一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is (1) _____ a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has (2) _____ .
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted (3) _____ 1,932 unique subjects which (4)_____ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both (5) _____ .
While 1% may seem (6) _____, it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even (7) _____ their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who (8) _____ our kin.”
The study (9) _____ found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now. (10) _____, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more (11) _____ it. There could be many mechanisms working together that (12) _____ us in choosing genetically similar friends (13) _____ “functional kinship” of being friends with (14) _____!
One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving (15) _____ than other genes. Studying this could help (16) _____ why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major (17) _____ factor.
The findings do not simply explain people’s (18) _____ to befriend those of similar (19) _____ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to (20) _____ that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
1、(1)
A、when
B、why
C、how
D、what
解析：
答案精析：连词辨析题。根据句子结构和选项的特点，可以判断出空格处应填从属连词引导表语从句。句子主干为That is a study has . That指代前文的内容，根据第一句的语义，虽然在生物学上没有血缘关系，但朋友之间的“关系”就像第四代表亲一样，约有1%的基因相同，可知，这是一项研究的相关内容，故本空应填入what。
错项排除：根据语义，文章首句表明研究的发现是什么，第二句中的插入语表明该研究的具体来源。其余三项是指研究的时间、原因和方式，在语义上逻辑不通，故排除。
2、(2)
A、defended
B、concluded
C、withdrawn
D、advised
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。根据空格所在句的前后内容可知，That is 中的that指第一句话的内容（朋友之间的基因有相关性），has 作表语从句的谓语。第二句中的插入语说明了研究的出处，显然这里指的是该研究的结论，故本空应填入concluded。
错项排除：本文开头就说明了一项研究的结论是怎样的，在之后并未描述有其他相反的论点或看法，所以不存在为之辩护这一说法，故排除A项。根据全文大意可知，文章始终在对朋友间的基因联系进行说明，C项不符合原文语义，故排除。朋友间有相似基因的发现是经过一系列的研究而得出的结论，不应作为建议或者提议，故排除D项。
3、(3)
A、for
B、with
C、on
D、by
解析：
答案精析：介词辨析题。本句中过去分词短语conducted 1,932 unique subjects作为后置定语，修饰前面的analysis。根据语义，研究分析的对象是1932名独一无二的个体，可知此处应该是对这些受试者进行了研究，conduct analysis on表示“对……进行分析”。故本空应填入on。
错项排除：结合该句语义，把其他三个选项代入空格处意思分别是，“为了这些受试者而进行”，“和这些受试者一起进行”，以及“由这些受试者进行”，均与原文意思不符，故排除。
4、(4)
A、compared
B、sought
C、separated
D、connected
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空格前是which引导的定语从句，修饰前面的study，用于说明研究是如何进行的。由空格后的句意可知，研究是关于无血缘关系的朋友和无血缘关系的陌生人，是对两组实验对象进行研究，所以应该是对两组受试者进行比较。故本空应填入compared。
错项排除：文章首段已提出该研究的结论，即朋友之间有1%的相同基因。把其余三项代入空格处意思分别是，“寻找两组受试者”，“分开两组受试者”，以及“连接两组受试者”，在逻辑和文章意思上均不能明确表示可以得出之前的结论，故排除。
长难句分析：The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted on 1,932 unique subjects which compared pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.
本句的主干是The study is a…analysis…，主系表结构。conducted on 1,932 unique subjects作为后置定语，修饰前面的analysis，用于说明研究的对象。后面是由which引导的定语从句，也修饰前面的analysis，用于说明研究的内容。
句意为：这项研究对1932名独一无二的研究对象进行了全基因组分析，比较了没有血缘关系的朋友和没有血缘关系的陌生人。
5、(5)
A、tests
B、objects
C、samples
D、examples
解析：
答案精析：名词辨析题。根据前文意思，研究是针对无血缘关系的朋友和无血缘关系的陌生人进行的。空格所在句说明，相同的受试者被两个 所使用。前一句指出该研究是一组基因分析，由此推断这里应该选与实验对象相对应的样本，故本空应填入samples。
错项排除：A项tests更多指的是在物体或人体上做测验或测试，而此处说的是从受试者身上取样，故A项错误。B项objects代入空格后表示实验对象，而原文之前已经说到1932名独一无二的研究对象，此处objects和原文意思冲突，故排除B项。D项examples也有“样例”的意思，但更多的是表达“榜样”的意思，不用于实验中的样本，故排除D项。
6、(6)
A、insignificant
B、unexpected
C、unreliable
D、incredible
解析：
答案精析：形容词辨析题。空格处句意为“尽管1%看起来 ，但对遗传学家来说却不是这样。”While在此表示转折，所以空格处应填一个和遗传学家想法相反的词。再根据后文可知，一位遗传学教授表示1%的基因相似性对于我们选择朋友来说也很重要。所以空格处应填入和重要相反的词，故本空应填入insignificant。
错项排除：B项unexpected和D项incredible都表示“出乎意料”的意思，和原文语义不符，故排除。前文说到研究得出了朋友间有1%基因相似性的结论，全文也在就这一结论进行讨论，并没有表现出这一结论是否可靠，C项内容无中生有，故排除。
7、(7)
A、visit
B、miss
C、seek
D、know
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空格处的语义为，大多数人甚至不 他们的第四代表亲，但却选择与那些 我们亲戚的人做朋友。此处的but表示转折，结合各选项的意思可知，这里应该是大多数人都不知道自己的第四代表亲是谁，但却选择与那些人做朋友，从而构成转折意义。故本空应填入know。
错项排除：A项visit“拜访”，B项miss“想念；错过”和C项seek“搜寻”分别代入空格处都不能和后面的句子构成转折意义，故排除。
8、(8)
A、resemble
B、influence
C、favor
D、surpass
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。前文的研究结论已经提到过朋友间存在1%的基因相似性，之后对此研究的解释都是在论证这一结论。根据空格句的前半句可知，大多数人不知道自己的第四代表亲是谁，随后用一个but表示转折，说明即使不知道自己的第四代表亲是谁，也会找和亲戚长得相似的人做朋友。既论证了前文的研究结果，又和前半句构成了转折意义，故此空应填入resemble。
错项排除：B项influence “影响”，C项favor “喜欢；支持”和D项surpass “超过”分别代入空格处，都不能和前半句构成转折意义，且无法对研究的结果进行证明，故排除。
9、(9)
A、again
B、also
C、instead
D、thus
解析：
答案精析：副词辨析题。空格所在句开头用“The study…”作主语，明显是对上文话题的继续阐述。根据空格所在句语义，研究 发现，朋友间有相似的嗅觉基因，而没有相似的免疫基因。这是对朋友之间存在相似基因的另一个发现，此句和前文内容应是并列顺接关系。故本空应填入also。
错项排除：注意此处所说的研究发现和前文提到的发现是不同的，是指研究的进一步发现，而不是重复的发现，故A项错误。研究的两次发现是递进的关系，并不是对立的关系，故C项错误。两项发现也并非是因果关系，并不是发现了前面的结论才得出了后面的结论，故D项错误。
10、(10)
A、Meanwhile
B、Furthermore
C、Likewise
D、Perhaps
解析：
答案精析：副词辨析题。空格处要求填入一个能够体现前后两个句子逻辑关系的副词。空前的句子说到“为什么在嗅觉基因方面存在相似性还很难解释”，空格后紧接着对此做出了一个相关解释，很明显前后是矛盾的，所以空格后的解释应是一种不确定的推测。故本空应填入Perhaps。
错项排除：A项Meanwhile表示两件事情的同时发生，是一种并列关系，和原文意思不符，故排除A项。B项Furthermore表示对前面所说的事情进一步的说明，是一种递进关系，代入原文逻辑不通，故排除B项。C项Likewise表示两种情况是一样的，用于比较两种情况的关系，也是一种并列关系，故排除C项。
11、(11)
A、about
B、to
C、from
D、like
解析：
答案精析：介词辨析题。本句句意为：它（嗅觉的相似性）吸引我们到相同的环境，但这种相似性还有更多的原因。作者想表达的是“对于”这个问题，原因还有很多，故本空应填入to。
错项排除：there is more to it (than that)为固定搭配，表示“事情没那么简单”，其他三项均不符合此用法，故排除。
12、(12)
A、drive
B、observe
C、confuse
D、limit
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。该句在说明另一种原因来解释为什么我们会选择基因相似的人做朋友，根据空格处句意，很多机制共同作用，从而 我们选择基因相似的朋友……。由此可知是这种作用促使了我们做出选择，而且由上下文可知，此空填入的动词应符合结构_____sb. in doing sth，A项drive既符合文意也符合用法，故本空应填入drive。
错项排除：B项observe和C项confuse均无 sb. in doing sth. 的用法，故排除。根据上下文可知，这些机制驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友，符合文章主题。D项limit“限制”为反向干扰，不符合文意，故排除。
13、(13)
A、according to
B、rather than
C、regardless of
D、along with
解析：
答案精析：介词短语辨析题。空格前提及choosing genetically similar friends（选择基因相似的朋友），空格后说到“functional kinship of being friends”（具有“实用关系”的朋友），可知前后为对立关系，并且根据文章意思可知，为了证明朋友间存在相似基因，此处是在肯定前者而否定后者。故本空应填入rather than。
错项排除：A项according to无法表示对立或取舍关系，故排除。C项regardless of表让步关系，干扰性较强，但文章更强调取前舍后，故排除。D项along with表顺接，也无法表示对立关系，故排除。
14、(14)
A、chances
B、responses
C、missions
D、benefits
解析：
答案精析：名词辨析题。根据前文functional kinship（实用关系）以及空格前的with可知，空格处的词应和functional属于同一语域，此处of being friends with 作后置定语修饰functional kinship。“实用关系”表示一种功利性的意味，故本空应填入benefits，和functional相对应。
错项排除：A项chances、B项responses和C项missions代入空格处都无法和前面的functional构成呼应关系，故排除。
长难句分析：There could be many mechanisms working together that drive us in choosing genetically similar friends rather than “functional kinship” of being friends with benefits!
本句的主干是There could be many mechanisms…，使用了there be句型。后面的现在分词短语working together作后置定语修饰mechanisms，that引导定语从句，同样修饰mechanisms，用于解释是一种什么样的机制。定语从句中有两个名词性短语，即genetically similar friends和“functional kinship” of being friends，由rather than连接形成取舍关系，都作choosing的宾语。
句意为：可能有许多机制共同作用，从而促使我们选择基因相似的朋友，而不是为了利益去选择与有“功能性血缘关系”的人做朋友！
15、(15)
A、later
B、slower
C、faster
D、earlier
解析：
答案精析：副词辨析题。此空为比较级形式，根据空格所在句的句意，这项研究的一个显著发现是相似的基因似乎比其他基因进化得 。由四个选项可知，一种是在比较速度的快慢，另一种是比较时间上的早晚。再根据空格后的语义进行判断，后文接着说到人类进化在过去的3万年内加快了步伐（human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years），pick pace意为“提速”。故本空应填入faster，和后文相呼应。
错项排除：原文中出现了last 30,000 years表示时间，用于干扰可能会错选为表示时间早晚的比较级，但此处应注意细节和句子主旨，picked pace表示速度加快，并非是时间早晚的问题。故排除A、D两项。上下文应是相互呼应的关系，并不是对立关系，B项和后文内容意思相反，故排除B项。
16、(16)
A、forecast
B、remember
C、understand
D、express
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。根据之前的分析，空格前的句子提及一个显著地发现是相似基因比其他基因进化得更快。空格后是一个由why引导的宾语从句，意为“人类进化在过去3万年间得以加速的原因”，表示这一研究的结果和作用。由此可推断，前一句的发现是在帮助理解人类进化加速的原因，故本空应填入understand。
错项排除：A项forecast表示“预测”与“过去三万年”相矛盾，故排除A。B项remember“记住”和D项express “表达”均不符合文意，故排除。
17、(17)
A、unpredictable
B、contributory
C、controllable
D、disruptive
解析：
答案精析：形容词辨析题。空格所在句的逗号后面with引导了一个伴随状语，用于对该句的前半部分进行补充说明。空格前的help和picked pace都是表达一种积极的意思，由此可知，本空也应填入一个意义相近的词来表示对前半句的补充。故本空应填入带有褒义感情色彩的词contributory（促进的）。
错项排除：A项unpredictable、C项controllable和D项disruptive都和原文意思无关，故排除。
18、(18)
A、endeavor
B、decision
C、arrangement
D、tendency
解析：
答案精析：名词辨析题。空格处的句子在进一步说明这项研究的结论。前文提到朋友之间有1%的基因相似性、朋友间相似的是嗅觉基因以及相似的基因进化速度快，可知人们在选择朋友时倾向挑选和自己基因相似的人。此处描述的是一种倾向性或趋势，再根据空格处语义，这些发现并不仅仅是在解释人们交友时的倾向。故本空应填入tendency。
错项排除：由原文主题可知，人们在选择和自己亲属相似的人做朋友时是一种不由自主的行为，而并非主观或刻意选择的。其余三个选项意思都含有主观的意思，故排除。
19、(19)
A、political
B、religious
C、ethnic
D、economic
解析：
答案精析：形容词辨析题。空格处需要推断人们倾向和什么样背景的人做朋友。根据原文可知，人们普遍会和有相似基因背景的人做朋友。原文中多次出现的genes，以及后文的the same population都表示种族的意思，C项ethnic是对其的同义替换。故本空应填入ethnic。
错项排除：A项political“政治的”， B项religious “宗教的”，以及D项economic“经济的”均不符合原文文意，且和基因没有什么关联，故排除。
20、(20)
A、see
B、show
C、prove
D、tell
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。原文最后一段阐述了该研究的严谨性。本空句首的Though引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然所有的研究对象都是来自欧洲血统的人群，但研究人员依旧很谨慎地 研究对象以及他们的朋友和陌生人，都来自同一种群。”前半句说的是研究对象都来自欧洲血统，后半句依旧在说他们来自同一血统，因此空格处要表达的意思是“确保”，用于表明确认数据的准确性。故本空应填入see。
错项排除：B项show“显示”和D项tell“告诉”代入空格均不符合原文意思，故排除。C项prove“证明”有一定的干扰性，但该句说的是研究人员在选择受试者的时候很小心，以确保数据的准确性，指的是选择受试者的过程，这一过程并不需要去证明，故prove表达不准确，排除C项。
长难句分析：Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to see that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
本句的主干为…care was taken…。句首的Though引导让步状语从句，用于描述主句内容发生的背景。主句后面的to see that…是动词不定式作目的状语，用于表达研究人员take care的目的。其中that引导宾语从句，作see的宾语。
句意为：虽然所有的研究对象都是来自有欧洲血统的人群，但研究人员依旧很谨慎，以确保所有研究对象以及他们的朋友和陌生人都来自同一种群。
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.
It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as heads of states. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.
21、21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain ________.
A、used to enjoy high public support
B、was unpopular among European royals
C、eased his relationship with his rivals
D、ended his reign in embarrassment
解析：
答案精析：由题干可直接定位到文章前两段，再由King Juan Carlos of Spain可直接定位至文章首句。首句说到西班牙国王认为自己不会退位。紧接着第二句用一个But表示转折，指出尴尬的丑闻迫使他退位了（embarrassing scandals…forced him to eat his words and stand down），stand down意为“放弃席位”。由此可知，D项内容是对文章前两句的概括，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：根据原文内容，只能了解到西班牙国王虽然自己认为不会退位，但还是被迫退位了，由此并不能推断出他之前是否享有很高的公众支持，故排除A项。由之前的分析可推断，西班牙国王被迫退位并不能证明在欧洲皇室中不受欢迎，B项内容与原文不符，故排除。首段第二句提到共和党在欧盟选举中很受欢迎，这也迫使西班牙国王退位，可见双方的竞争关系是非常激烈的，并没有得到缓和，C项内容表述错误，故排除。
22、22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly ________.
A、owing to their undoubted and respectable status
B、to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
C、to give voters more public figures to look up to
D、due to their everlasting political embodiment
解析：
答案精析：由题干中的Monarchs和as heads of state可定位至原文第三段第一句。该句说到，正是这种对政治的明显超越，解释了君主作为国家元首持续受欢迎的现象。之后第三句又给出了另一条原因，大多数皇室家族之所以能够存活下来，是因为他们使选民避免了寻找一个没有争议但又受人尊敬的公众人物的困难。A项中的undoubted对应原文的non-controversial，respectable对应原文中的respected，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：原文并未提到传统和现实之间平衡的信息，B项内容无中生有，故排除。C项中的public figures有一定的干扰性，但要仔细分析，C项说的是给选民更多可以敬仰的公众人物，而原文意思是避免选民寻找受人尊敬的公众人物的困难，C项与原文意思相悖，故排除。第三段首句提到君主作为国家元首受欢迎的原因是其对政治的明显超越（apparent transcendence of politics），由此可知并非是政治因素使得他们受欢迎，D项内容与原文表述不符，故排除。
长难句分析：But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
本句为复杂句，句子主干是…most royal families have survived…，主语为most royal families，谓语是have survived。unlike their absolutist counterparts为介词短语作比较状语，in the Gulf and Asia为后置定语，修饰counterparts。句子后半部分的because引导原因状语从句，状语为主谓宾宾补结构（they allow voters to…）。
句意为：但与海湾地区和亚洲的君主专制不同的是，大多数皇室家族之所以能够存活下来，是因为他们使选民们避免了寻找一个没有争议但又受人尊敬的公众人物的困难。
23、23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
A、Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth.
B、The role of the nobility in modern democracies.
C、The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.
D、The nobility’s adherence to their privileges.
解析：
答案精析：由题干可直接定位至原文第四段，再根据odd可定位至第四段最后一句，其中bizarre是odd的同义词，意为“奇怪的”。该句指出，经济学家们认为，在不平等日益加剧，继承财富的力量日益增强之际，富有的贵族家庭竟然依旧是现代民主国家的核心象征，这显得很奇怪。B项中贵族在现代民主社会中的角色，即指的是他们核心象征的角色，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：原文中出现了inherited wealth，但此处的过分依赖继承的财富指的是当前社会的一种背景，文章也并没有说明这一点是奇怪的，故排除A。原文第四段中并没有明确描述贵族家庭的生活方式，C项内容和原文无关，故排除。原文指出贵族的特权是过时并且站不住脚的（outdated and indefensible privileges），并没有说明贵族在坚持自己的特权，而且也没有指出这一点是奇怪的，故排除D项。
长难句分析：①Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.
本句的句子主干为…their very history…embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities，主语为their very history。句首是由as引导的让步状语从句，使用倒装结构把Symbolic of national unity提前。两个破折号之间的内容为插入语，用于解释主语。
句意为：尽管他们自称是国家统一的象征，但他们的历史——有时甚至是他们如今的行为——都体现了过时的、站不住脚的特权和不平等。
②At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
本句为复合句，主干为…it is bizarre that…，it作形式主语。句子开头的At a time为时间状语，之后when引导定语从句修饰time，用于解释具体是哪个时间段。后半句的that引导主语从句，是该句真正的主语。
句意为：就在托马斯·皮凯蒂和其他经济学家警告人们不平等日益加剧，继承财富的力量日益增强之际，富有的贵族家庭竟然依旧是现代民主国家的象征中心，这显得很奇怪。
24、24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles ________.
A、takes a tough line on political issues
B、fails to change his lifestyle as advised
C、takes republicans as his potential allies
D、fails to adapt himself to his future role
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的have most to fear可定位至原文倒数第二段，该段是过渡段，说明英国王室最应该感到担忧，接着根据Charles定位至最后一段第二句。根据前后文语义，虽然女王保住了君主制的名誉，但危险将伴随查尔斯而来，因为他拥有奢侈的生活方式和非常严重的等级观念（expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world）。同时他也没能理解，君主制的存在是因为它们提供了一种服务，即作为无争议的、非政治性的国家元首。由此可推断出查尔斯并没有扮演好自己的角色，也没有意识到君主制的危机所在，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：原文对查尔斯的描述只提到了他的奢侈的生活方式和严重的等级观念，并没有提及他在政治上的态度，A项内容无中生有，故排除。原文虽然暗示到查尔斯的生活方式有可能是君主制走向末路的原因之一，但并没有提及有其他人建议他要改变生活方式，B项内容在原文中无依据，故排除。原文也并未提及查尔斯王子和共和党人之间的关系，故排除C项。
25、25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
A、Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
B、Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
C、Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
D、Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
解析：
答案精析：本题为主旨题，需要理解全文意思。文章开篇以西班牙国王退位为例，引出话题，即君主制是否末日将至？之后分别对君主制存在的积极作用和消极影响进行了描述，接着指出了君主制存在的主要问题，最后以英国王室为例说明君主制的危机所在。由此可知，作者想通过西班牙国王退位的例子来警醒欧洲王室，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：文章开篇提到了西班牙国王被迫退位一事，但在之后并没有对他有更多的描述，也没有提到他的荣耀所在，而且文章重点是在欧洲王室整体的情况上，并非西班牙国王，A项表述以偏概全，故排除。文章最后提到了查尔斯，但并没有说到有关继承王位的信息，B项表述无中生有，故排除。文章最后虽然提及查尔斯的问题给英国王室带来的危机，但此处也只是用英国王室为例来警醒整个欧洲王室，并不能作为文章的主旨，D项内容以偏概全，故排除。
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say, going through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much easier.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.
As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
26、26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to ________.
A、prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents
B、search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant
C、check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized
D、prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的The Supreme Court和during an arrest可定位至文章首段第二句。该句提及，最高法院现在将考虑，如果在逮捕嫌犯时，其身上或周围有手机，警察是否可以在没有搜查令的情况下搜查手机内容。由此可知，最高法院正在考虑未经授权检查嫌疑人手机内容是否合法这一问题。题目中的work out对应原文定位句中的consider，C项中的check对应原文的search，without being authorized对应原文的without a warrant。故正确答案为C。
错项排除：原文并没有信息表明是否要阻止嫌犯删除手机内容，或禁止嫌犯使用手机，A、D两项在原文中毫无依据，故排除。B项的search和without a warrant有一定的干扰性，是定位句的原词复现，但要注意细节，原文说的是搜查手机内容（search the contents of a mobile phone），并不是搜查手机本身，故B项表述有误，可排除。
长难句分析：The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
本句主干为The Supreme Court will now consider whether…，主谓宾结构，whether引导宾语从句，表谓语consider的对象。在宾语从句中，含有一个if引导的条件状语从句，该状语为主系表结构，主句是the phone is on or around a person，during an arrest作时间状语。
句意为：最高法院现在将考虑，如果在逮捕嫌犯时，其身上或周围有手机，警察是否可以在没有搜查令的情况下搜查手机内容。
27、27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of ________.
A、disapproval
B、indifference
C、tolerance
D、cautiousness
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的California’s argument可定位至原文第三段第一句，对应原文中的California’s advice。第二段内容也出现了California，是对加利福尼亚州观点的解释。第二段说到，加州希望警方在没有搜查令的情况下可以搜查嫌疑人手机里的内容。紧接着第三段作者认为如果最高法院默许了加州的建议，那将是过于鲁莽的谦虚，由此可推断作者在暗示最高法院不应听从加州的建议。原文第四段首句也表明了，作者认为针对此问题，最高法院应该先抛弃加州蹩脚的观点。所以作者对加利福尼亚州的观点持反对态度，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：作者在原文中非常清晰的说明自己反对加州的观点，并对他们的观点进行批判，所以态度不会是“冷漠”、“宽容”或者“谨慎”的，故排除B、C和D。
长难句分析：California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.
本句主干为California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling，refrain from (doing) sth.表示“克制（不做）某事”。后半句为a sweeping ruling的同位语，用于对ruling进行补充说明。第一个that引导定语从句，修饰前面的one，one指代ruling。第二个that引导同位语从句，修饰assumption，用于进一步解释assumption的内容。
句意为：加利福尼亚州已经要求法官们不要作出一刀切的裁决，尤其是不要推翻以前警方可以在嫌疑人被捕时搜查他们所有物的假定。
28、28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to ________.
A、getting into one’s residence
B、handling one’s historical records
C、scanning one’s correspondences
D、going through one’s wallet
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的exploring one’s phone contents可定位至原文第四段第三句，对应原文中的exploring one’s smartphone。该句说到，搜查一个人的智能手机更像是私闯民宅。A项中的getting into one’s residence对应原文的entering his or her home，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：由定位句后的内容可知，手机里可能会包含被捕者的历史记录和通讯信息，并非是作者用于比较的内容，故排除B、C两项。D项内容说搜查一个人的手机内容就像搜查他的钱包一样，这种观点是上文加利福尼亚州的观点，并不是作者的观点，故排除D项。
长难句分析：They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say, going through a suspect’s purse.
本句主干为They should start…，后面by discarding…suspect’s purse作方式状语，用于说明开始的方式。该状语中that引导了一个同位语从句，修饰argument，用于解释是一个什么样的argument。破折号之间的内容为插入语，作smartphone的同位语，用于对smartphone进行补充说明。
句意为：他们应该从抛弃加州蹩脚的论点开始，即搜查智能手机——一个巨大的数字信息仓库——的内容就像搜查嫌疑犯的钱包一样。
29、29. In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that ________.
A、principles are hard to be clearly expressed
B、the court is giving police less room for action
C、citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected
D、phones are used to store sensitive information
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可直接定位到原文第五、六段。第五段说到，作者认为美国人应享有隐私数据被保护的权利，避免无理由的搜查。第六段说到，对于警方来说，获得搜查手机的授权并不困难，而且法院也会根据情况给予警方更多自由的权力去这样做。由此可推断，作者认为公民的隐私数据很容易被侵犯，暗示他对公民隐私数据安全性的担忧，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：A项内容是对原文第六段首句内容的曲解，该句说到，制定的准则并不能降低确定实际界限的难度，而并非是原则很难表达，故A项表述错误。原文第六段最后一句明确说到法院也会根据情况给予警方更多自由的权力去进行相关搜查，B项内容和原文意思相悖，故排除。原文第五段第二句提到，在这些手机设备上保存敏感信息日益成为日常生活的需要，这是作者在客观描述如今的现象，而并非是作者的担忧，故D项错误。
30、30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that ________.
A、the Constitution should be implemented flexibly
B、new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution
C、California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution
D、principles of the Constitution should never be altered
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Orin Kerr和comparison可定位至文章最后一段第三句。该句指出，法学教授奥林·科尔把21世纪的数据信息的激增和20世纪确定私家车为必需品作比较，来说明前一句的观点，即新的颠覆性技术有时需要对宪法保护条例进行新的运用。B项中的reinterpretation of the Constitution是原文novel applications of the Constitution’s protections的同义转述，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：A项内容有一定的干扰性，但要注意的是原文是说面对新技术，宪法保护条例的灵活运用，这并不能等同于灵活执行，A项内容属于过度推断，故排除。作者在原文中虽然否定了加州的观点，但并不表明它违反了宪法的原则，而且引用奥林·科尔比较的目的也并不在于证明加州观点是否违反了宪法原则。C项内容与原文不符，故排除。作者引用奥林·科尔的比较就是为了强调宪法应作出新的运用，而D项内容和原文观点相悖，故排除。
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said, “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”
John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.
31、31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that ________.
A、Science intends to simplify its peer-review process
B、journals are strengthening their statistical checks
C、few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis
D、lack of data analysis is common in research projects
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可直接定位到第一段。由首段第一句可知，《科学》杂志宣布在同行评审过程中增加一轮额外的统计检查。之后说到该政策遵循了其他期刊的类似做法，由此可直接推断出各个杂志社都在加强他们的统计审核。B项中的strengthening与原文中的adding an extra round相对应，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：根据上述分析，A项意思明显和原文意思相悖，故排除A。原文首段最后指出，此前人们普遍担心，数据分析中的基本错误导致许多已发表的研究成果无法重现，因此C项内容与文意不符，故排除C。原文说的是数据分析存在错误，而非缺乏数据分析，而且首段内容也并未提到数据分析是否缺乏的问题，故D项内容排除。
长难句分析：The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
本句为主从复合句，句子主干是The policy follows similar efforts from other journals，逗号后的after widespread concern为介宾结构作句子的时间状语，从句中的that引导同位语从句，修饰前面的concern，用于解释concern的具体内容。
句意为：该政策遵循了其他期刊的类似做法，这么做是由于人们普遍担心，数据分析中的基本错误正导致许多已发表的研究成果无法复制。
32、32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to ________.
A、found
B、marked
C、revised
D、stored
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可直接定位至原文第二段第三句。要理解flag up需要对其前后文的文意进行分析。根据第三、四句的语义可知，杂志社的内部编辑、现有的评审编辑委员会或外部同行评审员将对稿件进行______，以备额外审查。然后，统计审核委员会将找到外部统计人员来审查这些稿件。把四个选项分别代入flag up可知marked（标记）一词最为贴切，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：原文指的是在提交稿件进行统计审核之前需要做的事情，已有的稿件不需要被found“发现”或stored“储存”，故排除A、D两项。C项revised有一定的干扰性，不太理解句意的考生会根据第二段中多次出现的review去判断flag up也应表达 “审核、修正”之意，但要注意，第二段最后一句中出现了then，说明前一句和后一句的动作发生有先后顺序之分，并不是并列的意义，故C项表述错误。
33、33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may ________.
A、pose a threat to all its peers
B、meet with strong opposition
C、increase Science’s circulation
D、set an example for other journals
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Giovanni Parmigiani和the establishment of the SBoRE可定位至第四段。该段后两句说到，乔瓦尼·帕尔米强尼之所以同意加入委员会，是因为他“发现评审编辑委员会设计背后的远见卓识是新颖独特的，并可能产生持久的影响”。这种影响将不仅通过《科学》杂志本身产生，还可能通过更大范围的出版社产生，这些出版社可能想要在《科学》杂志之后模仿他们的方法。由此可推断出，乔瓦尼·帕尔米强尼认为，评审编辑委员会的建立让《科学》杂志起到了榜样的作用。故正确答案为D。
错项排除：原文说到乔瓦尼·帕尔米强尼的观点是agree to join, foresight, lasting impact（同意加入、预见、长久影响），表达的都是积极、肯定的观点，而A、B两项中的threat和opposition都是反对的观点，与原文意思相悖。故排除A、B。对于《科学》杂志的发行量的问题，乔瓦尼·帕尔米强尼并没有进行说明，D项内容属于无中生有，故排除。
34、34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now ________.
A、adds to researchers’ workload
B、diminishes the role of reviewers
C、has room for further improvement
D、is to fail in the foreseeable future
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的David Vaux和Science可定位至文章最后一段最后一句。该句说到，大卫·沃克斯认为，《科学》杂志的行为有一定的好处，但也存在缺点（has some merit, but a weakness is…）。也就是说，在大卫·沃克斯看来，《科学》杂志的新措施还有进一步改善的空间，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：定位段提到了研究人员的信息，但此处说的是研究人员应该提高标准，并非是增加研究人员的工作量，A项内容与原文不符，故排除。B项在原文并未提及，故排除。大卫·沃克斯首先肯定了《科学》杂志新措施的优势，随后指出了一些不足之处，但这并不代表在未来会失败，D项内容过度引申文意，故排除。
35、35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
A、Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
B、Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
C、Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks
D、Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
解析：
答案精析：主旨题，需要理解全文意思。根据前文分析，本篇文章在开头部分说明了《科学》杂志宣布将增加统计审核环节，随后对此政策的操作方式和原因都进行了具体说明。最后引用专家的看法来说明此政策的意义所在。由此可知，全文都在围绕《科学》杂志的新措施进行讨论，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：文章提到了统计学家，但没有说明他们应该得到更多的尊重，也没有提到他们是否要回归《科学》杂志，而且统计学家也不是本文讨论的重点，B、D两项内容不符合文意，故排除。文章重点讨论的是论文统计审核的内容，数据分析只能作为其进行审核的一种工具，不能作为文章的主题，故排除C项。
Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.
Driving her point home, she continued, “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.
In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.
In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.
The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.
36、36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by ________.
A、the consequences of the current sorting mechanism
B、companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices
C、governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues
D、the wide misuse of integrity among institutions
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可直接定位至文章前两段。第一段用伊丽莎白的话引出主题：诚信问题普遍存在。随后第二段中，伊丽莎白接着用一起电话窃听丑闻来进一步证明自己的言论。第一段第一句中的unsettling意为“令人不安的”，对应题目中的upset。第二句中的sorting mechanism（筛选机制），进一步解释正是当前这种筛选机制导致了诚信的缺失。A项内容符合原文表述，sorting mechanism是原词复现，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：B项有一定的干扰性，但原文第二段第二句说的是公司更有可能因为道德缺失而迷失方向（lose its way），并没有说会导致财务损失（financial loss），B项内容过度引申，故排除。第二段第一句提到政府、媒体或企业内部目标不明确和道德缺失，但这并不说明政府在处理道德问题上无能，C项内容过度推断，故排除。前两段内容一直在强调社会缺乏道德诚信，而不是滥用诚信，D项与原文意思不符，故排除。
长难句分析：This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
本句是主从复合句，句子主干是This…absence…was wounding companies…。such as News International是用于举例说明companies，she thought为插入语。making it more likely that it would lose its way为现在分词短语作结果状语，其中的it为形式宾语，that引导的从句是真正的宾语。在该从句中，句子主干为it would lose its way，后面的as引导方式状语从句。
句意为：她认为，这种道德目的的缺失也伤害了新闻国际集团等公司，使其更有可能迷失方向，就像曾发生过的大范围非法电话窃听一样。
37、37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.
A、Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime
B、more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking
C、Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge
D、phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可直接定位至原文第三段，第三段介绍了《世界新闻报》电话窃听案的判决结果和后续进展。第三段第二句指出目前记者们窃听了多达5500人的电话，最后两句又接着说到，其他人在等待审判。这个漫长的故事仍在继续。由此可知会有更多的记者可能因窃听电话而被判刑，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：第三段第三句提到格伦·穆凯尔承认电话窃听是大规模性的，但这并不能说明他会否认电话窃听是犯罪行为，A项内容无中生有，故排除。第三段第一句说到安迪·库尔森因合谋窃听电话而被判有罪，而他的前任，丽贝卡·布鲁克斯在同样的指控中却被判无罪，作者用前任的例子来说明社会仍存在诚信缺乏的问题，并非说明安迪·库尔森应该被认为无罪，故C项内容错误。D项内容在原文中并未提及，故排除。
长难句分析：As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands.
本句是主从复合句，句子主干为…the wider issue…still stands。句首是as引导的方式状语从句，两个破折号之间的句子为插入语，用于解释具体的宣判结果，and连接了两个并列的动名词短语（finding guilty…and finding his predecessor）。句末的of dearth of integrity作issues的后置定语，修饰issues。
句意为：随着非法窃听案审判的结束——前《世界新闻报》编辑安迪·库尔森因密谋窃听电话而被判有罪，而他的前任，丽贝卡·布鲁克斯在同样的指控中却被判无罪——更广泛的诚信缺失问题仍然存在。
38、38. The author believes the Rebekah Brooks’s defence ________.
A、revealed a cunning personality
B、centered on trivial issues
C、was hardly convincing
D、was part of a conspiracy
解析：
答案精析：根据Rebekah Brooks defence可定位至原文第四段。第四段第二句指出一个惊人的发现是，丽贝卡·布鲁克斯对新闻编辑部里发生的事情知之甚少，她几乎没想过去询问，而且她从未询问过新闻故事是如何来的。作者在最后一句接着讽刺道，她成功辩护的核心在于她什么都不知道。由此推断，作者认为丽贝卡·布鲁克斯的辩护是难以令人信服的，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：作者只是对丽贝卡·布鲁克斯的辩护表达难以信服之意，并不能说明她的品性是否狡猾，A项内容过度推断，故排除。第四段最后一句提到丽贝卡成功辩护的核心是她什么都不知道，并非集中在琐碎的问题上，B项内容与原文不符，故排除。第四段以丽贝卡的例子来说明道德诚信缺失的问题，并没有提到有关她的什么阴谋，D项内容无中生有，故排除。
39、39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows ________.
A、generally distorted values
B、unfair wealth distribution
C、a marginalized lifestyle
D、a rigid moral code
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的current collective doctrine可定位至第五段。第三句指出，对于一代人而言，集体的信条一直是把利润当做社会的筛选机制。随后又提到一些重要的词语都是和利益相关的，而和道德诚信相关的词语都被边缘化了，这种价值观显然是被扭曲了。由此可推断，作者认为当前的集体信条体现了价值观的普遍扭曲，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：第五段第四句提到了当前集体信条的重点词语包含了财富创造，但并没有说到财富分配不公平的问题，B项内容无中生有，故排除。该段最后提到了和道德诚信相关的词语都被边缘化了，并非指生活方式边缘化，C项内容与原文不符，故排除。文章一直在强调当前社会的道德缺失问题，可见道德标准并不严格，故D项内容错误。
40、40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
A、The quality of writing is of primary importance.
B、Common humanity is central to news reporting.
C、Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.
D、Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可直接定位至最后一段。最后一段前两句作者批判到，编辑《世界新闻报》的目的不是为了促进读者明白事理，不是为了公平对待所写的内容，也不是为了揭露普遍的人性。它是为了追求发行量和影响力而毁掉人们的生活。由此可知，道德意识在编辑报纸时很重要，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：文章主要讲的是道德缺失的问题，写作质量是否重要在文中并未提及，也不是文章论述的重点，故A项错误。该段第一句指出促进读者明白事理、保证内容公平以及揭露普遍人性应该是编辑报纸的目的，并不能说共同的人性是新闻报道的中心，故C项错误。文章主题是在讨论道德诚信缺失的问题，属于思想道德层面的问题，并非指行业规则的问题，故D项错误。
41、 How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar. (41)_____ You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42)_____
Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43)_____
Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _____ This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45) _____Such dimensions of read suggest—as others introduced later in the book will also do—that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.
【A】Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
【B】 Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
【C】If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
【D】 In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.
【E】You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
【F】In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
【G】Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
参考答案：CEGBA
解析：
选项分析
[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
译文：我们是否在按某种课程要求来研究文本并作出反应？还是只是为了消遣而阅读？或者是快速阅读以获取信息？在火车上或床上阅读的方式可能与在研究室阅读有很大不同。
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
译文：诸如我们阅读的地点和时段、我们的性别、种族、年龄和社会阶层等因素会促使我们作出某种解读，但同时也会使其他解读方式变得模糊甚至被屏蔽。
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
译文：如果你不熟悉单词或习语，可以通过上下文的线索猜测它们的意思。如果你假设它会在下文出现，你会在脑海中记下语篇实体以及它们之间可能的联系。
[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.
译文：实际上，你试图重建任何给定的句子、意象或引用可能会表达的含义或效果：这些可能是作者有意想传达给读者的。
[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
译文：你会进一步推断，例如，文本对你来说有多重要，或者它的合理性是怎样的，这些推断构成了作者个人反应的基础，而作者对此所产生的影响必然要小得多。
[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
译文：在戏剧、小说和叙事诗中，人物按作者塑造的构想来说话，不一定是作者自己的想法。
[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
译文：相反，我们把意义赋予文本，是基于我们所谓的语篇和背景材料之间的相互作用：在我们从语篇的形式结构（尤其是语言结构）所得出的各种组织和模式以及我们理解语篇时所带有的各种背景、社会知识、信念和态度之间。
答案解析
答案精析：本题考查上下文的衔接和逻辑关系。作者一开始就以提问的方式引出了话题：如何进行阅读。随后第二句说到，通过理解单词的意思和联系，以及运用一些语法知识来理解文章。空格后面一句说到，读者开始推断上下文的意思。由此可知，空格处应该也是阅读过程中的一部分，并且和推断文章意思的方法有关。C项开头部分说到了通过上下文猜测不认识的单词，承接了空格前的内容，后面说到要记下语篇实体以及它们之间可能的联系，与空格后文提到的如何推断语义的方法相呼应。故C项内容与上下文衔接顺畅，正确答案为C。
答案精析：第二段重点在阐述阅读时的理解方式，不仅是被动接受信息，也包含主动推理和解决问题。空格前一句提及，你推断出作者通过提供具体的证据和线索来引导你去领会的，指的是被动接受信息。E项以You make further inferences开头，显然是对空格上一句You infer…的承接，说明你可以进一步推断哪些内容对你是重要的或者是有效的，指的是主动推理。故E项内容与上文衔接顺畅，正确答案为E。
干扰项排除：D项内容也和推断信息相关，指的是通过文本的线索对句子进行重建，和空格前的句子有一定的相关性。但第三段开头提到每个读者对文章的理解是不同的，D项内容和此处并无衔接关系，没有形成呼应，故D错误。
长难句分析：You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.
本句主干为You infer information…，主谓宾结构。you feel the writer has invited you to grasp是省略了that的定语从句，修饰前面的information，用于对information进行解释说明。by presenting…作方式状语，表明作者是通过什么样的方式邀请你。
句意为：你可以推断出你觉得作者通过给你提供具体的证据和线索想让你理解的信息。
43. G
答案精析：第三段开头指出，每个读者对文章的理解都是不同的。第二句接着说到，问题的关键不在于对一个绝对的、固定的、或“真实的”意义的检索，也不在于文本与世界之间某种永恒的关系。作者先对一种理解的含义做出否定，由此可知，空格处应对理解的正确含义做出解释，问题的关键应该是什么。G项内容以Rather开头，正是和空格前句子中的not形成转折关系。G项内容说明我们在阅读时会结合文本信息以及个体的背景进行理解，与上文衔接顺畅，且G项中的contextual material和background对应第四段开头的Such background material。故正确答案为G。
长难句分析：What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world.
本句主干为What is in question is not the retrieval of…, or…，主系表结构。主语为What is in question，表示“问题的关键”，表语为not the retrieval of…, or，表示“问题并不是……，也不是……”。句子中的that引导定语从句，修饰meaning，用于说明meaning具体指什么。
句意为：问题的关键不在于对可以反复阅读并检查其准确性是否是绝对的、固定或“真实”意义的检索，也不在于文本与世界之间某种永恒的关系。
答案精析：第四段首句指出，这些背景信息不可避免地反映了我们的特征。B项内容中出现的place, period, gender, ethnicity, age and social class都属于background material包含的信息。空格后的内容说到，然而，这并不意味着解读仅仅是相对的，甚至是毫无意义的。B项后半部分提及，那些因素会促使我们理解，但也会模糊其他的理解方式。空格后的句子用however和空格句形成转折关系。随后又说到，正是因为处于不同历史时期、地点和社会经历的读者对同一页上的文字产生不同但重叠的阅读——包括涉及人类关注的基本问题的文本——关于文本的辩论可以在信仰和价值观的社会讨论中发挥重要作用。B项内容提到的促进理解的因素正是对后文historical period, places and social experiences的呼应，故正确答案为B。
长难句分析：Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
本句主干为…debates about texts can play an important role…，主谓宾结构。句首Precisely because…on the page是because引导的原因状语从句，from different historical periods, places and social experiences是介词短语作后置定语，修饰readers。两个破折号之间的内容为插入语，对the same words on the page进行补充说明。
句意为：正是因为处于不同历史时期、地点和社会经历的读者对同一页上的文字产生不同但重叠的阅读——包括涉及人类关注的基本问题的文本——关于文本的讨论才可以在信仰和价值观的社会讨论中发挥重要作用。
答案精析：最后一段开头说到，我们如何阅读一篇文章也在一定程度上取决于我们的阅读兴趣。空格后提到Such dimensions of reading…，说明在空格处应该是对Such dimensions的具体解释，并且要和前一句所说的“阅读兴趣”相关。A项内容以反问的形式描述了不同的阅读目的和阅读方式，是对该段首句“阅读兴趣”的进一步说明，同时也承接了下一句的Such dimensions。故正确答案为A。
选项分析
[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
译文：我们是否在按某种课程要求来研究文本并作出反应？还是只是为了消遣而阅读？或者是快速阅读以获取信息？在火车上或床上阅读的方式可能与在研究室阅读有很大不同。
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
译文：诸如我们阅读的地点和时段、我们的性别、种族、年龄和社会阶层等因素会促使我们作出某种解读，但同时也会使其他解读方式变得模糊甚至被屏蔽。
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
译文：如果你不熟悉单词或习语，可以通过上下文的线索猜测它们的意思。如果你假设它会在下文出现，你会在脑海中记下语篇实体以及它们之间可能的联系。
[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.
译文：实际上，你试图重建任何给定的句子、意象或引用可能会表达的含义或效果：这些可能是作者有意想传达给读者的。
[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
译文：你会进一步推断，例如，文本对你来说有多重要，或者它的合理性是怎样的，这些推断构成了作者个人反应的基础，而作者对此所产生的影响必然要小得多。
[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
译文：在戏剧、小说和叙事诗中，人物按作者塑造的构想来说话，不一定是作者自己的想法。
[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
译文：相反，我们把意义赋予文本，是基于我们所谓的语篇和背景材料之间的相互作用：在我们从语篇的形式结构（尤其是语言结构）所得出的各种组织和模式以及我们理解语篇时所带有的各种背景、社会知识、信念和态度之间。
答案解析
答案精析：本题考查上下文的衔接和逻辑关系。作者一开始就以提问的方式引出了话题：如何进行阅读。随后第二句说到，通过理解单词的意思和联系，以及运用一些语法知识来理解文章。空格后面一句说到，读者开始推断上下文的意思。由此可知，空格处应该也是阅读过程中的一部分，并且和推断文章意思的方法有关。C项开头部分说到了通过上下文猜测不认识的单词，承接了空格前的内容，后面说到要记下语篇实体以及它们之间可能的联系，与空格后文提到的如何推断语义的方法相呼应。故C项内容与上下文衔接顺畅，正确答案为C。
答案精析：第二段重点在阐述阅读时的理解方式，不仅是被动接受信息，也包含主动推理和解决问题。空格前一句提及，你推断出作者通过提供具体的证据和线索来引导你去领会的，指的是被动接受信息。E项以You make further inferences开头，显然是对空格上一句You infer…的承接，说明你可以进一步推断哪些内容对你是重要的或者是有效的，指的是主动推理。故E项内容与上文衔接顺畅，正确答案为E。
干扰项排除：D项内容也和推断信息相关，指的是通过文本的线索对句子进行重建，和空格前的句子有一定的相关性。但第三段开头提到每个读者对文章的理解是不同的，D项内容和此处并无衔接关系，没有形成呼应，故D错误。
长难句分析：You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.
本句主干为You infer information…，主谓宾结构。you feel the writer has invited you to grasp是省略了that的定语从句，修饰前面的information，用于对information进行解释说明。by presenting…作方式状语，表明作者是通过什么样的方式邀请你。
句意为：你可以推断出你觉得作者通过给你提供具体的证据和线索想让你理解的信息。
43. G
答案精析：第三段开头指出，每个读者对文章的理解都是不同的。第二句接着说到，问题的关键不在于对一个绝对的、固定的、或“真实的”意义的检索，也不在于文本与世界之间某种永恒的关系。作者先对一种理解的含义做出否定，由此可知，空格处应对理解的正确含义做出解释，问题的关键应该是什么。G项内容以Rather开头，正是和空格前句子中的not形成转折关系。G项内容说明我们在阅读时会结合文本信息以及个体的背景进行理解，与上文衔接顺畅，且G项中的contextual material和background对应第四段开头的Such background material。故正确答案为G。
长难句分析：What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world.
本句主干为What is in question is not the retrieval of…, or…，主系表结构。主语为What is in question，表示“问题的关键”，表语为not the retrieval of…, or，表示“问题并不是……，也不是……”。句子中的that引导定语从句，修饰meaning，用于说明meaning具体指什么。
句意为：问题的关键不在于对可以反复阅读并检查其准确性是否是绝对的、固定或“真实”意义的检索，也不在于文本与世界之间某种永恒的关系。
答案精析：第四段首句指出，这些背景信息不可避免地反映了我们的特征。B项内容中出现的place, period, gender, ethnicity, age and social class都属于background material包含的信息。空格后的内容说到，然而，这并不意味着解读仅仅是相对的，甚至是毫无意义的。B项后半部分提及，那些因素会促使我们理解，但也会模糊其他的理解方式。空格后的句子用however和空格句形成转折关系。随后又说到，正是因为处于不同历史时期、地点和社会经历的读者对同一页上的文字产生不同但重叠的阅读——包括涉及人类关注的基本问题的文本——关于文本的辩论可以在信仰和价值观的社会讨论中发挥重要作用。B项内容提到的促进理解的因素正是对后文historical period, places and social experiences的呼应，故正确答案为B。
长难句分析：Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
本句主干为…debates about texts can play an important role…，主谓宾结构。句首Precisely because…on the page是because引导的原因状语从句，from different historical periods, places and social experiences是介词短语作后置定语，修饰readers。两个破折号之间的内容为插入语，对the same words on the page进行补充说明。
句意为：正是因为处于不同历史时期、地点和社会经历的读者对同一页上的文字产生不同但重叠的阅读——包括涉及人类关注的基本问题的文本——关于文本的讨论才可以在信仰和价值观的社会讨论中发挥重要作用。
答案精析：最后一段开头说到，我们如何阅读一篇文章也在一定程度上取决于我们的阅读兴趣。空格后提到Such dimensions of reading…，说明在空格处应该是对Such dimensions的具体解释，并且要和前一句所说的“阅读兴趣”相关。A项内容以反问的形式描述了不同的阅读目的和阅读方式，是对该段首句“阅读兴趣”的进一步说明，同时也承接了下一句的Such dimensions。故正确答案为A。
选项分析
[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
译文：我们是否在按某种课程要求来研究文本并作出反应？还是只是为了消遣而阅读？或者是快速阅读以获取信息？在火车上或床上阅读的方式可能与在研究室阅读有很大不同。
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
译文：诸如我们阅读的地点和时段、我们的性别、种族、年龄和社会阶层等因素会促使我们作出某种解读，但同时也会使其他解读方式变得模糊甚至被屏蔽。
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
译文：如果你不熟悉单词或习语，可以通过上下文的线索猜测它们的意思。如果你假设它会在下文出现，你会在脑海中记下语篇实体以及它们之间可能的联系。
[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.
译文：实际上，你试图重建任何给定的句子、意象或引用可能会表达的含义或效果：这些可能是作者有意想传达给读者的。
[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
译文：你会进一步推断，例如，文本对你来说有多重要，或者它的合理性是怎样的，这些推断构成了作者个人反应的基础，而作者对此所产生的影响必然要小得多。
[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
译文：在戏剧、小说和叙事诗中，人物按作者塑造的构想来说话，不一定是作者自己的想法。
[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
译文：相反，我们把意义赋予文本，是基于我们所谓的语篇和背景材料之间的相互作用：在我们从语篇的形式结构（尤其是语言结构）所得出的各种组织和模式以及我们理解语篇时所带有的各种背景、社会知识、信念和态度之间。
答案解析
答案精析：本题考查上下文的衔接和逻辑关系。作者一开始就以提问的方式引出了话题：如何进行阅读。随后第二句说到，通过理解单词的意思和联系，以及运用一些语法知识来理解文章。空格后面一句说到，读者开始推断上下文的意思。由此可知，空格处应该也是阅读过程中的一部分，并且和推断文章意思的方法有关。C项开头部分说到了通过上下文猜测不认识的单词，承接了空格前的内容，后面说到要记下语篇实体以及它们之间可能的联系，与空格后文提到的如何推断语义的方法相呼应。故C项内容与上下文衔接顺畅，正确答案为C。
答案精析：第二段重点在阐述阅读时的理解方式，不仅是被动接受信息，也包含主动推理和解决问题。空格前一句提及，你推断出作者通过提供具体的证据和线索来引导你去领会的，指的是被动接受信息。E项以You make further inferences开头，显然是对空格上一句You infer…的承接，说明你可以进一步推断哪些内容对你是重要的或者是有效的，指的是主动推理。故E项内容与上文衔接顺畅，正确答案为E。
干扰项排除：D项内容也和推断信息相关，指的是通过文本的线索对句子进行重建，和空格前的句子有一定的相关性。但第三段开头提到每个读者对文章的理解是不同的，D项内容和此处并无衔接关系，没有形成呼应，故D错误。
长难句分析：You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.
本句主干为You infer information…，主谓宾结构。you feel the writer has invited you to grasp是省略了that的定语从句，修饰前面的information，用于对information进行解释说明。by presenting…作方式状语，表明作者是通过什么样的方式邀请你。
句意为：你可以推断出你觉得作者通过给你提供具体的证据和线索想让你理解的信息。
43. G
答案精析：第三段开头指出，每个读者对文章的理解都是不同的。第二句接着说到，问题的关键不在于对一个绝对的、固定的、或“真实的”意义的检索，也不在于文本与世界之间某种永恒的关系。作者先对一种理解的含义做出否定，由此可知，空格处应对理解的正确含义做出解释，问题的关键应该是什么。G项内容以Rather开头，正是和空格前句子中的not形成转折关系。G项内容说明我们在阅读时会结合文本信息以及个体的背景进行理解，与上文衔接顺畅，且G项中的contextual material和background对应第四段开头的Such background material。故正确答案为G。
长难句分析：What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world.
本句主干为What is in question is not the retrieval of…, or…，主系表结构。主语为What is in question，表示“问题的关键”，表语为not the retrieval of…, or，表示“问题并不是……，也不是……”。句子中的that引导定语从句，修饰meaning，用于说明meaning具体指什么。
句意为：问题的关键不在于对可以反复阅读并检查其准确性是否是绝对的、固定或“真实”意义的检索，也不在于文本与世界之间某种永恒的关系。
答案精析：第四段首句指出，这些背景信息不可避免地反映了我们的特征。B项内容中出现的place, period, gender, ethnicity, age and social class都属于background material包含的信息。空格后的内容说到，然而，这并不意味着解读仅仅是相对的，甚至是毫无意义的。B项后半部分提及，那些因素会促使我们理解，但也会模糊其他的理解方式。空格后的句子用however和空格句形成转折关系。随后又说到，正是因为处于不同历史时期、地点和社会经历的读者对同一页上的文字产生不同但重叠的阅读——包括涉及人类关注的基本问题的文本——关于文本的辩论可以在信仰和价值观的社会讨论中发挥重要作用。B项内容提到的促进理解的因素正是对后文historical period, places and social experiences的呼应，故正确答案为B。
长难句分析：Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
本句主干为…debates about texts can play an important role…，主谓宾结构。句首Precisely because…on the page是because引导的原因状语从句，from different historical periods, places and social experiences是介词短语作后置定语，修饰readers。两个破折号之间的内容为插入语，对the same words on the page进行补充说明。
句意为：正是因为处于不同历史时期、地点和社会经历的读者对同一页上的文字产生不同但重叠的阅读——包括涉及人类关注的基本问题的文本——关于文本的讨论才可以在信仰和价值观的社会讨论中发挥重要作用。
答案精析：最后一段开头说到，我们如何阅读一篇文章也在一定程度上取决于我们的阅读兴趣。空格后提到Such dimensions of reading…，说明在空格处应该是对Such dimensions的具体解释，并且要和前一句所说的“阅读兴趣”相关。A项内容以反问的形式描述了不同的阅读目的和阅读方式，是对该段首句“阅读兴趣”的进一步说明，同时也承接了下一句的Such dimensions。故正确答案为A。
选项分析
[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
译文：我们是否在按某种课程要求来研究文本并作出反应？还是只是为了消遣而阅读？或者是快速阅读以获取信息？在火车上或床上阅读的方式可能与在研究室阅读有很大不同。
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
译文：诸如我们阅读的地点和时段、我们的性别、种族、年龄和社会阶层等因素会促使我们作出某种解读，但同时也会使其他解读方式变得模糊甚至被屏蔽。
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
译文：如果你不熟悉单词或习语，可以通过上下文的线索猜测它们的意思。如果你假设它会在下文出现，你会在脑海中记下语篇实体以及它们之间可能的联系。
[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.
译文：实际上，你试图重建任何给定的句子、意象或引用可能会表达的含义或效果：这些可能是作者有意想传达给读者的。
[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
译文：你会进一步推断，例如，文本对你来说有多重要，或者它的合理性是怎样的，这些推断构成了作者个人反应的基础，而作者对此所产生的影响必然要小得多。
[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
译文：在戏剧、小说和叙事诗中，人物按作者塑造的构想来说话，不一定是作者自己的想法。
[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
译文：相反，我们把意义赋予文本，是基于我们所谓的语篇和背景材料之间的相互作用：在我们从语篇的形式结构（尤其是语言结构）所得出的各种组织和模式以及我们理解语篇时所带有的各种背景、社会知识、信念和态度之间。
答案解析
答案精析：本题考查上下文的衔接和逻辑关系。作者一开始就以提问的方式引出了话题：如何进行阅读。随后第二句说到，通过理解单词的意思和联系，以及运用一些语法知识来理解文章。空格后面一句说到，读者开始推断上下文的意思。由此可知，空格处应该也是阅读过程中的一部分，并且和推断文章意思的方法有关。C项开头部分说到了通过上下文猜测不认识的单词，承接了空格前的内容，后面说到要记下语篇实体以及它们之间可能的联系，与空格后文提到的如何推断语义的方法相呼应。故C项内容与上下文衔接顺畅，正确答案为C。
答案精析：第二段重点在阐述阅读时的理解方式，不仅是被动接受信息，也包含主动推理和解决问题。空格前一句提及，你推断出作者通过提供具体的证据和线索来引导你去领会的，指的是被动接受信息。E项以You make further inferences开头，显然是对空格上一句You infer…的承接，说明你可以进一步推断哪些内容对你是重要的或者是有效的，指的是主动推理。故E项内容与上文衔接顺畅，正确答案为E。
干扰项排除：D项内容也和推断信息相关，指的是通过文本的线索对句子进行重建，和空格前的句子有一定的相关性。但第三段开头提到每个读者对文章的理解是不同的，D项内容和此处并无衔接关系，没有形成呼应，故D错误。
长难句分析：You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.
本句主干为You infer information…，主谓宾结构。you feel the writer has invited you to grasp是省略了that的定语从句，修饰前面的information，用于对information进行解释说明。by presenting…作方式状语，表明作者是通过什么样的方式邀请你。
句意为：你可以推断出你觉得作者通过给你提供具体的证据和线索想让你理解的信息。
43. G
答案精析：第三段开头指出，每个读者对文章的理解都是不同的。第二句接着说到，问题的关键不在于对一个绝对的、固定的、或“真实的”意义的检索，也不在于文本与世界之间某种永恒的关系。作者先对一种理解的含义做出否定，由此可知，空格处应对理解的正确含义做出解释，问题的关键应该是什么。G项内容以Rather开头，正是和空格前句子中的not形成转折关系。G项内容说明我们在阅读时会结合文本信息以及个体的背景进行理解，与上文衔接顺畅，且G项中的contextual material和background对应第四段开头的Such background material。故正确答案为G。
长难句分析：What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world.
本句主干为What is in question is not the retrieval of…, or…，主系表结构。主语为What is in question，表示“问题的关键”，表语为not the retrieval of…, or，表示“问题并不是……，也不是……”。句子中的that引导定语从句，修饰meaning，用于说明meaning具体指什么。
句意为：问题的关键不在于对可以反复阅读并检查其准确性是否是绝对的、固定或“真实”意义的检索，也不在于文本与世界之间某种永恒的关系。
答案精析：第四段首句指出，这些背景信息不可避免地反映了我们的特征。B项内容中出现的place, period, gender, ethnicity, age and social class都属于background material包含的信息。空格后的内容说到，然而，这并不意味着解读仅仅是相对的，甚至是毫无意义的。B项后半部分提及，那些因素会促使我们理解，但也会模糊其他的理解方式。空格后的句子用however和空格句形成转折关系。随后又说到，正是因为处于不同历史时期、地点和社会经历的读者对同一页上的文字产生不同但重叠的阅读——包括涉及人类关注的基本问题的文本——关于文本的辩论可以在信仰和价值观的社会讨论中发挥重要作用。B项内容提到的促进理解的因素正是对后文historical period, places and social experiences的呼应，故正确答案为B。
长难句分析：Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
本句主干为…debates about texts can play an important role…，主谓宾结构。句首Precisely because…on the page是because引导的原因状语从句，from different historical periods, places and social experiences是介词短语作后置定语，修饰readers。两个破折号之间的内容为插入语，对the same words on the page进行补充说明。
句意为：正是因为处于不同历史时期、地点和社会经历的读者对同一页上的文字产生不同但重叠的阅读——包括涉及人类关注的基本问题的文本——关于文本的讨论才可以在信仰和价值观的社会讨论中发挥重要作用。
答案精析：最后一段开头说到，我们如何阅读一篇文章也在一定程度上取决于我们的阅读兴趣。空格后提到Such dimensions of reading…，说明在空格处应该是对Such dimensions的具体解释，并且要和前一句所说的“阅读兴趣”相关。A项内容以反问的形式描述了不同的阅读目的和阅读方式，是对该段首句“阅读兴趣”的进一步说明，同时也承接了下一句的Such dimensions。故正确答案为A。
选项分析
[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
译文：我们是否在按某种课程要求来研究文本并作出反应？还是只是为了消遣而阅读？或者是快速阅读以获取信息？在火车上或床上阅读的方式可能与在研究室阅读有很大不同。
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
译文：诸如我们阅读的地点和时段、我们的性别、种族、年龄和社会阶层等因素会促使我们作出某种解读，但同时也会使其他解读方式变得模糊甚至被屏蔽。
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
译文：如果你不熟悉单词或习语，可以通过上下文的线索猜测它们的意思。如果你假设它会在下文出现，你会在脑海中记下语篇实体以及它们之间可能的联系。
[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.
译文：实际上，你试图重建任何给定的句子、意象或引用可能会表达的含义或效果：这些可能是作者有意想传达给读者的。
[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
译文：你会进一步推断，例如，文本对你来说有多重要，或者它的合理性是怎样的，这些推断构成了作者个人反应的基础，而作者对此所产生的影响必然要小得多。
[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
译文：在戏剧、小说和叙事诗中，人物按作者塑造的构想来说话，不一定是作者自己的想法。
[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
译文：相反，我们把意义赋予文本，是基于我们所谓的语篇和背景材料之间的相互作用：在我们从语篇的形式结构（尤其是语言结构）所得出的各种组织和模式以及我们理解语篇时所带有的各种背景、社会知识、信念和态度之间。
答案解析
答案精析：本题考查上下文的衔接和逻辑关系。作者一开始就以提问的方式引出了话题：如何进行阅读。随后第二句说到，通过理解单词的意思和联系，以及运用一些语法知识来理解文章。空格后面一句说到，读者开始推断上下文的意思。由此可知，空格处应该也是阅读过程中的一部分，并且和推断文章意思的方法有关。C项开头部分说到了通过上下文猜测不认识的单词，承接了空格前的内容，后面说到要记下语篇实体以及它们之间可能的联系，与空格后文提到的如何推断语义的方法相呼应。故C项内容与上下文衔接顺畅，正确答案为C。
答案精析：第二段重点在阐述阅读时的理解方式，不仅是被动接受信息，也包含主动推理和解决问题。空格前一句提及，你推断出作者通过提供具体的证据和线索来引导你去领会的，指的是被动接受信息。E项以You make further inferences开头，显然是对空格上一句You infer…的承接，说明你可以进一步推断哪些内容对你是重要的或者是有效的，指的是主动推理。故E项内容与上文衔接顺畅，正确答案为E。
干扰项排除：D项内容也和推断信息相关，指的是通过文本的线索对句子进行重建，和空格前的句子有一定的相关性。但第三段开头提到每个读者对文章的理解是不同的，D项内容和此处并无衔接关系，没有形成呼应，故D错误。
长难句分析：You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.
本句主干为You infer information…，主谓宾结构。you feel the writer has invited you to grasp是省略了that的定语从句，修饰前面的information，用于对information进行解释说明。by presenting…作方式状语，表明作者是通过什么样的方式邀请你。
句意为：你可以推断出你觉得作者通过给你提供具体的证据和线索想让你理解的信息。
43. G
答案精析：第三段开头指出，每个读者对文章的理解都是不同的。第二句接着说到，问题的关键不在于对一个绝对的、固定的、或“真实的”意义的检索，也不在于文本与世界之间某种永恒的关系。作者先对一种理解的含义做出否定，由此可知，空格处应对理解的正确含义做出解释，问题的关键应该是什么。G项内容以Rather开头，正是和空格前句子中的not形成转折关系。G项内容说明我们在阅读时会结合文本信息以及个体的背景进行理解，与上文衔接顺畅，且G项中的contextual material和background对应第四段开头的Such background material。故正确答案为G。
长难句分析：What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world.
本句主干为What is in question is not the retrieval of…, or…，主系表结构。主语为What is in question，表示“问题的关键”，表语为not the retrieval of…, or，表示“问题并不是……，也不是……”。句子中的that引导定语从句，修饰meaning，用于说明meaning具体指什么。
句意为：问题的关键不在于对可以反复阅读并检查其准确性是否是绝对的、固定或“真实”意义的检索，也不在于文本与世界之间某种永恒的关系。
答案精析：第四段首句指出，这些背景信息不可避免地反映了我们的特征。B项内容中出现的place, period, gender, ethnicity, age and social class都属于background material包含的信息。空格后的内容说到，然而，这并不意味着解读仅仅是相对的，甚至是毫无意义的。B项后半部分提及，那些因素会促使我们理解，但也会模糊其他的理解方式。空格后的句子用however和空格句形成转折关系。随后又说到，正是因为处于不同历史时期、地点和社会经历的读者对同一页上的文字产生不同但重叠的阅读——包括涉及人类关注的基本问题的文本——关于文本的辩论可以在信仰和价值观的社会讨论中发挥重要作用。B项内容提到的促进理解的因素正是对后文historical period, places and social experiences的呼应，故正确答案为B。
长难句分析：Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
本句主干为…debates about texts can play an important role…，主谓宾结构。句首Precisely because…on the page是because引导的原因状语从句，from different historical periods, places and social experiences是介词短语作后置定语，修饰readers。两个破折号之间的内容为插入语，对the same words on the page进行补充说明。
句意为：正是因为处于不同历史时期、地点和社会经历的读者对同一页上的文字产生不同但重叠的阅读——包括涉及人类关注的基本问题的文本——关于文本的讨论才可以在信仰和价值观的社会讨论中发挥重要作用。
答案精析：最后一段开头说到，我们如何阅读一篇文章也在一定程度上取决于我们的阅读兴趣。空格后提到Such dimensions of reading…，说明在空格处应该是对Such dimensions的具体解释，并且要和前一句所说的“阅读兴趣”相关。A项内容以反问的形式描述了不同的阅读目的和阅读方式，是对该段首句“阅读兴趣”的进一步说明，同时也承接了下一句的Such dimensions。故正确答案为A。
42、 Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. (46) 【This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.】
(47) 【The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits】. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) 【But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.】 These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.
(49) 【The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th- century explorations of North America.】 In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50) 【The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.】 Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.
参考答案：
参考译文：
46. 在各种强大动机的驱动下，这场迁移从荒野中建立了一个国家，并以其本质塑造了一个未知大陆的特点和命运。
47. 美国是两股主要力量的产物：一是欧洲各民族的移入，他们有着不同的思想、习俗和民族特征，二是一个新国家在改变了这些特征之后而产生的影响。
48. 但是，美洲特有的地理条件，不同民族之间的相互作用，以及在一个原始的新大陆上维持原有世界的生活方式的巨大困难，这些都造成了意义深远的变化。
49. 在十五、十六世纪的北美探索过去一百多年后，第一批载满移民的船只穿过大西洋，驶向现在的美国领土。
50. 原始森林林木茂盛、种类繁多，从缅因州一直延伸到乔治亚州，是一个真正的宝库。
解析：
生词本
diverse adj. 多种多样的
interplay n. 相互作用
wilderness n. 荒地
sheer adj. 十足的
by nature 从本质上
shipload n. 船舶运载量
destiny n. 命运
bound for 前往
uncharted adj. 未知的
territory n. 领土
principal adj. 主要的
exploration n. 探索
varied adj. 不同的
virgin adj. 未经开发的
modify v. 改变
treasure-house 宝库
geographic adj. 地理的
extend v. 延伸
peculiar to 特有的
表达难点：
46. ①本句是由and连接的并列句，第二个and前后是句子的两个谓宾成分。②本句主干为This movement…built a nation…and…shaped the character and destiny…，driven by…motivations为插入语作后置定语修饰前面的主语This movement，用于解释迁移的原因，可译为“在……的推动下，这场迁移……”。③built a nation out of a wilderness可译为“从荒野中建立了一个国家”， ④shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent可译为“塑造了一个未知大陆的特点和命运”。⑤两个谓宾结构中间的by its nature为插入语，作状语，可译为“就其本质而言”，修饰后面的谓语和宾语。
47. ①本句主干为The United States is the product of two principal forces，主系表结构，可译为“美国是两股主要力量的产物”。②破折号表示解释说明，用于对前面的主句进行进一步的解释或补充。破折号后是两个并列的同位语，由and连接，可译为“一是……，二是……”。③第一个同位语the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics中，with…characteristics是介词短语作后置定语，修饰European peoples，用于解释是什么样子的欧洲民族。the immigration of European peoples可译为“欧洲各民族的移入”。④第二个同位语the impact of a new country which modified these traits中，which引导定语从句，修饰country。modified意为“修改”，traits意为“特征”。
48. ①本句主干为But the force…, the interplay…, and the sheer difficulty…, caused significant changes，主语由三个并列的名词短语构成，三个主语后都有of构成后置定语修饰前面的名词，大意为“三种力量导致了巨大的变化”。②第一个主语为the force of…America。geographic conditions可译为“地理条件”，peculiar to America作后置定语修饰conditions，可译为“美国特有的”。③第二个主语为the interplay of…one another。interplay可译为“相互作用”。④第三个主语为the sheer difficulty of…continent。sheer可译为“绝对的，彻底的”，和difficulty连用可译为“巨大困难”。
49. ①本句的主干为The first shiploads…crossed the Atlantic…，主谓宾结构。主语部分较为复杂，bound for the territory为后置定语，修饰shiploads，可译为“载满移民的船只驶向领土”。②后面的which引导定语从句，修饰territory，用于解释是什么样的领土，可译为“如今被称之为美国的地方”。③句子后半部分more than…North America为时间状语，可译为“在十五、十六世纪的北美探索过去一百多年后”。按照中文表达的逻辑，可把时间状语放在句首翻译。
50. ①本句主干为The virgin forest…was a real treasure-house…，主系表结构，可译为“原始森林是一个真正的宝库”。 ②The virgin forest为主语，with its richness and variety of trees为后置定语，修饰主语，用于说明是一个什么样的原始森林，richness意为“丰富”。③句子后半部分的which引导了一个定语从句，修饰treasure-house，用于补充说明是一个什么样的宝库。extended意为“延伸”， Maine和Georgia是美国的缅因州和乔治亚州，extended…all the way down可译为“一路延伸下来”。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
43、Part A
51. Directions:
You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.
You should state reasons for your recommendation.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
Dear friends,
I’m very glad to inform you that a club reading session will be hosted soon! I’m writing this email to recommend an excellent book to you—The Great Gatsby.
This book is regularly named one of the greatest novels ever written in English, and has annually sold millions of copies globally. This slim novel of fewer than 50,000 words, a story of secret visions and gaudy revels, of sudden violence and constant envy, shimmers with a magic that readers have long recognized. Moreover, this book is also a great example of how failure can breed success. If you’ve ever felt downbeat because a project didn’t work out, read Gatsby and see what can arise from the ashes!
I hope you can enjoy this book and I’m looking forward to sharing with you after you read it.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
参考译文
亲爱的朋友们,
我很高兴地通知你们，俱乐部即将举办一场读书会！我写这封邮件是为了向你们推荐一本很精彩的书——《了不起的盖茨比》。
这本书被誉为有史以来最伟大的英文小说之一，每年在全球售出数百万册。这部短小精悍的小说只有不到五万字，讲述的是神秘的幻象和浮华的狂欢以及突如其来的暴力和持续的嫉妒，它闪烁着一种长久以来为读者所熟知的魔力。此外，这本书也是一个很好的例子来解释，失败是如何孕育成功的。如果你曾经因为一个项目的失败而感到沮丧，读读盖茨比，看看从灰烬中可以得到什么！
我希望你能喜欢这本书，我期待着在你读过之后与你分享。
谨致问候，
李明
解析：
2015年的小作文题目要求写一封邮件给阅读俱乐部的成员，向他们推荐一本书。邮件形式不需要使用过于正式的语言，自然顺畅即可。
邮件开头可以做一个简单的背景介绍，然后直接表明写这封信的目的。第二段描述推荐书籍的具体原因。第三段表明希望同学会喜欢推荐的书籍。
44、
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points）
参考答案：
参考范文
From the picture, we can see that there is a group of young people having dinner, but they are not talking to each other, and they are not eating. Instead, each held his or her phone staring at the screen. This is a common scene of young people having dinner together.
We can’t deny that the emergence of mobile phones has indeed brought us great convenience. The advent of smartphone technology modernized communications. It has paved the way to text messaging, call, video chat, and apps that allow people to instantly communicate to everyone across the globe. However, mobile phones also make us less capable and even more reluctant to communicate face to face. Smartphones have begun to make people lose touch with their social lives. They are secluding us from our friends and family. People would rather text than to meet with others and have a meaningful conversation. Even when people do meet, they are constantly distracted from the conversation because they need to check their mobile phone.
For my perspective, mobile phone is only a tool in our life, and cannot be the whole. Relationships between people are maintained through face-to-face communication. If we can put our phones aside during dinner, start to talk with friends and enjoy the dinner, I believe everyone can embrace real happiness.
参考译文
通过图片我们可以看到，有一群年轻人正在聚餐，但是他们并没有在互相交谈，也没有在吃饭。反而是各自拿着手机，在盯着屏幕看。这是当下年轻人聚餐时常见的场景了。
我们不能否认，手机的出现确实给我们带来了极大的方便。智能手机技术的出现使通讯现代化。它为发短信、打电话、视频聊天和应用程序铺平了道路，这些应用程序让人们与全球各地的每个人能够即时通信。然而，手机也使我们的面对面交流能力下降，甚至让我们不愿意这样做。智能手机已经开始让人们与社交生活失去联系。它们让我们远离朋友和家人。人们宁愿发短信，也不愿与他人见面，进行有意义的交谈。即使当人们见面时，他们也会因为在那里看手机而经常分心。
在我看来，手机只是生活中的一个工具，不可能是我们生活的全部。人与人之间的关系是通过面对面的交流来维系的。如果我们能在吃饭的时候把手机放在一边，和朋友聊天，一起吃饭，我相信每个人都能享受到真正的快乐。
解析：
题目分析
2015年的大作文依旧是采用图画命题的形式，要求考生理解图画所表达的寓意，并且给出自己的见解。本次话题比较明确，即人们过度沉迷于手机而忽略了朋友之间面对面交流的重要性。考生根据图片，合理阐述手机对人的影响并给出相应的建议即可。
文章大纲
第一段：简要描述图片中的内容，揭示图片想表达的主题。
第二段：具体分析手机的出现给人们带来的影响，尤其是针对社交的影响。
第三段：提出建议，面对面交流比手机交流更重要。
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