一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!” (1)_____ helping you feel close and (2)_____ to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a (3)_____ of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you (4)_____ getting sick this winter.
In a recent study (5)_____ over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs (6)_____ the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being (7)_____ to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come (8)_____ with a cold, and the researchers (9)_____ that the stress-reducing effects of hugging (10)_____ about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. (11)_____ among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe (12)_____.
“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the (13)_____ risk for colds that’s usually (14)_____ with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps (15)_____ the feeling that others are there to help (16)_____ difficulty.”
Some experts (17)_____ the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone” (18)_____ it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it (19)_____ in the brain, where it (20)_____ mood, behavior and physiology.
1、(1)
A、Unlike
B、Besides
C、Despite
D、Throughout
解析：
答案精析：此空所在句中，从句说道“拥抱可以让你跟你在乎的人感到亲密（feel close…to people you care about）”，主句说“拥抱可以对身体和头脑带来……健康益处（hugs can bring…health benefits to your body and mind）”。可见，两句都说的是健康的益处，因此应选表顺承含义的Besides，答案为B。
错项排除：从句和主句具有并列关系而不是转折，因此A、C错误。D选项代入原文不符合语义，故D错。
2、(2)
A、connected
B、restricted
C、equal
D、inferior
解析：
答案精析：此空前面有and，因此本空应填入能和close（亲密的）存在并列词义的单词。feel connected to意为“感到与……有联系”，符合题意，答案为A。
错项排除：restricted和inferior具有否定含义，无法与close并列，因此B、D错误。假如把equal代入原文，意思就变为“拥抱能让你感到你和你在乎的人平等”，原文并没有依据说拥抱双方存在地位等级差异，故C错误。
3、(3)
A、choice
B、view
C、lesson
D、host
解析：
答案精析：此句意为“拥抱可以对身体和头脑带来____健康益处”。因此，选host为宜，a host of意为“许多”，答案为D。
错项排除：choice、view和lesson代入原文均不符合语义，故错误。
4、(4)
A、recall
B、forget
C、avoid
D、keep
解析：
答案精析：第一段中列出了拥抱的诸多益处，第二段中通过实验得出拥抱可以降低患感冒的几率。此空前面也出现help，结合文意，空格处应填入表示“远离生病”的词，故选C。此句意为，一个热烈的拥抱可能有助于你这个冬天不生病。
错项排除：recall和forget针对的是已经发生的事情，但原文说到“今年冬天（this winter）”，可见冬天还没有过去，且代入原空中与主题也无关联，A、B错。下文中并没有说到拥抱可以让人持续生病状态；相反，第二段最后一句说到得到越多拥抱的人，感冒症状也会越轻，D错。
5、(5)
A、collecting
B、involving
C、guiding
D、affecting
解析：
答案精析：第二段开头，作者根据实验论证第一段最后一句话中的“一个热烈的拥抱可能有助于你这个冬天不生病”这一观点。因此，第二段开头首先要交代实验背景，空格后是over 400 health adults，可知这里说的是参与实验的人数超过400人，因此选B。
错项排除：实验无法对人进行收集（collect），A错。实验并未对健康成人进行指导（guiding），只是观测他们在不同条件下患感冒的几率，C错。本实验主要是验证拥抱与人们患感冒之间的关系，并不是为了影响（affect）他们，D错。
6、(6)
A、of
B、in
C、at
D、on
解析：
答案精析：此空前的of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs作的是the effects的定语，表示“……的影响”，此空应填能与effects搭配的介词。examine effects of A on B表示“检验A对B的影响”，答案为D。
错项排除：假如此空填入of，就表示perceived social support and the receipt of hugs和the participants’ susceptibility是从属关系，但本段主要说的是接受拥抱与否对感冒易患性（susceptibility）的影响，故A错。in和at无法跟effects搭配，故B、C错。
7、(7)
A、devoted
B、exposed
C、lost
D、attracted
解析：
答案精析：本实验的流程是，先接触病菌后，研究人员检验感知到社会支持并接受到拥抱的参与者对感冒的易患性。倘若没有接触病菌，后续实验也无法做起，受试者只有接触病毒才会有患感冒的可能性，因此本题选B。be exposed to是常见的固定搭配，意为“暴露于；接触”。
错项排除：be devoted to后面一般接某一事业或某个具体的事情，不能接virus，A错。lost后面一般不接介词to，C错。be attracted to表示“被……吸引”。实验参与者不可能受病毒吸引，D错。
8、(8)
A、across
B、along
C、down
D、out
解析：
答案精析：本实验是为了论证获得拥抱（即社会支持）的人更不易患感冒。结合语义，此题应选down。come down with sth意为”患，得”，答案为C。
错项排除：come across with表示“提供，供给”，come along with表示“随同”，come out with意为“说出”，代入原文均不构成语义，A、B、D错误。
9、(9)
A、calculated
B、denied
C、doubted
D、imagined
解析：
答案精析：此空所在句中，研究结果给出了32%这一具体数字，可见研究人员对结果进行了计算，由此选A。
错项排除：整篇文章说的是拥抱的积极意义，因此本空代入denied或doubted，是对拥抱的效果进行否定，故B、C错误。此空后面已经给出了32%这一具体数字，可见结论并非想象，故D错。
10、(10)
A、served
B、required
C、restored
D、explained
解析：
答案精析：此空所在的宾语从句that the stress-reducing…说到，拥抱的减压效果______32%左右的健康影响。可见，实验人员通过实验计算出了拥抱对健康的影响，此空应填入具有“导致”或“account for”意义的单词，选D。
错项排除：serve表示“对……有用；能满足……需要”，但拥抱的减压效果是对降低患感冒的几率有用，不能说它对“32%左右的健康影响”有用，因此A错误。此空填入require，则表示32%左右的健康影响是拥抱的减压效果的前提条件，这就颠倒了原文想要表达的意思，B错。原文并未提及破坏或损耗，因此无法填入restored，C错误。
11、(11)
A、Even
B、Still
C、Rather
D、Thus
解析：
答案精析：此空前面提到拥抱对抵御感冒方面的作用，而此空之后说的是拥抱会使得患感冒的人的病症减轻，可见前后两句前后存在递进关系，由此选A。
错项排除：Still和Rather表转折，不符合文意。此空前后对比的实验对象是未患感冒和已患感冒的人，因此不存在因果关系，D错。
12、(12)
A、defeats
B、symptoms
C、 tests
D、errors
解析：
答案精析：本句说的是那些已经患感冒的人群，结合本文不断重复的拥抱的积极效果以及此空前的less severe，可知即使患上了感冒，感受到更多社会支持和接受到更多拥抱的人，病症也不会太严重。由此不难选出答案为B。
错项排除：文中并没有体现有更多社会支持和获得更多拥抱的人会有更少的重大失败（severe defeats）或严重错误（errors），且它们与主题无关，A、D错误。tests代入原文中无法构成语义，故排除C选项。
13、(13)
A、minimized
B、highlighted
C、controlled
D、increased
解析：
答案精析：此空所在句中，protect…from…表示“保护……免受……”，因此the risk应表示消极意义，且本空所在的定语从句语义应和前面的under stress保持一致。结合生活经验可知，压力会使免疫力下降，提高患感冒的几率，increased risk for colds表示“增长的感冒风险”，符合逻辑，故选D。
错项排除：minimized和controlled与risk搭配都构成积极意义，不可选，A、C错误。此句前后也并没有对“风险”进行任何的强调，B错误。
14、(14)
A、equipped
B、associated
C、presented
D、compared
解析：
答案精析：本空位于that引导的定语从句中，先行词为risk。此空前的usually提示出这是一种常识或常见情况，且本空所在的定语从句语义应和前面的under stress保持一致。压力和患感冒之间有较高的相关性，由此可知，本题选B。
错项排除：风险无法配备（equipped）压力、与压力一并展示（presented），也不能与其比较（compared），A、C、D错误。
15、(15)
A、assess
B、moderate
C、generate
D、record
解析：
答案精析：此空前面提到，拥抱标志着关系亲密（a marker of intimacy），它有助于_____其他人会给予帮助的感觉。结合语义，选C。
错项排除：assess和record代入原文中无法使语义通顺，A、D错。原文中的“其他人会给予帮助的感觉”表示积极意义，如果填入moderate，就对此加以否定，因此B错误。
16、(16)
A、in the face of
B、in the form of
C、in the way of
D、in the name of
解析：
答案精析：结合四个选项和原句的句子成分可知，“ difficulty”作的是状语，结合此空前的marker of intimacy和helps generate the feeling，可知本句是从心理层面说明拥抱带来的积极作用，不难联想出这里说的是“在面对困难时，给予帮助”，此题选A。
错项排除：B、C、D代入原文均否定了helps的积极意义，故不可选，B、C、D错误。
17、(17)
A、transfer
B、commit
C、attribute
D、 return
解析：
答案精析：本空所在句中，to the of release oxytocin中的to是介词，它之前的短语为the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging（拥抱的减压、与健康有关的益处），to后面指的是“促进依附关系的催产素的释放（the release of oxytocin…it promotes attachment in relationships）”，可见催产素对人际关系有正面影响，前后存在因果关系，attribute…to…表示“把……归因于……”，本题选C。
错项排除：“与健康有关的益处”无法向“催产素的释放”转移（transfer）或return（归还），A、D错误。commit sth to sth表示“花（时间或金钱）于某事”，不符合题意，B错。
18、(18)
A、because
B、unless
C、though
D、until
解析：
答案精析：此空前面说到催产素（oxytocin）常被称作“亲密荷尔蒙”，此空后面给出原因：它促进依附关系，前后存在因果关系，此空选A。
错项排除：选项B、C、D代入原文逻辑都不通顺，故错误。
19、(19)
A、emerges
B、vanishes
C、remains
D、decreases
解析：
答案精析：此空所在句的前一句说到，催产素主要在大脑中生成，部分会释放到血液中，空格所在句开头的But表示转折，可见剩下的催产素会保留在人脑中，由此选C。
错项排除：前文已经说到催产素在大脑中生成，此处如果使用emerges，则语义重复，A错。前文说到催产素是起作用的，并没有消失或减少，故排除B、D选项。
20、(20)
A、experiences
B、combines
C、 justifies
D、influences
解析：
答案精析：结合文意，前文一直在说拥抱会给人带来好处，而这种好处来源于催产素在血液和大脑中的释放。空格所在句说，催产素______情绪、行为和生理。选择influences最为合适，即大脑中留下的催产素影响着人的情绪、行为和生理，D为正确选项。
错项排除：“催产素”无法经历、结合或证明“情绪、行为和生理”，A、B、C选项错误。
长难句分析：Some experts attribute the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone” because it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies.
句子的主干为Some experts attribute the…benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin…，attribute的宾语为the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging。often called “the bonding hormone”是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰oxytocin，对其进行补充说明。because引导原因状语从句，句末的including that为现在分词短语作伴随状语。
句意为：一些专家把拥抱带来的减压以及和健康相关的益处归因于催产素的释放，它通常也叫作“亲密荷尔蒙”，因为它能促进依附关系，包括母亲和新生儿之间的关系。
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
First two hours, now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.
Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.
Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago’s O’Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.
Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.
There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved. The TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.
It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.
The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.
21、21. The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804 is mentioned to ________.
A、explain Americans’ tolerance of current security checks
B、stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide
C、highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports
D、emphasize the importance of privacy protection
解析：
答案精析：由题干中的crash of EgyptAir Flight 804定位至第二段第二句。此句说到，埃及航空804号班机坠毁可能是由于恐怖分子袭击，这就是为什么（reminder of why）乘客们愿意忍受耗时的安检程序（willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures），由此选A。
错项排除：全文并未提及在全球范围内强化安检或隐私保护的相关事情，而是一直讨论美国安检的事宜，B、D错。C选项是根据第一段最后一句的major U.S. airports设置的干扰项，原文在此处主要说的是美国主要机场建议乘客提前3小时到达机场，但并非文章提到埃及航空804航班坠机事件的目的，C错。
22、22. Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?
A、New restrictions on carry-on bags.
B、The declining efficiency of the TSA.
C、An increase in the number of travelers.
D、Frequent unexpected secret checks.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的long waits at major airports定位至第三段第二句。此句说到，从那以后，安检措施得到加强，加之因经济增长和低油价造成的搭乘飞机出行的游客增多（a rise in airline travel），导致芝加哥奥黑尔国际机场等主要机场内的安检队伍变长。由此可知，旅客人数的增多导致了主要机场里的长时间等候，答案为C。
错项排除：carry-on bags出现在第四段最后一句。此处说的是，更多的人为了省行李安检费用，会在随身行李里装得满满的，但这里并没有提到新规定，A错。全文并未提到运输安全管理局的效率问题，B错。第三段第一句中提到运输安全管理局进行了一次秘密检查，但并未指出调查频率如何，D错。
23、23. The word “expedited” (Para. 5) is closest in meaning to ________.
A、quieter
B、cheaper
C、wider
D、faster
解析：
答案精析：定位句说到，那些做过背景调查的乘客可以使用expedited安检通道，紧接着后一句提到，这样运输安全管理局可以专注于检查有更高风险的乘客，从而为每个人节省时间。可见，节省时间是预检的重要目的，因此expedited在此处的意思是“加快，更快”，答案为D。
错项排除：A、B、C代入原文并不能体现预检是一个双赢的方法，因此错误。
24、24. One problem with the PreCheck program is ________.
A、a dramatic reduction of its scale
B、its wrongly-directed implementation
C、the government’s reluctance to back it
D、an unreasonable price for enrollment
解析：
答案精析：第五段中说到了预检可以节省时间，但作者在第六段中话锋一转，指出加入预检的人数离2500万人的目标还差得很多，而其致命缺陷（fatal flaw）是价格贵得惊人（sticker shock）。由此可知，答案为D。
错项排除：第六段第一句说到加入预检的人数还远远达不到目标，但并没有说因此会大幅度缩减规模，A错。第五段中提到的预检实行的方向是明确的，即针对不同背景人群实施不同检查，这样能够节省安检时间，B错。第六段末尾提到国会可以资助预检项目，但并没有说政府是否愿意这样做，C错。
25、25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A、Less Screening for More Safety
B、PreCheck—a Belated Solution
C、Getting Stuck in Security Lines
D、Underused PreCheck Lanes
解析：
答案精析：此题需要结合整个文章框架进行解答。本文首先引出话题并指出乘客愿意忍受耗时安检的原因，接着解释了是什么导致安检队伍变长，第五段至最后一段分别指出预检的好处、问题、解决办法和解决办法的弊端。由此可见，作者一直是围绕“冗长的安检队伍”进行论述的，答案为C。
错项排除：作者并未在文中提到要减少安检，本文的重点在减少安检排队耗时，因此A排除。作者在文章的后半部分才提及了预检的办法和预检通道，并不能作为文章的中心主旨，所以B、D错误。
“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos.
At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.
Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.
Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.
Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.
The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.
26、26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates ________.
A、her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy
B、the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society
C、the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times
D、her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time
解析：
答案精析：文章第一句说到“古夏威夷人是天文学家”，紧接着第二句又指出，观星者曾是夏威夷社会中最受尊敬的成员。由此可推断出，观星者之所以受到尊敬，是因为当时社会十分重视天文学，答案为B。
错项排除：利留卡拉妮女王说出这番话是在肯定天文学的作用，A错。原文第三句说到，在夏威夷，天文学已今（today）非昔比。而利留卡拉妮女王的话是在1897年写的，当时天文学是否已经陨落，原文并没有提及，C错。文中并没有提及利留卡拉妮女王那个时代的观星者的功绩，D错。
27、27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to ________.
A、its geographical features
B、its protective surroundings
C、its religious implications
D、its existing infrastructure
解析：
答案精析：Mauna Kea首次出现在第二段。此段后两句说到，三十米望远镜项目修建在莫纳克亚山，而莫纳克亚山是世界上最强大的一些望远镜的所在地，其顶峰（Mauna Kea’s peak）在地球稠密的大气层之上，在这里望远镜能够观测到无比清晰的图像。可见，莫纳克亚山的地理优势使它成为了理想的天文观测地点，答案为A。
错项排除：原文中并未提及莫纳克亚山的周边环境具有保护作用，B错。第二段第一句说到，一些夏威夷人尊崇这座山，但它与天文观测无关，C错。莫纳克亚山上有世界最强大的一些望远镜，但并没有提及它有什么其他基础设施，D错。
28、28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because ________.
A、it may risk ruining their intellectual life
B、it reminds them of a humiliating history
C、their culture will lose a chance of revival
D、they fear losing control of Mauna Kea
解析：
答案精析：文章第三、四段从生态环境和历史的角度列出了反对三十米望远镜项目建设的理由。第三段第二句说到，一小部分夏威夷人认为，望远镜提醒他们“作为曾是主权国家的夏威夷却被占领”（the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation）这一痛苦事实。sovereign是解答本题的关键词，意为“主权”。答案为B。
错项排除：原文第三段指出，修建望远镜是对圣地的不敬（disrespect），这不等于摧毁（ruin）当地人的精神生活，A错。第四段最后一句说到，夏威夷文化不是过去的遗物，而是正在经历复兴的活文化。此句的目的是为了解释为何要保护该岛对当地人的神圣意义，与反对三十米望远镜项目建设的原因无关，C错误。文中没有提及对莫纳克亚山的控制权的问题，D错误。
29、29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy ________.
A、is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians
B、helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world
C、 may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture
D、will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility
解析：
答案精析：题干中的infer表明此题需要进行推断。第五段第三句说到，呼吁拆除莫纳克亚山的望远镜忽视了（Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea…ignore）天文学和夏威夷文化都在共同寻找“我们是谁”“我们来自哪里”“我们往哪里去”等许多重大问题的答案这一事实。这些问题正是古夏威夷人（他们曾非常重视天文学）和天文学想要寻求的答案。答案为A。
错项排除：原文并没有说到将夏威夷文化推广到全世界，B错误。天文学和夏威夷文化共同追寻人类本源的答案，但无法揭开夏威夷文化的起源，C错。第五段并未提及夏威夷人的敌意，D项属于无中生有，故排除。
30、30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of ________.
A、severe criticism
B、passive acceptance
C、slight hesitancy
D、full approval
解析：
答案精析：作者在最后一句表露了态度：没有理由不欢迎（There is no reason…cannot）所有人去莫纳克亚山拥抱他们的文化遗产并研究星体。可见，作者对选择莫纳克亚山作为三十米望远镜项目的修建地点是支持的，答案为D。
错项排除：第三、四段中描述的是反对者的意见，而不是作者的意见，A错。原文没有迹象表明作者对莫纳克亚山的选址持消极接受或犹豫的态度，B、C错。
Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.
The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?
A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.
While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn’t the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and the environment.
This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different.
So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes—all things that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.
The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.
31、31. Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he ________.
A、praised the UK for its GDP
B、identified GDP with happiness
C、misinterpreted the role of GDP
D、had a low opinion of GDP
解析：
答案精析：第一句引用了罗伯特·F·肯尼迪的话，他说到，国内生产总值衡量的是除了让生活有意义的事情以外的任何事情。第六段指出，肯尼迪所指的是，虽然一直以来国内生产总值是衡量国家经济活动的最常见的方法，不过单单这一衡量手段已经不够了。由此可见，作者引用肯尼迪的话是因为它符合本文观点，即GDP并不表示一切。答案为D。
错项排除：由上述分析可知，肯尼迪对GDP的态度含有否定成分，A和B错误。作者反复提到肯尼迪是因为他赞同肯尼迪的观点，可见肯尼迪并没有曲解GDP的作用，C错。
32、32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that ________.
A、the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern
B、GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK
C、the UK will contribute less to the world economy
D、policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP
解析：
答案精析：从第二段第四句和第五句可知，英国的GDP为欧洲各国称羡（the envy of the Western world），但即便如此，超过1700万英国民众仍不顾国家未来经济前景而选择退出欧盟（Brexit表示“英国退欧”）。由此可推知，英国大众对将GDP作为衡量成功的标准，持否定态度，答案为B。
错项排除：第二段中并没有说到英国愿不愿意重塑它的经济模式问题，A错。文中并未表明英国退欧后会对世界经济的影响如何，B错。第二段第一句中说到，GDP问题及其有用性已经困扰了决策者超过半个世纪，可见人们对GDP的关注并不是减少的，D错。
33、33. Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?
A、It is sponsored by 163 countries.
B、It excludes GDP as an indicator.
C、Its criteria are questionable.
D、Its results are enlightening.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的the recent annual study定位至第三段第一句，该句指出，年度报告sheds light on that question，其中that question指代前文所说的英国民众执意脱欧，也就是说年度报告对此有启发作用。D选项中的enlightening与原文sheds light on为同义表达。此题答案为D。
错项排除：该研究调查了163个国家，但并没有说得到了163个国家的赞助，A错。第三段第三句说到，该研究没有单单把GDP列为参考标准（Rather than just focusing on GDP），与B选项的意思相反，B错。第三段最后一句说到，该报告测量了超过40个标准，目的是为了获取更加全面的评估（to get a more rounded assessment），C错误。
长难句分析：Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.
本句的主干为... over 40 different sets of criteria have been measured...，其中from health, education and civil society engagement为后置定语，修饰criteria，对其进行补充说明。of how countries are performing为介词短语作后置定语，修饰assessment。句末的宾语从句how countries are performing为介词of的宾语。
句意为：该研究不仅关注GDP，它还衡量了有关健康、教育和公民社会参与等40多项不同的标准，旨在对接受调查的国家的表现作出更全面的评估。
34、34. In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that ________.
A、the UK is preparing for an economic boom
B、high GDP foreshadows an economic decline
C、it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP
D、it requires caution to handle economic issues
解析：
答案精析：第六段指出单单GDP这一衡量手段已经不够了。第七段最后一句说到，重新专注于提高幸福的决策者比那些只关注GDP的人更能够规避未来厄运，甚至还可以看到进步。由此可知，考虑GDP以外的因素也很重要，本题选C。
错项排除：第七段第一句中说到英国经济可能会受挫，与A选项中的“英国为经济繁荣做准备”意思相反，A错。第七段提到日常服务会有所下滑（a decline in the everyday services），并不是指经济衰退，B错。文章并未提及处理经济问题时是否需要谨慎，D错。
35、35. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A、High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK Lesson
B、GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health
C、Rebort F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP
D、Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-being
解析：
答案精析：本文通过经济高速增长的英国却有低的幸福感作为事例，指出高GDP并不是衡量幸福的唯一指标，其他因素同样不可忽视，答案为A。
错项排除：根据全文可知，作者对GDP的评价不高，他反复强调要将其他因素考虑在内，B错。本文中只有第一段和第六段出现肯尼迪，作者引用肯尼迪是为了佐证他的观点，即仅仅将GDP作为衡量指标并不充分，C错。原文中并没有提及英国脱欧以后是否会提高幸福感，D错。
In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.
The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his duties.
Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.
The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act”.
The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery. “The basic compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”
But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.
Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that all are equal in treatment by government—is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.
The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.
36、36. The underlined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court ________.
A、avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties
B、made no compromise in convicting McDonnell
C、was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct
D、refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics
解析：
答案精析：首段第一句和第二句说到，美国最高法院推翻了对前弗吉尼亚州州长罗伯特·麦克唐奈的贪污定罪。但美国最高法院对他的道德标准嗤之以鼻（holding its nose at）。紧接着，第二句的非限制性定语从句中提到，麦克唐奈涉嫌收取一家想要接近政府的公司的礼物。由此可推知，尽管最高法院撤销了对麦克唐奈的指控，但对他的行为感到不耻。答案为C。
错项排除：第一段中并没有提到避免界定麦克唐奈的职权范围，且倘若下划线句子表示A选项的意思，则无法与第一段第一句构成转折（But），因此A错误。第一段第一句已经提到法院推翻了对麦克唐奈的定罪，B错误。从第四段第一句可知，最高法院对因帮忙接触政府官员而收取礼物的行为表示“反感”（distasteful）或“讨厌”（nasty），并非不做评论，D错误。
37、37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves ________.
A、leaking secrets intentionally
B、sizable gains in the form of gifts
C、concrete returns for gift-givers
D、breaking contracts officially
解析：
答案精析：第四段第二句说到，根据反贿赂法，证据必须是实质的好处，比如批准合同或规定。即要进行腐败指控，证据必须是实实在在的、具体的。C项中的concrete returns是对原文中concrete benefits的同意替换。本题答案为C。
错项排除：本段并未提到透露机密，也没有提到收到的收益可观与否，A、B错误。第四段第二句是指通过批准合同从而获得收益，并没有提到违反合同，D错误。
38、38. The court’s ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are ________.
A、justified in addressing the needs of their constituents
B、qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues
C、allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters
D、exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的The court’s ruling和assumption定位到第五段第一句和最后一句。第五段第一句说到，法院的裁决对非犯罪性的偏袒行为的界定是合理合法的。原因在第五段最后一句提到：代议制政府下的基本契约认为，公职人员听取选民意见，并代之做出决定。由此可见，法院裁决的依据是公职人员应听取选民意见并按其意愿行使职能，答案为A。
错项排除：第五段第二句提到，“当选的领导人必须有权协助自己的支持者解决问题，而不用怕受到徇私的指控”，这里并不是说当选的领导人独立解决（deal independently with），也不是说任何徇私都不会受到指控，是有条件的，B、D错。第五段第二句中提到当选的领导人……协助自己的支持者解决问题，但这并不是法院裁决的依据，C错。
39、39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to ________.
A、awaken the conscience of officials
B、guarantee fair play in official access
C、allow for certain kinds of lobbying
D、inspire hopes in average people
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Well-enforced laws in government transparency定位至第六段第三句。第六段第二句说到，官员决不能因捐款或送礼而在提供信息或安排政府官员见面时进行偏袒。为了做到这一点，则需要在政府透明度方面切实执法（第六段第三句）。故本题答案为B。
错项排除：全文并未说到官员的良知问题，A错。第六段提到游说（lobby），这里说的是在政府透明度上需要切实执法并加以规范的方面，而不是目的，C错。第七段第一句提到，在接触政府的渠道上发生偏袒会煽动（fan）公众对腐败的看法，并不是点燃普通人的希望，D错。
40、40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is ________.
A、sarcastic
B、tolerant
C、skeptical
D、supportive
解析：
答案精析：文章最后一段说到，法院的裁决是在反腐败和政府偏袒的斗争中前进的一步。可见，作者对法院裁决是肯定又支持的，答案为D。
错项排除：原文中并没有体现作者对法院裁决是讽刺或宽容的，A、B错。文章第一段先是说到最高法院撤销了对麦克唐奈的指控，接着在第五段中给出了合理的原因，因此对这个指控不存在怀疑的态度，C错。
41、D → 41. ________ → 42. ________ → 43. ________ → 44. ________ → B →45. ________
【A】The first published sketch, “A Dinner at Poplar Walk” brought tears to Dickens’s eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name “Boz” in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.
【B】The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens’s fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.
【C】Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour’s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.
【D】Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer, Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.
【E】Soon after his father’s release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter’s eye for transcribing the life around him, especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.
【F】Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England’s southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British Navy pay office—a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper, possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken’s mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken’s birth, his mother’s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family’s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren’s Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as “the young gentleman.” His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father’s imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken’s greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.
【G】After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, he traces an orphan’s progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.
参考答案：FEACG
解析：
试题解析
段落A大意：在发表第一篇短篇作品《在波普拉的晚餐》后，狄更斯以“博兹”的笔名在杂志上发表短篇作品，并赢得了一定的赞誉。
段落B大意：《匹克威克外传》大获成功，作品中的塞缪尔·匹克威克也成为了国民人物。
段落C大意：《匹克威克外传》本来是为西摩的木刻画撰写，但狄更斯坚持西摩的画作应该描写他写的故事，这使得西摩自杀。之后，狄更斯只能找新的艺术家为其配图。
段落D大意：狄更斯凭借其文学价值被很多人认为是19世纪最伟大的英国小说家。
段落E大意：在成为记者后，狄更斯撰写了第一篇短篇小说，并向杂志社投了稿。
段落F大意：狄更斯出生在社会地位低的贫穷家庭，这一段历史一直是他的耻辱。
段落G大意：《匹克威克外传》后，狄更斯相继发表了《雾都孤儿》和《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》，这巩固了他作为世界文学家的地位。
答案详解
答案精析：原文中已经给出D选项为第一段。D选项主要介绍了查尔斯·狄更斯的功绩和地位。F段主要描写了从狄更斯出生到他成为童工这段时间所发生的事情，同时他出生的家庭地位卑微，父亲锒铛入狱，因此他对他的家庭故意加以隐瞒。一般介绍名人生平时都是从他的出生开始，因此本段适合作为第二段。本题选F。
答案精析：E段第一句说到，父亲出狱之后不久，他得到了在律师事务所做跟班小弟（errand boy）的工作，比之前的工作更好。此时的狄更斯还是个孩子，且“父亲出狱”和F段中提到的“父亲入狱”相承接。因此本题选E。
答案精析：E段最后一句说到，狄更斯通过写短篇小说（sketches）向一些不知名的杂志社投稿。此时的狄更斯开始显露写作才能。而A段开头说到，他的第一篇小说发表了（The first published sketch）。两个段落连接后逻辑通顺，本题选A。
答案精析：A段后部分提到狄更斯开始以Boz为笔名发表作品，并赢得了赞誉。而C段首句提到了Boz，此外，一家出版社找到狄更斯请他写故事。C段结尾部分写到，狄更斯出版了《匹克威克外传》（The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club），而原题已给出位置的B段首句中说到，《匹克威克》大获成功（success of The Posthumous Papers）。由此可知，C段与前后文的A段和B段存在顺承关系，本题选C。
答案精析：G段主要描述了在《匹克威克》之后，狄更斯又写了《雾都孤儿》、《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》，这些作品巩固了狄更斯作为世界文学家的地位。本段强调了狄更斯最后的文学地位，适合作结尾部分。本题选G。
试题解析
段落A大意：在发表第一篇短篇作品《在波普拉的晚餐》后，狄更斯以“博兹”的笔名在杂志上发表短篇作品，并赢得了一定的赞誉。
段落B大意：《匹克威克外传》大获成功，作品中的塞缪尔·匹克威克也成为了国民人物。
段落C大意：《匹克威克外传》本来是为西摩的木刻画撰写，但狄更斯坚持西摩的画作应该描写他写的故事，这使得西摩自杀。之后，狄更斯只能找新的艺术家为其配图。
段落D大意：狄更斯凭借其文学价值被很多人认为是19世纪最伟大的英国小说家。
段落E大意：在成为记者后，狄更斯撰写了第一篇短篇小说，并向杂志社投了稿。
段落F大意：狄更斯出生在社会地位低的贫穷家庭，这一段历史一直是他的耻辱。
段落G大意：《匹克威克外传》后，狄更斯相继发表了《雾都孤儿》和《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》，这巩固了他作为世界文学家的地位。
答案详解
答案精析：原文中已经给出D选项为第一段。D选项主要介绍了查尔斯·狄更斯的功绩和地位。F段主要描写了从狄更斯出生到他成为童工这段时间所发生的事情，同时他出生的家庭地位卑微，父亲锒铛入狱，因此他对他的家庭故意加以隐瞒。一般介绍名人生平时都是从他的出生开始，因此本段适合作为第二段。本题选F。
答案精析：E段第一句说到，父亲出狱之后不久，他得到了在律师事务所做跟班小弟（errand boy）的工作，比之前的工作更好。此时的狄更斯还是个孩子，且“父亲出狱”和F段中提到的“父亲入狱”相承接。因此本题选E。
答案精析：E段最后一句说到，狄更斯通过写短篇小说（sketches）向一些不知名的杂志社投稿。此时的狄更斯开始显露写作才能。而A段开头说到，他的第一篇小说发表了（The first published sketch）。两个段落连接后逻辑通顺，本题选A。
答案精析：A段后部分提到狄更斯开始以Boz为笔名发表作品，并赢得了赞誉。而C段首句提到了Boz，此外，一家出版社找到狄更斯请他写故事。C段结尾部分写到，狄更斯出版了《匹克威克外传》（The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club），而原题已给出位置的B段首句中说到，《匹克威克》大获成功（success of The Posthumous Papers）。由此可知，C段与前后文的A段和B段存在顺承关系，本题选C。
答案精析：G段主要描述了在《匹克威克》之后，狄更斯又写了《雾都孤儿》、《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》，这些作品巩固了狄更斯作为世界文学家的地位。本段强调了狄更斯最后的文学地位，适合作结尾部分。本题选G。
试题解析
段落A大意：在发表第一篇短篇作品《在波普拉的晚餐》后，狄更斯以“博兹”的笔名在杂志上发表短篇作品，并赢得了一定的赞誉。
段落B大意：《匹克威克外传》大获成功，作品中的塞缪尔·匹克威克也成为了国民人物。
段落C大意：《匹克威克外传》本来是为西摩的木刻画撰写，但狄更斯坚持西摩的画作应该描写他写的故事，这使得西摩自杀。之后，狄更斯只能找新的艺术家为其配图。
段落D大意：狄更斯凭借其文学价值被很多人认为是19世纪最伟大的英国小说家。
段落E大意：在成为记者后，狄更斯撰写了第一篇短篇小说，并向杂志社投了稿。
段落F大意：狄更斯出生在社会地位低的贫穷家庭，这一段历史一直是他的耻辱。
段落G大意：《匹克威克外传》后，狄更斯相继发表了《雾都孤儿》和《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》，这巩固了他作为世界文学家的地位。
答案详解
答案精析：原文中已经给出D选项为第一段。D选项主要介绍了查尔斯·狄更斯的功绩和地位。F段主要描写了从狄更斯出生到他成为童工这段时间所发生的事情，同时他出生的家庭地位卑微，父亲锒铛入狱，因此他对他的家庭故意加以隐瞒。一般介绍名人生平时都是从他的出生开始，因此本段适合作为第二段。本题选F。
答案精析：E段第一句说到，父亲出狱之后不久，他得到了在律师事务所做跟班小弟（errand boy）的工作，比之前的工作更好。此时的狄更斯还是个孩子，且“父亲出狱”和F段中提到的“父亲入狱”相承接。因此本题选E。
答案精析：E段最后一句说到，狄更斯通过写短篇小说（sketches）向一些不知名的杂志社投稿。此时的狄更斯开始显露写作才能。而A段开头说到，他的第一篇小说发表了（The first published sketch）。两个段落连接后逻辑通顺，本题选A。
答案精析：A段后部分提到狄更斯开始以Boz为笔名发表作品，并赢得了赞誉。而C段首句提到了Boz，此外，一家出版社找到狄更斯请他写故事。C段结尾部分写到，狄更斯出版了《匹克威克外传》（The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club），而原题已给出位置的B段首句中说到，《匹克威克》大获成功（success of The Posthumous Papers）。由此可知，C段与前后文的A段和B段存在顺承关系，本题选C。
答案精析：G段主要描述了在《匹克威克》之后，狄更斯又写了《雾都孤儿》、《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》，这些作品巩固了狄更斯作为世界文学家的地位。本段强调了狄更斯最后的文学地位，适合作结尾部分。本题选G。
试题解析
段落A大意：在发表第一篇短篇作品《在波普拉的晚餐》后，狄更斯以“博兹”的笔名在杂志上发表短篇作品，并赢得了一定的赞誉。
段落B大意：《匹克威克外传》大获成功，作品中的塞缪尔·匹克威克也成为了国民人物。
段落C大意：《匹克威克外传》本来是为西摩的木刻画撰写，但狄更斯坚持西摩的画作应该描写他写的故事，这使得西摩自杀。之后，狄更斯只能找新的艺术家为其配图。
段落D大意：狄更斯凭借其文学价值被很多人认为是19世纪最伟大的英国小说家。
段落E大意：在成为记者后，狄更斯撰写了第一篇短篇小说，并向杂志社投了稿。
段落F大意：狄更斯出生在社会地位低的贫穷家庭，这一段历史一直是他的耻辱。
段落G大意：《匹克威克外传》后，狄更斯相继发表了《雾都孤儿》和《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》，这巩固了他作为世界文学家的地位。
答案详解
答案精析：原文中已经给出D选项为第一段。D选项主要介绍了查尔斯·狄更斯的功绩和地位。F段主要描写了从狄更斯出生到他成为童工这段时间所发生的事情，同时他出生的家庭地位卑微，父亲锒铛入狱，因此他对他的家庭故意加以隐瞒。一般介绍名人生平时都是从他的出生开始，因此本段适合作为第二段。本题选F。
答案精析：E段第一句说到，父亲出狱之后不久，他得到了在律师事务所做跟班小弟（errand boy）的工作，比之前的工作更好。此时的狄更斯还是个孩子，且“父亲出狱”和F段中提到的“父亲入狱”相承接。因此本题选E。
答案精析：E段最后一句说到，狄更斯通过写短篇小说（sketches）向一些不知名的杂志社投稿。此时的狄更斯开始显露写作才能。而A段开头说到，他的第一篇小说发表了（The first published sketch）。两个段落连接后逻辑通顺，本题选A。
答案精析：A段后部分提到狄更斯开始以Boz为笔名发表作品，并赢得了赞誉。而C段首句提到了Boz，此外，一家出版社找到狄更斯请他写故事。C段结尾部分写到，狄更斯出版了《匹克威克外传》（The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club），而原题已给出位置的B段首句中说到，《匹克威克》大获成功（success of The Posthumous Papers）。由此可知，C段与前后文的A段和B段存在顺承关系，本题选C。
答案精析：G段主要描述了在《匹克威克》之后，狄更斯又写了《雾都孤儿》、《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》，这些作品巩固了狄更斯作为世界文学家的地位。本段强调了狄更斯最后的文学地位，适合作结尾部分。本题选G。
试题解析
段落A大意：在发表第一篇短篇作品《在波普拉的晚餐》后，狄更斯以“博兹”的笔名在杂志上发表短篇作品，并赢得了一定的赞誉。
段落B大意：《匹克威克外传》大获成功，作品中的塞缪尔·匹克威克也成为了国民人物。
段落C大意：《匹克威克外传》本来是为西摩的木刻画撰写，但狄更斯坚持西摩的画作应该描写他写的故事，这使得西摩自杀。之后，狄更斯只能找新的艺术家为其配图。
段落D大意：狄更斯凭借其文学价值被很多人认为是19世纪最伟大的英国小说家。
段落E大意：在成为记者后，狄更斯撰写了第一篇短篇小说，并向杂志社投了稿。
段落F大意：狄更斯出生在社会地位低的贫穷家庭，这一段历史一直是他的耻辱。
段落G大意：《匹克威克外传》后，狄更斯相继发表了《雾都孤儿》和《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》，这巩固了他作为世界文学家的地位。
答案详解
答案精析：原文中已经给出D选项为第一段。D选项主要介绍了查尔斯·狄更斯的功绩和地位。F段主要描写了从狄更斯出生到他成为童工这段时间所发生的事情，同时他出生的家庭地位卑微，父亲锒铛入狱，因此他对他的家庭故意加以隐瞒。一般介绍名人生平时都是从他的出生开始，因此本段适合作为第二段。本题选F。
答案精析：E段第一句说到，父亲出狱之后不久，他得到了在律师事务所做跟班小弟（errand boy）的工作，比之前的工作更好。此时的狄更斯还是个孩子，且“父亲出狱”和F段中提到的“父亲入狱”相承接。因此本题选E。
答案精析：E段最后一句说到，狄更斯通过写短篇小说（sketches）向一些不知名的杂志社投稿。此时的狄更斯开始显露写作才能。而A段开头说到，他的第一篇小说发表了（The first published sketch）。两个段落连接后逻辑通顺，本题选A。
答案精析：A段后部分提到狄更斯开始以Boz为笔名发表作品，并赢得了赞誉。而C段首句提到了Boz，此外，一家出版社找到狄更斯请他写故事。C段结尾部分写到，狄更斯出版了《匹克威克外传》（The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club），而原题已给出位置的B段首句中说到，《匹克威克》大获成功（success of The Posthumous Papers）。由此可知，C段与前后文的A段和B段存在顺承关系，本题选C。
答案精析：G段主要描述了在《匹克威克》之后，狄更斯又写了《雾都孤儿》、《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》，这些作品巩固了狄更斯作为世界文学家的地位。本段强调了狄更斯最后的文学地位，适合作结尾部分。本题选G。
42、 The growth of the use of English as the world’s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades. (46) 【But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.】
Complex international, economic, technological and cultural changes could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breadth of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol. (47) 【His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.】
David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that, (48) 【many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.】
If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.
(49) 【The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK’s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.】 The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly £1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related exports earn up to £10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.
The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant: (50) 【It gives a basis to all organizations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment.】 That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.
参考答案：
参考译文
46. 尽管说英语的人数在进一步增加，有迹象表明在可预见的未来它的全球主导地位可能会衰落。
47. 因此，对于那些可能相信英语的全球地位如此稳固以至于英国年轻人不需要其他语言的人而言，他的分析应该会终止这些人的自满情绪。
48. 很多国家将英语引入小学课程，但英国大、中、小学生似乎没有得到更多的鼓励去熟练地掌握其他语言。
49. 大卫·格雷德尔指出的这些变化都对向其他国家的人提供英语教学的英国培训机构和更广泛的教育产业构成了明确而又重大的挑战。
50. 它为所有旨在促进学习和使用英语的组织提供基础，该基础用于计划应对由截然不同的运营环境所带来的各种可能性。
解析：
生词本
self-contentedness n. 自我满足 the primary-school curriculum 小学课程
schoolchildren n. 小学生；学童
表达难点
46. ①even此处要翻译为“尽管”。②signs可译为“迹象”。③the global predominance of the language中the language指前面提到的“英语”。④fade可译为“衰落”。⑤within the foreseeable future按字面意思译为“在可预见的未来”即可。
47. ①此句并未出现难词，但是定语从句下有宾语从句，而宾语从句之下又有结果状语从句，译成中文时顺序不一定要跟原文一致。②end any self-contentedness在这里要译为“终止自满”。
48. ①introducing在此处要译为“引入”。②schoolchildren and students意思为“小学生和（其他）学生”，此处译为“大、中、小学生”即可。
49. ①identify此处要译为“指出”。②present challenges to sb意为“对……提出挑战”，在原文中to后面接的是providers（供应商）和sectors（行业）。
50. ①此句中出现两个a basis，第二个a basis是同位语，起到补充说明作用。②meet the possibilities此处要译为“应对各种可能性”。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
43、Part A
51. Direction
You are to write an email to James Cook, a newly-arrived Australia professor, recommending some tourist attractions in your city. Please give reason for your recommendation.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Dot not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
参考答案：
【参考范文】
Dear Prof. James Cook,
I am quite delighted to hear that you have arrived in Beijing and will begin your teaching career in our university. I heard it’s your first visit here, so I’d like to recommend some tourist attractions to you.
The first attraction which I strongly recommend is the Forbidden City. It was once the emperors’ dwelling and imperial palace of both Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. Another place is the Great Wall, of course. It has long gained fame for its magnificent view and profound cultural and historical connotation.
I wish my recommendation is of value to you.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
【参考译文】
亲爱的詹姆斯·库克教授，
很高兴听到您已经到达北京并将在我们的大学开始您的教学生涯。我听说您是第一次到这里来，所以我想给您推荐几个旅游景点。
我强烈推荐的第一个景点是紫禁城。它是帝王的故居，同时又是明清两代的皇宫。我想推荐的另一个景点当然是长城。长城因其宏伟的景观和深厚的历史文化内涵而久负盛名。
希望我的推荐对您有价值。
真诚的，
李明
解析：
【题目分析】
根据题目要求，本篇小作文是给外籍教授推荐旅游景点，同时要写出理由。鉴于文章篇幅，推荐两处景点即可，同时语气要热情、友好，不可居高临下或无礼。第一段可表示欢迎，同时加上写邮件的目的。第二段介绍具体景点，同时给出理由。第三段表达希望自己的意见能有价值。
44、
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should
1) describe the pictures briefly,
2) interpret the meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
参考答案：
【参考范文】
The two pictures vividly depict two kinds of people in our time. In the first picture, the boy lies comfortably in his chair and feels content with his collection of books. In contrast, the boy who sits in front of his desk in the second picture determines to read 20 books this year, which is a realistic plan.
Undoubtedly, the cartoonist aims at reminding us of the significance of reading and knowledge. Having many books doesn’t mean anything; it’s reading them that counts and the reasons are as follows. First of all, books can broaden our horizons and make us wise. Great books invite us to have conversation with great thoughts. Through reading, we can have a deeper understanding of the world, and get to know how the world works. Moreover, knowledge plays a great role in our personal growth. In this ever-changing world, people who don’t want to lag behind have to accumulate and update knowledge.
The old Chinese saying “Learn and live” also tells us the importance of reading. Thus we should cultivate the habit of reading and equip ourselves in this competitive society.
【参考译文】
这两幅图形象地描绘了当今社会存在的两类人。在第一幅图片中，男孩舒服地躺在椅子上，对他的藏书感到很满意。与之相对，在第二幅图中，坐在桌子前的男孩下决心今年要读20本书，这个计划很实事求是。
毫无疑问，漫画家旨在提醒人们阅读和知识的重要性。拥有很多书并不代表什么，只有阅读它们才重要，原因如下。首先，书籍能够扩宽我们的眼界，使我们变得明智。好的书能够让我们同具有伟大思想的人们进行对话。通过阅读，我们对世界的理解会变得更深刻，也会知道世界是如何运作的。此外，知识对个人成长很重要。在这个瞬息万变的世界，如果不想落后于人，就必须积累和更新知识。
中国古语“活到老，学到老”也告诉我们阅读的重要性。因此我们应该培养阅读的习惯，并在这个竞争的社会中武装自己。
解析：
【题目分析】
这幅图画描绘的是当今社会中非常典型的现象：有的人空有一柜子书从来不读，而有的人虽然藏书不多，但会坚持读书。这篇作文有两种写法：第一种是强调读书的重要性，并给出理由；而第二种写法则是对比这类人，并说明为什么“读书”要比“有书”更重要。
【文章大纲】
第一段：描述两幅图片，对图中的两个人进行对比。
第二段：解释为什么读书很重要。
第三段：延伸主题，鼓励人们养成阅读的习惯，从而在竞争的社会中武装自己。
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