一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. (1)_____of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones (2)_____ on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. (3)_____ you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you (4)_____ can’t find north, we have a few tricks to help you navigate (5)_____ to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.
When you find yourself well (6)_____ a trail, but not in a completely (7)_____ area, you have to answer two questions: Which (8)_____ is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. (9)_____ , if you head downhill, and follow any H₂O you find, you should (10)_____ see signs of people.
If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be (11)_____ how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
Another (12)_____ : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. (13)_____ , even in dense forest, you should be able to (14)_____ gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve (15)_____ the woods. Head toward these (16)_____ to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for (17)_____ light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.
(18)_____ , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the (19)_____ we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can (20)_____ you to civilization.
1、(1)
A、Some
B、Most
C、Few
D、All
解析：
答案精析：首句提到，在我们生活的世界中，智能手机上装载着GPS系统、数字地图和导航应用。而空格所在句提到，我们中______会不带手机直接走进树林。由前后句的逻辑关系可知，前两句都在暗示人们对手机的依赖程度很高，故此处要填“很少”，答案为C。
错项排除：some、most、all都表示数量达到一定程度，代入原文中均与首句矛盾，故排除。
2、(2)
A、put
B、take
C、run
D、come
解析：
答案精析：空格前后的单词分别为“手机”（phones）和“电池”（batteries）。根据常识可知，手机靠电池运行，答案为C。
错项排除：其他三个选项代入原文中均无法表达“手机”和“电池”之间的关系，故排除。
3、(3)
A、Since
B、If
C、Though
D、Until
解析：
答案精析：空格所在句提到，______你在没有手机或指南针的情况下迷了路，你也______找不到哪边是北，这里有一些方法能够指引你到有人烟的地方。由此可判断出，前半部分内容为假设，后半部分内容为可能发生的情况。故答案为B，表示假设。
错项排除：since表因果，though表让步，until表时间，代入原文中均不符合逻辑，故排除。
4、(4)
A、formally
B、relatively
C、gradually
D、literally
解析：
答案精析：空格所在句意为，你在没有手机或指南针的情况下迷了路，你也______找不到北，结合语义，填入“确实”会使得句子通顺，故答案为D。
错项排除：formally尤其用在官方场合，代入原文中过于正式，A错。人无法“相对地”或“逐渐地”找不到北，B、C错。
5、(5)
A、back
B、next
C、around
D、away
解析：
答案精析：空格所在句提到，如果你迷了路或找不到北，一些方法（tricks）能够指引你______有人烟的地方（civilization）。根据常识可知，方法能够让人找到回去的路，故答案为A。
错项排除：next代入原文中不构成语义，B错误。around和away无法跟to构成搭配，C、D错误。
6、(6)
A、onto
B、off
C、across
D、alone
解析：
答案精析：上一段最后一句提到如果你迷路了，有一些方法可以帮你找到回去的路。本题空格所在句在描述迷了路的情景，well off a trail表示“离开一条路”，即迷路，承接上一段结尾，故B为正确答案。
错项排除：onto、across代入原文中分别表示“走到路上”和“穿过道路”，无法表示迷路的状态，故排除。alone不是介词，无法与a trail构成搭配，故错误。
7、(7)
A、unattractive
B、uncrowded
C、unchanged
D、unfamiliar
解析：
答案精析：空格所在句出现but，表转折，前面说到“你迷了路”（well off a trail），但随即出现转折：你并不是在一个完全______的地区。结合语义，填入unfamiliar符合逻辑，故答案为D。
错项排除：全文并未说到迷路的地方是否吸引人、拥挤或具有变化，且其他三项代入原文中无法与but前面的内容构成转折关系，因此A、B、C错误。
8、(8)
A、site
B、point
C、way
D、place
解析：
答案精析：本段后半部分提到，“人们大多居住在山谷”（Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys）、“如果你往山下走，你应该能看到人类的迹象”（if you head downhill…you should…see signs of people）。可见，空格所在句需要确认的一个问题是：哪条路通往山下？故答案为C。
错项排除：空格处强调的是往哪条路走能够找到有人烟的地方，而不是指“场所”“点”或“地方”，故A、B、D错误。
9、(9)
A、So
B、Yet
C、Instead
D、Besides
解析：
答案精析：空格所在句的前一句说到，人们大多居住在山谷，因为那里供应淡水。而空格所在句提到，如果你往山下走，你应该能看到人类的迹象。不难看出，前后两句是因果关系，因此填A。
错项排除：前后两句不存在转折或递进关系，故B、C、D错误。
10、(10)
A、immediately
B、intentionally
C、unexpectedly
D、eventually
解析：
答案精析：由于人们大多居住在山谷，因此往山下走，______会找到人类的迹象。eventually意为“最终”，即结果，符合句意，答案为D。
错项排除：原文并没有说沿着山下走会马上找到有人烟的地方，A错误。intentionally表示“有意地；蓄意地”，具有贬义含义，此处没有涉及褒贬义，B错误。空格前一句已经说明了为什么要往山下走，因此找到有人烟的地方并不存在意外性，C错误。
11、(11)
A、surprised
B、annoyed
C、frightened
D、confused
解析：
答案精析：破折号通常起到解释或补充说明的作用。破折号前说到，你要留心熟悉的景象（familiar sights），破折号后面说到，你会______于通过识别有特点的一颗岩石或一棵树木就能非常快速地找到方向（restore your bearings）。how quickly表现出吃惊、意外的语气，故答案为A。
错项排除：找到正确方向并不会让人恼怒、害怕或疑惑，故B、C、D排除。
12、(12)
A、problem
B、option
C、view
D、result
解析：
答案精析：前面说到的一个建议是朝着山下走，而此段说的是登高寻找有人类居住的标志。可见，迷路时，登高也是一个建议或选择（option），故答案为B。
错项排除：登高是找到人类居住地的方法，并不是问题，A错。本文主要是给迷了路的人一些方法（tricks），不涉及观点或结果，因此C、D错。
13、(13)
A、Above all
B、In contrast
C、On average
D、For example
解析：
答案精析：空格所在句的句意为：______，即使在茂密的森林里，你应该能够______由于道路、火车轨道和人们在树林______开辟的其他道路而造成的树木之间的空隙。此句通过举例来解释登高是如何帮助迷路的人找到人类居住的标志，因此选D。
错项排除：空格所在句是前一句的进一步说明，并不是概括或对比，A、B错。On average一般指数量的平均，此处并不涉及平均水平，C错。
14、(14)
A、bridge
B、avoid
C、spot
D、separate
解析：
答案精析：空格所在句的前一句说到“寻找（look for）人类居住的标志”，这里的“标志”指的就是此题后面的gaps，因此此空应填入look for的同义词，正确答案为C。
错项排除：此段并未说到要在空隙（gaps）上架一座桥，A错。空格所在句的后一句提到，我们要沿着这些空隙寻找出路，因此不能填入“避免”或“分开”，B、D错。
15、(15)
A、from
B、through
C、beyond
D、under
解析：
答案精析：本题考查paths people carve和the woods之间的关系，paths后面为宾语从句，正常语序为people carve paths _______ the woods。按常理可知，路应该是穿过森林开凿出来的，因此选through，答案为B。
错项排除：路无法“从”（from）森林凿出，也无法在森林之“外”（beyond）或之“下”(under)凿出，A、C、D错误。
长难句分析：For example, even in dense forest, you should be able to spot gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve through the woods.
此句中，due to引出造成后果的原因，在句中作定语。other paths后接定语从句，对此进行修饰，正常语序为：people carve paths through the woods。
句意为：比如，即使在茂密的森林里，你应该也能发现由于道路、火车轨道和人们在树林中开辟的其他道路而造成的树木之间的空隙。
16、(16)
A、posts
B、links
C、shades
D、breaks
解析：
答案精析：空格所在句中的these ______指的就是上一句中的“空隙”（gaps），因此此处应填入gaps的同义词，答案为D。
错项排除：此句说的是沿着空隙寻找出路，并没有提及柱子、联系、背阴等相关概念，A、B、C三项不符合句意，故错误。
17、(17)
A、artificial
B、mysterious
C、hidden
D、limited
解析：
答案精析：本空后面出现light sources（灯光来源），之后通过such as对light sources进行了举例：比如炉火（fires）和街灯（streetlights），这些灯光来源的共同点是它们都是人造光源，故填入A。
错项排除：本句并未提及灯光来源是否神秘、隐匿或有限，B、C、D错误。
18、(18)
A、Finally
B、Consequently
C、Incidentally
D、Generally
解析：
答案精析：此段仍为对迷路的人所提的建议。前文已经列举了在并非完全不熟悉的环境中迷路、在茂密的森林中迷路。这里是最后一种情况，因此填Finally，答案为A。
错项排除：此段是迷路的最后一种情况，与上文不存在因果关系，B错。假设人们在经常光顾的地区迷路，这并不存在偶然性或普遍性，C、D错。
19、(19)
A、memories
B、marks
C、notes
D、belongings
解析：
答案精析：人们常去的地方，必然会留下很多痕迹，因此迷路时可以寻找这些痕迹，B选项符合题意。
错项排除：此处是建议人们寻找其他人在地表留下的东西，从后文的Trail blazes, tire tracks可知，要找的并非记忆、便签或财产，故A、C、D错误。
20、(20)
A、restrict
B、adopt
C、lead
D、expose
解析：
答案精析：空格所在句的句意为：道路上的火焰痕迹、轮胎印和其他特征能够______你去有人烟的地方。lead sb. to some place意为“指引某人去某处”，故答案为C。
错项排除：A、B选项代入原文中不符合句意，排除。expose sb. to sth.指“让某人接触某物”，本句旨在说明迷路后如何返回有人烟的地方，因而此处所填词应与首段的navigate back to civilization表述相近，而非接触文明，故D选项错误。
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.
“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”.
In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.
In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism”. In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.
Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism”, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.
Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
21、21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to ________.
A、enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility
B、help corporations achieve larger profits
C、build a new system of financial regulation
D、guarantee the bonuses of top executives
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Paragraph 1和one motive可定位至文章第一段第三句。由定位句可知，这个规定的主要目的（purpose）是让银行家为不良风险负责（to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking）以及恢复公众对金融机构的信任。由此可推断出，实施新规定的动机是提高银行家的责任感。题干中的motive对应原文的purpose，hold sb. accountable for表示“让某人对……负责”，因此选择A项。
错项排除：第一段中虽然提及to build a stronger economy for future generations，但并未说明实施新规定的动机是帮助公司获利，因此排除B项。文章并未提及建立新的金融监管体系，因此排除C项。根据文章第一段中any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing可知，高管的红利可能因此受到影响，D项与此相悖，因此排除。
22、22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate ________.
A、the conditions for generating quick profits
B、governments’ impatience in decision-making
C、the solid structure of publicly traded companies
D、“short-termism” in economic activities
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Alfred Marshall可定位至文章第二段第二句。由定位句可知，经济学家艾尔弗雷德·马歇尔将这种急躁的经济行为描述为“孩子把布丁中的李子拿出来，然后马上吃掉”，而不是放到最后吃。引用这段话是为了描述this financial impatience，而this指代上文。由此可推断出，艾尔弗雷德·马歇尔的言论是为了证明经济活动存在“短期主义”（short-termism）思想，因此选择D项。
错项排除：文章未提及创造快速获利的条件和上市公司的稳固结构，因此排除A、C两项。文章第二段第二句虽然提及this financial impatience（急躁的经济行为），但并不是政府在决策上的急躁，因此排除B项。
长难句分析：He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
本句的主干为He quotes a giant of classical economics。Alfred Marshall是a giant of classical economics的同位语。who至句末为修饰children的定语。
句意为：他引用古典经济学巨人艾尔弗雷德·马歇尔的话，这种金融上的不耐烦行为就像是“孩子把布丁中的李子拿出来，然后马上吃掉”，而不是放在一边，留到最后吃。
23、23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be ________.
A、indirect
B、adverse
C、minimal
D、temporary
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的transient investment可定位至文章第三段第二句。由定位句可知，短期投资会阻碍公司长期的投资，及顾客忠实度的建立。由此可推断出，短期投资对上市公司的影响是不利的。文章中的hinder与B项中的adverse相呼应，因此选择B项。
错项排除：根据文章第三段第二句中的hinder可知，短期投资对上市公司的影响是负面的，A、C、D三项为中性的表述，在原文中没有依据，故排除。
24、24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate ________.
A、the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”
B、the significance of long-term thinking
C、the approaches to promoting “long-termism”
D、the prevalence of short-term thinking
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的The US and France可定位至文章第五、六段。第五段中提及许多美国企业延迟一年左右发放高管的绩效津贴，继而略微缓解“短期主义”盛行的局面。第六段中提到，在法国，公司中持股两年以上的人拥有更多的选票权。由此可推断出美国和法国的案例说明了两国都在以不同的方式促进长期主义。第六段第一句Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as…承上启下，说明促进“长期主义”还有很多方式，因此选择C项。
错项排除：文章第五段中提及slightly helping reduce “short-termism”，是为了说明延缓发放高管绩效津贴可以缓解“短期主义”盛行的局面，并未说明是为了预防“短期主义”遇到的阻碍和短期主义思想的盛行，因此排除A、C项。文章第五、六段未说明长期主义思想的重要性，因此排除B项。
25、25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A、Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
B、Patience as a Corporate Virtue
C、Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
D、Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
解析：
答案精析：本题为主旨题。文章围绕金融行业的短期主义投资和长期主义投资展开。文章一开始就指出了短期主义投资的弊端，接着又通过美国和法国的例子指出促进长期主义的措施，可见作者主要是想提倡公司进行长期投资。B项中的Patience呼应long-termism，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：A项中的Failure、C项中的Decisiveness和D项中的Frustration在文章中未提及，故错误。
Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”— is helping raise GPAs.
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
College officials also tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”
That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.
Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.
26、26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?
A、The change of course catalogs.
B、Students’ indifference to GPAS.
C、Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.
D、The influence of consumer culture.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的grade inflation可定位至文章第一段第一句。根据定位句中的Grade inflation…is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased可知，分数膨胀被认为是消费至上时代的产物。D项符合题意。
错项排除：文章第一段最后提到course catalogs（课程目录），但此处是指“成绩谅解”隐藏在课程目录中，并未指出课程目录的更改对分数膨胀是否有影响，因此排除A项。B项和C项与原文信息相悖，故排除。
长难句分析：Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.
本句为复合句，主语为Grade inflation，破折号之间为主语的同位语，主句的谓语为is considered。a product of a consumer era in higher education是主语补足语，句末的in which引导定语从句，修饰a consumer era，to be pleased为后置定语，修饰customers。
句意为：分数膨胀——过去几十年来平均绩点逐渐提高——通常被认为是高等教育消费时代的产物，在这个时代，学生被当作要取悦的顾客。
27、27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?
A、To help freshmen adapt to college learning.
B、To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.
C、To prepare graduates for a challenging future.
D、To increase universities’ income from tuition.
解析：
答案精析：题干中的original和第三段第二句中的first started相对应。第三段第二句中的this practice指的是grade forgiveness（“成绩谅解”政策）。to give them a second chance...if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses (如果新生在大学课程的过渡中有问题，就再给他们一次机会)是“成绩谅解”政策的目的。因此正确答案为A项。
错项排除：文章第三段第一句提及graduation rates（毕业率），但此处是指“成绩谅解”政策能够提高毕业率，并未说明“成绩谅解”政策的最初目的是维持大学的毕业率，因此排除B项。C、D项虽然在文章后文中有提及，但并不是最初目的，故排除。
28、28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to ________.
A、obtain more financial support
B、boost their student enrollments
C、improve their teaching quality
D、meet local governments’ needs
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中Paragraph 5，grade forgiveness和colleges定位至第五段前两句。定位句指出，“成绩谅解”政策满足了大学自身的需求，对公共机构而言，国家的资金有时候跟一些因素有关，比如毕业率和学生在学率，因此好的分数意味着更多的资金。由此可知，“成绩谅解”政策使大学能够获得更多的国家资金，这与A选项相符，因此正确答案选A。
错项排除：文章只提及大学的毕业率和学生在学率，并未提及学生入学人数，B选项属于无中生有，故排除。C项和D项均未在文章中提及，故排除。
29、29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 4, Para. 6) most probably mean?
A、To counterbalance each other.
B、To complement each other.
C、To be identical with each other.
D、To be contradictory to each other.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位至文章第六段最后一句。定位句On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned中的this指上文Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be（既然学生和家长都希望大学文凭能带来一份工作，那么培养出尽可能合格的毕业生，或至少看起来合格，对学校也是最有利的）。由此可知，学生和学校有着共同的利益目标，所以正确答案为C。
错项排除：根据上述分析可知，学生和学校有着共同的利益目标，A、B、D均没有“相同的”的含义，故排除。
长难句分析：Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be.
本句为复合句，Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job为原因状语从句，it为形式主语，to turn out graduates为真正的主语，其后为who引导的定语从句，修饰graduates。破折号后的内容为插入语，是对定语从句的补充说明。
句意为：既然学生和家长都希望大学文凭能带来一份工作，那么培养出尽可能合格的毕业生，或至少看起来合格，对学校也是最有利的。
30、30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by ________.
A、assessing its feasibility
B、analyzing the causes behind it
C、comparing different views on it
D、listing its long-run effects
解析：
答案精析：通读全文可知，文章开篇提出“分数膨胀”，之后分析“成绩谅解”的原因、目的和意义。B选项符合题意。
错项排除：文章主要分析了“成绩谅解”政策的原因、目的和对学生的好处，并未分析其可行性、人们对比不同的观点和长期的影响，因此排除A、C和D项。
This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.
Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”
What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.
Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”
But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.
Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.
On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.
While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair. To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.
31、31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it ________.
A、fascinates AI scientists all over the world
B、has remained popular for as long as 200 years
C、involves some concerns raised by AI today
D、has sparked serious ethical controversies
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Mary Shelley和Frankenstein可直接定位至文章首段，第一段第二句指出这部推理小说预示着未来的技术将会引发许多伦理问题。原文中的a remarkable work of speculative fiction指的就是《弗兰肯斯坦》（Frankenstein）这部小说，C项中的concerns对应原文ethical questions，raised by AI对应原文中的raised by technologies，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：A项无中生有，原文中并没有提及这部科幻小说使全世界的人工智能科学家着迷，故排除。B项利用原文第一句中的two centuries作干扰，但原文只是在介绍这部小说的出版时长，并非是提及这部小说的原因，故B项错误。D项为强干扰项，首段第二句最后提到这部小说预示着（foreshadow）未来的技术将会引发许多伦理问题，而并非这本书引发了（has sparked）伦理争论，故D项错误。
长难句分析：Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.
本句的句子主干为…the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction…，主谓宾结构。逗号之前的句子为时间状语，用于表示主句内容发生的时间。主句后面的that引导定语从句，修饰a remarkable work，用于解释这部小说预示了许多伦理问题。句末的to be raised by technologies为后置定语，修饰ethical questions，用于解释这些伦理问题是技术所引发的。
句意为：甚至在电灯泡发明之前，这位作者就已经创作了一部引人注目的推理小说，它预示了未来的技术将引发许多伦理问题。
32、32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness ________.
A、helps explain artificial intelligence
B、can be misleading to robot making
C、inspires popular sci-fi TV series
D、is too limited for us to reproduce it
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的David Eagleman定位至第四段第一句。大卫·伊格曼提到人们的思想仍然过于复杂，无法被理解，更不用说被复制了。随后他又指出，我们所处的情况是，没有好的理论来解释人类的意识究竟是什么，以及如何才能制造出一台机器来实现这一目标。由此可知，我们对意识的认识是很有限的，并且无法对意识进行复制。D项中的reproduce为原词复现，limited对应原文中的no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：A项无中生有，原文中并未提及人类对意识的认识可以帮助解释人工智能，故A项错误。B项偷换概念，原文说的是没有好的理论可以帮助制造机器，并非是我们对意识的认识会误导机器人的制造，故B项错误。C项利用原文第三段末尾出现的popular sci-fi TV series作干扰，但原文中并未说明人类对意识的认识和科幻电视剧之间有什么联系，这也并非大卫·伊格曼的观点，故C项错误。
33、33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles ________.
A、can hardly ever be found
B、is still beyond our capacity
C、causes little public concern
D、has aroused much curiosity
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的ethical issues和autonomous vehicles定位至第五段前两句，定位句指出涉及人工智能的伦理问题就在我们身边，并且以自动驾驶汽车为例进行说明。随后又指出了人类在驾驶时所做出的瞬间反应是非常复杂的，第五段最后两句提到如今的人工智能“视觉”远不及人类的复杂，预测每一种可能的驾驶情况是一个非常困难的编程问题。由此可知，对于这一伦理问题，目前仍难以解决，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：A项表述过于绝对，并且原文已经提到了解决方案，只是目前很难实现这一方案而已，并不意味着几乎找不到解决方案，故A项错误。原文中并未提及公众对解决方案的关注与好奇，故C、D错误。
34、34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of ________.
A、affirmation
B、skepticism
C、contempt
D、respect
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Google’s pledges（谷歌的承诺）可定位至原文第七段，但第七段只说明了谷歌的承诺具体是什么，并没有体现出作者的态度。作者在第八段首句提到，尽管这个声明有些含糊，但是它代表着一个起点。由此可知，作者对Google’s pledges持肯定的态度，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：由上述分析可知作者对Google’s pledges的态度是积极的，故排除B、C两项。D项respect（尊重）在原文中并未体现，故排除。
35、35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A、AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants
B、Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI
C、The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable
D、AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control
解析：
答案精析：本题需要根据全文作答。本文首段通过引用玛丽·雪莱的科幻小说引出文章的主题——新技术所引发的伦理问题（ethical questions）。第二段明确指出人工智能引发的一些问题。第三、四段对人工智能的发展状况进行了阐述，表明我们并不能确定智能化的程度并且无法定义人类的自我意识。随后第五段又指出人工智能所涉及的伦理问题已经触手可及了。全文一直在围绕人工智能（AI）和伦理问题（ethical questions）进行讨论，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：A项属于无中生有，原文中并未提到人工智能的未来掌握在科技巨头手中，故排除。B项中的科幻小说是作者用于引出文章主旨的，并不是文章的中心，故排除B。D项表述偏离文意，文章中最后一句出现了out-of-control，但并没有说如果失去控制，人工智能将成为杀手（killers），故D项错误。
States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.
The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.
The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”
The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.
Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.
Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and Internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”
36、36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will ________.
A、better businesses’ relations with states
B、put most online businesses in a dilemma
C、make more online shoppers pay sales tax
D、forces some states to cut sales tax
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Supreme Court decision Thursday和顺序原则可定位至原文首段，该段指出美国最高法院周四做出一项裁决，州政府可以迫使更多的消费者在网上购物时缴纳销售税。C项为原文中force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases的同义替换，故正确答案为C。
错项排除： A、B两项在原文中均未提及，属于无中生有，故排除。原文中说的是让消费者支付销售税，从而州政府会得到更多的税收收入，而D项中迫使一些州削减销售税，与原文意思相悖，故D项错误。
37、37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions ________.
A、have led to the dominance of e-commerce
B、have cost consumers a lot over the years
C、were widely criticized by online purchasers
D、were considered unfavorable by states
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的paragraphs 2 and 3可直接定位至原文第二、三段。第二段指出州政府表明之前的政策每年使他们损失数十亿美元的收入，而且这些政策使得州政府很难对某些网上消费者征收销售税。随后第三段也说到如果一家企业将客户购买的商品运送到一个没有仓库或办公室等实体店的州，那么这家企业就不必为该州代收销售税。由此可知，第二、三段的表述都是对各州政府不利的情况，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：A、C两项在原文中均未提及，故排除。原文第三段最后一句说到如果不征收销售税，客户通常要自己负责向州政府缴纳销售税，但大多数人没有意识到自己需要缴纳销售税，很少有人缴纳。由此可知，之前的政策并没有让消费者花费很多，故B项错误。
长难句分析：The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state.
本句的句子主干为The cases…said that，主谓宾结构。主语后面的the court overturned是省略了that/which的定语从句，修饰The cases，用于对裁决作进一步的解释。said的宾语是后面that引导的宾语从句，该宾语从句的主句为the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state。其中if引导条件状语从句，用于说明企业不必为该州征收销售税的条件。后面的where引导定语从句，修饰a state，用于进一步解释这个州的特点。
句意为：被法院推翻的两项裁决称，如果一家企业将客户购买的商品运送到该企业没有仓库或办公室等实体店的州，那么这家企业就不必为该州代收销售税。
38、38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has ________.
A、hindered economic development
B、brought prosperity to the country
C、harmed fair market competition
D、boosted growth in states’ revenue
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Justice Anthony Kennedy和physical presence rule可定位至原文第四段。该段最后一句指出，肯尼迪写道，这项规则“限制了各州寻求长期繁荣的能力，并阻碍了市场参与者公平竞争。”由此可知，正确答案为C。
错项排除：原文是指实体店规则限制了各州寻求长期繁荣的能力，并非是阻碍了经济发展，故A项错误。原文明确指出安东尼·肯尼认为实体店规则的影响是负面的，而B、D两项的影响为正向、积极的，故B、D错误。
39、39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?
A、Internet entrepreneurs.
B、Big chain owners.
C、Third-party sellers.
D、Small retailers.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的welcome the Supreme Court ruling以及顺序原则可定位至原文第五段。该段首句直接表明这项裁决对于在许多州都有实体店的大型连锁企业（big chains）来说是一个胜利（victory），因为它们通常已经开始对网上购物征收销售税了。通过原文中的victory可以推断出，大型连锁店对这项裁决的态度是支持的，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：原文末段最后一句指出，这项裁决对小企业和互联网创业者完全没有好处，可见他们并不会欢迎这项裁决，故排除A、D两项。原文第五段最后一句出现了third-party sellers，但并没有说明第三方卖家是否会欢迎这项裁决，故C项错误。
40、40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author ________.
A、gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences
B、describes the long and complicated process of its making
C、presents its main points with conflicting views on them
D、cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications
解析：
答案精析：本题需要根据全文作答。文章开篇直接引出最高法院通过新的裁决，征收网上消费的营业税。第二段介绍之前的政策及其后果不利于州政府。第三段描述原来判决涉及到的案例。第四段列举了法官安东尼·肯尼迪的观点，指出以前的裁决有弊端。第五段至第七段描述了新裁决对大型连锁店、各州政府、零售行业等的影响。可见，作者先对最高法院星期四的裁决进行了客观描述，然后说明了它的影响，本题选A。
错项排除： B、C两项属于无中生有，原文并未提及新裁决的过程是否漫长，以及新裁决相互矛盾的观点，故排除B、C。原文第三段首句出现cases，但这里说的是“两项已有几十年历史的裁决”，而对大型连锁店、各州政府、零售行业有影响的是最高法院星期四的裁决，两者无关联，D错。
41、41. ________→42. ________→F→43. ________→44. ________→C→45. ________
参考答案：EDGBA
解析：
试题解析
段落A大意：如果我们改变对争论的看法，就能赢得每一场争论。
段落B大意：我们应该评估对方的论点，并承认他人好的观点，同时发现自身论点的不足。
段落C大意：下次与别人进行争论时，你应该遵循的法则。
段落D大意：争论会使双方两败俱伤，这就是为什么很多人避免争论。
段落E大意：戴尔·卡耐基在书中提到避免争论是从争论中获胜的方式。
段落F大意：如果你将争论看作一场打斗，从某种意义上，你通过一些诡计就能取胜。
段落G大意：赢得争论更好的方式是理解彼此的立场和共同的价值观。
答案详解
答案精析：题干中已给出了F段和C段的位置。A段、B段、G段首句中分别出现了These tools、Of courses、There is a better way等，均不适合放到第一段。D段第一句出现了Carnegie，但没有交代他是谁，也不适合放到第一段。E段介绍了Dale Carnegie以及他对争论（argument）的看法，引出了本文的话题，适合放到首段，因此答案为E。
答案精析：本题优先选择出现人物复现的段落，全文中只有D段和E段出现了Carnegie。D段陈述了作者对卡耐基所提出的观点的评论，符合文章逻辑。此外，D段最后一句中的This kind of thinking指的就是F段（第三段）中的These views of arguments，因此本题答案为D。
答案精析：F段（第三段）最后一句提到they (these tricks) can help you win—in one way（这些诡计能够在一定程度上让你获胜），而G段首句出现There is a better way to win arguments，随即介绍了理解彼此的立场是赢得争论更好的方式。前后为承接关系。因此本题答案为G。
答案精析：G段后半部分提到双方通过争论理解了彼此的立场和共同的价值观，这可视为一种成功。B段首句提到很多讨论并不是如此成功的。前后段逻辑通顺，可推断出B段在G段之后。此外，B段多次提到为了理解对方立场你需要做很多事情（We need to…we also need to…Humility requires you to），而C段第一句说到None of these will be easy，由此可知B段和C段为承接关系，因此本题选B。
答案精析：C段出现很多建议：Next time you state your position… Next time you talk with someone who… Assess its strength…，而A段开头提到These tools can help you win every argument。因此A段承接在C段之后，合乎逻辑。此外，A段提出如果改变看待争论的看法，就会在本质上改变“赢得”争论的意义。A段是对全文的概括，适合作为最后一段，因此本题选A。
试题解析
段落A大意：如果我们改变对争论的看法，就能赢得每一场争论。
段落B大意：我们应该评估对方的论点，并承认他人好的观点，同时发现自身论点的不足。
段落C大意：下次与别人进行争论时，你应该遵循的法则。
段落D大意：争论会使双方两败俱伤，这就是为什么很多人避免争论。
段落E大意：戴尔·卡耐基在书中提到避免争论是从争论中获胜的方式。
段落F大意：如果你将争论看作一场打斗，从某种意义上，你通过一些诡计就能取胜。
段落G大意：赢得争论更好的方式是理解彼此的立场和共同的价值观。
答案详解
答案精析：题干中已给出了F段和C段的位置。A段、B段、G段首句中分别出现了These tools、Of courses、There is a better way等，均不适合放到第一段。D段第一句出现了Carnegie，但没有交代他是谁，也不适合放到第一段。E段介绍了Dale Carnegie以及他对争论（argument）的看法，引出了本文的话题，适合放到首段，因此答案为E。
答案精析：本题优先选择出现人物复现的段落，全文中只有D段和E段出现了Carnegie。D段陈述了作者对卡耐基所提出的观点的评论，符合文章逻辑。此外，D段最后一句中的This kind of thinking指的就是F段（第三段）中的These views of arguments，因此本题答案为D。
答案精析：F段（第三段）最后一句提到they (these tricks) can help you win—in one way（这些诡计能够在一定程度上让你获胜），而G段首句出现There is a better way to win arguments，随即介绍了理解彼此的立场是赢得争论更好的方式。前后为承接关系。因此本题答案为G。
答案精析：G段后半部分提到双方通过争论理解了彼此的立场和共同的价值观，这可视为一种成功。B段首句提到很多讨论并不是如此成功的。前后段逻辑通顺，可推断出B段在G段之后。此外，B段多次提到为了理解对方立场你需要做很多事情（We need to…we also need to…Humility requires you to），而C段第一句说到None of these will be easy，由此可知B段和C段为承接关系，因此本题选B。
答案精析：C段出现很多建议：Next time you state your position… Next time you talk with someone who… Assess its strength…，而A段开头提到These tools can help you win every argument。因此A段承接在C段之后，合乎逻辑。此外，A段提出如果改变看待争论的看法，就会在本质上改变“赢得”争论的意义。A段是对全文的概括，适合作为最后一段，因此本题选A。
试题解析
段落A大意：如果我们改变对争论的看法，就能赢得每一场争论。
段落B大意：我们应该评估对方的论点，并承认他人好的观点，同时发现自身论点的不足。
段落C大意：下次与别人进行争论时，你应该遵循的法则。
段落D大意：争论会使双方两败俱伤，这就是为什么很多人避免争论。
段落E大意：戴尔·卡耐基在书中提到避免争论是从争论中获胜的方式。
段落F大意：如果你将争论看作一场打斗，从某种意义上，你通过一些诡计就能取胜。
段落G大意：赢得争论更好的方式是理解彼此的立场和共同的价值观。
答案详解
答案精析：题干中已给出了F段和C段的位置。A段、B段、G段首句中分别出现了These tools、Of courses、There is a better way等，均不适合放到第一段。D段第一句出现了Carnegie，但没有交代他是谁，也不适合放到第一段。E段介绍了Dale Carnegie以及他对争论（argument）的看法，引出了本文的话题，适合放到首段，因此答案为E。
答案精析：本题优先选择出现人物复现的段落，全文中只有D段和E段出现了Carnegie。D段陈述了作者对卡耐基所提出的观点的评论，符合文章逻辑。此外，D段最后一句中的This kind of thinking指的就是F段（第三段）中的These views of arguments，因此本题答案为D。
答案精析：F段（第三段）最后一句提到they (these tricks) can help you win—in one way（这些诡计能够在一定程度上让你获胜），而G段首句出现There is a better way to win arguments，随即介绍了理解彼此的立场是赢得争论更好的方式。前后为承接关系。因此本题答案为G。
答案精析：G段后半部分提到双方通过争论理解了彼此的立场和共同的价值观，这可视为一种成功。B段首句提到很多讨论并不是如此成功的。前后段逻辑通顺，可推断出B段在G段之后。此外，B段多次提到为了理解对方立场你需要做很多事情（We need to…we also need to…Humility requires you to），而C段第一句说到None of these will be easy，由此可知B段和C段为承接关系，因此本题选B。
答案精析：C段出现很多建议：Next time you state your position… Next time you talk with someone who… Assess its strength…，而A段开头提到These tools can help you win every argument。因此A段承接在C段之后，合乎逻辑。此外，A段提出如果改变看待争论的看法，就会在本质上改变“赢得”争论的意义。A段是对全文的概括，适合作为最后一段，因此本题选A。
试题解析
段落A大意：如果我们改变对争论的看法，就能赢得每一场争论。
段落B大意：我们应该评估对方的论点，并承认他人好的观点，同时发现自身论点的不足。
段落C大意：下次与别人进行争论时，你应该遵循的法则。
段落D大意：争论会使双方两败俱伤，这就是为什么很多人避免争论。
段落E大意：戴尔·卡耐基在书中提到避免争论是从争论中获胜的方式。
段落F大意：如果你将争论看作一场打斗，从某种意义上，你通过一些诡计就能取胜。
段落G大意：赢得争论更好的方式是理解彼此的立场和共同的价值观。
答案详解
答案精析：题干中已给出了F段和C段的位置。A段、B段、G段首句中分别出现了These tools、Of courses、There is a better way等，均不适合放到第一段。D段第一句出现了Carnegie，但没有交代他是谁，也不适合放到第一段。E段介绍了Dale Carnegie以及他对争论（argument）的看法，引出了本文的话题，适合放到首段，因此答案为E。
答案精析：本题优先选择出现人物复现的段落，全文中只有D段和E段出现了Carnegie。D段陈述了作者对卡耐基所提出的观点的评论，符合文章逻辑。此外，D段最后一句中的This kind of thinking指的就是F段（第三段）中的These views of arguments，因此本题答案为D。
答案精析：F段（第三段）最后一句提到they (these tricks) can help you win—in one way（这些诡计能够在一定程度上让你获胜），而G段首句出现There is a better way to win arguments，随即介绍了理解彼此的立场是赢得争论更好的方式。前后为承接关系。因此本题答案为G。
答案精析：G段后半部分提到双方通过争论理解了彼此的立场和共同的价值观，这可视为一种成功。B段首句提到很多讨论并不是如此成功的。前后段逻辑通顺，可推断出B段在G段之后。此外，B段多次提到为了理解对方立场你需要做很多事情（We need to…we also need to…Humility requires you to），而C段第一句说到None of these will be easy，由此可知B段和C段为承接关系，因此本题选B。
答案精析：C段出现很多建议：Next time you state your position… Next time you talk with someone who… Assess its strength…，而A段开头提到These tools can help you win every argument。因此A段承接在C段之后，合乎逻辑。此外，A段提出如果改变看待争论的看法，就会在本质上改变“赢得”争论的意义。A段是对全文的概括，适合作为最后一段，因此本题选A。
试题解析
段落A大意：如果我们改变对争论的看法，就能赢得每一场争论。
段落B大意：我们应该评估对方的论点，并承认他人好的观点，同时发现自身论点的不足。
段落C大意：下次与别人进行争论时，你应该遵循的法则。
段落D大意：争论会使双方两败俱伤，这就是为什么很多人避免争论。
段落E大意：戴尔·卡耐基在书中提到避免争论是从争论中获胜的方式。
段落F大意：如果你将争论看作一场打斗，从某种意义上，你通过一些诡计就能取胜。
段落G大意：赢得争论更好的方式是理解彼此的立场和共同的价值观。
答案详解
答案精析：题干中已给出了F段和C段的位置。A段、B段、G段首句中分别出现了These tools、Of courses、There is a better way等，均不适合放到第一段。D段第一句出现了Carnegie，但没有交代他是谁，也不适合放到第一段。E段介绍了Dale Carnegie以及他对争论（argument）的看法，引出了本文的话题，适合放到首段，因此答案为E。
答案精析：本题优先选择出现人物复现的段落，全文中只有D段和E段出现了Carnegie。D段陈述了作者对卡耐基所提出的观点的评论，符合文章逻辑。此外，D段最后一句中的This kind of thinking指的就是F段（第三段）中的These views of arguments，因此本题答案为D。
答案精析：F段（第三段）最后一句提到they (these tricks) can help you win—in one way（这些诡计能够在一定程度上让你获胜），而G段首句出现There is a better way to win arguments，随即介绍了理解彼此的立场是赢得争论更好的方式。前后为承接关系。因此本题答案为G。
答案精析：G段后半部分提到双方通过争论理解了彼此的立场和共同的价值观，这可视为一种成功。B段首句提到很多讨论并不是如此成功的。前后段逻辑通顺，可推断出B段在G段之后。此外，B段多次提到为了理解对方立场你需要做很多事情（We need to…we also need to…Humility requires you to），而C段第一句说到None of these will be easy，由此可知B段和C段为承接关系，因此本题选B。
答案精析：C段出现很多建议：Next time you state your position… Next time you talk with someone who… Assess its strength…，而A段开头提到These tools can help you win every argument。因此A段承接在C段之后，合乎逻辑。此外，A段提出如果改变看待争论的看法，就会在本质上改变“赢得”争论的意义。A段是对全文的概括，适合作为最后一段，因此本题选A。
42、 It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) 【There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.】
Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47)【 nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. 】Never mind the quality, then, count the number.
(48) 【Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.】 This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49)【 This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.】
Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50)【 If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.】
参考答案：
参考译文
46. 医学杂志上有很多这样的谬论，一旦被广播公司和非专业媒体报道，就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。
47. 现在，任何申请某一科研岗位的人，所需发表的论文数量必须是十年前的两倍。
48. 人们已经尝试遏制这一趋势，例如，试图将某种既衡量数量又衡量质量的标准纳入申请人的论文评估过程中。
49. 事实上，科学家可以轻易设法在自己未来发表的文章中引用自己的文章，或让同事引用自己的文章以获取类似的好处。如果不是这样的事实，这种评估方法将会是合理的。
50. 如果我们要严格确保我们的科学既有意义又可重复利用，我们必须确保我们的制度鼓励这种科学。
解析：
生词本
nonsense n. 胡言乱语；谬论
journal n. 期刊；杂志
broadcaster n. 广播公司
lay adj. 外行的；非专业的
short-lived adj. 短暂的
dietary adj. 饮食的
curb vt. 抑制；控制
incorporate vt. 包含
assessment n. 评估
cite vt. 引用；引证
associate n. 同事；伙伴；v. 联系
reproducible adj. 可再生的；可复制的
institution n. 制度
表达难点
46. ①主句是There be句型，可以翻译为“某处有某物”，即“医学杂志上有很多这样的谬论”。②which引导的定语从句修饰nonsense，而非medical journals。翻译时可以将which翻译为“这些谬论”。③when引导的是省略主语的条件状语从句，taken up by表明这是被动句，因而翻译为“当被……报道时”。
47. ①applying for a research post为后置定语，修饰anyone，翻译为“任何申请某一科研岗位的人”。②twice the number of papers表示“论文数量的两倍”。③that引导的定语从句修饰the number of papers，would have been required为被动语态，结合先行词可翻译为“所需发表的论文数量”。
48. ①句子主干是被动语态，翻译时可处理为主动，即“人们已经努力”。②for example为插入语，翻译时依旧作为插入语即可。④by trying to…为方式状语，翻译为“试图……”。⑤incorporate…into…表示“将……纳入……之中”。
49. ①主句为主系表结构，使用了虚拟语气，This指代前文所说的评估方法，故翻译为“这种评估方法将会是合理的”。②if引导的条件状语从句可翻译为“如果不是因为这样的事实”。③that引导的同位语从句用以解释说明the fact，指出现在的事实，翻译时可将之单独成句，翻译为“事实上……”。④get associates to do so中to do so指引用文章。
50. ①be serious about表示“认真对待……”。②第一个that引导的是ensuring的宾语从句。第二个that引导的是ensure的宾语从句，顺序直译即可。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
43、Part A
51. Directions：
Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
Dear volunteer,
Thank you for your enthusiasm for our “Aiding Rural Primary School” project. I sincerely appreciate your interest in helping children whose basic needs can hardly be met in education and school life. Therefore, I am more than honored to make a brief introduction about the details.
Aiming to provide an all-around assistance to several primary schools in rural Western China, this project contains a charity sale of spare clothes, a wholesale purchase of children’s necessities and regular voluntary teaching activities. This project will take place in August and last about two weeks. As a volunteer, your first task is to help us organize some educational activities for children. You can also share some interesting things in your country, which will broaden their horizons.
At last, thank you again for your interest in our aiding project and I hope my introduction can strengthen your wish to participate in it. If you have any other questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Yours truthfully,
Li Ming
参考译文
亲爱的志愿者：
感谢你对我校“援助农村小学”项目的热情。我由衷感激你能帮助那些在教育和学校生活上有困难的学生。因此，我很荣幸就项目细节向你做一个简单的介绍。
为了对几所中国西部农村小学提供全方位的援助，这一项目包含闲置衣物义卖、批发采购孩子的生活必需品和定期的支教活动。该项目于八月份开始，为期两周。作为一名志愿者，你的首要任务是帮助我们为孩子们组织一些教育活动。你也可以分享一些你们国家有趣的事情，这将拓宽孩子们的视野。
最后，再次感谢你对我们项目感兴趣，我希望我的介绍能增加你参与其中的意愿。如果你有其他任何问题，请随时联系我们。
诚挚的，
李明
解析：
题目要求给一名留学生志愿者提出的询问回信，回答关于“援助农村小学”项目的细节。文章可分成三段。写信时，态度要礼貌、诚恳。
第一段开门见山说明写信的目的，并对询问者表示感谢；
第二段详细叙述支援项目的目标、日期以及作为一名志愿者需要做的事情；
第三段再次向询问者表示感谢，并欢迎他参加这个项目。
44、
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the meaning, and
3) give your comments.
Write your answer neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
This picture illustrates two opposite attitudes towards difficulty. In this picture, there are two young men climbing a mountain. One of them says that he is tired and couldn’t continue while the other one passes him a bottle of water and encourages him to carry on after a rest.
Undoubtedly, this picture reflects people’s varied views when difficulty approaches. Some people may be enthusiastic to overcome the difficulty at first but panic when they feel tired. They may argue it is normal to consider giving up because pursuit for comfort and relaxation is only human nature. However, determined people not only refuse to complain about the difficulties, but also try to motivate weak-willed people to carry on. A positive attitude towards difficulties 41is indeed a great accelerator to success while such virtue to rekindle others’ hope is worth even more cherishing.
To conclude, the one who shows willingness in overcoming difficulties is the one we should become. The world is consistently developing. A person will be automatically left behind if he stops trying. Only by making constant efforts and never stopping making progress can we become winners in the face of difficulties.
参考译文
这幅图画描绘了人们面对困难时两种截然相反的态度。在这幅图中，有两个年轻人正 在爬山。其中一个人说他累了，不能再继续爬了，而另一个人则递给他一瓶水并鼓励他休 息一下再接着爬。
毫无疑问，这幅图反映了遇到困难时人们不同的看法。有些人可能一开始会非常热衷 于克服困难，但当他们感到疲劳时就会恐惧退缩。他们也许会辩解说，人们想放弃是正常 的，因为追求舒适和放松乃人之常情。然而，意志坚定的人不仅对困难毫无怨言，还会尝 试去鼓励那些退缩的人坚持下去。面对困难的积极态度固然是通往成功的加速器，而这种 能够重燃他人希望的美德更值得珍惜。
总的来说，我们应该成为那个愿意克服困难的人。这个世界在不断地发展，如果一个 人停止努力，他自然会落后。只有不断努力，不断进步，我们才能成为困难面前的赢家。
解析：
题目分析
这幅图片描绘的是当今社会中非常典型的两种观念：面对困难时，有的人半途而废，而有的人不仅自己不畏困难，还能激励他人。
文章大纲
第一段：描述图片，对图片中的两个人进行对比。
第二段：解释两种观念，分析图画的含义。
第三段：总结全文，呼吁人们应该不畏困难，这样才能取得进步。
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