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编辑人: 流年絮语

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2014年考研英语一试题答案及解析

一、Section Ⅰ Use of English

    As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember (1)_____ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain (2)_____, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” (3)_____ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n) (4)_____ impact on our professional, social, and personal (5)_____.

     Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It (6)_____ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental (7)_____ can significantly improve our basic cognitive (8)_____. Thinking is essentially a (9)_____ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to (10)_____ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. (11)_____, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate (12)_____ mental effort.

     Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step (13)_____ and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental (14)_____.

     The Web-based program (15)_____ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps (16)_____ of your progress and provides detailed feedback (17)_____ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it (18)_____ modifies and enhances the games you play to (19)_____ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) (20)_____ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

1、(1)

A、where

B、when

C、that

D、why

解析:

答案精析:连词辨析题。空格前为动词remember,remember后接宾语从句,空格处应填入宾语从句的引导词。结合上下文语意,文章开头指出许多人到中年会发现自己的记忆力不如以前了。我们会突然想不起刚刚把钥匙放在________,很明显此处应该是“忘记把钥匙放在了哪里”,故本空应填入where,表示地点。

错项排除:原句中已有a moment ago作为时间状语,B项when与此重复,故排除。C项that在引导宾语从句时不充当任何成分,但原句缺少地点状语,故C项错误。D项why表示原因,和上下文语意不符,故排除。

2、(2)

A、improves

B、fades

C、recovers

D、collapses

解析:

答案精析:动词辨析题。空格前是as引导的时间状语从句,表示“随着大脑……”,空格处应填入As从句的谓语动词。上文说到人到中年记忆力会变差,会经常忘记许多事情。根据语意推断,此句应表示“随着大脑逐渐衰退,我们把这些情况称之为年老时刻”,故本空应填入fades。

错项排除:A项improves意为“改善”,C项recovers意为“恢复”,两项均表示积极的含义,和上下文意思相悖,故排除。D项collapses意为“倒塌,崩溃”,含义过于严重,与原文意思不符,故排除。

3、(3)

A、If

B、Unless

C、Once

D、While

解析:

答案精析:连词辨析题。空格后为seemingly意为“看上去”, 前半句表示“表面上看起来没有什么伤害”,再根据后文语意“精神不集中可能会对我们的职业、社交和个人带来影响”,由此可知前半句和后半句是转折关系。故本空应填入While,表示转折。句子大意为:虽然表面看上去无害,但会对我们产生影响。

错项排除:A项的If、B项的Unless以及C项的Once均用于表示句子前后的条件关系,引导条件状语从句,不能表示转折,故排除。

4、(4)

A、uneven

B、limited

C、damaging

D、obscure

解析:

答案精析:形容词辨析题。根据上文While表示转折关系的语意可知,精神不集中可能会对我们的职业、社交和个人带来的影响应该是负面的,此空的意思应与前文的seemingly innocent(貌似无害)相反。故本空应填入damaging,表示“有破坏性的影响”。

错项排除:A项uneven意为“不平坦的”,与原文意思不符,故排除。B项意为“有限的”,原文并没有提到影响对人是否有限,故排除。D项意为“隐晦的”,和句子前半句中的seemingly innocent没有对照关系,故排除。

5、(5)

A、wellbeing

B、environment

C、relationship

D、outlook

解析:

答案精析:名词辨析题。根据语意,“精神不集中可能会对我们的职业、社交和个人的________带来破坏性的影响。”由此可知,空格处的名词需要同时和professional,social和personal这三个形容词搭配,故本空应填入wellbeing,表示会影响这三个方面的幸福。

错项排除: B项environment和personal互不搭配,此处说的影响主要体现在对个人的影响上,大脑的衰退无法对职业环境或者社会环境这种外部的因素有影响,故排除。文章也没有提到大脑的衰退对职业、社会和个人关系的影响,故排除C项relationship。D项outlook和前面三个形容词无法全部搭配,并且语意不符,故排除。

6、(6)

A、turns

B、finds

C、points

D、figures

解析:

答案精析:固定搭配辨析题。空格处应填入和out搭配的谓语动词。由前一句可知,研究神经系统的神经学家越来越多地表示,事实上有很多办法可以解决大脑衰退的问题。本句中that后面的句子表示“大脑和肌肉一样,都是需要锻炼的”,所以本句是对前一句的进一步解释。故本空应填入turns,turn out表示“事实证明……”。

错项排除:空格前的It作形式主语,并非指代前文中的词义。B、C、D三项均可和out搭配,但It在其他三项中为代词,代指前文所提到的事情。根据语意可知It在此处并不是做代词,故排除B、C、D三项。

7、(7)

A、roundabouts

B、responses

C、workouts

D、associations

解析:

答案精析:名词辨析题。由空格前的and可知,空格处的语意应承接前半句的内容。句子大意为“大脑和我们的肌肉一样需要锻炼,而适当的脑力________可以显著地提高我们基本的认知________。”mental对应空格前的brain,因此空格处应填入和exercise意思一致的单词,故选择workouts。

错项排除:A项roundabouts意为“环形交通枢纽”,和mental搭配语义不通,故排除。B项responses,D项associations和mental搭配分别意为“适当的大脑反应”和“适当的大脑联系”,意思和前文毫无逻辑可言,故排除。

8、(8)

A、genre

B、functions

C、circumstances

D、criterion

解析:

答案精析:名词辨析题。根据语意“大脑和我们的肌肉一样需要锻炼,而适当的脑力训练可以显著地提高我们基本的认知________。”此空应填入一个被cognitive(认知的)修饰的名词,前文说到大脑会退化,随后又提到大脑需要锻炼。由此可知,本空应填入functions更为贴切,表示“认知能力”,和前文提到的大脑锻炼相对应。

错项排除:A项genre“种类”, C项circumstances“情况;环境”和D项criterion“标准”均表示客观存在的事物,并不能通过训练来改善,故排除。

长难句分析:It turns out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental workouts can significantly improve our basic cognitive functions.

本句的主句为It turns out that…,表示“结果是……,证明是……”。It作形式主语,that后引导的主语从句是真正的主语。该主语从句由and连接的两个并列分句构成。第一个分句中in much the same way our muscles do作方式状语从句,其中do代指前面的needs exercise。第二个分句是简单句,主谓宾结构:...workouts can improve functions。

句意为:事实证明,大脑和肌肉一样都需要锻炼,适当的脑力训练可以显著地提高我们的基本认知能力。

9、(9)

A、channel

B、condition

C、sequence

D、process

解析:

答案精析:名词辨析题。根据语意“思考本质上是在大脑中建立联系的________。”making connections(建立联系)并不是一瞬间的动作,而是一种过程,故本空应填入process。

错项排除:A、B、C三项代入空格意思分别为“建立联系的渠道/条件/顺序”,均不符合原文逻辑,故排除。

10、(10)

A、persist

B、believe

C、excel

D、feature

解析:

答案精析:动词短语辨析题。根据语意“在一定程度上,我们________建立能驱动智力发展的联系的能力是与生俱来的。”这种能力是天生的,即表示这种能力是我们非常擅长的。因此本空应填入excel,excel in为固定搭配,表示“善于”。

错项排除:A项persist与in构成固定搭配表示“坚持”,但坚持做某事并不能表示是一种天生的能力,和原文语意不符,故排除。B项believe in表示“相信”,与原文逻辑不符,故排除。D项feature in表示“在……中起重要作用”,其宾语只能为something, 不能为动名词,且不符合原文语意,故排除。

11、(11)

A、Therefore

B、Moreover

C、Otherwise

D、However

解析:

答案精析:副词辨析题。本题需要理解上下文的逻辑关系。空格前的句子大意为“建立大脑联系的能力是与生俱来的”,空格后的句子大意为“建立联系需要通过努力和练习,因此科学家认为智力可以根据思维活动而增长或波动”。空格前后表示一种转折的关系,故本空应填入However。

错项排除:A项Therefore“因此”,表示因果关系,B项Moreover“而且”,表示递进关系,C项Otherwise“否则”表示条件关系,三项均不符合原文的逻辑关系,故排除。

12、(12)

A、according to

B、regardless of

C、apart from

D、instead of

解析:

答案精析:短语辨析题。根据语意“科学家认为智力会________思维活动而增长或出现波动。”通过上下文可知,锻炼大脑会增强智力,因此智力的增长和波动是和思维活动有相关性的,也就是说后者是前者发生的依据。因此空格处应填入according to。

错项排除:B项regardless of、C项apart from以及D项instead of都是对思维活动(mental effort)和增强智力(intelligence)之间联系的一种否定,与原文不符,故排除。

13、(13)

A、back

B、further

C、aside

D、around

解析:

答案精析:固定搭配辨析题。根据语意“一家网络公司________采取行动,开发了第一个‘大脑训练项目’”。由前文可知,可以通过训练大脑来改善大脑的功能,之后以网络公司开发的项目为例来证实之前的观点,上下文是一种递进关系,即该公司采取了进一步的行动。故本空应填入further。

错项排除:A项back和C项aside无法表示更进一步的行动,与原文意思不符,故排除。D项around不和step一起搭配使用,故排除。

14、(14)

A、sharpness

B、stability

C、framework

D、flexibility

解析:

答案精析:名词辨析题。本空应填入mental修饰的名词,作improve and regain的宾语。文章首句提到人到中年,人类的记忆力和大脑清晰度会降低,此处应填入和mental clarity相对应的词,故选择sharpness。

错项排除:B项stability“稳定性”表示大脑自身的一种特点,和前文说的记忆力减退没有关系,故排除。C项framework“框架”,原文中并没有提到有关大脑框架的信息,故排除。D项flexibility“灵活性”,原文说的是大脑的记忆力和思维不如以前清晰,大脑灵活性与思维清晰度无关,故排除。

长难句分析:Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step further and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental sharpness.

本句为主谓宾结构的简单句,但句子中含有两个并列的谓语,即has taken和(has) developed。designed to作后置定语,修饰前面的program,相当于“brain training program” which is designed to actually help people…。

句意为:现在,一家网络公司进一步采取行动,研发了第一个“大脑训练项目”,旨在帮助人们提高并重获头脑敏锐度。

15、(15)

A、forces

B、reminds

C、hurries

D、allows

解析:

答案精析:动词辨析题。根据语意“这个网络课程可以________你系统地提高记忆力和注意力。”根据上文可知,该课程的目的是帮助人们提高并重获大脑清晰度,空格后又提及改善记忆力和注意力。由此可知,空格处应填入一个表示积极、正向意义的词,而且要和to搭配,故选择D项allows,和前文的help相对应。

错项排除:A项forces“强迫”,代入空格后意思与原文不符,网络课程不会强迫用户做某事,故排除。B项reminds“提醒”通常和of连用,故排除。C项hurries“催促”常见的固定搭配是hurry to do sth.或hurry sb. into a place/doing sth.,故排除C项。

16、(16)

A、hold

B、track

C、order

D、pace

解析:

答案精析:固定搭配辨析题。根据语意“这个网络课程还可以________学习进度,并且给予详尽的信息反馈。”根据and后面的内容可知,and前后存在一种先后顺序的关系,要先对学习进度有所了解,之后才可给出反馈。keep track of表示“记录;跟踪”,故本空应填入track。

错项排除:A项hold“抓住;控制”和C项order“秩序”代入空格后意思与原文不符,逻辑不通顺,故排除。D项pace“步调”通常用keep pace with表示“与……并驾齐驱”,故排除。

17、(17)

A、to

B、with

C、for

D、on

解析:

答案精析:介词辨析题。根据语意“对你的表现和进步提供详细的反馈。”空格后的performance and improvement 指的是feedback的具体内容,feedback和on搭配,表示“关于……的反馈”,故本空应填入on。

错项排除:A项to、B项with和C项for代入空格处语意均和原文不符,逻辑不通顺,故排除。

18、(18)

A、irregularly

B、habitually

C、constantly

D、unusually

解析:

答案精析:副词辨析题。根据语义“最重要的是,它会________调整并升级有关训练游戏。”空格后的to…on the strengths是指该训练的目的,而strengths应该是一种不断积累的过程,需要不断的调整和训练。由此可推断,大脑训练的课程应该是不断地对训练内容进行调整来提升大脑的敏锐度,故本空应填入constantly,同时和后文的are developing(不断发展)形成呼应。

错项排除:A项irregularly“不规则地”和D项unusually“异常地”无法表示大脑训练课程的优势,与原文意思不符,故排除。B项habitually“习惯地”通常表示习惯性的动作,主语一般为人,不能用于形容课程,故排除。

19、(19)

A、carry

B、put

C、build

D、take

解析:

答案精析:动词辨析题。根据语意“大脑训练课程会经常调整并升级训练游戏,从而________训练成果。”本题所填入的动词需要与介词on 搭配,build意思最为贴切,代入空中意为“增强训练成果”,故本空应填入build。

错项排除:A项carry on的发出者一般为人,而空格前的it代指课程,故排除。B项put和D项take代入空格后与原文意思不相符,和空格后的strengths搭配不当,故排除。

20、(20)

A、risky

B、effective

C、idle

D、familiar

解析:

答案精析:形容词辨析题。空格处填入的形容词用于修饰空格后的exercise routine,用于说明锻炼的特点。根据前文意思可知,大脑训练课程会根据你的实际情况不断地做调整,而且对人类大脑的帮助作用都是积极的,故本空也应填入一个表示积极意义的形容词来修饰exercise routine。因此本空应填入effective。

错项排除:A项risky“危险的”和C项idle“懒惰的”均表示负面意思,故排除。D项familiar“熟悉的”与大脑训练课程的效果无关,与原文逻辑不符,故排除。

长难句分析:Most importantly, it constantly modifies and enhances the games you play to build on the strengths you are developing—much like an effective exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

句子主干是…it modifies and enhances the games…。the games后省略了that/which,由you play修饰,后面的to build on the strengths you are developing为目的状语,其中定语从句you are developing修饰the strengths,省略了that/which。破折号后面的句子是对前面的主句作进一步解释,引出类比,修饰整个主句。

句意为:最重要的是,它会不断地调整和增强你的训练难度,从而巩固训练成果——这与有效的日常训练很相似,需要你增加耐力,并让各部分肌肉得到锻炼。

二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

      In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency”, George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit—and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?

     More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on,” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.

     Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

    But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency—permanent dependency if you can get it—supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

21、21. George Osborne’s scheme was intended to ________.

A、provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits

B、encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking

C、motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily

D、guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits

解析:

答案精析:由George Osborne’s scheme和intended to可定位至第一段首句,in order to和intended to相对应。该句表示,为了改善民生并减少依赖性,财政大臣乔治·奥斯本提出了一项“先求职,后补助”的计划。此计划旨在降低失业者对失业救济金的依赖,并促使他们积极找工作。故正确答案为B。

错项排除:首段第二句指出,要想获得救济金,失业者必须带着自己的简历到就业中心进行网上注册,并且开始找工作才可以。随后指出,他们还要每周进行一次汇报。由此推断出,失业者想得到救济金的福利更加困难了,A项与原文不符,故排除。原文中提到失业者每周要进行报告,但这只是领取救济金的条件之一,是强制要求,不是自愿报告,也不是其目的,故排除C项。新政策提出了各种条件来限制失业者领取救济金,并非保障了他们获取救济金的权利,故排除D项。

长难句分析:Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit—and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.

本句是由and连接的两个并列分句。在第一个分句中(破折号之前),Only if引导条件状语从句,only if引导的从句位于句首时,主句应使用部分倒装形式,助动词will需前置,放在主句的主语they前面。条件状语从句的主语是the jobless,之后由and连接了三个并列谓语arrive, register和start,隐含了动作的先后顺序。第二个分句(破折后之后),是简单句,主谓宾结构,易于理解。

句意为:只有当失业者带着简历来到就业中心,在网上注册求职并开始找工作时,他们才有资格领取救济金——此后他们应该每周进行一次报告,而不是每两周。

22、22. The phrase, “to sign on” (Line 2, Para. 2) most probably means ________.

A、to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre

B、to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance

C、to register for an allowance from the government

D、to attend a governmental job-training program

解析:

答案精析:由题干中的to sign on定位至原文第二段的第二行。根据短语所在句的语意可知,失业最初的那几天应该是去找工作,而不是looking to sign on,这里的sign on应该和找工作的意思相反。根据定位句前后语意可知,失业者需要等到7天之后才可以领取救济金,之后又提到这样做是为了帮助失业者远离救济金从而更快地找到工作。由此可知,此处的to sign on是指登记去领取救济金。故正确答案为C。

错项排除:短语所在句的前半句已经在说失业者最初的几天应该是去找工作,后半句的意思应和前半句相反,而A项的意思也是在鼓励失业者去积极找工作,与原文逻辑不通,故排除。对于是否要求失业者接受救济金的限制,以及是否参加职业培训项目,在原文中均未提及,故可排除B、D两项。

23、23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?

A、A desire to secure a better life for all.

B、An eagerness to protect the unemployed.

C、An urge to be generous to the claimants.

D、A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.

解析:

答案精析:根据题干中的prompted可定位至原文第二段最后一句,What motivated him…,原文中的motivated与题干中的prompted相对应,都表示“促使”。由定位句的语意可知,促使财政大臣制定此项计划的动力是对实现“基本公平”的热情,也就是要保护纳税人的利益,节省开支,保证最需要的人领取到救济金。D项中的A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers是对原文中his zeal for “fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer的同义转述,故正确答案为D。

错项排除:A项为强干扰项,原文前两段都有提到change lives for the better,但原文第一段所指的意思是让失业者的生活变得更好,并没有体现出for all的意思。第二段在change lives for the better之前作者有提到On first hearing,意为“乍一听”,也就是说实际上这并不是真正的目的,故排除A项。财政大臣制定的政策一直都是在强调要让失业者积极地去找工作,而且还限制了领取救济金的条件,并没有说明是在保护失业者,故排除B项。财政大臣为了让失业者更积极地去找工作,增加了领取救济金的限制条件,而C项中的generous(慷慨的)一词和原文意思不符,故排除C项。

长难句分析:On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidies laziness.

本句的主句是…this was the socially concerned chancellor…,主系表结构,有表强调的意思。主句前的On the first hearing作时间状语,主句后的trying to到句末是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰chancellor,其中complete with... system是伴随状语。system后的that引导定语从句修饰system,用于解释system。

句意为:乍一听,这位关注社会的财政大臣试图通过对这个纵容的社会福利体系进行改革,从而改善民生。现有的社会福利体系对刚失业的人施加的再就业压力太小,从而助长了他们的懒惰。

24、24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel ________.

A、uneasy

B、enraged

C、insulted

D、guilty

解析:

答案精析:由题干可直接定位至原文第三段。第三段一开始就表明失业是痛苦的(hurting),之后又说到失业在经济上是可怕的(financially terrifying),心理上是窘迫的(psychologically embarrassing),更糟糕的是失业让养家糊口的收入也消失了。综合所有的表现可知,失业是会让人感到不安的,故正确答案为A。

错项排除:B、C、D三项的感觉也许在现实中会有所表现,但原文第三段并没有说明失业者有这些表现,故排除。C项中的insulted可能会和psychologically embarrassing混淆,但insulted一般指受到外界的侮辱或伤害,并不能指失业者的心理感受,故C项错误。

25、25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

A、The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.

B、Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.

C、The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.

D、Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.

解析:

答案精析:本题考查作者的观点态度,需要理解全文意思。作者在前两段指出财政大臣提出的新计划听起来好像是为了让失业者生活更好,但失业者领取救济金的条件尤为严苛,而这真正的目的是想保护纳税人并且节省开支。第三段描述了失业者在失去工作后的内心感受,他们最渴望的是找到工作,而不是像财政大臣说的那样依赖政府的救济金过日子。第四段作者批判了英国的福利政策再也不能保证失业者享受到应有的福利,体现了作者对此项制度的不满。由此可知作者希望失业者可以无条件地享受他们应有的权利,无条件地领取失业救济金,故正确答案为D。

错项排除:原文提到福利制度变得越来越严苛,并且A项内容是英国财政大臣的想法,并不是作者的态度,故排除。原文一直在强调如何激励失业者找工作,以及在失业后领取救济金的制度,并没有说明如何降低失业的风险,B项内容在原文中并未体现,故排除。原文中提到领取救济金的条件变得更为严苛,文章最后一句也说到救济金的金额非常少,根本不能保障失业者的生活,故C项错误,可排除。

     All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

     There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

     Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

    The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

     In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

26、26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to ________.

A、the growing demand from clients

B、the increasing pressure of inflation

C、the prospect of working in big firms

D、the attraction of financial rewards

解析:

答案精析:根据题干中的students和take up law as their profession可定位至原文第二段第二句tempting ever more students to pile into law schools。根据定位句语意,最优秀的律师赚得盆满钵满(make skyscrapers-full of money),吸引着越来越多的学生涌入法学院。由此可知,经济回报的吸引力是学生从事法律行业的主要原因,故正确答案为D。

错项排除:原文首段提到了客户对律师行业有越来越多的抱怨,但并没有说明客户对律师的需求在增长,A项与原文无关,故排除。原文第二段第一句提到了inflation,但此处是指美国人在法律服务方面花费的增长是通货膨胀增长速度的两倍,此处的inflation只是用于说明法律行业费用增长的速度快,并不是学生从事法律行业的原因,故排除B项。原文第二段第三句明确指出,大多数法律专业的毕业生无法进入大公司工作,C项与原文意思不符,故排除。

27、27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

A、Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.

B、Admissions approval from the bar association.

C、Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.

D、Receiving training by professional associations.

解析:

答案精析:根据题干中的costs of legal education可定位至原文第三段第二句。定位句后一句指出了法律教育费用高昂的原因:学生必须在其他专业中学习四年,取得学士学位后才可以进入法学院攻读三年的法律专业,最后还要花一大笔钱准备律师资格考试。由此可知,取得其他专业的学士学位和法律专业一点关系都没有,但又是必要条件之一,故正确答案为C。

错项排除:第三段主要讲的是由于学生要攻读一个完全不相关的专业才可以继续攻读法律专业,这是增加教育成本的主要原因之一,和本科学费的上涨毫无关联,故排除A项。原文第三段第三句提到美国律师协会(American Bar Association),但此处的意思是200所法律学院是经过美国律师协会授权的,和获取律师协会的许可无关联,故排除B项。原文中未提及有关接受专业协会的培训的内容,故排除D项。

28、28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from ________.

A、lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance

B、the rigid bodies governing the profession

C、the stern exam for would-be lawyers

D、non-professionals’ sharp criticism

解析:

答案精析:根据题干中的reform of the legal system可定位至第四段前两句。前两句指出制度的改革对律师和客户都有好处,合理的建议早就被提出来过,但随后第二句中的but表示转折,指出律师行业的相关政府机构太过于保守,不敢实施改革。由此可知,法律制度改革的障碍来自僵硬化的行业管理机构,故正确答案为B。

错项排除:第四段首句提到制度的改革对律师和客户都有好处,但并未提及律师和客户的态度,A项内容无中生有,故排除。原文提到律师资格考试确实非常严格,但并没有说明严格的考试阻碍了法律行业制度的改革,而且第四段第五句也提到希望让学生可以提前参加考试,这是推进制度改革的措施之一,C项与原文内容不符,故排除。原文在第五、六段提到non-lawyers,但这并非指的就是non-professionals,而且原文说的有关non-lawyers的内容是和律师事务所股份相关的问题,文中并没有提及非专业人士的尖锐批评,故D项错误。

长难句分析:Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.

本句由but连接的两个并列分句构成,but表示转折意义,时态是现在完成时。第一个分句为简单句,主系表结构,for a long time作时间状语。第二个分句的主语为the state-level bodies,后面that引导的定语从句修饰前面的主语,用于描述政府相关部门的特征,表语是too…to…结构,表示“太……而不能……”。

句意为:合理的建议已经存在很长时间了,但是管理这一行业的国家相关管理部门太过保守而无法实施这些建议。

29、29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it ________.

A、bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession

B、keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares

C、aggravates the ethical situation in the trade

D、prevents lawyers from gaining due profits

解析:

答案精析:根据题干中的guild-like ownership structure和“restrictive”可定位至原文第五段第一句。该句提到诉讼费用高昂的另一个原因是法律行业限制性的行会式的所有权结构。之后对这一体制解释道,除了哥伦比亚地区以外,非律师不得持有律师事务所的任何股份。这使得费用居高不下,创新缓慢。故正确答案为A。

错项排除:原文说的是非律师不得持有律师事务所的任何股份,而不是律师,B项与原文内容相悖,故排除。原文中并没有提到过对律师行业道德状况的评论或批判,C项在原文中没有依据,故排除。第五段最后一句指出,这种体制减轻了律师赚钱的压力,并非阻碍,D项与原文内容相悖,故排除。

长难句分析:There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

本句由but连接的两个并列分句构成,but表示转折意义。第一个分句较为简单,there be句型,for change from within the profession作后置定语,修饰pressure。第二个分句的主干为opponents…insist…,opponents为主语,insist是谓语。insist后的that引导宾语从句,从句的主语为keeping outsiders out of a law firm,谓语为isolates,isolate sb. from sth.表示“让某人与……隔绝”,to make money rather than serve clients ethically为动词不定式结构作后置定语,修饰pressure。

句意为:律师行业内部存在变革的压力,但监管机构内部反对变革的人士坚持认为,防止法律行业外的人士进入律师事务所减轻了律师赚钱的压力,从而确保他们可以遵从优良的职业道德服务于客户。

30、30. In this text, the author mainly discusses ________.

A、flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes

B、the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America

C、a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it

D、the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education

解析:

答案精析:主旨题,需要理解全文意思。文章主要针对美国律师行业费用过高而经常遭到抱怨的问题进行描述。文中指出了导致高昂费用的两个原因:法律教育费用过高以及律所中限制性的所有制结构,而且已经有改革措施被提出用于解决此问题,但由于相关政府机构过于死板,改革得不到实施。对于问题存在的原因,作者给出了相应的建议,所以本文主要讨论了美国法律行业中的一个问题及其解决方案,故正确答案为C。

错项排除:A项只是对文章第五段内容的一个概括,限制性的所有制结构是导致问题的原因之一,并不是全文内容的概述,故排除A项。原文中第三段说到成为一名律师需要经历的教育过程,但并没有说明成为一名成功律师的因素,故B项内容错误,排除。原文虽提到了若想攻读法律专业必须先取得一个其他专业的学士学位,但这只是进入法学院的条件之一,文章也并没有对此进行更深的讨论,体现不出本科学习的具体作用,故排除D项。

     The US $3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

     What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

     The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

     As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.

     As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.

31、31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as ________.

A、a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth

B、a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes

C、an example of bankers’ investments

D、a handsome reward for researchers

解析:

答案精析:根据题干中的The Fundamental Physics Prize可定位至原文第一段首句。该句提到三百万美元的“基础物理学奖”确实是一个有趣的实验,之后作者又提及这种奖项绝不是唯一的。近年来,一系列给研究人员带来丰厚回报的奖项加入了诺贝尔奖的行列。许多项目,比如基础物理学奖,都是由互联网企业家的银行账户资助的,这些账户都有巨额存款。由此可知,基础物理学奖是对研究人员的丰厚奖励,故正确答案为D。

错项排除:首段内容有提到这些奖项是企业家设立的,但是他们的目的是想用他们的财富来吸引在科学领域取得成功的人的注意,并没有表明企业家想把这当成财富的象征,A项曲解文意,故排除。文章第一段只是提到了一些丰厚回报的奖项加入了诺贝尔奖的行列,第二段也说到这些企业家新贵买不到诺贝尔奖的声望,所以不能说基础物理学奖可能取代诺贝尔奖,故排除B项。文章中没有提到任何关于银行家和投资的信息,故排除C项。

长难句分析:These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

本句是由and连接的两个并列分句构成。两个并列分句之间的“they say”为插入语,其中they代指第一个分句中的主语These benefactors。第二个分句中的to draw attention to those作目的状语,之后用who引导定语从句,修饰those,用于解释说明这些人的成就。

句意为:这些奖项捐助者说,他们已经在他们各自的领域取得了成功,他们想用他们的财富来吸引人们对那些在科学领域取得成功的人的注意。

32、32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit ________.

A、the profit-oriented scientists

B、the founders of the new awards

C、the achievement-based system

D、peer-review-led research

解析:

答案精析:根据题干中critics和new awards定位至原文第二段。根据第二段可知,一些对新兴科学奖项持怀疑态度的科学家们说到,这些新奖项是对背后的企业家进行自我宣传的一种方式。也就是说,这些批评人士认为新奖项对设立者是最有利的,故正确答案为B。

错项排除:原文内容并没有提到科学家是否以利润为导向,A项在原文中毫无根据,故排除。第二段第五句提到了achievement-based system和peer-review-led research,但此处的意思是新奖项可能会扭曲以成就为基础的同行评审主导的研究体系,这些都在说新奖项的弊端所在,和题目毫无关联,故排除C、D项。

33、33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves ________.

A、controversies over the recipients’ status

B、the joint effort of modern researchers

C、legitimate concerns over the new prizes

D、the demonstration of research findings

解析:

答案精析:根据题干中的Higgs boson可定位至第四段第三句。根据定位句可知,诺贝尔基金会规定每项诺贝尔奖只能有三位获奖者,而且每个人都必须健在,这一限制早已不适用于现代研究的合作性质——当奖励发现希格斯玻色子的科学家时,关于哪位科学家会被忽视的问题就会不可避免地引起争论。由此可知,作者用希格斯玻色子的发现为例来证明诺贝尔奖对人数限制的要求已过时,与现代科学研究体系的协作本质相脱节,故正确答案为B。

错项排除:根据原文可知,当希格斯玻色子被发现时,备受争议的是哪位科学家会被忽略,并不是获奖者的身份,故排除A项。第四段第一句中出现了legitimate concerns,但这一内容和希格斯玻色子的发现并无关联,故排除C项。第四段第三句出现了demonstrated一词进行干扰,但此处的意思是用发现希格斯玻色子的例子证明现代研究的合作性,并不是对研究结果的论证,而且文中也并没有提到论证研究结果的相关信息,故排除D项。

长难句分析:But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.

本句的主干为…the Nobel Foundation’s limit…has long been outgrown…。句子中间的each of whom must still be living引导非限制性定语从句,修饰three recipients。破折号后面的as引导定语从句,修饰前面的主句,定语从句中同时包含了由who引导的宾语从句和when引导的时间状语从句。

句意为:但是诺贝尔基金会规定每项诺贝尔奖只能有三位获奖者,而且每个人都必须健在,这一限制早已不适用于现代研究的合作性质——在奖励发现希格斯玻色子的科学家时,关于哪位科学家会被忽视的问题就会不可避免地引起争论。

34、34. According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the Nobels?

A、Their endurance has done justice to them.

B、Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.

C、They are the most representative honor.

D、History has never cast doubt on them.

解析:

答案精析:由题干可直接定位到第四段。第四段最后两句提及,诺贝尔奖是由一个非常富有的人设立的,他决定用自己的钱做什么。是时间,而非设立者意图,赋予了诺贝尔奖的合理性。A项中的justice表示“公平性”,对应原文legitimacy,意为“合理性”,endurance表示“时间上的”,对应原文中的Time,故正确答案为A。

错项排除:第四段最后一句说到是时间赋予了诺贝尔奖的合理性,说明诺贝尔奖的合理性是受到认可的,并非一直存在争议,故排除B项。文章中并没有提到诺贝尔奖是最具代表性的荣誉的相关信息,故排除C项。原文第四段提到了诺贝尔奖也存在局限性,即对获奖人数的限制,这点是受到争议的,并非从未受到过怀疑,故D项表述错误,可排除。

35、35. The author believes that the new awards are ________.

A、acceptable despite the criticism

B、harmful to the culture of research

C、subject to undesirable changes

D、unworthy of public attention

解析:

答案精析:根据题干中的new awards和顺序原则可定位至文章最后一段。作者指出尽管一些科学家可能会抱怨新奖项,但有两点似乎很清楚。首先,如果给大多数研究人员提供这样的奖励,他们会接受。第二,钱和注意力都是花在科学上,而不是花在其他地方,这肯定是件好事。批评和质疑这种机制是合理的——毕竟,这是一种研究文化——但奖金发放者的钱是可以根据他们自己的意愿随意使用的。带着感激和风度接受这样的礼物是明智的。由此可知,作者认为新奖项尽管受到批评,但还是可以接受的。故正确答案为A。

错项排除:B项中的culture of research是原词复现,但文中的意思是批评和质疑这种机制是合理的——这是一种研究文化,并不是在说对研究文化有害,故排除B项。文中并未提到新奖项会受某种变化的影响,C项和原文毫无关联,故排除。第五段第二句提到,钱和注意力都是花在科学上,而不是花在其他地方,这肯定是件好事。作者表示认可新奖项吸引公众的注意,并非不值得公众注意,故排除D项。

     “The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause  more harm than good.

     In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.

     The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy, stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.

     Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.

     Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.

     The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.

36、36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?

A、Critical.

B、Appreciative.

C、Contemptuous.

D、Tolerant.

解析:

答案精析:由题干可直接定位到第一段。该段开头提到作者认为美国人文与科学院最新发布的报告《问题的核心》是值得称赞的,因为它肯定了人文和社会科学对美国自由民主的繁荣与安全的重要性。随后用Regrettably(令人遗憾的是)和however(然而)表示转折,指出然而令人遗憾的是,该报告未能解决人文教育所面临危机的真正本质,这可能使其带来的弊大于利。由此可知,作者对此项报告持批判性态度,故正确答案为A。

错项排除:原文首段第一句确实表示了作者对此报告的肯定态度,但随后也表示了一些质疑和批判,作者对此报告的态度重点是批判而非肯定,故排除B项。作者提出了对报告的批判和质疑,但在之前也肯定了报告的可取之处,并不能表现出作者对报告是轻蔑的态度,C项过度引申文意,故排除。作者在第一段最后明确表示这可能带来的弊大于利,并没有展现出作者对此报告的宽容态度,故D项排除。

37、37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to ________.

A、retain people’s interest in liberal education

B、define the government’s role in education

C、keep a leading position in liberal education

D、safeguard individuals’ rights to education

解析:

答案精析:根据题干中的Influential figures in the Congress可定位至第二段第一句,对应原文中的leading congressional Democrats and Republicans。该句表示,国会民主党和共和党的主要议员致函美国人文与科学院,要求其确定计划和行动来保持美国在人文和社会科学奖学金和教育方面的卓越表现。C项中的keep a leading position是对原文中maintain national excellence的同义替换,故正确答案为C。

错项排除:原文中并未提到有关保持人们对人文教育的兴趣的信息,故排除A项。原文中提到了政府(federal, states and local governments),但此处说的是政府应该采取什么样的行动,未说明政府在教育中的作用,故排除B。原文中也并未提及有关保障个人受教育的权利的信息,故排除D项。

长难句分析:In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”

本句主干为…leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS,为主谓宾结构。句首的In 2010作时间状语。asking后的that引导宾语从句,该从句中it identify使用了should+动词原形,表示虚拟语气,其中情态动词should被省略。action后的that引导定语从句,修饰actions,用于解释actions。句末的to “maintain…education.”为不定式短语作目的状语。

句意为:2010年,美国国会民主党和共和党的主要议员致函美国人文与科学院,要求其确定“联邦、州和地方政府、大学、基金会、教育工作者、个人捐助者和其他群体”可以采取的行动,以“保持美国在人文和社会科学奖学金以及教育方面的卓越表现”。

38、38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests ________.

A、an exclusive study of American history

B、a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects

C、the application of emerging technologies

D、funding for the study of foreign languages

解析:

答案精析:根据题干可直接定位到原文第三段。该段提及,报告中确定的目标值得称赞。由于代议制政府以公民具备认知能力为前提,报告支持全面扫盲,强调研究历史和政府,特别是对美国历史和美国政府的研究;并鼓励使用新的数字技术。C项中的the application of emerging technologies是对原文encourages the use of new digital technologies的同义替换,故正确答案为C。

错项排除:原文中提到了要加强对美国历史和美国政府的研究,但作者的表述是particularly“尤其是”,而非A项中的exclusive“只有”,A项曲解原文文意,故排除。B项中的theoretical subjects(理论课题)并未在原文中出现,而文章强调的是重视人文教育,故B项表述和原文内容相悖,可排除。原文第三段最后一句说到报告提倡加强对外语的学习研究,并非是为外语学习提供经费,D项和原文不符,故排除。

长难句分析:To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.

本句较长,但其实是一个主谓宾结构的简单句。句首的不定式To encourage…作目的状语,句子主语为the report,谓语是calls for,宾语较长,由四个并列宾语构成(increased investment…, the crafting of…curricula, increased funding…and the encouragement of scholars…),被and连接。第二个宾语中包含一个that引导的定语从句that improve... 21st century,修饰coherent curricula。

句意为:为了鼓励创新和竞争,报告呼吁增加对科研领域的投资、制定连贯的课程,来提高学生在21世纪解决问题和有效沟通的能力;增加对教师和学者的资金经费并鼓励学者们把学到的知识运用到当前面临的巨大挑战中去。

39、39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are ________.

A、supportive of free markets

B、cautious about intellectual investigation

C、conservative about public policy

D、biased against classical liberal ideas

解析:

答案精析:根据题干可直接定位到第五段。段中的while表示前后对比关系,重点强调while后的内容。根据语意,教授们把保守主义或古典自由主义思想(如自由市场和自力更生)排除在出常规界限之外。由此可知,教授们对古典人文主义思想存在偏见,故正确答案为D。

错项排除:原文明确表示自由市场是古典自由主义思想的一种,是受到教授们批判的,并非支持,A项与原文内容相悖,故排除。文中并没有提到教授们对intellectual investigation(智力研究)和public policy(公共政策)的态度问题,故排除B、C项。

40、40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A、Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”

B、Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”

C、The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education

D、Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education

解析:

答案精析:主旨题,需要理解全文意思。通读全文可知,作者对《问题的核心》这份报告进行了背景介绍,之后提出了报告的可取之处以及存在的核心问题,重点是在对本质问题的讨论上。然后又对本质问题的原因进行了说明,并表示报告的内容可能会阻碍教育改革。由此可知,B项最符合文意,为正确答案。

错项排除:文章是对《问题的核心》这一报告的内容进行了分析,并未讲述具体的方法,故排除A项。文章提到了美国人文与科学院完成了《问题的核心》这一报告,但文章主要是针对报告内容进行讨论,并没有具体说明美国人文与科学学院有哪些贡献,故排除C项。文章虽提到了progressive public policy(进步的公共政策),但并没有对此进行深入的讨论和分析,D项内容以偏概全,故排除。

41、41. ________ → A →42. ________ → E →43. ________ → 44. ________ →45. ________

【A】 Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.

【B】 In another case, American archaeologists René Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacán in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.
【C】 How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.
【D】Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copán collapsed.
【E】To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.
【F】Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knosós), on the island of Crete, in 1900.
【G】Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two- and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.

参考答案:CFGDB

解析:

试题解析

段落A大意:描述了三种发现考古遗址的方法:直接被观察到的;通过仔细搜寻发现的;以及偶然发现的。

段落B大意:考古学家耗费多年时间绘制出了一处考古遗址的地图,该地图包括了庆祝场地和居民住宅。

段落C大意:考古学家可以通过对地域进行勘测和取样找寻地下的考古遗址。

段落D大意:以勘测到的小型村落和大型聚居图为例,具体描述了勘测范围可大可小。

段落E大意:考古学家如今很依赖系统的勘测方法和高科技来找寻考古遗址,并对空中勘测做了简单介绍。

段落F大意:通过举例说明大部分的考古遗址是经过考古学家多年的亲身探寻发现的。

段落G大意:详细介绍了地面勘测技术以及如何进行地面勘测。

答案解析

41. C

答案精析:本段为文章首段,应选择引出话题的一段来作为开头。题目中已给出A、E两段的位置,可先忽略。在选择首段内容时,可先根据每段开头内容做排除。B段中开头说到In another case,可见在B段之前应该还有一部分内容与B段内容衔接,故排除B。F段开头说到however,说明在F段之前有具体内容是和F段呈转折关系,故排除F。剩下C、D、G三段作为备选。此时需要分析A段内容,A段举例说明了一些考古遗址是非常容易发现的,有些是搜寻发现的,而有些则是偶然发现的。而D、G两段内容都是在讲和survey有关的信息,和A段内容没有具体的关联,故排除。而C段以提问的方式引出文章话题,即考古学家如何发现遗址,很明显可以和A段内容衔接,故第一段应为C段。

42. F

答案精析:此段位于A段和E段之间,由之前的分析可知,A段内容讲述的是三种发现遗址的途径,而E段内容也在讲一种搜寻遗址的具体方法,即空中勘测。说明此段的内容也应是有关遗址发现的途径或方法的信息。之前分析到D、G两段内容都是在讲和survey有关的信息,而A段没有提到survey,E段开头有提到survey,但并未进行具体说明,故可排除D、G两段。B段和F段都是以archaeologists开头,具体分析可知B段主要讲考古研究人员经过研究可以对遗址进行全面了解,似乎和搜寻遗址的方法关联不大。再看F段,该段讲到大部分的考古遗址是经过多年的搜寻才发现的,而且此段出现了however表示转折意义,很明显是和A段作为衔接,与A段内容中的“一些考古遗址是非常容易发现的”构成转折关系。故第三段选F。

43. G

答案精析:此段位于E段之后,E段开头说到,为了寻找遗址,考古学家如今非常依赖系统的调查方法和各种高科技工具和技术。之后主要在讲考古学家利用空中勘测确定考古区域,重点说明利用高科技去发现遗址。由此可知,在之后的段落中应对系统的调查方法(systematic survey methods)进行具体说明。D、G两段都以survey开头。D段主要讲勘测范围可以覆盖整个聚居地,而G段在讲地面勘测能帮助考古学家精确遗址的定位,以便考古学家绘制地图。之前E段提到的是空中勘测,G段讲述地面勘测,和E段内容相对应。故第五段选择G段。

44. D

答案精析:此段位于G段之后,应和G段内容衔接。只剩下B、D两段,根据这两段开头内容,D段第二句出现了In one case,而B段开头是In another case,可知D段应在B段之前。再分析两段主要内容,之前说到B段在解释考古研究人员经过研究可以对遗址进行全面了解,D段主要讲勘测范围可以覆盖整个聚居地。根据逻辑和承接关系,G段在讲地面勘测的相关内容,之后再对勘测进行进一步的解释则更为通畅,故D段内容应和G段衔接。故第六段选D段。

45. B

答案精析:上一题分析到B段开头的In another case应和D段的In one case进行衔接,故最后一段为B段。

试题解析

段落A大意:描述了三种发现考古遗址的方法:直接被观察到的;通过仔细搜寻发现的;以及偶然发现的。

段落B大意:考古学家耗费多年时间绘制出了一处考古遗址的地图,该地图包括了庆祝场地和居民住宅。

段落C大意:考古学家可以通过对地域进行勘测和取样找寻地下的考古遗址。

段落D大意:以勘测到的小型村落和大型聚居图为例,具体描述了勘测范围可大可小。

段落E大意:考古学家如今很依赖系统的勘测方法和高科技来找寻考古遗址,并对空中勘测做了简单介绍。

段落F大意:通过举例说明大部分的考古遗址是经过考古学家多年的亲身探寻发现的。

段落G大意:详细介绍了地面勘测技术以及如何进行地面勘测。

答案解析

41. C

答案精析:本段为文章首段,应选择引出话题的一段来作为开头。题目中已给出A、E两段的位置,可先忽略。在选择首段内容时,可先根据每段开头内容做排除。B段中开头说到In another case,可见在B段之前应该还有一部分内容与B段内容衔接,故排除B。F段开头说到however,说明在F段之前有具体内容是和F段呈转折关系,故排除F。剩下C、D、G三段作为备选。此时需要分析A段内容,A段举例说明了一些考古遗址是非常容易发现的,有些是搜寻发现的,而有些则是偶然发现的。而D、G两段内容都是在讲和survey有关的信息,和A段内容没有具体的关联,故排除。而C段以提问的方式引出文章话题,即考古学家如何发现遗址,很明显可以和A段内容衔接,故第一段应为C段。

42. F

答案精析:此段位于A段和E段之间,由之前的分析可知,A段内容讲述的是三种发现遗址的途径,而E段内容也在讲一种搜寻遗址的具体方法,即空中勘测。说明此段的内容也应是有关遗址发现的途径或方法的信息。之前分析到D、G两段内容都是在讲和survey有关的信息,而A段没有提到survey,E段开头有提到survey,但并未进行具体说明,故可排除D、G两段。B段和F段都是以archaeologists开头,具体分析可知B段主要讲考古研究人员经过研究可以对遗址进行全面了解,似乎和搜寻遗址的方法关联不大。再看F段,该段讲到大部分的考古遗址是经过多年的搜寻才发现的,而且此段出现了however表示转折意义,很明显是和A段作为衔接,与A段内容中的“一些考古遗址是非常容易发现的”构成转折关系。故第三段选F。

43. G

答案精析:此段位于E段之后,E段开头说到,为了寻找遗址,考古学家如今非常依赖系统的调查方法和各种高科技工具和技术。之后主要在讲考古学家利用空中勘测确定考古区域,重点说明利用高科技去发现遗址。由此可知,在之后的段落中应对系统的调查方法(systematic survey methods)进行具体说明。D、G两段都以survey开头。D段主要讲勘测范围可以覆盖整个聚居地,而G段在讲地面勘测能帮助考古学家精确遗址的定位,以便考古学家绘制地图。之前E段提到的是空中勘测,G段讲述地面勘测,和E段内容相对应。故第五段选择G段。

44. D

答案精析:此段位于G段之后,应和G段内容衔接。只剩下B、D两段,根据这两段开头内容,D段第二句出现了In one case,而B段开头是In another case,可知D段应在B段之前。再分析两段主要内容,之前说到B段在解释考古研究人员经过研究可以对遗址进行全面了解,D段主要讲勘测范围可以覆盖整个聚居地。根据逻辑和承接关系,G段在讲地面勘测的相关内容,之后再对勘测进行进一步的解释则更为通畅,故D段内容应和G段衔接。故第六段选D段。

45. B

答案精析:上一题分析到B段开头的In another case应和D段的In one case进行衔接,故最后一段为B段。

试题解析

段落A大意:描述了三种发现考古遗址的方法:直接被观察到的;通过仔细搜寻发现的;以及偶然发现的。

段落B大意:考古学家耗费多年时间绘制出了一处考古遗址的地图,该地图包括了庆祝场地和居民住宅。

段落C大意:考古学家可以通过对地域进行勘测和取样找寻地下的考古遗址。

段落D大意:以勘测到的小型村落和大型聚居图为例,具体描述了勘测范围可大可小。

段落E大意:考古学家如今很依赖系统的勘测方法和高科技来找寻考古遗址,并对空中勘测做了简单介绍。

段落F大意:通过举例说明大部分的考古遗址是经过考古学家多年的亲身探寻发现的。

段落G大意:详细介绍了地面勘测技术以及如何进行地面勘测。

答案解析

41. C

答案精析:本段为文章首段,应选择引出话题的一段来作为开头。题目中已给出A、E两段的位置,可先忽略。在选择首段内容时,可先根据每段开头内容做排除。B段中开头说到In another case,可见在B段之前应该还有一部分内容与B段内容衔接,故排除B。F段开头说到however,说明在F段之前有具体内容是和F段呈转折关系,故排除F。剩下C、D、G三段作为备选。此时需要分析A段内容,A段举例说明了一些考古遗址是非常容易发现的,有些是搜寻发现的,而有些则是偶然发现的。而D、G两段内容都是在讲和survey有关的信息,和A段内容没有具体的关联,故排除。而C段以提问的方式引出文章话题,即考古学家如何发现遗址,很明显可以和A段内容衔接,故第一段应为C段。

42. F

答案精析:此段位于A段和E段之间,由之前的分析可知,A段内容讲述的是三种发现遗址的途径,而E段内容也在讲一种搜寻遗址的具体方法,即空中勘测。说明此段的内容也应是有关遗址发现的途径或方法的信息。之前分析到D、G两段内容都是在讲和survey有关的信息,而A段没有提到survey,E段开头有提到survey,但并未进行具体说明,故可排除D、G两段。B段和F段都是以archaeologists开头,具体分析可知B段主要讲考古研究人员经过研究可以对遗址进行全面了解,似乎和搜寻遗址的方法关联不大。再看F段,该段讲到大部分的考古遗址是经过多年的搜寻才发现的,而且此段出现了however表示转折意义,很明显是和A段作为衔接,与A段内容中的“一些考古遗址是非常容易发现的”构成转折关系。故第三段选F。

43. G

答案精析:此段位于E段之后,E段开头说到,为了寻找遗址,考古学家如今非常依赖系统的调查方法和各种高科技工具和技术。之后主要在讲考古学家利用空中勘测确定考古区域,重点说明利用高科技去发现遗址。由此可知,在之后的段落中应对系统的调查方法(systematic survey methods)进行具体说明。D、G两段都以survey开头。D段主要讲勘测范围可以覆盖整个聚居地,而G段在讲地面勘测能帮助考古学家精确遗址的定位,以便考古学家绘制地图。之前E段提到的是空中勘测,G段讲述地面勘测,和E段内容相对应。故第五段选择G段。

44. D

答案精析:此段位于G段之后,应和G段内容衔接。只剩下B、D两段,根据这两段开头内容,D段第二句出现了In one case,而B段开头是In another case,可知D段应在B段之前。再分析两段主要内容,之前说到B段在解释考古研究人员经过研究可以对遗址进行全面了解,D段主要讲勘测范围可以覆盖整个聚居地。根据逻辑和承接关系,G段在讲地面勘测的相关内容,之后再对勘测进行进一步的解释则更为通畅,故D段内容应和G段衔接。故第六段选D段。

45. B

答案精析:上一题分析到B段开头的In another case应和D段的In one case进行衔接,故最后一段为B段。

试题解析

段落A大意:描述了三种发现考古遗址的方法:直接被观察到的;通过仔细搜寻发现的;以及偶然发现的。

段落B大意:考古学家耗费多年时间绘制出了一处考古遗址的地图,该地图包括了庆祝场地和居民住宅。

段落C大意:考古学家可以通过对地域进行勘测和取样找寻地下的考古遗址。

段落D大意:以勘测到的小型村落和大型聚居图为例,具体描述了勘测范围可大可小。

段落E大意:考古学家如今很依赖系统的勘测方法和高科技来找寻考古遗址,并对空中勘测做了简单介绍。

段落F大意:通过举例说明大部分的考古遗址是经过考古学家多年的亲身探寻发现的。

段落G大意:详细介绍了地面勘测技术以及如何进行地面勘测。

答案解析

41. C

答案精析:本段为文章首段,应选择引出话题的一段来作为开头。题目中已给出A、E两段的位置,可先忽略。在选择首段内容时,可先根据每段开头内容做排除。B段中开头说到In another case,可见在B段之前应该还有一部分内容与B段内容衔接,故排除B。F段开头说到however,说明在F段之前有具体内容是和F段呈转折关系,故排除F。剩下C、D、G三段作为备选。此时需要分析A段内容,A段举例说明了一些考古遗址是非常容易发现的,有些是搜寻发现的,而有些则是偶然发现的。而D、G两段内容都是在讲和survey有关的信息,和A段内容没有具体的关联,故排除。而C段以提问的方式引出文章话题,即考古学家如何发现遗址,很明显可以和A段内容衔接,故第一段应为C段。

42. F

答案精析:此段位于A段和E段之间,由之前的分析可知,A段内容讲述的是三种发现遗址的途径,而E段内容也在讲一种搜寻遗址的具体方法,即空中勘测。说明此段的内容也应是有关遗址发现的途径或方法的信息。之前分析到D、G两段内容都是在讲和survey有关的信息,而A段没有提到survey,E段开头有提到survey,但并未进行具体说明,故可排除D、G两段。B段和F段都是以archaeologists开头,具体分析可知B段主要讲考古研究人员经过研究可以对遗址进行全面了解,似乎和搜寻遗址的方法关联不大。再看F段,该段讲到大部分的考古遗址是经过多年的搜寻才发现的,而且此段出现了however表示转折意义,很明显是和A段作为衔接,与A段内容中的“一些考古遗址是非常容易发现的”构成转折关系。故第三段选F。

43. G

答案精析:此段位于E段之后,E段开头说到,为了寻找遗址,考古学家如今非常依赖系统的调查方法和各种高科技工具和技术。之后主要在讲考古学家利用空中勘测确定考古区域,重点说明利用高科技去发现遗址。由此可知,在之后的段落中应对系统的调查方法(systematic survey methods)进行具体说明。D、G两段都以survey开头。D段主要讲勘测范围可以覆盖整个聚居地,而G段在讲地面勘测能帮助考古学家精确遗址的定位,以便考古学家绘制地图。之前E段提到的是空中勘测,G段讲述地面勘测,和E段内容相对应。故第五段选择G段。

44. D

答案精析:此段位于G段之后,应和G段内容衔接。只剩下B、D两段,根据这两段开头内容,D段第二句出现了In one case,而B段开头是In another case,可知D段应在B段之前。再分析两段主要内容,之前说到B段在解释考古研究人员经过研究可以对遗址进行全面了解,D段主要讲勘测范围可以覆盖整个聚居地。根据逻辑和承接关系,G段在讲地面勘测的相关内容,之后再对勘测进行进一步的解释则更为通畅,故D段内容应和G段衔接。故第六段选D段。

45. B

答案精析:上一题分析到B段开头的In another case应和D段的In one case进行衔接,故最后一段为B段。

试题解析

段落A大意:描述了三种发现考古遗址的方法:直接被观察到的;通过仔细搜寻发现的;以及偶然发现的。

段落B大意:考古学家耗费多年时间绘制出了一处考古遗址的地图,该地图包括了庆祝场地和居民住宅。

段落C大意:考古学家可以通过对地域进行勘测和取样找寻地下的考古遗址。

段落D大意:以勘测到的小型村落和大型聚居图为例,具体描述了勘测范围可大可小。

段落E大意:考古学家如今很依赖系统的勘测方法和高科技来找寻考古遗址,并对空中勘测做了简单介绍。

段落F大意:通过举例说明大部分的考古遗址是经过考古学家多年的亲身探寻发现的。

段落G大意:详细介绍了地面勘测技术以及如何进行地面勘测。

答案解析

41. C

答案精析:本段为文章首段,应选择引出话题的一段来作为开头。题目中已给出A、E两段的位置,可先忽略。在选择首段内容时,可先根据每段开头内容做排除。B段中开头说到In another case,可见在B段之前应该还有一部分内容与B段内容衔接,故排除B。F段开头说到however,说明在F段之前有具体内容是和F段呈转折关系,故排除F。剩下C、D、G三段作为备选。此时需要分析A段内容,A段举例说明了一些考古遗址是非常容易发现的,有些是搜寻发现的,而有些则是偶然发现的。而D、G两段内容都是在讲和survey有关的信息,和A段内容没有具体的关联,故排除。而C段以提问的方式引出文章话题,即考古学家如何发现遗址,很明显可以和A段内容衔接,故第一段应为C段。

42. F

答案精析:此段位于A段和E段之间,由之前的分析可知,A段内容讲述的是三种发现遗址的途径,而E段内容也在讲一种搜寻遗址的具体方法,即空中勘测。说明此段的内容也应是有关遗址发现的途径或方法的信息。之前分析到D、G两段内容都是在讲和survey有关的信息,而A段没有提到survey,E段开头有提到survey,但并未进行具体说明,故可排除D、G两段。B段和F段都是以archaeologists开头,具体分析可知B段主要讲考古研究人员经过研究可以对遗址进行全面了解,似乎和搜寻遗址的方法关联不大。再看F段,该段讲到大部分的考古遗址是经过多年的搜寻才发现的,而且此段出现了however表示转折意义,很明显是和A段作为衔接,与A段内容中的“一些考古遗址是非常容易发现的”构成转折关系。故第三段选F。

43. G

答案精析:此段位于E段之后,E段开头说到,为了寻找遗址,考古学家如今非常依赖系统的调查方法和各种高科技工具和技术。之后主要在讲考古学家利用空中勘测确定考古区域,重点说明利用高科技去发现遗址。由此可知,在之后的段落中应对系统的调查方法(systematic survey methods)进行具体说明。D、G两段都以survey开头。D段主要讲勘测范围可以覆盖整个聚居地,而G段在讲地面勘测能帮助考古学家精确遗址的定位,以便考古学家绘制地图。之前E段提到的是空中勘测,G段讲述地面勘测,和E段内容相对应。故第五段选择G段。

44. D

答案精析:此段位于G段之后,应和G段内容衔接。只剩下B、D两段,根据这两段开头内容,D段第二句出现了In one case,而B段开头是In another case,可知D段应在B段之前。再分析两段主要内容,之前说到B段在解释考古研究人员经过研究可以对遗址进行全面了解,D段主要讲勘测范围可以覆盖整个聚居地。根据逻辑和承接关系,G段在讲地面勘测的相关内容,之后再对勘测进行进一步的解释则更为通畅,故D段内容应和G段衔接。故第六段选D段。

45. B

答案精析:上一题分析到B段开头的In another case应和D段的In one case进行衔接,故最后一段为B段。

42、     Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)【 It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.】

    Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47) 【By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.】

    This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48) 【Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.】

    Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49)【 Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.】

    Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50) 【One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.】

参考答案:

46. 这也是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时,我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受,而不能完全理解音乐本身。

47. 人们普遍认为,他(贝多芬)是个思想自由、充满勇气的人,我认为勇气这一品质,是理解他作品的关键,更不必说演奏他的作品了。

48. 贝多芬习惯最大限度来逐渐增高音量,然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段,在他之前,作曲家很少使用这种方式。

49. 尤为重要的是贝多芬对于自由的看法,他认为,自由是与个人的权利和责任联系起来的:他倡导思想自由和个人言论自由。

50. 我们可以这样解读贝多芬的大部分作品:苦难是不可避免的,但是与痛苦抗争的勇气才使得生命具有价值。

解析:

生词本:

articulate v. 明确表达

intensity n. 强度

grasp v. 抓住

passage n. 乐章

by all accounts 根据各方面所说

composer n. 作曲家

freethinking adj. 思想自由的

associate v. 与……有联系

courageous adj. 勇敢的

advocate v. 主张

let alone 更不必说

interpret v. 解读

volume n. 音量

inevitable adj. 不可避免的

abruptly adv. 突然地

render v. 致使

表达难点:

46. ①本句句子主干为It is the reason why...,主系表结构。why引导定语从句,修饰the reason。可译为“这就是为什么……”。②该定语从句中包含了when引导的时间状语从句,其中with words作状语,修饰describe,翻译时需调整语序到其修饰的to describe之前,可以表达为“当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时”。③all we can do为定语从句,省略了that,修饰all,最后由and连接两个不定式作表语,省略了to。④all we can do is..., and not... 表示转折意义,可译为“只是……,而并非……”。⑤articulate可译为“清楚表达”, grasp表示“抓住;理解”。

47. ①本句是一个由and连接的并列句。第一个分句…he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one…,主系表结构。其中he指代贝多芬,one指代person。②freethinking可译为“思想自由”,句首的By all accounts为固定搭配,意思是“据说,人们说”。③第二个分句主干为I find courage an essential quality…,可译为“我认为勇气是一个关键品质”。 ④介词短语for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works作quality的后置定语,可译为“我发现勇气这一品质,是理解,更不必说演奏他作品的关键”。⑤let alone意为“更不用说”。

48. ①本句主干为Beethoven’s habit…was…used by composers…,主语为Beethoven’s habit,后面的介词短语of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage为其后置定语,修饰habit。②with an extreme intensity为介词短语作状语,翻译时需调整语序到其修饰的increasing the volume前,根据语境,volume意思为“音量”。这一部分可以翻译为“把音量逐渐加到最大”。③动名词短语then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage中的it指代前面的increasing the volume with an extreme intensity,状语with a sudden soft passage需调整到following it前表达,其中passage根据语境,意思为“乐段”。可译为“然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段”。④was only rarely used by composers before him为被动语态,在翻译时可将被动译为主动。

49. ①本句为倒装句,句子主干的正常语序是his view of freedom was especially significant。在翻译时,顺译即可,其中his指代“贝多芬的”,主干可以表达为:尤为重要的是,他对于自由的看法……。②his view of freedom后是which引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰freedom,关系代词which在定语从句中作主语,可把which翻译为“自由”。③associated with 表示“和……联系起来” ④of the individual修饰the rights and responsibilities,可译为“个人的权利和责任”。⑤冒号后面的内容是对前面的定语从句进行解释说明,其中of thought and of personal expression是由and连接的两个介词短语作后置定语,修饰freedom,可译为“思想自由和个人言论自由”。

50. ①本句是一个包含宾语从句的复合句,句子主干为One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven,主语是one,可译为“人们”或者“我们”。句子主干可译为“我们可以解读贝多芬的大部分作品”。②之后的by saying that…为方式状语,修饰interpret,that引导宾语从句,从句是由but连接的两个并列句,作saying的宾语,inevitable意为“不可避免的”。③to fight it是动词不定式短语作后置定语,修饰courage,render意为“使变得”。

三、Section Ⅲ Writing

43、Part A

51. Directions:

     Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition.

    You should include the details you think necessary.

    You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

    Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.

    Do not write the address. (10 points)

参考答案:

【参考范文】

Dear Mr. President,

I am an undergraduate of this university and writing to put forward some advice on how to improve students’ physical condition. My suggestions are as the following.

First of all, I suggest that we should make full use of the advantages of physical education classes on campus. Students should not only be aware of the importance of physical education, but also be encouraged to actively participate in the sports class. What’s more, we should attach importance to the role of extracurricular activities. For example, we can organize various ball games, such as football games, basketball games and so on. Last but not least, more sports facilities can be added around the dormitory buildings to stimulate students to take more physical exercise.

It is a great honor for me to share my suggestions with you. I would appreciate it if you would consider my suggestions.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

【参考译文】

亲爱的校长先生,

我是这所大学的一名本科生,我写这封信是为了就如何改善学生的身体状况提出一些建议。我的建议如下。

首先,我建议我们应充分利用校园体育课的优势。学生不仅应该意识到体育教育的重要性,而且应该被鼓励积极参与到体育课中去。更重要的是,我们应该重视课外活动的作用。例如,我们可以组织各类球类比赛,如足球比赛,篮球比赛等等。最后,我们可以在宿舍周围多增加一些运动设施,以激励学生进行更多的体育锻炼。

我很荣幸能和您分享我的建议。如果您能考虑我的建议,我将不胜感激。

谨致问候,

李明

解析:

【题目分析】

       2014年小作文题目要求写一封信给校长,就如何提高学生的身体素质给出建议。写作时要注意使用偏正式、礼貌性的语言。建议信的开头可以直接表明写信的目的,之后给出具体的建议,最后表达感谢,期待回复即可。

44、

Part B

52. Directions:

     Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

     1) describe the drawing briefly,

     2) interpret its intended meaning, and

     3) give your comments.

     You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)



参考答案:

【参考范文】

The picture on the left vividly describes a scene that thirty years ago, a young mother held her lovely daughter’s hand and walked happily along the road. The right half of the picture shows that, as time goes by, the daughter who has grown up supports her elderly mother with her hand and walks with smiles on both of their faces. What this picture wants to tell us is just like the words at the bottom of the picture: accompanying.

Parents and children should support each other. On the one hand, parents give us life and nurture us. It is precisely because of our parents’ unconditional dedication and love that we can experience a rich and colorful life. On the other hand, when parents are old, we should also assume our due responsibilities, which is to accompany and support parents. But many young people are unable to stay with their parents under the pressure of living and working. Fortunately, more and more people are making efforts in this regard, appealing to young people to go home to visit and accompany their parents.

In my opinion, first of all, we should be filial to our parents in return for their nurture. More importantly, the public should advocate filial piety and responsibility. Filial piety is the traditional virtue of the Chinese nation, and we should carry on this virtue better.

【参考译文】

左边的图片生动形象地描述了一幅场景——三十年前,一位年轻的母亲牵着她可爱的女儿,在路上幸福地走着。图片的右半部分则是,随着时间的飞逝,已经长大成人的女孩搀扶着自己年迈的母亲,脸上洋溢着笑容。这幅图画想告诉我们的道理正如图画下方文字所说:相携。

父母和孩子之间应该相互扶持。一方面,父母给予了我们生命,养育了我们。正是因为有了父母对我们无条件的付出和爱,我们才可以体验丰富多彩的人生。另一方面,当父母老了,我们也应该承担我们应有的责任,就是陪伴父母、赡养父母。但现在许多年轻人迫于生活和工作的压力,根本无法陪在父母身边。幸运的是,现在越来越多的人都在为此而做出努力,呼吁年轻人要经常回家看望父母,陪伴他们。

在我看来,首先我们应该要孝顺父母,回报他们的养育之恩。更重要的是,公众应该更多地去宣传孝敬父母的意识和责任。孝顺是中华民族的传统美德,我们应该把这种美德更好地传承下去。

解析:

【题目分析】

     2014年的大作文依旧是采用图画命题的形式,要求考生理解图画所表达的寓意,并且给出自己的见解。本次话题和亲情有关,提倡父母和孩子之间应该相互关爱、相互扶持,并呼吁年轻人要懂得孝敬父母。考生根据图画内容,合理阐述自己的见解即可。

【文章大纲】

第一段:简要描述图画中的内容,指出图画想表达的主题。

第二段:阐述父母和孩子之间相互扶持的意义。

第三段:呼吁年轻人应该多孝顺父母、陪伴父母。

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