推断出,真老鼠会更多地对行为作出反应,而非外表,故正确答案为C。
错项排除:A项利用原文中的facial features进行干扰,但原文说的是面部特征并不会影响老鼠觉察社交信号,也没有提到老鼠会记住其他老鼠的面部特征,故A项错误。B项利用原文中的scent进行干扰,但文章并没有把气味和大小(sizes)进行比较,故B项错误。D项利用原文中的plastic box on wheels进行干扰,但选项中的关键词be scared(被吓到)在原文中并无依据,故排除D项。
25、25. It can be learned from the text that rats ________.
A、appear to be adaptable to new surroundings
B、are more socially active than other animals
C、behave differently from children in socializing
D、are more sensitive to social cues than expected
解析:
答案精析:本题为推断题。根据题文同序原则可定位至原文结尾。最后一段首句提到,这一发现表明,老鼠对社交信号非常敏感,即使这些信号来自最初级的机械鼠。最后一句也指出,我们人类似乎对机器人很着迷,而事实证明其他动物也一样。结合前文提到的,研究人员原本以为要给机械鼠安装一些装置或添加气味来使它看起来更逼真,但事实证明,没有这些,老鼠也能识别机械鼠发出的社交信号。由此可推知,老鼠对社交信号的敏感程度比研究人员预期的要高,故正确答案为D项。
错项排除:A项中的new surroundings在原文中没有依据,故排除。B项利用原文最后一句中的other animals进行干扰,但原文说的是其他动物和人类的相似性,并没有说老鼠在社交上会比其他动物更活跃,故B项错误。C项利用children进行干扰,但原文说的是,孩子们同样也会倾向于把机器人当成同类,即使它们只发出了简单的社交信号,这里的重点是老鼠和孩子在识别社交信号方面具有相似性,并非不同,故C项错误。
It is true that CEO pay has gone up—top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%. The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about $18.9 million a year.
The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of America’s highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. It’s not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.
Today’s CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many more skills than simply being able to “run the company”. CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them. They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant. Then there’s the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly mind-boggling. Plus, virtually all major American companies are becoming tech companies, often with their own research and development. And beyond this, major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.
The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn’t explain history very well. By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.
Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company. And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.
26、26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?
A、The growth in the number of corporations.
B、The general pay rise with a better economy.
C、Increased business opportunities for top firms.
D、Close cooperation among leading economies.
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。根据题干中的关键词contributed to CEO pay rise可定位至原文第二段首句,对应原文中的understanding the growth of CEO pay。该句说到,最能解释CEO薪酬增长的说法是,顶级公司的商业机会正迅速增加,而在这样的环境里,CEO人才却是有限的。由此可知,CEO薪酬上涨的原因是顶级公司的商业机会增加,故正确答案为C。
错项排除:A项利用growth和corporations进行干扰,但原文说的是顶级公司里的商业机会迅速增加,并非是企业的数量增长,故A项错误。B项利用第二段第二句中的global economy进行干扰,但文中只是说CEO人才的努力使得全球经济更有活力,并没有提及经济好转对CEO涨薪的影响,故B项错误。D项利用原文第二段最后的the U.S. economy进行干扰,但该句说的是与美国经济中许多其他员工相比,CEO们的工作技能确实有所提升,并未提及主要经济体之间的密切合作,故D项错误。
长难句分析:The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.
本句为主系表结构,句子主干是The best model…is that…。for understanding the growth of CEO pay为后置定语,修饰主语model,is后面为表语。值得注意的是,is后面的that并非从句的引导词,而是在此处指代前面的model,即这里的that of limited CEO talent等于the model of limited CEO talent。后面的where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly为定语从句,修饰a world。
句意为:最能解释CEO薪酬增长的说法是,顶级公司的商业机会正迅速增加,而在这样的环境里,CEO人才却是有限的。
27、27. Compared with their predecessors, today’s CEOs are required to ________.
A、foster a stronger sense of teamwork
B、finance more research and development
C、establish closer ties with tech companies
D、operate more globalized companies
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。根据题干中的predecessors和are required to可定位至原文第三段第三句,其中predecessors为原词复现,are required to对应原文中的need。该句提到,他们也需要具备比他们的前辈更优秀的公关技能,因为哪怕只是一个小小的失误,也可能需要付出巨大的代价。后面第四句接着指出,此外,美国大公司比以往任何时候都更加全球化,供应链遍布更多国家。由此可知,如今的CEO们必须能够经营更加全球化的公司,故正确答案为D项。
错项排除:A项中的sense of teamwork在原文中没有提及,只提到了应有sense of financial markets(对金融市场的良好感知),属于偷换概念,故排除。B项利用第三段倒数第二句中的research and development进行干扰,但原文只是在说CEO们要拥有足够丰富的知识,因为几乎所有美国大公司都在变成科技公司,并且通常都有自己的研发团队,文中并没有提到要加大对研发的投入,故B项错误。C项利用closer ties进行干扰,但文中并未提及要与tech companies建立联系的相关信息,故排除。
28、28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite ________.
A、continual internal opposition
B、strict corporate governance
C、conservative business strategies
D、repeated governance warnings
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。根据题干中的since the 1970s可定位至原文第四段第二句。该句说到,从大多数指标来看,自20世纪70年代以来,企业管理变得愈发苛刻和严格。该段第三句接着说到,然而,正是在公司加强管理的这段时期,CEO的薪酬一直处于高位,并且还在不断上升。由此可知,尽管企业管理很严格,CEO的薪酬还是在上涨。B项中的corporate governance为原词复现,strict对应原文中的tighter and more rigorous,故正确答案为B项。
错项排除:A项利用原文最后一段第一句出现的outside candidates和insider picks进行干扰,但该句说的是最高的CEO薪酬是付给外部候选人的,而不是内部提拔的人选,此处并没有提及持续的内部对抗,故A项错误。前文讨论了近年来对CEO的商业能力提出了更高要求,这意味着CEO薪酬上涨与其商业策略的升级密切相关,而C项“保守的商业策略”与此内容相悖,故排除。D项利用文中多次出现的governance进行干扰,但repeated warnings(反复的警告)在原文中并无依据,原文只是说企业管理比以前更严格,但这并不妨碍CEO的薪酬上涨,故D项错误。
29、29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps ________.
A、confirm the status of CEOs
B、motivate inside candidates
C、boost the efficiency of CEOs
D、increase corporate value
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。根据题干中的High CEO pay可定位至原文第五段首句。该句提到,最高的CEO薪酬是付给外部候选人的,而不是内部提拔的人选,这也表明付给CEO高薪并不是以牺牲公司其他成员为代价的某种掠夺行为。随后该段最后一句接着指出,当公司将CEO薪酬与股价挂钩时,股票市场会作出积极反应,这表明这些做法不仅会为CEO创造价值,还会提升企业价值。整段内容都在分析CEO的高额薪酬是合理的,其中一个原因就是这有助于提升企业价值。D项中的corporate value为原词复现,increase对应原文中的build up,故正确答案为D。
错项排除:A项中的status of CEOs在原文中没有依据,故排除。B项利用第五段首句中的insider picks进行干扰,但原文说的是CEO的高额薪酬没有提供给内部提拔的人选,所以也并不存在激励内部候选人的情况,故B项与原文意思不符,应排除。C项中的efficiency of CEOs在原文中并无依据,故排除。
长难句分析:Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company.
本句的句子主干为…the highest CEO salaries are paid to…, not to…,是被动语态。another sign为前面句子的同位语,后面的that引导同位语从句修饰sign,对sign进行解释说明。同位语从句为主系表结构,后面的at the expense of the rest of the company作从句的条件状语。
句意为:除此之外, CEO最高的薪酬是付给外部候选人的,而不是付给内部提拔的人选。这也表明,给CEO支付高薪并不是以牺牲公司其他成员为代价的某种掠夺行为。
30、30. The most suitable title for this text would be ________.
A、CEOs Are Not Overpaid
B、CEO Pay: Past and Present
C、CEOs’ Challenges of Today
D、CEO Traits: Not Easy to Define
解析:
答案精析:本题为主旨题,需要结合全文大意进行作答。文章第一段通过描述CEO薪酬高、涨薪快这一现象引出文章主题,指出CEO的薪酬普遍很高这一现象。随后第二、三段通过分析竞争环境、人才能力和工作需要具体分析了CEO薪资高的原因。最后第四、五段通过反驳大众的惯有看法,指出CEO的巨额薪资是有其合理性的,因为他们能为企业带来更多价值。由此可推断,后者认为CEO的高薪是合理的,并没有过高,故正确答案为A。
错项排除:B项利用文章中出现的时间点since the mid-1970s和since the 1970s进行干扰,但它们只是描述时间的细节信息,文章并没有重点对过去和现在的CEO薪酬进行比较,而是主要讨论了CEO薪酬高、涨薪快的原因,故B项错误。C项利用原文在第三段首句提到的“如今的CEO必须要有更多的技能,而不单单只会经营公司”进行干扰,但这只是作者为了分析CEO获得高薪的原因,属于文章的一个论点,不能作为文章主旨,故C项错误。D项中的CEO Traits也只是文章中有关CEO能力的一些细节信息,同样不能作为文章主旨,故D项错误。
Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise.
Mayor José Luis Martínez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the city’s decision to stop levying fines, ordering them reinstated. But with legal battles ahead, the zone’s future looks uncertain at best.
Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That’s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers—who must pay fees or buy better vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.
It’s not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issue in next year’s mayoral election. And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.
It’s not that measures such as London’s Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents’ health in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits—fewer heart attacks, strokes and premature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimely deaths.
But mayors and councilors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments—Britain’s and others across Europe—have failed to do so.
Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas—city centres, “school streets”, even individual roads—are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance. Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollution. We’re doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.
31、31. Which of the following is true about Madrid’s clean air zone?
A、Its effects are questionable.
B、It has been opposed by a judge.
C、It needs tougher enforcement.
D、Its fate is yet to be decided.
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。根据题干中的Madrid’s clean air zone可定位至原文第一段。该段说到,去年11月,马德里针对污染最严重的汽车实行了耗资巨大的限制措施,被誉为公共卫生的标杆。一段时间之后,新一届保守派市议会暂停实行清洁空气区的政策,这是该举措可能走向覆灭的第一步。该段提到清洁空气区有可能会被取消,后文第二段最后一句接着说到,哪怕乐观估计,对于陷入法律纠纷的清洁空气区来说,其未来往好了说都是尚不明确的。D项内容对应原文the zone’s future looks uncertain,故正确答案为D。
错项排除:原文第二段首句提到该区域在改善空气质量方面取得了成功(its success in improving air quality),因此它的成效并不令人怀疑,故A项错误。B项利用原文第二段第二句的A judge进行干扰,但该句说的是,一位法官否决了该市停止征收罚款的决定,并下令恢复罚款。也就是说,法官是支持清洁空气区这一举措的,故B项错误。C项利用第一段第二句的enforcement进行干扰,但原文说的是新一届的保守派市议会暂停了实行清洁空气区的政策,并非更严格地执行,故C项错误。
32、32. Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?
A、They are biased against car manufacturers.
B、They prove impractical for city councils.
C、They are deemed too mild for politicians.
D、They put too much burden on individual motorists.
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。根据题干中的weakness和the city-level measures可定位至原文第三段。该段讲到,城市所采取的必要措施在处理空气污染问题上存在政治争议,因此很脆弱。这是因为这些措施不可避免地把净化空气的成本推给了司机个人。由此可推知,城市为治理空气污染所采取的措施给司机个人增加了负担,D项中的individual motorists为原文中individual drivers的同义替换词,故正确答案为D。
错项排除:A项利用car manufacturers进行干扰,原文第三段第二句说到,城市不可避免地把净化空气的成本推给了司机个人,而不是汽车制造商。由此可见,城市所采取的的措施对汽车制造商并没有偏见,反而是对其有利的,故A项错误。B项中的“不切实际”在原文中并无依据,故排除。C项利用原文中的politically和vulnerable这类细节信息进行干扰,但原文说的是城市所采取的措施在处理空气污染问题上存在政治争议,因此很脆弱,并没有说该举措对政治家过于温和,故C项错误。
长难句分析:That’s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers—who must pay fees or buy better vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.
本句主干为That’s because…,是主系表结构。because引导表语从句,从句的主干为they put the cost on to individual drivers…rather than on to the car manufacturers…。破折号中间的内容为who引导的定语从句,修饰前面的individual drivers。rather than引导比较状语,表示“而不是……”,修饰前面的because they…on to individual drivers。whose同样引导定语从句,修饰car manufacturers。
句意为:这是因为这些市级措施不可避免地把净化空气的成本推给了司机个人——他们必须支付费用或购买更好的汽车——而不是汽车制造商,这些制造商的欺骗行为才是造成有毒空气污染的真正原因。
33、33. The author believes that the extension of London’s Ulez will ________.
A、arouse strong resistance
B、ensure Khan’s electoral success
C、improve the city’s trafficimprove the city’s traffic
D、discourage car manufacturing
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。根据题干中的extension of London’s Ulez可定位至原文第四段。该段第二句提到了伦敦新的超低排放区(ultra-low emission zone)。后面第三句接着说到,如果萨迪克·汗获胜,并按照他的计划将其延伸(extends it)至南北环路,那么这势必会遭到更多受到影响的汽车司机的强烈反对。原文中extends it里的it指代的就是London’s Ulez,由此可知,伦敦超低排放区的扩大将会引起强烈的反对,故正确答案为A。
错项排除:B项利用原文中的election和Sadiq Khan wins进行干扰,但原文说的是新的超低排放区很可能在明年的市长选举(mayoral election)中成为一个大问题。如果萨迪克·汗获胜(Sadiq Khan wins),并按照他的计划在2021年将超低排放区延伸至南北环路,那么这势必会遭到更多受到影响的汽车司机的强烈反对。并没有说伦敦超低排放区的扩大是否会确保萨迪克·汗选举成功,故B项错误。文中没有提及超低排放区对交通的影响,C项内容在文中没有依据,故排除。D项利用原文第三段最后的car manufacturers进行干扰,但该句说的是汽车制造商的欺骗行为才是造成空气污染的真正原因,并不是说伦敦超低排放区的扩大会抑制汽车制造业,故D项错误。
长难句分析:And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.
本句的主干为…it is sure to…,是主系表结构。前半句中,And为连接词,if…in 2021 as he intends为if引导的条件状语从句,其中as he intends作方式状语修饰前面的部分。在后半句中,it为形式主语,后面的不定式to spark…motorists为真正的主语,句子结尾是who引导的定语从句,修饰motorists。
句意为:而且,如果萨迪克·汗获胜,并如愿在2021年将超低排放区延伸至南北环路,那么这势必会遭到更多受到影响的汽车司机的强烈反对。
34、34. Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?
A、Local residents.
B、Mayors.
C、Councilors.
D、National governments.
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。解题的一个关键在于题干中的should have(本该),言下之意是某一方没有承担起应有的责任。根据题干中的problem可定位至原文第六段首句。该句提到,但是对于这个远非任何一个城市或城镇能凭一己之力解决的问题,市长和议员们所能做的也就只有这么多了。第二句接着指出,他们之所以采取行动,是因为英国和欧洲其他国家的政府未采取行动。由此可推断,作者认为本就应该让各国政府来解决这个问题,故正确答案为D。
错项排除:A项利用原文第五段的Local officials和residents进行干扰,但原文说的是地方官员正在使用他们所能使用的手段来保护居民的健康,并没有提到居民应该来解决这一问题,故A项错误。B、C两项利用第六段开头的mayors and councilors进行干扰,但原文说的是市长和议员们已经对解决空气问题采取了措施,并且能做的也只有这么多,故B、C两项错误。
35、35. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companies ________.
A、will raise low-emission car production
B、should be forced to follow regulations
C、will upgrade the design of their vehicles
D、should be put under public supervision
解析:
答案精析:本题为推断题。根据题干中的auto companies可定位至原文最后一段。该段提到,限制高排量汽车进入某些地区,如市中心、“学校街道”,甚至个别道路,是针对两个问题的应对之策:政府没有加大力度切实执行现有法规、也没有要求汽车公司按规生产。最后一句是对上文中治理措施的总结:我们什么都做了,但就是没有坚持要求制造商制造低污染的汽车。由此可推断,政府应该强制要求汽车公司遵守其规定,故正确答案为B。
错项排除:关于汽车公司,最后一段主要讲了两件事,一是限制高污染汽车进入某些地区,二是政府未能坚持要求汽车制造商处理汽车污染问题,显然A、C项是针对汽车污染问题有可能采取的应对措施。但文章只是对此问题作客观描述,从最后一段无法明确得出汽车公司是否会提高低排放汽车的产量或改进汽车设计,故A、C选项属于主观臆测,可排除。最后一段中只说到现有法规执行不力,并没有提到公众监督,故D项排除。
长难句分析:Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas—city centres, “school streets”, even individual roads—are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance.
本句的主干为Restrictions…are a response…,是主系表结构。that引导定语从句,修饰主语Restrictions。破折号中间的内容为插入语,对certain areas的范围进行具体的解释说明。to the absence of a larger effort为后置定语,修饰表语a response。后面的to properly…compliance作effort的后置定语。
句意为:对于政府没有加大力度切实执行现有法规、也没有要求汽车公司按规生产这两个问题,限制高污染汽车进入某些区域——如市中心、“学校街道”,甚至个别道路——是一种应对之策。
Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this spring—the most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was born after 1995, give or take a year—the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks. Gen Zs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market that’s tighter than it’s been in decades. And employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new graduates for jobs in the U.S. this year than last, according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers. Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.
If “entitled” is the most common adjective, fairly or not, applied to millennials (those born between 1981 and 1995), the catchwords for Generation Z are practical and cautious. According to the career counselors and experts who study them, Generation Zs are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists. Despite graduating into the best economy in the past 50 years, Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like. They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both. They aren’t interested in taking any chances. The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency, especially for those who have college debt. College loan balances in the U.S. now stand at a record $1.5 trillion, according to the Federal Reserve.
One survey from Accenture found that 88 percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major with a job in mind. In a 2019 survey of University of Georgia students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment (followed by professional development and training, and then inspiring purpose). Job security or stability was the second most important career goal (work-life balance was number one), followed by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the greater good.
That’s a big change from the previous generation. “Millennials wanted more flexibility in their lives,” notes Tanya Michelsen, Associate Director of YouthSight, a UK-based brand manager that conducts regular 60-day surveys of British youth, in findings that might just as well apply to American youth. “Generation Zs are looking for more certainty and stability, because of the rise of the gig economy. They have trouble seeing a financial future and they are quite risk averse.”
36、36. Generation Zs graduating college this spring ________.
A、are recognized for their abilities
B、are in favor of office job offers
C、are optimistic about the labor market
D、are drawing growing public attention
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。根据题干内容可直接定位至原文第一段首句。该句提到,Z一代人即将在今年春天大学毕业,近几周来,人们对其关注度一直在稳步上升。该段最后一句话也说到,每个人都想知道,那些即将进入办公室、在小隔间工作的Z一代人与之前的人有什么不同。由此可知,今年春天即将大学毕业的Z一代人引起了公众的广泛关注,故正确答案为D。
错项排除:A项利用原文首句中的commonly-accepted(普遍接受的)进行干扰,对应A项中的recognized(认可的),但原文并没有提到和abilities(能力)相关的信息,故A项错误。B项利用首段最后一句中的office cubicles进行干扰,但原文说的是公众想知道那些即将入职办公室隔间(office cubicles)的Z一代人与之前的人有什么不同,并没有提到Z一代人对办公室工作的倾向,故B项错误。原文首段第三句提到,雇主计划今年在美国招聘的应届毕业生比去年多了17%,但这无法说明Z一代人对劳动力市场持乐观态度,C项属于曲解文意,故排除。
长难句分析:Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this spring—the most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was born after 1995, give or take a year—the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks.
本句的主干为…the attention has been rising…,是主谓结构,句末的in recent weeks作主句的时间状语。句首的Now that…this spring为原因状语从句,两个破折号之间的内容为插入语,用于对Generation Z作解释说明。
句意为:由于Z一代人在今年春天即将大学毕业,人们对他们的关注度在最近几周稳步上升。对于Z一代人最普遍认可的定义是:在1995年(或前后一年)出生的人。
37、37. Generation Zs are keenly aware ________.
A、what a tough economic situation is like
B、what their parents expect of them
C、how they differ from past generations
D、how valuable a counselor’s advice is
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。根据题干中的Generation Zs和keenly aware可定位至原文第二段第三句,Gen Zs know对应题干关键词。该句说到,尽管Z一代人毕业时是过去50年中最好的经济时期,他们却仍知道经济列车在受到重创后是什么样子。第四句接着强调,在2008年经济危机期间,他们可能正是受影响最大的孩子,当时许多父母失去了工作或毕生的积蓄,或两者兼而有之。由此可见,Z一代人非常清楚地知道严峻的经济形势是什么样的,A项中的tough economic situation对应原文中的 economic train wreck,故正确答案为A。
错项排除:B项利用原文第四句的parents进行干扰,但原文说的是许多父母在经济危机时期失去了工作和积蓄,并没有说明父母对Z一代人有何期望,B项关键词expect在原文中没有依据,故错误。C项利用首段最后一句的differ from进行干扰,但原文说的是公众想知道那些即将入职办公室隔间的Z一代人与之前的人有什么不同,C项偷换概念,故错误。D项利用原文第二段第二句中的counselors进行干扰,但原文提到职业咨询师只是为了引用其对Z一代人的看法,并没有说明Z一代人认为咨询师的建议非常宝贵,故D项错误。
38、38. The word “assuage” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ________.
A、define
B、relieve
C、maintain
D、deepen
解析:
答案精析:本题为词义辨析题。本题需要推断assuage一词的意思,单词所在句说到,蓬勃发展的经济似乎并没有assuage这一代人潜在的焦虑紧迫感,尤其是对那些背负大学债务的人而言。第二段开头提到,最常用来形容Z一代人的词是务实和谨慎,后半部分又说到,尽管Z一代人毕业时是过去50年中最好的经济时期,他们却仍知道经济列车受到重创后是什么样子,而且他们对任何冒险都不感兴趣。也就是说,Z一代人一直都存在一种焦虑感,哪怕是处在经济最佳时期,这种焦虑紧迫感也无法消除。因此“assuage”一词应和“消除”或“缓解”意思相近,故正确答案为B。
错项排除:A项define表示“定义”,C项maintain表示“维持,保持”,代入文中均无法构成合理语义,故排除。D项deepen表示“深化”,代入文中和原文意思相悖,故D项错误。
39、39. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that Generation Zs ________.
A、care little about their job performance
B、give top priority to professional training
C、have a clear idea about their future jobs
D、think it hard to achieve work-life balance
解析:
答案精析:本题为推断题。根据题干中的Paragraph 3可直接定位至第三段,题目问的是Z一代人的相关信息。该段第一句提到,埃森哲咨询公司的一项调查发现,今年88%的毕业生在选择专业时就会考虑到未来要从事的工作。也就是说,Z一代人对他们未来的工作有着明确的想法,故正确答案为C。
错项排除:A项中的job performance(工作表现)在原文中没有依据,故排除。第三段第二句明确指出,最受学生青睐的雇主的特点是可以提供稳定工作,其次才是职业发展和培训。第三句括号里的内容也说到,对于Z一代人来说,工作和生活的平衡是排在首位的,并非职业培训,故B项错误。D项利用原文词work-life balance进行干扰,但文中只是提到Z一代人将工作和生活的平衡排在首位,并不代表他们认为这一平衡难以实现,故D项错误。
40、40. Michelsen thinks that compared with millennials, Generation Zs are ________.
A、less realistic
B、less adventurous
C、more diligent
D、more generous
解析:
答案精析:本题为细节题。根据题干中的Michelsen和millennials可定位至原文最后一段第二、三句。YouthSight的副总监塔尼亚·迈克尔逊指出:“千禧一代希望他们的生活能更加灵活。而由于零工经济的兴起,Z一代人正在寻求更多的确定性和稳定性。他们很难预见未来的财务状况,并且非常厌恶风险。”由此可知,迈克尔逊认为,与千禧一代相比,Z一代人更不喜冒险,B项中的less adventurous对应原文最后的risk averse,故正确答案为B。
错项排除:根据迈克尔逊的话可知,他认为Z一代人正在寻求更多的确定性和稳定性,而且厌恶风险,由此可推知,他们应该是非常现实的,A项与原文意思相悖,故错误。C、D两项在迈克尔逊所说的话中并没有提到,属于无中生有,故排除。
Five Ways to Win Over Everyone in the Office
Is it possible to like everyone in your office? Think about how tough it is to get together 15 people, much less 50, who all get along perfectly. But unlike in friendships, you need coworkers. You work with them every day and you depend on them just as they depend on you. Here are some ways that you can get the whole office on your side.
41. _____
If you have a bone to pick with someone in your workplace, you may try to stay tight-lipped around them. But you won’t be helping either one of you. A Harvard Business School study found that observers consistently rated those who were frank about themselves more highly, while those who hid lost trustworthiness. The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open book, but rather, when given the option to offer up details about yourself or painstakingly conceal them, you should just be honest.
42. _____
Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others. We often feel the need to tell others how we feel, whether it’s a concern about a project, a stray thought, or a compliment. Those are all valid, but you need to take time to hear out your coworkers, too. In fact, rushing to get your own ideas out there can cause colleagues to feel you don’t value their opinions. Do your best to engage coworkers in a genuine, back-and-forth conversation, rather than prioritizing your own thoughts.
43. _____
It’s common to have a “cubicle mate” or special confidant in a work setting. But in addition to those trusted coworkers, you should expand your horizons and find out about all the people around you. Use your lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with colleagues you don’t always see. Find out about their lives and interests beyond the job. It requires minimal effort and goes a long way. This will help to grow your internal network, in addition to being a nice break in the work day.
44. _____
Positive feedback is important for anyone to hear. And you don’t have to be someone’s boss to tell them they did an exceptional job on a particular project. This will help engender good will in others. But don’t overdo it or be fake about it. One study found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to positive, possibly because it suggested they had won somebody over.
45. _____
This one may be a bit more difficult to pull off, but it can go a long way to achieving results. Remember in dealing with any coworker what they appreciate from an interaction. Watch out for how they verbalize with others. Some people like small talk in a meeting before digging into important matters, while other are more straightforward. Jokes that work on one person won’t necessarily land with another. So, adapt your style accordingly to type. Consider the person that you’re dealing with in advance and what will get you to your desired outcome.
41、(41)
解析:
选项分析
Give compliments, just not too many
此标题的关键词为“compliments”(称赞),因此对应段落应与“在工作场合称赞他人”有关。
译文:给予赞美,但不要过多
Put on a good face, always
此标题的关键词为“a good face”(好脸色),引申为态度是和颜悦色的,因此对应段落应与“对同事的态度”有关。
译文:时刻保持和颜悦色
Tailor your interactions
此标题的关键词为“Tailor”(订制)和“interactions”(互动),因此对应段落应与“与不同的人进行不一样的互动”有关。
译文:根据情况调整你的互动方式
Spend time with everyone
此标题的关键词为“Spend time”(花时间),因此对应段落应与“与同事花时间共处”有关。
译文:花时间与每个人共处
Reveal, don’t hide, information
此标题的关键词为“Reveal”(透露)和“information”(信息),因此对应段落应与“透露信息”有关。
译文:坦诚相待,不要隐瞒
Slow down and listen
此标题的关键词为“listen”(倾听),因此对应段落应与“倾听”有关。
译文:慢下来,去倾听
Put yourselves in others’ shoes
此标题为一句俗语,意为“站在他人的角度思考”,因此对应段落应与“换位思考”有关。
译文:换位思考
试题解析
41. Reveal, don’t hide, information
答案精析:文章第二段重点讨论的话题是“坦诚”。第一句中有两个俗语,have a bone to pick with someone表示“对某人有意见”,tight-lipped表示“守口如瓶”,此句表示“如果你对同事有意见,你可能会尽量对他们守口如瓶”。作者接下来指出这种做法对两个人都没好处,并引用哈佛商学院的研究,证明对他人坦诚比对他人隐瞒更容易获得他人的信任。这并不是要求你把个人生活公之于众,而是说在面对坦诚还是隐瞒的抉择时,应当选择坦诚。Reveal, don’t hide, information中的Reveal对应第二段的论述主旨“对他人坦诚相待”,而第二段第一句则对应hide,作者建议在工作场合中不要隐瞒,即don’t hide。最后一句也说到,you should just be honest,由此可知,本段是在强调要对他人坦诚,故该项正确。
42. Slow down and listen
答案精析:第三段第一句即为全段主旨:愿意倾听他人意见和对他人坦诚相待同样重要。随后分别从两个角度来说明倾听他人意见的重要性。一方面,我们觉得有必要告诉别人自己的想法,另一方面也要花时间听取同事的想法。第四句中的rushing to get your own ideas(急于说出自己的观点)会让同事觉得不受重视,由此可知,作者的建议是把交流的节奏放慢下来。Slow down and listen中的Slow down与此内容相符,listen对应第三段中的being receptive和hear out,故正确。
干扰项排除:Put yourselves in others’ shoes意为“换位思考”。本段虽然提到与他人沟通时要注重方式,注重听取他人的意见,但并不等同于要站在他人角度考虑对方的感受,故应排除。
43. Spend time with everyone
答案精析:第四段第一句指出在办公室拥有一个cubicle mate(隔间伙伴)或special confidant(特殊密友)是一种常见现象。随后第二句用But作转折指出,你应该拓展视野并去了解所有身边的人。接下来说到,对于那些不太熟的同事,应该花些时间与他们共处,并指出这样做的好处。也就是说,本段给出的建议是应该去了解身边所有的人,而不仅限于知己密友,这与Spend time with everyone一项的重点everyone一致,且第四段第三句中的Use your lunch and coffee breaks对应其中的Spend time,故为正确答案。
44. Give compliments, just not too many
答案精析:第五段第一句即为本段主题:积极的反馈对每个人都很重要。第二至三句接着指出,称赞并非老板专属,它是对同事表达善意的方式。第四句说到,在称赞他人的时候应该把握好度。第五句通过引用研究来说明,对别人的热情程度由低到高,更容易获得对方的好感,以此来支撑“不必过度赞美”的观点。Give compliments, just not too many中的Give compliments(给予称赞)对应第五段第一句中的Positive feedback和第二句中的tell them they did an exceptional job,而just not too many对应第四句中的don’t overdo it。该项是对本段内容的概括总结,故正确。
45. Tailor your interactions
答案精析:第六段第一句指出本段要讲的方式实施起来可能较难,但效果很好。接着第二句至第五句主要讲在工作场合中,同事们的交流习惯各有不同。随后在第六至第七句说明,针对这种情况应该采取的对策:面对不同类型的人,应该采取不同的交流方式。本段最后两句概括了整段的主旨,Tailor your interactions中的Tailor对应第六句中的adapt,表示“调整”(交流方式),interactions指的是本段所讨论的交流习惯,故为正确答案。
干扰项排除:第六段第二句中出现appreciate看似对应Give compliments, just not too many中提到的compliments,但该句指的是要记住同事们喜欢什么样的交流方式,重点在于interactions(互动的方式),而不是对同事给予赞美,故该项错误。
42、(42)
解析:见上一题!
43、(43)
解析:见上一题!
44、(44)
解析:见上一题!
45、(45)
解析:见上一题!
It’s almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure. People who do so probably live so cautiously that they go nowhere. Put simply, they’re not living at all. But the wonderful thing about failure is that it’s entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.
We can choose to see failure as “the end of the world” or as proof of just how inadequate we are. Or, we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is. Every time we fail at something, we can choose to look for the lesson we’re meant to learn. These lessons are very important; they’re how we grow, and how we keep from making that same mistake again. Failures stop us only if we let them.
Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise. For instance, failure can help you discover how strong a person you are. Failing at something can help you discover your truest friends, or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.
46、 It’s almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure. People who do so probably live so cautiously that they go nowhere. Put simply, they’re not living at all. But the wonderful thing about failure is that it’s entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.
We can choose to see failure as “the end of the world” or as proof of just how inadequate we are. Or, we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is. Every time we fail at something, we can choose to look for the lesson we’re meant to learn. These lessons are very important; they’re how we grow, and how we keep from making that same mistake again. Failures stop us only if we let them.
Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise. For instance, failure can help you discover how strong a person you are. Failing at something can help you discover your truest friends, or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.
参考答案:
参考译文
人生几乎不可能不经历某种失败。没有失败过的人可能活得过于谨慎,以至于一事无成。简而言之,他们根本就没有真正地活过。但失败的绝妙之处就在于,如何看待失败完全取决于我们自己。
我们可以选择把失败看作“世界末日”,亦或当成自己能力不足的证明。或者,我们也可以把失败看作是极好的学习经验,而事实往往也的确如此。每当我们做某事失败时,我们可以去寻找我们应当吸取的教训。这些教训非常重要;它们是我们成长的方式,也能帮助我们避免重蹈覆辙。只有在我们允许时,失败才能阻挡我们前进的步伐。
失败同样也可以教会我们认识自己。如果没有失败,我们可能永远也无法这样认识自己。例如,失败可以帮助你认识到自己有多强大。在某些事情上的失败可以帮助你发现你最真诚的朋友,或者帮助你找到意想不到的成功动力。
解析:
生词本
go through 经受,通过
cautiously adv. 慎重地,谨慎地
put simply 简而言之
be up to 胜任;取决于
inadequate adj. 不充分的,不适当的
incredible adj. 难以置信的;极好的
be meant to do 打算,有意要
keep from doing 隐瞒;阻止
unexpected adj. 意外的,想不到的
motivation n. 动机;积极性
试题解析
第一句:It’s almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure.
表达难点:本句为“It is + adj.+ to do sth.”的结构,It作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式短语,翻译时适当调整语序。
第二句:People who do so probably live so cautiously that they go nowhere.
表达难点:本句的主干为People live cautiously,属于主谓结构。其中who do so为定语从句,修饰主语People,其中so指代前面所说的go through life without…这一情况,在翻译时可前置。so...that...结构意为“如此……以至于……”,引导结果状语从句。go nowhere字面意思为“哪儿也没去”,此处引申为“一事无成”。
第三句:Put simply, they’re not living at all.
表达难点:词组not…at all意为“根本不”,本句中not living at all若译为“这些人没有在生活”不合逻辑,应结合上下文所要表达的意思,译为“这些人没有真正活过”。
第四句:But the wonderful thing about failure is that it’s entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.
表达难点:本句为复合句,句子主干为the wonderful thing is that…,是主系表结构。about failure是介词短语作后置定语,修饰主语the wonderful thing。that引导表语从句,从句中第一个it为形式主语,真正的主语是to后面的成分;从句中的how引导宾语从句,句末的it指代前面的failure。
第五句:We can choose to see failure as “the end of the world” or as proof of just how inadequate we are.
表达难点:本句为复合句,主语为We,谓语为choose to see,宾语为failure,as后面的内容为宾语补足语,其中or连接了两个并列补语成分。how引导的宾语从句是对前面的proof作说明,注意翻译时应作适当调整以符合中文表达习惯。
第六句:Or, we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is.
表达难点:本句与第五句的句子主干相似,也是“主谓宾+宾补”的结构,其中look at...as...相当于上句中的see...as...,意为“把……看做……”。the incredible learning experience作宾语failure的补足语,此处experience译为有借鉴意义的“经验”较符合文章主题。that引导定语从句,修饰experience,翻译时可根据实际情况放在后面单独译出。
第七句:Every time we fail at something, we can choose to look for the lesson we’re meant to learn.
表达难点:本句为复合句,句子主干为We can choose to…。句子开头是由Every time引导的时间状语从句,意为“每当……”,lesson后面是省略了引导词的定语从句,修饰lesson,此处lesson意为“教训”,look for the lesson可译为“吸取教训”。
第八句:These lessons are very important; they’re how we grow, and how we keep from making that same mistake again.
表达难点:本句为分号隔开的两个并列部分,分号前后的句子均为主系表结构,分号前为简单句,分号后为复合句。在复合句中包含由and连接的两个表语从句,翻译时可根据汉语表达习惯进行适当调整或增删。keep from doing表示“阻止;避免”,此处可译为“避免重蹈覆辙”。
第九句:Failures stop us only if we let them.
表达难点:本句主干为Failures stop us,是主谓宾结构。only if 引导条件状语从句,表示“只有当……时”,them后面省略了stop us。
第十句:Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise.
表达难点:本句中,teach后面接双宾语,其中us是间接宾语,things是直接宾语,about ourselves作后置定语修饰things。that引导定语从句,同样修饰things。things about ourselves此处可意译为“认识自己”。would never have为虚拟语气,表示对过去情况的一种假设,意为“本不能……”。
第十一句:For instance, failure can help you discover how strong a person you are.
表达难点:For instance相当于for example,意为“例如”。how引导宾语从句,作discover的宾语,翻译时应注意语序。
第十二句:Failing at something can help you discover your truest friends, or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.
表达难点:动名词短语Failing at something做主语,or连接两个并列的谓语动词help,句末的to succeed作后置定语修饰motivation,翻译时可提前,译为“成功的动力”。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
47、Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you are planning a tour of a historical site for a group of international students. Write an email to
1) tell them about the site, and
2) give them some tips for the tour.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
参考答案:
参考范文
Dear friends,
I am delighted to hear the news that all of you would come to Beijing this month. As the organizer of this trip, I would like to recommend you the Great Wall, one of the world-renowned relics and the most famous tourist attractions in China.
More than two thousand years ago, the Great Wall was originally built to defend against enemy attacks. As magnificent as its name, the Great Wall demonstrates ancient Chinese people’s wisdom and symbolizes Chinese civilization. I am sure you would be fascinated by its beauty at your first sight of it.
During your sightseeing, please remember not to scribble on the wall and not to litter anywhere. I hope my recommendation is useful to you. Hope you all have a nice triip!
Sincerely,
Li Ming
参考译文
亲爱的朋友们:
听说你们这个月要来到北京,我感到非常高兴。作为这次旅行的组织者,我要向你们推荐长城这个景点。它是一处举世闻名的文化遗址,也是中国最著名的旅游胜地之一。
在两千多年以前,长城最初是用来防御敌人攻击的。长城像它的名字一样壮观,背后蕴含了古代人民的智慧,是中华文明的象征。我相信你们在第一眼看到它时,一定会被长城的美丽所吸引。
在游览期间,请不要在城墙上随意涂鸦,也不要乱扔垃圾。我希望我的推荐对你们有所帮助。预祝各位旅途愉快!
诚挚的,
李明
解析:
题目分析
本题要求考生写一封电子邮件,为留学生规划游览历史古迹的一次旅行。电子邮件的写作格式与信件基本相同,参照推荐信的写法即可。推荐的时候要充分说明旅游景点的特点,语气要客观、真诚。第一段表示欢迎并推荐旅游景点。第二段介绍旅行目的地的情况。最后一段提示收信人在旅行过程中的注意事项,并再次表示欢迎。
48、
Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
参考答案:
参考范文
As is explicitly depicted in the pie chart, the university students’ purposes of reading on the phone mainly fall into four categories, including learning, killing time, getting information and other unspecified purposes. Learning takes a comparatively large share, accounting for about 60%, while killing time is the runner-up, taking up 21.3% of the whole proportion. It is followed by getting information and other unspecified purposes, which occupy 17% and 2.2% respectively.
Apparently, college students read on their mobile phones with two main purposes: learning and leisure. But what are the reasons accounting for this situation? In the first place, recently China has been characterized by its speedy development in technology. Taking educational mobile apps as an example, they offer students many effective learning tools, which allows students to learn anytime and anywhere. Besides, confronted with stress from study, college students are prone to alleviate mental pressure through mobile phone reading. In addition, more and more undergraduates consider reading via mobile phone as a convenient way to obtain information.
In view of the arguments above, we can conclude that the current phenomenon is of no surprise. If college students can make better use of the advantages of phones, their future will be more promising.
参考译文
如图所示,某高校学生的手机阅读目的主要分为四类:学习知识、消磨时间、获取信息及其他目的。学习的占比相对较大,约为60%,而消磨时间位列第二,占21.3%。其次是获取信息和其他未指明的目的,分别占17%和2.2%。
可明显看出,大学生们使用手机阅读的目的主要有两个:学习和休闲。那么造成这种情况的原因是什么呢?首先,近年来,中国的技术发展迅速。以移动端教育APP为例,它们为学生们提供了很多有效的学习工具,让学生可以随时随地进行学习。而且,面对来自学业的压力,大学生更倾向于通过手机阅读来缓解心理压力。此外,越来越多的大学生认为手机阅读是获取信息的便捷途径。
鉴于上述论点,我们可以得出结论,目前这种现象是意料之中的情况。如果大学生能更充分地利用手机的优点,他们的未来将更加充满希望。
解析:
题目分析
本次作文题目是一张饼状图,该图主要呈现的是对某高校学生手机阅读目的进行的调查。由图中可得知,学生们用手机阅读的目的主要分为:学习知识、消磨时间、获取信息以及其他目的,其中学习知识占比最大。考生在写作时,一方面需要描述图表的信息,另一方面需要阐述其原因,并发表自己的见解。
文章大纲
第一段分析图表的基本信息,列出各种手机阅读目的所占的比重。第二段指出形成这一比重的原因。第三段总结全文并提出建议。
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