一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. (1)_____, when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more that it (2)_____.
As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing (3)_____ on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of (4)_____ the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to (5)_____ my goals.
I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate (6)_____ of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight (7)_____ altering your training program. The most (8)_____ changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.
For these (9)_____, I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule (10)_____. Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to (11)_____ my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and (12)_____ any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to (13)_____ my training program.
I use my bimonthly weight-in (14)_____ to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly (15)_____ and dropping weight, this is a (16)_____ that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.
The (17)_____ to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a (18)_____ morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals. (19)_____ I’m training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.
Rather than (20)_____ over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.
1、(1)
A、Therefore
B、Otherwise
C、However
D、Besides
解析：
答案精析：空处应填入副词，表明前后两句的逻辑关系。首句指出称体重是了解体重波动的极佳方式（a wonderful way），后一句则指出这种习惯有时会造成伤害（hurt），可见前后两句是转折关系，故正确答案为C选项。
错项排除：A、B、D选项均无法表示转折关系，故排除。
2、(2)
A、cares
B、reduces
C、warns
D、helps
解析：
答案精析：空处应该填入动词，作than引导的比较状语从句的宾语。空格所在句说到过于频繁地称体重会造成更多伤害，从句子间的逻辑关系可以看出空处所填词应该与hurt（造成伤害）形成对比，故正确答案为D选项。
错项排除：A、B、C选项均无法与hurt形成对比，故排除。
3、(3)
A、solely
B、occasionally
C、formally
D、initially
解析：
答案精析：空处应填入副词，修饰focusing，表明关注的方式。本句指出，每天称重会将注意力从关注健康和身体活力转移到_____关注体重秤的称重结果上。从后文的“thinking only of…the number on the scale”可知，本空所填词应与only含义对应，故本题正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：从原文中weighing myself every day（每日称重）可知，关注体重秤的称重结果并不是偶尔的行为，故B选项错误。原文并未提及称体重是否正式，故C选项错误。原文提到作者最初关注的是保持身体的健康和活力，关注体重秤的称重结果并非最初的关注点，故D选项错误。
长难句分析：As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing solely on the scale.
本句中多处使用动名词，因而造成句子较长，其实主干为简单句，为主谓宾宾补结构，主语是动名词短语weighing myself every day，谓语是caused，宾语为me，不定式to shift my focus为宾语补足语，from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing solely on the scale为地点状语。介词from和to后都使用了动名词作宾语。
句意为：对我而言，每日称重使我将注意力从保持整体健康和身体活力转移到只关注称重结果上。
4、(4)
A、lowering
B、explaining
C、accepting
D、recording
解析：
答案精析：空格前的but表转折，因此空处所填词应与前文的gained weight（增加体重）形成对比，再根据前一句的focusing solely on the scale可推断出，只关注体重秤的称重结果是想知道减轻了多少体重，故A选项为正确答案。thinking only of lowering the number on the scale与前文的focusing solely on the scale相呼应。
错项排除：从后半句的altered my training program（改变训练计划），可知作者对体重秤上的数字不满，所以才改变了训练计划，而B、C、D选项暗含了接受现状的含义，不会造成改变训练计划的结果，故排除。
5、(5)
A、set
B、review
C、reach
D、modify
解析：
答案精析：从前文可知，只关注体重秤was bad to my overall fitness goals（对实现整体健康目标不利），此处作者指出，只想着降低体重秤上的数字而改变训练计划与我_____目标所需进行的训练相冲突。可见，此处应该填入reach与goals搭配，表示“达成目标”。故正确答案为C选项。
错项排除：A、D选项虽然可以与goals构成搭配，但不符合原文句意，故排除。B选项无法与goals构成搭配，故排除。
6、(6)
A、depiction
B、distribution
C、prediction
D、definition
解析：
答案精析：本句指出，每日称重不能准确_____我在健身房付出的努力和取得的进步。从后文可知，需要三周到一个月时间才能发现体重的显著变化，可见每日称体重不能准确反映自己的努力和成就，故正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：B、D选项代入原文，不能构成合理语义，故排除。在健身房付出的努力是已经发生的事，不需要预测，故C选项错误。
7、(7)
A、regardless of
B、aside from
C、along with
D、due to
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词需表明altering your training program（改变训练计划）和significant changes in your weight（体重的显著变化）之间的关系。前文提到作者为了降低体重秤上的数字，而改变了训练计划，可见改变计划的目的是改变体重，即体重的显著变化是改变训练计划的结果，故正确答案为D选项。
错项排除：A选项表示让步关系，B选项表并列，C选项表伴随，都不能在原文中构成合理的逻辑关系，故排除。
8、(8)
A、rigid
B、precise
C、immediate
D、orderly
解析：
答案精析：前文指出由于改变训练计划带来的显著体重变化要三周到一个月时间才能发现，此处指出，最_____的改变体现在技能水平、力量和身材变小上。只有C选项符合文意，表示最直接的改变。
错项排除：A、B、D选项代入原文，语义不通顺，故排除。
9、(9)
A、judgments
B、reasons
C、methods
D、claims
解析：
答案精析：空格前的these指代前文描述的内容。文章第二段指出每日称重不利于实现目标，第三段指出每日称重不能准确反映作者的付出与成就，这是作者停止每日称重的原因所在，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文并未提及判断、方法和要求，A、C、D在原文无依据，且代入原文与上下文语义不符，故排除。
10、(10)
A、though
B、again
C、indeed
D、instead
解析：
答案精析：本句指出作者停止每日称重，转变（switch to）为每月称两次体重。能与switch to（转变）呼应的选项只有instead，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项表示让步，在原文没有体现，故排除。B选项表示之前曾有过每月称两次体重的行为，而原文没有提到，故错误。C选项表示强调，无法体现前后变化，故排除。
11、(11)
A、track
B、overlook
C、conceal
D、report
解析：
答案精析：本句指出，由于减肥不是我的目标，所以每周_____体重对我来说不那么重要了。前文一直围绕称体重的内容进行描述，此处应该填入与weigh意思相近的词。track此处表示“记录……的进展”，并能与weight搭配。故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文只是提到作者从每天称重改为每月称两次，并不等于作者不再关注体重，文章也没有提到作者隐藏体重或向别人报告体重，故B、C、D选项均错误。
12、(12)
A、approve of
B、hold onto
C、account for
D、depend on
解析：
答案精析：空格前的and表并列，空处所填词应与observe构成并列，且能与weight changes构成动宾搭配。结合本句大意：每两周称一次体重使作者可以观察到并_____显著的体重变化。只有C选项符合句意。
错项排除：A、B、D选项代入原文，不能与上下文构成连贯的语义，故排除。
13、(13)
A、share
B、adjust
C、confirm
D、prepare
解析：
答案精析：That指代前文所说的每两周称一次体重可以使作者观察到并分析显著的体重变化这件事。空处所填词应与空后的训练计划构成动宾搭配。结合句意：这使我清楚是否需要_____训练计划。前文两次提及alter training program（改变训练计划）和体重变化之间的关系，此处所填词应与alter意义相近，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、C、D在原文均无依据，且代入原文不符合句意，故排除。
14、(14)
A、features
B、rules
C、tests
D、results
解析：
答案精析：本句指出，作者根据每月两次的称重_____来获取有关营养的信息。后文指出，如果训练强度不变，但体重下降，这表明需要增加卡路里摄取量，可见作者在利用称重结果调整自己的营养摄入，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、B、C选项代入原文不符合句意，且原文没有分析称重的特色和规则，也没有指称体重是测试，故排除。
15、(15)
A、anxious
B、hungry
C、sick
D、bored
解析：
答案精析：空格后的and表并列，因而空处所填词应与dropping weight（体重下降）在逻辑上一致，从后文increase my daily caloric intake（增加日常卡路里摄取量），可知此处应表示减轻体重的同时会感到饥饿，所以需要摄入更多的卡路里，故本空应填入hungry。
错项排除：焦虑、生病和厌倦并不能与增加卡路里摄入量构成因果关系，故其余三项排除。
16、(16)
A、secret
B、belief
C、sign
D、principle
解析：
答案精析：空后为that引导的同位语从句，解释说明空处所填词。结合句意：如果训练强度不变，但我不断地感到饥饿，并且体重下降，这是我需要增加日常卡路里摄入量的_____。可见前半句引出了后半句，只有C选项最符合句意。
错项排除：A、B、D代入原文不符合句意，故排除。
长难句分析：If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly hungry and dropping weight, this is a sign that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.
本句句子主干为this is a sign，为主系表结构，后面that引导同位语从句，补充说明sign。前面If引导的条件状语从句中包含由转折连词连接的两个分句，前一个分句为主系表结构，but后的分句是and连接的并列句。
句意为：如果我的训练强度保持不变，但我不断感到饥饿，并且体重下降，这表明我需要增加日常卡路里的摄入量。
17、(17)
A、necessity
B、decision
C、wish
D、request
解析：
答案精析：to stop weighing myself every day为后置定语，修饰空处所填词。前文已经指出，作者决定停止每日称重，改为每月称两次，此处讲的是这个_____给作者带来的影响，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、C、D在原文均无依据，无法与前后文形成连贯语义，故排除。
18、(18)
A、surprising
B、restricting
C、consuming
D、disappointing
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词作定语修饰morning weigh-in，从前面的burden（负担）可知，空处应填入消极意义的词与之对应，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、B、C选项均为中性词，无法与burden对应，表现出对称重的负面态度，故排除。
19、(19)
A、because
B、unless
C、until
D、if
解析：
答案精析：空格前指出，作者也更成功地实现了具体的健身目标。空后指出，作者依据那些目标，而非体重秤上的数字进行训练。显然前后两个句子是前果后因的关系，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：B选项引导条件状语从句，C选项引导时间状语从句，D选项引导条件状语从句，均不能表示因果关系，故错误。
20、(20)
A、dominating
B、puzzling
C、triumphing
D、obsessing
解析：
答案精析：本句指出，不要_____于称体重，把关注点放在你的外表、感觉、衣服是否合体和整体精力水平上。前文作者多次指出过分关注体重秤上的数字会带来不良结果，可见作者对于频繁称体重持否定的态度，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、B、C选项代入原文语义不通顺，故排除。
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends —and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.
In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.
And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.
“That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”
21、21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help ________.
A、foster a child’s moral development
B、regulate a child’s basic emotions
C、improve a child’s intellectual ability
D、intensity a child’s positive feelings
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中Researchers，guilt和a good thing可定位至文章第一段最后一句。定位句中的This指上一句的Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences.（孩子不是生来就知道如何说“对不起”，而是随着时间的推移而学习到的，这些话可以安慰父母和朋友，以及自己的良心。）such statements指“say sorry”或“guilt”。由此可知，内疚可能有助于培养孩子的道德发展，故选择A项。
错项排除：文章提及basic emotions（基本情绪），但未提及对基本情绪的管理，因此排除B项。C项和D项在文章中未提及，属于无中生有，故排除。
22、22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be ________.
A、inexcusable
B、deceptive
C、addictive
D、burdensome
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Paragraph 2和people still consider guilt to be可定位至文章第二段第二句。根据定位句It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.（内疚令人非常不安，这种感觉就像是穿着像石头一样重的夹克一样），可知人们认为内疚是非常沉重的，作者用石头的重量比喻给人带来的心理负担，因此选择D项。
错项排除：根据上述分析可知，人们把内疚看作是沉重的负担，并非是不可宽恕的、欺骗的或使人上瘾的，因此排除A、B和C项。
23、23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that ________.
A、emotions are context-independent
B、an emotion can play opposing roles
C、emotions are socially constructive
D、emotional stability can benefit health
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Vaish可定位至文章第二段。根据文章第二段第四句中…adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.可知，这一复兴是更广泛认识的一部分，即感情不是二元的——在一种情景下有利的情感，可能在另一种情景下是有害的。B项是对原文第二段第四句后半句的同义转述，故B项正确。
错项排除：文章第二段中提及一种情景下有利的情感可能在另一种情景下是有害的，A项表述与此相悖，故排除。C、D项在文章中未提及，故排除。
长难句分析：…adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.
adding后引导宾语从句，该从句中的recognition后面又引导同位语从句，破折号后面对emotions aren’t binary进行说明，feelings后面又进一步引导主语从句。
句意为：……补充道，这一复兴是更广泛认识的一部分，即感情不是二元的——在一种情景下有利的情感可能在另一种情景下是有害的。
24、24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing________.
A、may help correct emotional deficiencies
B、can result from either sympathy or guilt
C、can bring about emotional satisfaction
D、may be the outcome of impulsive acts
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Malti和cooperation and sharing可定位至第四段第三句。定位句中Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing指出，马尔蒂和其他人已经表明，内疚和同情可能代表了合作和分享的不同途径。由此可知，B项正确。
错项排除：文章第四段第二句指出…guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency，内疚可能会弥补情感缺陷，A项与此不符，故排除。C项在文章中未提及，故排除。文章第四段第三句提及…which can rein in their nastier impulses，这可以控制他们更恶意的冲动，D项因果倒置，故排除。
25、25. The word “transgressions” (Line 3, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to ________.
A、teachings
B、discussions
C、restrictions
D、wrongdoings
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位至文章第五段第二句。“transgressions”的前面出现feel negative emotions，情感属于消极贬义。对比四个选项，D项意为“坏事，不道德的事”，为正确选项。
错项排除：A项teachings（教导），属于褒义词，B项discussions（讨论），属于中性词，C项restrictions（限制；约束），属于中性词，故其余三项均可排除。
Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.
Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap—but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.
The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.
The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.
California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030—financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions, That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.
The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.
State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.
26、26. By saying “one of the harder challenges”, the author implies that ________.
A、global climate change may get out of control
B、people may misunderstand global warming
C、extreme weather conditions may arise
D、forests may become a potential threat
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的“one of the harder challenges”可定位至文章第一段。第一段首句指出，在人类对抗气候变化中，森林给我们带来了一个更为艰巨的挑战。第二句指出人类正在威胁到森林吸收二氧化碳的能力。第三句指出气候变化有一天会使森林排放的二氧化碳超过它们吸收的量。由此可知，“一个更艰巨的挑战”是指森林可能成为潜在的威胁，因此选择D项。
错项排除：A、B、C三项在文章中未提及，故排除。
长难句分析：Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so.
Even as在句子中引导让步状语从句，to soak up作宾语补足语，dioxide后的we produce为宾语从句，主句为we are threatening their ability to do so。
句意为：即便我们人类指望森林吸收我们产生的相当一大部分的二氧化碳，但我们也正威胁到森林的这种能力。
27、27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,” we may need to ________.
A、preserve the diversity of species in them
B、accelerate the growth of young trees
C、strike a balance among different plants
D、lower their present carbon- absorbing capacity
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的carbon sinks可定位至文章第二段。第二段首句中的there is a way out of this trap—but it involves striking a subtle balance指出具体的解决办法是达到一个微妙的平衡。第二句中的reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now（降低森林现在吸收碳的能力）是指前面提到的解决办法，由此可知，D项符合题意。
错项排除：文章未提及物种的多样性和幼树的生长，因此排除A项和B项。文章虽然提及需要达到一个微妙的平衡，但并不是不同植被间的平衡，因此排除C项。
28、28. California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to ________.
A、cultivate more drought-resistant trees
B、reduce the density of some of its forests
C、find more effective ways to kill insects
D、restore its forests quickly after wildfires
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中Forest Carbon Plan可定位至第三段第一句。题干中的endeavors to对应第三段首句中的double efforts to。定位句中的thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest（使森林里部分小树变稀疏，清理部分灌木）与B中的“reduce the density of some of its forests”（降低森林的密度）一致。因此正确答案为B。
错项排除：文章未提及抗干旱的树木，故排除A项。文章第四段提及Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects.（健康的树木也能更好地抵御昆虫），但并非森林碳计划致力于寻找更有效的方式杀虫，因此排除C项。文章第四段最后指出Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.（即使发生火灾，被烧毁的树木也会减少），D项与此相悖，故排除。
29、29. What is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph 5?
A、To handle the areas in serious danger first.
B、To carry it out before the year of 2020.
C、To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.
D、To obtain enough financial support.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位至文章第五段。根据第五段最后so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought（将易发生火灾或干旱的地区列为重点地区至关重要）。A选项中的first对应原文中的prioritize，the areas in serious danger对应原文中的areas at greatest risk。因此正确答案为A项。
错项排除：文章第五段首句指出加州计划到2020年每年治理3.5万英亩森林，并未提及这是加利福尼亚计划最重要的事情，故排除B项。C项和D项在文章中未提及，故排除。
30、30. The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as ________.
A、ambiguous
B、tolerant
C、supportive
D、cautious
解析：
答案精析：本题为观点态度题。根据文章最后一段最后一句California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.可知，加利福尼亚的计划将在明年由州长确定，它应该成为一个榜样。其中model含有积极的意义，因此答案选择C项。
错项排除：根据上述分析可知，作者对加利福尼亚州计划的态度是积极的，A、C和D项均无积极的含义，故排除。
American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.
Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.
Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single, They’re also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.
Mechanization is not the answer either—not yet, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they’re automated.
As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.
The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.
In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.
In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.
31、31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?
A、Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.
B、Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.
C、Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.
D、Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的the first two paragraphs可直接定位至文章前两段。首段直接表明美国农民几年来一直在抱怨劳动力短缺。如果不彻底改革农业移民法规，这些抱怨不太可能停止。随后第二段也提到美国国会一直在阻挠为农业工人创造更直接签证的努力，如果现有签证政策不做改变的话，将会给美国的企业、社区和消费者带来不利影响。由此可知，美国农业工人移民制度存在缺陷，应该被改变，故正确答案为C。
错项排除： A、B两项在原文中均未提及，故排除。原文开头指出了美国农民几年来一直在抱怨劳动力短缺，与美国农业就业机会的多少没有直接关系，故D项错误。
32、32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is ________.
A、the rising number of illegal immigrants
B、the high mobility of crop workers
C、the lack of experienced laborers
D、the aging of immigrant farm workers
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的trouble，agricultural workforce可定位至原文第三段。该段第三至六句指出，这些非法移民的美国农场工人在变老，并且35岁以上人数的比例在扩大，收割庄稼对年龄大的人来说很困难。由此可知，美国农业劳动力的一个问题是农场工人的老龄化，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：A、C两项在原文中并未提及，属于无中生有，故排除。B项中的high mobility与原文中的farm labors…are more likely to be settled rather than migrating意思相悖，故排除B项。
33、33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S farming?
A、To attract younger laborers to farm work.
B、To get native U.S. workers back to farming.
C、To use more robots to grow high-value crops.
D、To strengthen financial support for farmers.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的much-argued solution to the labor shortage定位至原文第三段最后一句，much-argued对应原文中的oft-debated，solution对应原文中的cure。该句冒号后的内容解释了这个备受争议的解决办法：美国本土工人不会回到农场。也就是说，这个方法的初衷是想让美国本土工人重返农场，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：文中只提到了现有的美国农场工人正在面临老龄化的问题，并没有说明要吸引年轻的劳动者到农场工作，故A项错误。C项中的high-value crops在原文第四段有提及，但原文说的是生产高价值的作物仍需要劳动力，并不是说使用更多的机器人种植高价值作物，故C项错误。D项在原文中并未提及，属于无中生有，故排除。
34、34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its ________.
A、slow granting procedures
B、limit on duration of stay
C、tightened requirements
D、control of annual admissions
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的complain和H-2A visa定位至原文第六段。该段前三句指出，虽然H-2A签证没有数量限制，但雇主们仍会抱怨（complain）他们没有得到所需的全部员工。因为办理签证的过程既麻烦又昂贵，而且不可靠（cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable）。随后又进一步举例证明了发放签证过程的缓慢，由此可知，正确答案为A。
错项排除：原文中只提到了签证人数的限制，并没有说明限制了逗留期限，而且H-2B签证才有人数限制，H-2A签证并没有，故B项错误。C、D两项在原文中并未提及，故排除。
35、35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?
A、U.S. Agriculture in Decline?
B、Import Food or Labor?
C、America Saved by Mexico?
D、Manpower vs. Automation?
解析：
答案精析：此道题目需要理解全文主旨进行作答。文章首段明确指出美国农民面临劳动力短缺的问题，而这一问题的根源是美国农业工人移民制度存在缺陷。第二、三段分析了移民签证和移民现状的冲突。第四段指出机械化并不能解决美国农场工人劳动力短缺的问题。第五、六段分析了现在农场工人所依赖的H-2A签证政策也不能有助于解决劳动力短缺，因为其发放过程太缓慢。第七段通过研究调查再次确定了劳动力短缺的问题。最后一段总结指出解决方案，美国要么进口食品，要么进口农场劳动力。B项中Labor为全文复现的主题词，故正确答案为B。
错项排除： A项中的Decline过分夸大了文章的主题，原文只是说美国农民面临劳动力短缺的问题，这并不能代表美国农业在衰退，故A项错误。原文中只是提到了如今美国的农业劳动者主要出生在墨西哥，并不代表墨西哥拯救了美国，故C项错误。D项中的Automation只是文章中的一个例子，并且全文并没有在比较人力和自动化，故D项错误。
Amold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day—encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples to combat the plastics crisis.
The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.
My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be harmful, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions—a kind of “moral licensing” that eases our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.
While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.
It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority—or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.
This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.
DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.
None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action, alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.
36、36. Some celebrities star in a new video to ________.
A、demand new laws on the use of plastics
B、urge consumers to cut the use of plastics
C、invite public opinion on the plastics crisis
D、disclose the causes of the plastics crisis
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Some celebrities和new video可定位至原文第一段第三句。该句指出，在世界环境日的一段新视频中，明星们鼓励消费者们减少单一使用塑料制品，与塑料危机抗争。由此可知，视频的表演是为了敦促消费者减少使用塑料，故正确答案为B。
错项排除： A、C两项在原文中并未提及，属于无中生有，故排除。原文中说的是鼓励消费者减少塑料的使用以对抗塑料危机，并没有揭示塑料危机的原因，故D项错误。
37、37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may ________.
A、mislead us into doing worthless things
B、prevent us from making further efforts
C、weaken our sense of accomplishment
D、suppress our desire for success
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的moral licensing可定位至原文第三段最后一句。该句指出，这种“道德许可”会使我们只满足于“尽一份力”的需要，而不需要采取更大、更大胆、更有效的行动，同时也会减轻我们的担忧，阻止我们做更多的事，要求有更多的负责人。由此可知，“道德许可”可能会阻止我们做进一步的努力，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：A项中的worthless things、C项中的sense of accomplishment以及D项中的desire for success在原文中均没有提及，属于无中生有，故排除A、C、D三项。
38、38. By pointing out our identity as “citizens”, the author indicates that ________.
A、our focus should be shifted to community welfare
B、our relationship with local industries is improving
C、we have been actively exercising our civil rights
D、we should press our government to lead the combat
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的“citizens”可定位至原文第四段。该段指出，对于环境的新呼吁忽略了权力的平衡，这意味着作为“消费者”，我们必须可持续地购物，而不是作为“公民”去要求政府和工业推行真正的系统化的改变。作者在此处的言外之意是，我们应当要作为“公民”去要求政府做出改变以应对现在的情形。故正确答案为D。
错项排除：A、B两项在原文中并未提及，属于无中生有，故排除。原文的意思是我们应该去行使我们公民的权利，敦促政府做出改变，而C项说我们已经一直在积极行使我们公民的权利，和原文意思不符，故排除C项。
长难句分析：While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.
本句的句子主干为…we’re ignoring the balance of power…，主谓宾结构。句首的While引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然；尽管”，从句的主干为…the conversation…remains centered on shopping bags and straws。句子中的第一个that引导定语从句，修饰balance of power；第二个that引导宾语从句，作implies的宾语。句子后半部分的rather than作为并列连词表示“而不是”，as “citizens”后面省略了we。hold…to account表示“使……承担责任”。
句意为：虽然有关环境和环境责任感的讨论仍然集中在购物袋和吸管上，但我们忽视了权力的平衡，这意味着作为“消费者”，我们必须可持续地购物，而不是作为“公民”要求我们的政府和行业负起责任，推动真正的系统性变革。
39、39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be ________.
A、a win-win arrangement
B、a self-driven mechanism
C、a cost-effective approach
D、a top-down process
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的DeSombre和collective change可定位至原文第五段最后一句。该句指出，伊丽莎白·R·德松布尔教授在她的新书中提到集体改变大量人的行为的最佳方式是使其变成结构性的。随后第六段从政府和个人的角度，进一步阐述了这种结构改变，它强调的是不能光靠个体的努力，需要国家先制定政策，然后再靠群体的力量进行变革。由此可总结出，集体变革的最佳方式应该是一种自上而下的过程，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：A、B、C三项均不符合题意，故排除。
40、40. The author concludes that individual efforts ________.
A、can be too aggressive
B、can be too inconsistent
C、are far from sufficient
D、are far from rational
解析：
答案精析： 根据题干中的concludes和individual efforts可定位至原文最后一段。该段指出，作者认为个人努力并不应被抹杀，而是要把事情看得更清楚，我们没有时间再等了，我们需要能形成集体行为的进步政策，同时让参与其中的公民推动变革。由此可知，作者是在强调个人的努力还远远不够，还需要政策的进一步支持，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：A项强调个人努力过于激进，而原文是说个人的努力太小了，A项与原文意思相悖，故排除。B、D两项在原文中均未提及，故排除。
41、 How seriously should parents take kid’s opinions when searching for a home?
In choosing a new home, Camille MeClain’s kids have a single demand: a backyard.
MeClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.
While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’ opinions may have.
The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.
“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,” he said.
Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate broker with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home—but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible,
Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home—without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.
Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.
Many of the aspects of homebuying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.
“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions,” Hampson said.
The other issue is that many children—especially older ones—may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside, Calif.
“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said. “HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It’s not shelter, it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”
Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.
Parents need to remind their children that their needs. and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with FitSmallBusincss.com.
“Their opinions can change tomorrow,” Gurner said. “Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best—and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”
This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.
参考答案：DGFCB
解析：
选项分析
[A] notes that aspects like children’s friends and social activities should be considered upon homebuying.
指出买房时应对像孩子的朋友和社交这样的因素予以考虑。
[B] believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children’s needs rather than their opinions.
相信买房应基于孩子的需求而不是他们的意见。
[C] assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media.
认为很多孩子对房地产的看法受到媒体的影响。
[D] remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children.
说到重大搬迁可能会对孩子造成挑战。
[E] says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions.
说对于房地产决定，让孩子蒙在鼓里是明智的。
[F] advises that home purchases should not be based only on children’s opinions.
建议买房不应该只基于孩子的观点。
[G] thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions.
认为在做买房决定时应给予孩子一种参与感。
试题解析
答案精析：根据题干中的Ryan Hooper定位到原文的第四段和第五段。第五段说到，进行重大搬迁时，孩子可能会面临严峻的困难。D选项中的significant moves为原文再现，pose challenges为原文中face serious difficulties的同义转述，故答案为D。
答案精析：根据题干中的Adam Bailey定位到第七段和第八段。第八段说到，询问孩子在未来家中想要什么样的后院会让孩子感觉他们参与了购买决定。G选项中的a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions是对原文中feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process的同义转述，故答案为G。
答案精析：根据题干中的Tracey Hampson定位到第九段和第十段。第十段说到，Tracey Hampson不只以孩子的观点进行购买决定。F选项中的only是原文中solely的同义替换，本句话基本无改动，故答案为F。
答案精析：根据题干中的Aaron Norris定位到第十一至第十三段。第十二段说到，HGTV极大地改变了人们对于房地产的看法。C选项中的influence和media分别是原文中的changed和HGTV的同义转述，故答案为C。
答案精析：根据题干中的Julie Gurner定位到第十四段和第十五段。第十五段说到，买房时应慎重考虑哪所房子能够最大程度上满足孩子的需求。B选项中的based on children’s needs是对原文中with consideration into what home can meet their need best的转述，故答案为B。
选项分析
[A] notes that aspects like children’s friends and social activities should be considered upon homebuying.
指出买房时应对像孩子的朋友和社交这样的因素予以考虑。
[B] believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children’s needs rather than their opinions.
相信买房应基于孩子的需求而不是他们的意见。
[C] assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media.
认为很多孩子对房地产的看法受到媒体的影响。
[D] remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children.
说到重大搬迁可能会对孩子造成挑战。
[E] says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions.
说对于房地产决定，让孩子蒙在鼓里是明智的。
[F] advises that home purchases should not be based only on children’s opinions.
建议买房不应该只基于孩子的观点。
[G] thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions.
认为在做买房决定时应给予孩子一种参与感。
试题解析
答案精析：根据题干中的Ryan Hooper定位到原文的第四段和第五段。第五段说到，进行重大搬迁时，孩子可能会面临严峻的困难。D选项中的significant moves为原文再现，pose challenges为原文中face serious difficulties的同义转述，故答案为D。
答案精析：根据题干中的Adam Bailey定位到第七段和第八段。第八段说到，询问孩子在未来家中想要什么样的后院会让孩子感觉他们参与了购买决定。G选项中的a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions是对原文中feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process的同义转述，故答案为G。
答案精析：根据题干中的Tracey Hampson定位到第九段和第十段。第十段说到，Tracey Hampson不只以孩子的观点进行购买决定。F选项中的only是原文中solely的同义替换，本句话基本无改动，故答案为F。
答案精析：根据题干中的Aaron Norris定位到第十一至第十三段。第十二段说到，HGTV极大地改变了人们对于房地产的看法。C选项中的influence和media分别是原文中的changed和HGTV的同义转述，故答案为C。
答案精析：根据题干中的Julie Gurner定位到第十四段和第十五段。第十五段说到，买房时应慎重考虑哪所房子能够最大程度上满足孩子的需求。B选项中的based on children’s needs是对原文中with consideration into what home can meet their need best的转述，故答案为B。
选项分析
[A] notes that aspects like children’s friends and social activities should be considered upon homebuying.
指出买房时应对像孩子的朋友和社交这样的因素予以考虑。
[B] believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children’s needs rather than their opinions.
相信买房应基于孩子的需求而不是他们的意见。
[C] assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media.
认为很多孩子对房地产的看法受到媒体的影响。
[D] remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children.
说到重大搬迁可能会对孩子造成挑战。
[E] says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions.
说对于房地产决定，让孩子蒙在鼓里是明智的。
[F] advises that home purchases should not be based only on children’s opinions.
建议买房不应该只基于孩子的观点。
[G] thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions.
认为在做买房决定时应给予孩子一种参与感。
试题解析
答案精析：根据题干中的Ryan Hooper定位到原文的第四段和第五段。第五段说到，进行重大搬迁时，孩子可能会面临严峻的困难。D选项中的significant moves为原文再现，pose challenges为原文中face serious difficulties的同义转述，故答案为D。
答案精析：根据题干中的Adam Bailey定位到第七段和第八段。第八段说到，询问孩子在未来家中想要什么样的后院会让孩子感觉他们参与了购买决定。G选项中的a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions是对原文中feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process的同义转述，故答案为G。
答案精析：根据题干中的Tracey Hampson定位到第九段和第十段。第十段说到，Tracey Hampson不只以孩子的观点进行购买决定。F选项中的only是原文中solely的同义替换，本句话基本无改动，故答案为F。
答案精析：根据题干中的Aaron Norris定位到第十一至第十三段。第十二段说到，HGTV极大地改变了人们对于房地产的看法。C选项中的influence和media分别是原文中的changed和HGTV的同义转述，故答案为C。
答案精析：根据题干中的Julie Gurner定位到第十四段和第十五段。第十五段说到，买房时应慎重考虑哪所房子能够最大程度上满足孩子的需求。B选项中的based on children’s needs是对原文中with consideration into what home can meet their need best的转述，故答案为B。
选项分析
[A] notes that aspects like children’s friends and social activities should be considered upon homebuying.
指出买房时应对像孩子的朋友和社交这样的因素予以考虑。
[B] believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children’s needs rather than their opinions.
相信买房应基于孩子的需求而不是他们的意见。
[C] assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media.
认为很多孩子对房地产的看法受到媒体的影响。
[D] remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children.
说到重大搬迁可能会对孩子造成挑战。
[E] says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions.
说对于房地产决定，让孩子蒙在鼓里是明智的。
[F] advises that home purchases should not be based only on children’s opinions.
建议买房不应该只基于孩子的观点。
[G] thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions.
认为在做买房决定时应给予孩子一种参与感。
试题解析
答案精析：根据题干中的Ryan Hooper定位到原文的第四段和第五段。第五段说到，进行重大搬迁时，孩子可能会面临严峻的困难。D选项中的significant moves为原文再现，pose challenges为原文中face serious difficulties的同义转述，故答案为D。
答案精析：根据题干中的Adam Bailey定位到第七段和第八段。第八段说到，询问孩子在未来家中想要什么样的后院会让孩子感觉他们参与了购买决定。G选项中的a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions是对原文中feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process的同义转述，故答案为G。
答案精析：根据题干中的Tracey Hampson定位到第九段和第十段。第十段说到，Tracey Hampson不只以孩子的观点进行购买决定。F选项中的only是原文中solely的同义替换，本句话基本无改动，故答案为F。
答案精析：根据题干中的Aaron Norris定位到第十一至第十三段。第十二段说到，HGTV极大地改变了人们对于房地产的看法。C选项中的influence和media分别是原文中的changed和HGTV的同义转述，故答案为C。
答案精析：根据题干中的Julie Gurner定位到第十四段和第十五段。第十五段说到，买房时应慎重考虑哪所房子能够最大程度上满足孩子的需求。B选项中的based on children’s needs是对原文中with consideration into what home can meet their need best的转述，故答案为B。
选项分析
[A] notes that aspects like children’s friends and social activities should be considered upon homebuying.
指出买房时应对像孩子的朋友和社交这样的因素予以考虑。
[B] believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children’s needs rather than their opinions.
相信买房应基于孩子的需求而不是他们的意见。
[C] assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media.
认为很多孩子对房地产的看法受到媒体的影响。
[D] remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children.
说到重大搬迁可能会对孩子造成挑战。
[E] says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions.
说对于房地产决定，让孩子蒙在鼓里是明智的。
[F] advises that home purchases should not be based only on children’s opinions.
建议买房不应该只基于孩子的观点。
[G] thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions.
认为在做买房决定时应给予孩子一种参与感。
试题解析
答案精析：根据题干中的Ryan Hooper定位到原文的第四段和第五段。第五段说到，进行重大搬迁时，孩子可能会面临严峻的困难。D选项中的significant moves为原文再现，pose challenges为原文中face serious difficulties的同义转述，故答案为D。
答案精析：根据题干中的Adam Bailey定位到第七段和第八段。第八段说到，询问孩子在未来家中想要什么样的后院会让孩子感觉他们参与了购买决定。G选项中的a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions是对原文中feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process的同义转述，故答案为G。
答案精析：根据题干中的Tracey Hampson定位到第九段和第十段。第十段说到，Tracey Hampson不只以孩子的观点进行购买决定。F选项中的only是原文中solely的同义替换，本句话基本无改动，故答案为F。
答案精析：根据题干中的Aaron Norris定位到第十一至第十三段。第十二段说到，HGTV极大地改变了人们对于房地产的看法。C选项中的influence和media分别是原文中的changed和HGTV的同义转述，故答案为C。
答案精析：根据题干中的Julie Gurner定位到第十四段和第十五段。第十五段说到，买房时应慎重考虑哪所房子能够最大程度上满足孩子的需求。B选项中的based on children’s needs是对原文中with consideration into what home can meet their need best的转述，故答案为B。
42、 It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say, “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.” Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.
参考答案：
参考译文
人们很容易低估英国作家吉米·哈利。他的写作风格如此风趣易读，以至于人们可能认为很容易模仿。我曾无数次听到有人说：“我也可以写本书，只是没时间罢了。”说起来容易，做起来难。与大众观点不同，正如他自己所说，吉米·哈利早期开始“尝试写作游戏”时并不觉得容易。尽管他显然天赋很高，他最终为世界呈现的精雕细琢的作品是多年练习、反复修改和阅读的结果。和大多数作家一样，他在写作的道路上同样遭遇了很多失望和拒绝，但这些都使他更加坚定了成功的决心。他人生中所取得的成就都来之不易，在文学领域的成功也不例外。
解析：
生词本
underestimate vt. 低估
readable adj. 易读的，有可读性的
imitate v. 模仿
contrary to 与……不同
have a go 尝试
abundance n. 丰富
polished adj. 精雕细琢的
determined adj. 坚决的
exception n. 例外
名师解析
第一句：It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot.
表达难点：本句为简单句，使用了形式主语It，真正的主语是后面的不定式to underestimate English writer James Herriot。但“低估英国作家吉米·哈利很容易”并不符合汉语表达习惯，故将语序加以调整，并加上“低估”的主语“人们”。这句话可译为：人们很容易低估英国作家吉米·哈利。
第二句：He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it.
表达难点：本句使用了such… that…的固定结构，可译为“如此……以至于”。但是“他有如此风趣易读的风格”并不符合中文表达习惯，故调整为“他的写作风格如此风趣易读”。One在这里表示泛指，可以翻译为“人们”。anyone翻译为“任何人”语气太过强烈，结合后面的内容可翻译为“很容易模仿”。这句话可以译为：他的写作风格如此风趣易读，以至于人们可能认为很容易模仿。
第三句：How many times have I heard people say, “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.”
表达难点：本句是感叹句的结构，但由于句尾没有使用感叹号，因而可以翻译为陈述语气“我曾无数次听到有人说”。引号中为say的直接引语，翻译时译为直接引语即可。这句话可译为：我曾无数次听到有人说：“我也可以写本书，只是没时间罢了。”
第四、五句：Easily said. Not so easily done.
表达难点：本句用词简单，意义也很明了，中文中有与之对应的俗语“说起来容易，做起来难”。
第六句：James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”.
表达难点：本句使用了两处插入语，使得句子的语义不太连贯。在翻译时，插入语contrary to popular opinion可以放于句首，翻译为“与大众观点不同”；as he puts it意思不难理解，为“正如他自己所说”，如果放置在句中会造成修饰过长，因而同样提前到句首。didn’t find it easy表示“并不觉得容易”。本句可译为：与大众观点不同，正如他自己所说，吉米·哈利早期开始“尝试写作游戏”时并不觉得容易。
第七句：While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading.
表达难点：while引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”。an abundance of…表示“丰富，充裕”，与后面的natural talent可以组合起来翻译为“天赋很高”。that he gave to the world为定语从句修饰work，由于定语从句较短，可以进行前置翻译，即“他为世界呈现的作品”。本句可译为：尽管他显然天赋很高，他最终为世界呈现的精雕细琢的作品是多年练习、反复修改和阅读的结果。
第八句：Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed.
表达难点：本句是由but连接的两个简单句，顺序直译即可。along the way意思是“沿途”，这里可根据语境翻译为“在写作的道路上”。后面的more determined to succeed直译为“更加决心要取得成功”，根据汉语表达习惯翻译为“更加坚定了成功的决心”。本句可译为：和大多数作家一样，他在写作的道路上同样遭遇了很多失望和拒绝，但这些都使他更加坚定了成功的决心。
第九句：Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.
表达难点：本句中he achieved in life为省略引导词的定语从句修饰Everything，可进行前置翻译。the hard way是方式状语，可以翻译为“来之不易”。no exception可翻译为“也不例外”。本句可译为：他人生中所取得的成就都来之不易，在文学领域的成功也不例外。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
43、Part A
47. Directions
Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic. Write him an email to
1) suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and
2) tell him about your arrangements.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
Dear Professor Smith,
Thank you for trusting me and let me plan this debate. Because the rapid development of metro system has created both opportunities and problems, I decided to entitle this debate “Are More Metro Lines Needed?”
The debate will be a win-or-lose one in which one side of debaters supports the construction of more metro lines and the other side opposes it. I will rent a venue on Sunday morning and it will suit 50 people including the debaters, the judges and the audience. To start the debate, I will present the background of this debate. Debaters will state their opinions, collect the weakness of the opponents’ arguments and make final statements. The judges will then have a discussion and decide which side will win.
Please give me some suggestions on my arrangement. Under your guidance, I am confident that this debate will be successful.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
参考译文
亲爱的史密斯教授：
感谢您信任我并让我设计此次辩论赛。因为地铁系统的快速发展在创造机会的同时也导致了问题，我决定把辩论赛的题目定为“是否还需要建造更多的地铁线路？”
这次辩论赛是非胜即负的，一方要支持建设更多的地铁，而另一方要反对建设更多地铁。我会在周日上午租用一处足够容纳50人（包括辩手、评委和观众）的场地。在辩论赛的开始，我会提出辩论背景。辩手要陈述他们的观点，从另一方的观点中寻找弱点然后做最终陈述。然后评委会将进行讨论并决定哪一方赢得辩论。
请对我的安排多多指教。在您的指导之下，我有信心把这次辩论赛办成功。
诚挚的，
李明
解析：
题目分析
这是一封建议信，题目要求设计一场关于城市交通问题的辩论赛。信中应包含这次比赛的主题、确定主题的原因和具体安排。
文章大纲
文章可分成三段。写信时要注意逻辑，从整体到具体，从背景到具体设计流程。
第一段开门见山表达写信的目的、辩论的主题、提出该主题的原因；
第二段详细叙述自己意见的安排和具体设计；
第三段表达希望对方提出意见。
44、
Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
This column chart gives a clear overview on the choices of graduates in a certain college in 2013 and 2018. In 2013, 68.1 percent of the graduates sought employment after finishing education but this percentage has dropped noticeably to 60.7% in 2018. Contrary to this decline, only 26.3 percent of the graduates opted for continued education in 2013 but there were 34% in 2018. Another change is the doubled percentage of “entrepreneurial” students who determined to start a business, though the percentage remained low.
These changes originates from the following reasons. First of all, job market continues to approach the point of saturation, which somehow pushes students to acquire a more desired and higher degree to make them more competitive in job hunting. Another possible reason that drives undergraduates keen on postgraduate degrees is their uncertainty about their future. In fact, an increasing number of students haven’t even decided what to do after graduation. They think they might as well spend more years at school studying before figuring it out.
Bringing my analyses to a conclusion, I consider the changes both positive and worrying. Students’ sense of crisis and competitiveness should be encouraged but escaping from reality is not the right way to face challenges. I suggest college graduates listen to diverse advice to find out what the best option is to them, so that they can better exert their potentials.
参考译文
这张柱形图清楚地概述了2013年和2018年一所高校的毕业生所做的选择。在2013年，68.1%的毕业生结束学业后找工作，而到了2018年，这一百分比显著下降到60.7%。与这一减少相反的是，2013年时只有26.3%的毕业生选择升学，而2018年有34%。还有一个改变是决定创业的“企业型”学生比例翻倍，虽然比例仍然很低。
这些变化产生于以下原因。首先，就业市场继续趋于饱和，这在某种程度上促使学生去读一个更被看好、更高的学位来让自己在找工作时更有竞争力。另一个驱使本科生热衷于读研的可能原因是他们对未来的不确定。事实上，毕业后还没有决定要做什么的学生越来越多，他们认为还不如在想清楚之前，在学校多过几年。
将我的分析加以总结，我认为这一现象既有积极的一面，又令人担忧。学生的危机意识和竞争意识值得鼓励，但逃避现实并不是面对挑战的正确方式。我建议大学毕业生多听取各方面的建议，确定对自己来说最好的选择，从而更好地发挥自己的潜力。
解析：
题目分析
这张图表描述的是2013年和2018年两个年份某高校本科毕业生的去向，包含就业、升学和创业三种选择，描述数据前首先要读懂有几个变量、几个数据。然后将数据的百分比或逐年变化的趋势连贯起来。
完成对图表数据的描述后，一般需写出二至三点合理的可能原因，并分别做简要分析。
文章大纲
第一段：描述图表内容，比较两个年份各变量的变化；
第二段：对毕业生去向的变化列出几点可能的原因；
第三段：总结毕业生去向的变化趋势，表达自己的看法，延伸话题提出对学生的建议。
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