一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to (1)_____ uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will (2)_____ to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will (3)_____.
In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students’ willingness to (4)_____ themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one (5)_____, each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would (6)_____ an electric shock when clicked.
Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified, another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. (7)_____ left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would (8)_____. Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, (9)_____ the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.
The drive to (10)_____ is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for (11)_____ or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago, a co-author of the paper. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can (12)_____ new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such (13)_____ can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do (14)_____ things is a profound one.
Unhealthy curiosity is possible to (15)_____, however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to (16)_____ how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to (17)_____ to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the (18)_____ of following through on one’s curiosity ahead of time can help determine (19)_____ it is worth the endeavor. “Thinking about long-term (20)_____ is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don’t read online comments.
1、(1)
A、ignore
B、protect
C、discuss
D、resolve
解析：
答案精析：该段第一句中提到，即使网络上的评论是负面的，人们还是会做其他显然会令人痛苦的事情。而本空所在句大意为：人们有______不确定的内在需要，即人们明知结果令人痛苦，还要为之的原因是为了解决不确定，因此正确答案为D项。
错项排除：此空中填入A选项将会与第一句话矛盾，故排除A项。全文未提到要对不确定性进行保护或讨论，故排除B、C两项。
2、(2)
A、refuse
B、seek
C、wait
D、regret
解析：
答案精析：由此段前两句可知，人们会为了解决不确定性，即满足好奇心而主动采取行动。seek to do意为“设法做某事”，符合题意，故选B项。
错项排除：A、C、D都表示否定或消极意义，与上下文语意不符，故排除。
3、(3)
A、rise
B、last
C、hurt
D、mislead
解析：
答案精析：文章第一句中出现painful（令人痛苦的），这是主动满足好奇心的后果。此空所在句表达的是相同的意思，只是换了一种说法，因此此空应选择与painful意思相近的单词，所以填入C最符合题意。
错项排除：answer不能与rise搭配，它也无法持续（last），故排除A和B两项。全文并没有提及满足好奇心的结果会引起误导，因此D项错误。
4、(4)
A、alert
B、expose
C、tie
D、treat
解析：
答案精析：由后文可知，学生单独与带电的笔留在实验室中，有的学生出于好奇心触碰这些笔而触电，可见受试验的学生为了满足好奇心而触碰令人不悦的刺激物，因此选择B项。expose... to...表示“使某人遭受（不快或危险）”。
错项排除：原文中并没有说到受试者让自己对刺激物保持警觉，相反，受试者会为了满足好奇心主动触碰带电的笔，排除A项。实验中也没有把受试者和带电的笔绑到一起，C项错误。treat... to... 表示“招待某人某物”，原文中没有一处提及招待的相关信息，D错。
5、(5)
A、trial
B、message
C、review
D、concept
解析：
答案精析：第三段最后一句中提到另一个实验：用指甲刮黑板。由此可知带电笔只是芝加哥大学和威斯康星商学院的其中一项实验，选A。
错项排除：B、D选项代入原文不符合逻辑，故错误，此空所在句刚刚开始介绍实验的情景，整个实验尚未开始，因此无法回顾（review），排除C项。
6、(6)
A、remove
B、deliver
C、weaken
D、interrupt
解析：
答案精析：第三段第一句中提到，这些笔是带电的（pens were electrified），可见按下（click）这些笔时，它们会释放电击，因此选B项。
错项排除：A选项与第三段第一句的论述相反，不符合题意。同时全文并没有说到按下时，笔的电击会减弱或受到干扰，所以排除C、D两项。
7、(7)
A、Unless
B、If
C、When
D、Though
解析：
答案精析：此空所在句的从句和主句大意分别为“他们单独在房间”和“不知道哪些笔会使自己受到电击的学生比知道会发生何事的学生按下了更多的笔，从而遭受了更多的电击”，可见两个动作是同时进行的，所以选择C项。
错项排除：if和unless引导条件状语从句，though引导让步状语从句，三者皆与原文逻辑不符，故排除。
8、(8)
A、change
B、continue
C、disappear
D、happen
解析：
答案精析：本题所在句中，the students who did not know which ones would shock them与the students who knew what would 是相互对比的两组受试人群，第二个the students指那些知道哪些笔带电的学生，可见他们知道触碰哪些笔会遭受电击，故D项为正确答案。
错项排除：文中并没有说到“释放电击”这件事会发生改变或继续，所以排除A、B两项。参与实验的学生只知道哪些笔带电，但未提到电是否会消失，因此C项错误。
9、(9)
A、such as
B、rather than
C、regardless of
D、owing to
解析：
答案精析：此空后面提到用指甲刮黑板的声音和令人厌恶的昆虫的照片，它们是对此空前面的other stimuli的进一步举例说明，选A。
错项排除：other stimuli（其他刺激物）和“指甲刮黑板的声音和令人厌恶的昆虫的照片”不存在比较关系，B错。C和D项代入原文语义不通，故排除。
10、(10)
A、disagree
B、forgive
C、discover
D、forget
解析：
答案精析：原文第一段第二句中说到，人们有解决不确定的内在需要，之后文章一直重申这个观点并围绕“好奇心”进行讨论和论证，比如此空所在句。因此不难得出，此空应选C。
错项排除：原文并没有提到人类内心深处有任何“不同意”“原谅”或“忘记”的驱动力，因此排除A、B、D三项。
11、(11)
A、pay
B、food
C、marriage
D、schooling
解析：
答案精析：此空前有basic drives（基本驱动力），且它应与后面的shelter（住处）构成并列，由此可推断出，此空应选择B。解答此题时，会联想到汉语中的“衣食住行”四字成语以及马洛斯需求中的“生理需要”和“安全需要”，它们都是人类的基本生活需求。
错项排除：pay无法与shelter构成并列，故A项错误。marriage和schooling也不是人类的基本驱动力，因此排除C、D两项。
12、(12)
A、begin with
B、rest on
C、lead to
D、learn from
解析：
答案精析：空格前提及好奇心经常被认为是一种好的本能，it指代curiosity，结合语义表明“好奇心可以______新的科学进步”，因此空格处应填入C 项lead to（导致）。
错项排除：此空前说到“好奇心常常被认为是好的本能”，而如果填入begin with，rest on或learn from则表示新的科学进步会给好奇心带来好处，不符合原文语义，故A、B、D错误。
13、十三题
A、inquiry
B、withdrawal
C、persistence
D、diligence
解析：
答案精析：原文中的such 指代前面提到的curiosity，故此空应填入与“好奇心”意思相近的词语，故A为正确答案。
错项排除：such后面应接前面提到过的内容，withdrawal, persistence和diligence均没有在文中提及，故为错误选项。
14、(14)
A、self-deceptive
B、self-reliant
C、self-evident
D、self-destructive
解析：
答案精析：此空前一句中的such inquiry can backfire（这种探究会适得其反），而在最后一段中提到Unhealthy curiosity（病态的好奇心），可见此空所在句说的是好奇心的不利一面。文章第一段提到，人们为了满足自己的好奇心，而去做令人痛苦的（painful）事情。与之意义最相近的是D选项。
错项排除：self-deceptive是一个干扰项，但原文并没有提到好奇心会让人做自我欺骗的事情，而且结合常识可知，两者也没有什么关联，故排除A项。B和C选项没有消极意义，与原文语意不符，所以排除。
15、(15)
A、trace
B、define
C、replace
D、resist
解析：
答案精析：由此段第二句至最后一句可知，人们通过想象满足好奇心所带来的消极后果可避免付诸行动。可见，病态的好奇心（Unhealthy curiosity）是可以按捺（resist）的，故选D项。
错项排除：最后一段主要说的是如何避免病态的好奇心所带来的负面影响，并没有对病态的好奇心进行定义（define），也没有说到要追踪（trace）或代替（replace）它，故A、B、C选项错误。
16、(16)
A、conceal
B、overlook
C、design
D、predict
解析：
答案精析：此空后面的would和此段第三句中的imagining…ahead of time都提示出“将来”的情景，结合前面提到的不知道哪些笔带电的学生比知道哪些笔带电的学生按下了更多的笔，从而遭受了更多的电击可知，此处应填predict。此句大意为：参与者被鼓励预测他们看到不愉快的图片之后的感受。
错项排除：最后一段主要说的是预测感受减少好奇心所带来的负面后果，不需要对感受进行隐藏（conceal）、忽视（overlook）或设计（design），因此A、B、C错误。
17、(17)
A、choose
B、remember
C、promise
D、pretend
解析：
答案精析：此空所在句的意思为，那些被鼓励预测他们看到不愉快的图片之后的感受的参与者 去看这种图片的可能性更小。结合题意可推知，因为预见到看到不愉快的图片后会有什么后果，参与者们会主动选择不去看这样的图片，因此A选项符合题意。
错项排除：干扰项中的remember，promise和pretend均与减少好奇心可能带来的负面影响无关，因此为错误选项。
18、(18)
A、relief
B、outcome
C、plan
D、duty
解析：
答案精析：此空前一句说到参与者预测看到不愉快的图片后的感受，predict对应imagining… ahead of time，因此此空应对应“看到不愉快的图片后会有什么样的感受”，即“结果”，因此选B项。
错项排除：选项A、C、D均无法与“看到不愉快的图片后会有什么样的感受”形成对应关系，故错误。
19、(19)
A、how
B、why
C、where
D、whether
解析：
答案精析：此空所在句所表达的意思为，通过提前想象依据好奇心行动而发生的结果，有助于它______值得付出努力，即决定该行为是否要发生，所以D选项符合题意。
错项排除：选项A、B、C代入原文中均不符合语意和逻辑关系，故均为错误选项。
20、(20)
A、limitations
B、investments
C、consequences
D、strategies
解析：
答案精析：空格所在句为总结句，此段一直反复在说预测结果会减少好奇心所带来的负面后果，此空应选择具有“后果，结果”含义的词语，因此C为正确选项。
错项排除：最后一句为总结句，如果将“限制”、“投资”、“策略”代入空格处，都无法在原文中找到依据，同时又偏离主题，故为错误选项。
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.
Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain?
As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.
But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype... that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.
On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.
But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all—and the subtle devaluing of anything less—misses an important point: That’s not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, a bachelor’s degree opens more doors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.
In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren’t equipped to do them. Koziatek’s Manchester school of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.
Koziatek’s school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation’s diversity of gifts.
21、21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students’ lack of ________.
A、academic training
B、practical ability
C、pioneering spirit
D、mechanical memorization
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的broken bike chain可定位至第二段最后一句。文中说到，科佐泰克的学校更加注重学生的实践能力（第二段），且学生通过组装自行车也能学到几何学（第三段）。作者在定位句使用问句是为了提出质疑：学生应该说出美国第十三任总统的名字，但对断了链子的自行车而手足无措，这什么时候成为了公认的智慧？可见学生在理论上学有所成，但缺乏动手实践能力，因此选择B项。
错项排除：选项A中的academic出现在第四段最后一句（academically），但作者在此处是为了说明人们对职业教育的偏见，而与学生缺乏什么能力无关，故A项错误。C选项中的pioneering出现在第二段第一句，但这里说的是科佐泰克具有开拓精神，原文中并没有提及学生是否缺乏开拓精神，故排除C项。mechanical memorization出现在第二段第二句，学生并不缺乏机械式的记忆能力，相反，作者对具有这种只会死记硬背而没有实践能力的学生持否定态度，因此D项错误。
长难句分析：When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain?
本句主干是特殊疑问句：When did it become accepted wisdom，后面是that引导的同位语从句，其中使用and连接了从句的并列谓语should be able to name... and be utterly overwhelmed.
句意为：从何时开始，学生们可以说出美国第十三任总统的名字，但面对一条断了的自行车链却完全手足无措这种现象被广为认可了呢？
22、22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who ________.
A、have a stereotyped mind
B、have no career motivation
C、are financially disadvantaged
D、are not academically successful
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的prejudice和vocational education…for kids可定位至第四段最后一句，其中stereotype是prejudice的同义转述。第一个it指代的是vocational education（职业教育），此句的意思为：他说，职业教育学校有这样的偏见……，即职业教育的对象是那些学术上无法取得成功的孩子”。由此可见，正确答案为D。
错项排除：选项A中的stereotyped出现在定位句中，但原文说的是职业教育学校有这种迂腐的观念，而不是学生，A选项错误。B、C选项在原文中没有提及，故排除。
23、23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates ________.
A、used to have more job opportunities
B、used to have big financial concerns
C、are entitled to more educational privileges
D、are reluctant to work in manufacturing
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Paragraph 5和high school graduates可定位到第五段的第三句，此句的意思为，美国经济曾经给高中毕业生的工作保障大部分都消失了（evaporated），由此可知，过去高中毕业生有更多的工作机会，但现在数量减少了很多，因此正确答案为A。
错项排除：原文中并没有提到财务问题或教育特权，B、C错。第五段第二句中出现了manufacturing，但这里说的是制造业不再像过去一样是经济引擎，并没有提到高中毕业生愿不愿意在这个行业工作，D错。
24、24. The headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all ________.
A、helps create a lot of middle-skill jobs
B、may narrow the gap in working-class jobs
C、indicates the overvaluing of higher education
D、is expected to yield a better-trained workforce
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的The headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all可定位至第六段第一句。此处说到大力推动学士学位……忽略了重要的一点：那并不是美国经济唯一需要的。紧接着，作者举例到，只有44%的工人得到了充分的培训。可见学历再高，也弥补不了实践应用能力，由此可得知人们对更高等教育的高估，因此正确答案为C。
错项排除：原文说到，在需要中等技能的工作中，只有44%的工人得到了充分的培训，A和D选项错误。B选项的gap in working-class jobs出现在第七段第二句，但原文并未提到要缩小工薪阶层的工作差距，因此B项错误。
25、25. The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as ________.
A、tolerant
B、cautious
C、supportive
D、disappointed
解析：
答案精析：原文中多次提到作者对科佐泰克学校的赞赏态度：科佐泰克具有开创性（第二段）、科佐泰克学校是一次唤醒。最后一段中，他同时一直在强调职业教育的重要性以及必要性，答案为C。
错项排除：文章中并没有提到科佐泰克的学校有什么问题，因此谈不上对此的态度是“宽容的”还是“谨慎的”，因此排除A、B两项。D选项意义与全文语境相反，故排除。
While fossil fuels—coal, oil, gas—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.
Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.
In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.
President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.
The question “What happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.
The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.
While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.
26、26. The word “plummeting” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ________.
A、stabilizing
B、changing
C、falling
D、rising
解析：
答案精析：plummeting位于prices之前作定语，结合四个选项可知，它应该是用来描述价格的波动情况。定位句提到可再生能源（尤其是风能和太阳能）的价格，紧接着在第二段最后一句中说到，在过去八年里，太阳能电池板的成本下降了80%，风力发电机的成本下降了近三分之一。因此C为正确答案。
错项排除：其他三个选项代入原文均与第二段最后一句矛盾，故为错误选项。
27、27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America ________.
A、is progressing notably
B、is as extensive as in Europe
C、faces many challenges
D、has proved to be impractical
解析：
答案精析：第三段中先是提到苏格兰的风力发电为家庭提供95%的电能，接着提到在世界其他国家（主要是中国和欧洲）领先的情况下，美国也经历显著转变（remarkable shift），即美国使用的可再生能源也在增加，因此正确答案为A。
错项排除：美国在使用可再生能源方面并没有达到与欧洲比肩的程度，故B项错误。原文并没有提到在使用可再生能源方面面临诸多挑战或此举不合实际，C、D两项属于无中生有，故排除。
28、28. It can be learned that in Iowa, ________.
A、wind is a widely used energy source
B、wind energy has replaced fossil fuels
C、tech giants are investing in clean energy
D、there is a shortage of clean energy supply
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Iowa可定位到第四段。此段说到，虽然特朗普将风能视为不可靠的能源而加以否定，但很多爱荷华州人并不这么认为。风能提供了该州36%的发电量，而微软也被清洁能源为其数据中心供电的可用性吸引。由此可见，在爱荷华州，风力发电很普遍，所以正确答案为A。
错项排除：原文并没有说到风能已经取代了化石燃料，就目前来说，这也不符合常识，因此排除B项。微软等科技巨头只是对清洁能源为其数据中心供电的可用性吸引，并没有说到要进行投资，C项错误。原文也没有说到清洁能源供应短缺问题，因此排除D项。
长难句分析：But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.
本句主干为that message did not play well with many，为主谓宾结构，in Iowa为地点状语，后面where引导非限制性定语从句，破折号后where同样引导非限制性定语从句，修饰Iowa，对其进一步补充说明。
句意为：但很多爱荷华州人并不这么认为，风力发电机布满田野，提供了该州36%的发电量——微软等科技巨头也被清洁能源对其数据中心供电的可用性吸引。
29、29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5 & 6?
A、Its application has boosted battery storage.
B、It is commonly used in car manufacturing.
C、Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.
D、Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.
解析：
答案精析：第五段最后一句说到，电池储存容量的提高使得24小时保持电力流动成为可能，因此选C。
错项排除：A选项中的boosted和battery storage出现在第五段最后一句，但电池储存容量的提高并不是清洁能源的应用引起的，两者没有因果关系，因此排除A项。根据第六段第二句可知，目前街上的电动汽车仍然罕见，所以B不符合题意。第六段第二句中提到，巨额投资可能在未来迅速改变面貌，其中的“迅速”指可持续能源的开发并不会一直是难题，所以D项错误。
30、30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy ________.
A、will bring the US closer to other countries
B、will accelerate global environmental change
C、is not really encouraged by the USA government
D、is not competitive enough with regard to its cost
解析：
答案精析：原文最后一句中说到，在全球思想转变的时刻，华盛顿做什么——或不做什么——去促进可替代能源可能变得越来越不重要了。可见，美国政府并不十分鼓励推动可再生能源，因此正确答案为C。
错项排除：最后一段中并没有说到可再生能源会使美国靠近其他国家，而且“其他国家”也过于笼统，并没有专门指使用清洁能源领先的国家，A项排除。最后一段第二句提到使用清洁能源会减缓气候变化，并不是加速，B项排除。最后一段没有提到可再生能源的成本是否具备竞争力问题，D项排除。
The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing—Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’ friendships and social lives.
Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.
Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them—and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.
The product they’re selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.
31、31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its ________.
A、digital products
B、user information
C、physical assets
D、quality service
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Facebook acquired WhatsApp可定位至原文第一段第二句。文章说到WhatsApp给Facebook提供的是用户交友和社交生活的复杂且精细化网络，即用户信息，因此答案为B。
错项排除：原文第一句的后半句说到，WhatsApp没有任何实体产品，因此A和C错误。原文没有提到WhatsApp提供优质服务，故排除D项。
32、32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may ________.
A、worsen political disputes
B、mess up customer records
C、pose a risk to Facebook users
D、mislead the European commission
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities可定位至第二段第一句。此句和之后的句子提到，Facebook违背了不将电话号码和用户身份绑定的约定，其结果是尽管不知道信息的内容，但也能知道是谁在向谁发送信息（who sent them and to whom），这在很大程度上泄露了信息。由此可知，泄露信息对Facebook用户造成风险，故选C项。
错项排除：选项A是对第二段第三句话的过度推理，此句中提到，哪个政治记者会不想知道特蕾莎·梅的政敌们正在WhatsApp的组件构成中谋划着什么呢？但并没有说此举会恶化政治争端，A错。选项B是根据第二段最后一句设置的干扰项，但此句只是说明亚马逊对“全食”超市（Whole Foods）客户的购买记录感兴趣，并未提及要对其扰乱，故排除B项。第二段第一句话中出现European commission，此句只是说Facebook违背了和欧盟委员会的约定，故排除D项。
33、33. According to the author, competition law ________.
A、should serve the new market powers
B、may worsen the economic imbalance
C、should not provide just one legal solution
D、cannot keep pace with the changing market
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的competition law可定位至第三段。第三段第二句至第四句提到，竞争法很不灵活（clumsy），它无法跟上数字经济的变化步伐，当一个问题得到解决和修正的时候，它可能已经消失了。因此选D。
错项排除：原文中并没有提到新的市场力量，因此可排除A项。第三段第一句提到，竞争法似乎是解决这种权力不平衡的唯一方法，而不是恶化，所以B错误。文章未提及需要竞争法提供更多的解决方法，C项也可排除。
34、34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because ________.
A、they are not defined as customers
B、they are not financially reliable
C、the services are generally digital
D、the services are paid for by advertisers
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Competition law as presently interpreted可定位至第三段第六句。此句和后一句说到竞争法是用来处理客户的经济损失，而当用户不为这些服务支付费用时，这一点就不明显了。由此可知Facebook的这些服务的客户并不是用户，由此可知，正确答案为A。
错项排除：Facebook的用户为这些服务无需支付费用，但并不是说他们在经济方面不可靠，因此B项错误。Facebook的服务确实是数字化的，与此题无关，故排除C项。D选项中的the services指代Facebook免费获取的服务，而与advertisers（广告商）无关，此选项糅合了第八句有关广告商的内容，故D项错误。
35、35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate ________.
A、a win-win business model between digital giants
B、a typical competition pattern among digital giants
C、the benefits provided for digital giants’ customers
D、the relationship between digital giants and their users
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的ants analogy可定位至最后一段第二句。此句说到，蚂蚁养殖称作蚜虫的虫子是为了获得它们在觅食时产生的蜜，而谷歌“养殖”我们是为了得到我们数字生活产生的数据。由此可见，作者进行类比是为了形象地说明数字巨头和用户之间的关系，因此正确答案为D。
错项排除：A和B中都没有提到“用户”这一关键词和文章主旨词，故错误。尽管用户确实能从数字巨头的服务中得到益处（如谷歌帮助用户从收件箱中屏蔽垃圾邮件），但作者最后说道，即使双方互利，但数字巨头与用户之间的关系并不像是人道或民主的，故作者在此处举蚂蚁的例子并不是为了说明用户得到了益处，因此C项也要排除。
长难句解析：Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield.
本句主干为Google farms us，为主谓宾结构，for the data为目的状语，后面的that our digital lives yield为定语从句，修饰data。前半句Just as引导比较状语从句，其中called aphids为分词作后置定语，修饰bugs；they produce为省略引导词的定语从句，修饰honeydew，后面when they feed为时间状语从句。
句意为：就像蚂蚁从一种叫蚜虫的昆虫身上获取它们进食时产生的蜜汁一样，谷歌从我们身上获取我们的电子生活所产生的数据。
To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, recommends building a habit of “deep work”—the ability to focus without distraction.
There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work—be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.
Newport also recommends “deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time. “At any given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar, I protect this time like I would a doctor’s appointment or important meeting,” he writes.
Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day—in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, day by day.
While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.
In order to make the most of our focus and energy, we also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “be lazy”.
“Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to the brain as Vitamin D is to the body—[idleness] is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done,” he argues.
Srini Pillay, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counterintuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.
“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain,” says Pillay.
36、36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to ________.
A、keep to your focus time
B、list your immediate tasks
C、make specific daily plans
D、seize every minute to work
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的key和mastering the art of deep work可定位至第二段最后一句。第二段先是提到深度工作有很多技巧，并列举了不同方法，最后指出关键是要“确定你的专注时长，并保持住”（determine your length of focus time and stick to it），故答案为A。
错项排除：原文并没有提到“立即执行的任务”（immediate tasks），B选项属于无中生有，故排除。第二段第一句中提到要“制定一个日程”（developing a daily ritual），但不是深度工作的技巧的关键（key），所以C项错误。选项D是根据第二段第一句中出现的seizing moment of deep work设置的干扰项，但它的意思是“抓住能够深度工作的时刻”，并不是指“时刻工作”，故错误。
37、37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that ________.
A、distractions may actually increase efficiency
B、daily schedules are indispensable to studying
C、students are hardly motivated by monthly goals
D、detailed plans may not be as fruitful as expected
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的study、in the early 1980s和Harford可定位至第五段。第五段提及，研究发现，那些列出更加详尽的每日目标的参与者失去了动力（demotivated），从而更加低效（ineffective），因此选项D符合题意。
错项排除：选项A是根据第五段第二句中的distractions设置的干扰项，此句说的是干扰会使每日任务无效，与A选项意思相反，故排除A项。第五段第一句说到，安排合理的每日计划在任务执行时并不十分有效，因此B项错误。实验结果表明制定月度目标的激励效果比详尽设置每日目标的激励效果要好，因此C项错误。
38、38. According to Newport, idleness is ________.
A、a desirable mental state for busy people
B、a major contributor to physical health
C、an effective way to save time and energy
D、an essential factor in accomplishing any work
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Newport和idleness，可以定位至第六段和第七段。第七段最后一句提到，似乎矛盾的是，为了完成工作，无所事事是必要的。由此得出D是正确答案。
错项排除：busy在第一段第一句中出现，此句说的是人们崇尚（putting a premium on）忙碌，而非无所事事，且与Newport无关，故排除A选项。原文第七段第一句说到，无所事事对大脑的必要性就像维生素D之于身体一样，可见B选项对原文进行了错误推断，无所事事和身体健康并不相关，因此B项错误。C选项的内容并未在原文中出现，故排除。
39、39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused ________.
A、can result in psychological well-being
B、can bring about greater efficiency
C、is aimed at better balance in work
D、is driven by task urgency
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused可定位至第八段最后一句。定位句提及在做一项任务的过程中，当人类大脑在集中和不集中之间转换时，往往效率更高。因此选B。
错项排除：原文中说到史里尼·皮莱是一位精神病学助理教授（an assistant professor of psychiatry），但文中未提到心理健康，因此A项错误。C选项和D选项的内容并未在原文中提及，故排除。
40、40. This text is mainly about ________.
A、ways to relieve the tension of busy life
B、approaches to getting more done in less time
C、the key to eliminating distractions
D、the cause of the lack of focus time
解析：
答案精析：文章开篇引出“深度工作”的话题，“深度工作”的根本目的是为了提高效率。接着文章论述了“在更少的时间里做更多的事”。最后四段虽然一直围绕“无所事事”进行介绍，但其目的也是为了说明“无所事事”有助于提高效率。由此可见，B选项是本文的主题。
错项排除：文章后四段说到大脑要切换状态，但其目的是为了提高效率，而不是缓解压力，可以排除A项。第五段第二句说到不可避免的干扰常常会使每日任务无效，但文中并没有提及消除干扰的方法，因此C项错误。文中说到要安排专注时间，但并没有提及缺乏专注时间的原因，所以排除D项。
Five Ways to Make Conversation with Anyone
Conversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.
You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.
Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.
41. _____
Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”—this is something that mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something—the first word—but it just won’t come out, it feels like it is stuck somewhere. I know the feeling and here is my advice: just get it out.
Just think: what is the worst that could happen? They won’t talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!
I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”—do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.
42. _____
It’s a problem all of us face; you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.
Honestly, if we got stuck in the result of “hi”, “hello”, “how are you?” and “what is going on?”, you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.
So don’t be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.
43. _____
When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.
44. _____
Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask”.
So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact. Trust me, eye contact is where all the magic happens. When you make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.
45. _____
You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn’t that awkward!
So, remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to, the places they want to go, the things they like, the things they hate—whatever you talk about.
When you remember such things you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So they feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.
That’s it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!
41、(41)
解析：
选项分析
Just say it
根据标题意思，它是在建议通过人们直接说点什么来开始进行一场对话。
译文：就说出来吧
Be present
此标题的关键词为“present”（在场的），因此对应段落应与“谈话时专注于当下”有关。
译文：专注当下
Pay a unique compliment
此标题的关键词为“unique compliment”（独特的赞美），因此对应段落可能是在论述在交谈时应以别具一格的方式赞美对方。
译文：给予独特的赞美
Name, places, things
此标题包含人们的私人信息，因此对应段落应与“人们交谈的内容，即私人信息”有关。
译文：姓名，地点，物品
Find the “me too”s
此标题的关键词为“me too”s（我也是），因此对应段落应该涉及双方的共同点。
译文：找到那些“我也是”的东西
Skip the small talk
根据标题可知，对应段落应建议人们跳过闲谈，直接谈论更重要的内容。
译文：跳过闲谈
Ask for an opinion
此标题的关键词为“opinion”（意见），因此对应段落应与“交谈者的意见”有关。
译文：询问意见
试题解析
41.
答案精析：第41空下面的三段说到，当你面对陌生人想说什么却卡住的时候，作者建议你直接说出来（just get it out），且用简单的句子，比如“Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”。因此本题应选Just say it。第四段中出现了“my advice”，因此Ask for an opinion为强干扰项。分析文章内容可知，其实作者在此处是提出他的建议，而不是向其他人询问意见，故Ask for an opinion项错误。
42.
答案精析：第42空之后的三段说到，如果你止步于说“hi”, “hello”, “how are you?” and “what is going on?”这种寒暄语，对话就无法深入下去，也无法给人留下难忘的印象。因此作者建议直接跳过闲谈，设法让话题深入下去。所以可知本题选Skip the small talk。
43.
答案精析：第43空后的段落提到，如果你努力找到和你对话的人的共同点（in common），你们的对话就会变得容易得多，由此可以选出正确答案Find the “me too”s。
44.
答案精析：第44空后的两段中，作者建议，当有人要跟你交流时，应全身心地（wholeheartedly）投入到那场对话中，并且保持眼神交流。因此选Be present。
45.
答案精析：第45空后的三段中，作者先提出一个场景，即如果你忘记了你第一次见到的人的姓名（name），那该多尴尬。接着他建议我们要记住关于对方的小细节（little details），比如对方曾去或想去的地方（places）、喜欢的事物（things），这样对方就感到对你有责任，从而让这段关系继续下去。所以选Name, places, things项。
42、(42)
解析：见上一题！
43、(43)
解析：见上一题！
44、(44)
解析：见上一题！
45、(45)
解析：见上一题！
A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut,” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads everything—from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.
That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world works. “Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore,” Gates says.
46、 A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut,” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads everything—from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.
That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world works. “Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore,” Gates says.
参考答案：
参考译文
一个五年级学生要完成一份家庭作业，要他在一系列职业清单中选择他未来的职业道路。他在“宇航员”那里打了勾，但又迅速地在清单上加了“科学家”这一项，并也将其选中。小男孩相信如果他读的书足够多，他就能尽情探索职业道路。因此他无所不读——从百科全书到科幻小说。他痴迷于阅读，以至于他的父母不得不制定吃饭时的“禁止阅读政策”。
那个小男孩就是比尔·盖茨，至今他也没有停止阅读——尽管他已经成为了世界上最成功的人之一。如今，他阅读的材料不再是科幻小说和参考书了：最近，他透露自己一年要读至少50本非小说类书籍。盖茨选择非小说类书籍是因为它们能够解释世界是如何运转的。盖茨说道：“每本书都开启了新的知识探索途径。”
解析：
生词本
grader n. ……年级学生
homework assignment 家庭作业
tick v. 在……上打钩
encyclopedia n. 百科全书
science fiction novel 科幻小说
名师解析
第一句：A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations.
表达难点：select…from…意为“从……选择……”。
第二句：He ticks “astronaut,” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well.
表达难点：add…to…表示“将……加到……”，it指代前面提到的scientist。
第三句：The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes.
表达难点：be convinced意为“相信”，译成中文时需要转变词性as…as he likes为比较结构，意为“尽情、随心所欲”。
第四句：And so he reads everything—from encyclopedias to science fiction novels.
表达难点：read everything可译为“无所不读”或“博览群书”。
第五句：He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.
表达难点：so... that...表示“太……以至于……”，institute在这里意为“制定”，no reading policy意为“禁止阅读政策”。at the dinner table可以转译为“吃晚饭时”。
第六句：That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet.
表达难点：not even中省略了一部分，完整句子应为not stopped reading even after…, on the planet表示“世界上、地球上”。
第七句：Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year.
表达难点：changed from意为“从……改变”，但如果生硬套进去会显得不通顺，因此可意译为“不再是”。reference books意为“参考书”，reveal此处可译为“透露”，nonfiction books意为“非小说类书籍”。
第八句：Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world works.
表达难点：title在此处并不指“标题”，而是指“（书刊的）一种，一本”。
第九句：“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore,” Gates says.
表达难点：avenues在此处指抽象的“途径，渠道”，to explore在这里作后置定语，表示将来。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
47、Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit Professor Smith. Write him an email to
1) apologize and explain the situation, and
2) suggest a future meeting.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
Dear Professor Smith,
I am writing to express my apology to you, for I have to cancel my travel plan and would not visit you this Friday morning.
When I was about to take the plane yesterday, my uncle told me that my aunt was undergoing a surgeon and he had to take care of her. So he asked me to look after their 1-year-old baby for two weeks. Thus is it possible that we postpone our appointment to next month?
I’m so sorry for any inconvenience I have brought to you. I am looking forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
参考译文
亲爱的史密斯教授，
我写这封信是为了向您表达歉意，因为我必须取消我的旅行计划，因此不能在本周五上午拜访您了。
我昨天要乘飞机的时候，我的叔叔告诉我说婶婶正在进行手术，他必须要照顾她。因此他让我照看一下他们一岁的婴儿，为期两周。因此将我们的约会时间推迟到下个月，您看可以吗？
我为给您带来的不便深感歉意。希望能得到您的尽早答复。
真诚的，
李明
解析：
本篇作文是一封道歉信。写信时，第一段要直奔主题，表达歉意。第二段中需要写上未能拜访的理由并附上下次见面的时间。第三段要再次表示歉意，并期待对方能够原谅。
48、
Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
What is clearly presented in the above pie chart is the factors that consumers in a certain city in 2017 will take into consideration when they are choosing restaurants. From the chart, we can see the features, the services and the environment of the restaurant are the main focusing factors when they choose a restaurant, respectively accounting for 36.3%, 26.8%, and 23.8%.
It’s somewhat surprising that price is not the priority when customers choose a restaurant, the reason of which is worth studying. To begin with, the living standards of people have improved, which boosts consumers’ purchasing power. As a result, customers become more interested into the characteristic restaurants with high quality services and fine environment. Furthermore, “eating well” has been valued by more and more people. Instead of cheap but awful food, the present consumers prefer to enjoy their meals. Thus, the specialties and the unique dining experience are both favored by them.
All in all, this trend is likely to continue in the future. Restaurants that want to attract more customers should think seriously about this phenomenon and take actions to respond to it.
参考译文
上面的饼形图清晰地列出了2017年某市的顾客在选择餐厅时会考虑的因素。如图表所示，餐厅的特色、服务和环境是人们选择餐厅时的主要关注因素，分别占到36.3%，26.8%和23.8%。
顾客在选择餐厅时并不会将价格列为首要考虑因素，这样的结果有点令人吃惊，也值得探究原因。首先，人们的生活水平提高了，这也提高了顾客的购买力。因此，顾客对于那些有着高质量服务和良好环境的特色餐厅变得更加感兴趣。其次，越来越多的人注重起“吃得好”。比起那些便宜又难吃的食物，当今的顾客更喜欢享受食物，因此特色菜和独一无二的用餐体验受到了他们的偏爱。
总的来说，这种趋势在未来可能会持续下去。那些想要吸引更多顾客的餐厅应该对此趋势认真考虑，并采取措施应对它。
解析：
题目分析
这是一篇图表作文，写图表作文时，并不一定要把图中的所有项目和数字都列出来，如果因素太多，也可选择有代表性的几个进行描述。此篇作文要求考生先描述图表，然后对此进行解读。通过观察图表可以发现，“价格”这一因素并不是消费者选择餐厅时的最主要关注因素，因此可以围绕这一点展开论述。
文章大纲
第一段：描述图表，并列出主要因素所占百分比。
第二段：陈述为什么会造成这种现象，并给出两至三个原因。
第三段：强调这种趋势在未来很可能会持续，餐厅要对此作出回应。
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