一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have (1)_____ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually (2) _____. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. (3)_____ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an (4)_____ of good health.
Of even greater (5)_____ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined (6)_____ body mass index, or BMI. BMI (7)_____ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, (8)_____, can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.
While such numerical standards seem (9)_____, they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, (10)_____ others with a low BMI may be in poor (11)_____. For example, many collegiate and professional football players (12)_____ as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a (13)_____ BMI.
Today we have a(n) (14)_____ to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes (15)_____ in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes (16)_____ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. (17)_____ very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.
Negative attitudes toward obesity, (18)_____ in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity (19) _____. My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign (20)_____ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.
1、(1)
A、denied
B、concluded
C、doubled
D、ensured
解析：
答案精析：题目所在句大意为：很多研究已经_______体重正常的人实际上比超重的人更易患上某些疾病。空格处填入的内容应为研究的结论，只有B项为正确答案。concluded在此表示“总结”。
错项排除：主语为studies，无法进行否认、怀疑或确保，因此其他选项均可排除。
2、(2)
A、protective
B、dangerous
C、sufficient
D、troublesome
解析：
答案精析：题目所在句表示，对于某些健康状况而言，超重还更加_______。上一句指出体重正常的人不一定比超重的人更健康，根据And和actually可知，空格处应填入能表示超重积极意义的词，A表示超重会“更有保护作用”，符合题意。
错项排除：B项和D项分别表示超重会更危险或更令人烦恼，与文意不符，故排除。C项表示超重更足够，不符合逻辑，故排除。
3、(3)
A、Instead
B、However
C、Likewise
D、Therefore
解析：
答案精析：空格上一句指出，超重还具有防护性。本句指出，对老年人来说，一定程度上的超重和身体健康有某种关系，前后为顺承关系，因此选C项“同样地”。
错项排除：A项表替换，B项表转折，与文章的逻辑关系矛盾，故排除。C项表因果关系，而among the elderly表明本句再次举例加以说明，而非对上文的总结，所以排除。
4、(4)
A、indicator
B、objective
C、origin
D、example
解析：
答案精析：题目所在句表示某种程度上的超重通常会是身体健康的一种_______。将选项代入原文，A选项表示“是健康的一种标志”，符合语义，故正确。
错项排除：将其余选项代入空格，B项表示超重是健康的目标，不符合语义和语境，故排除。C项表示超重是健康的起源，逻辑上不通顺。D项表示超重是健康的例子，也不符合逻辑，应排除。
5、(5)
A、impact
B、relevance
C、assistance
D、concern
解析：
答案精析：题目所在句表示，需要更 的是人们很难定义肥胖。由空格处所在句表明的肥胖难以定义和上文表述的超重可能在某种程度上对健康有益，可知人们对肥胖更加关注，所以D项最符合题意。
错项排除：A项代入文章表示：“‘肥胖难以定义’有更大影响”显然不符合逻辑，故排除。根据上下文语义，B项的“相关性更大”不能承接上下文，所以排除。文章并未提及肥胖难以定义这一事实是否“有帮助”，所以排除C项。
6、(6)
A、in terms of
B、in case of
C、in favor of
D、in respect of
解析：
答案精析：本题考查固定搭配。本句介绍如何定义肥胖，根据关键词defined可知，空格处应填入一个表示“根据，依据”的词，只有A项符合题意。
错项排除：in case of和in favor of 代入原文，逻辑不通，故排除。而in respect of相当于about，与defined不搭配，因此D项排除。
7、(7)
A、measures
B、determines
C、equals
D、modifies
解析：
答案精析：题目所在句进一步介绍BMI的计算方法。空格后意为，“体重除以身高的平方”。此处是一个公式，空格处应填入与数学有关的动词，C项表示“等于”，所以正确。
错项排除：measure表示使用工具对某一指标的测量，并非对公式的计算，故排除A项。本句介绍的是BMI的计算方法，BMI概念首次出现，因此并不能直接使用determine或modify这些与已定义概念搭配的词，因此排除B和D两项。
8、(8)
A、in essence
B、in contrast
C、in turn
D、in part
解析：
答案精析：题目所在句介绍了肥胖的三种程度，承接上文的BMI指数对定义肥胖的标准。本句按程度顺序列举了三种肥胖类型，因此空格处应填入与顺序有关的短语，C项表示“依次”，符合题意。
错项排除：本文没有涉及肥胖的本质，因此排除A项。空格前后没有涉及比较含义，因此排除B项。文章也没有体现肥胖的部分性，因此D项排除。
9、(9)
A、complicated
B、conservative
C、variable
D、straightforward
解析：
答案精析：题目所在句由While引导，表达转折关系，大意为：虽然这些数值标准看上去_______，但其实并不是。再结合下文提及的反驳这一判断标准的原因和例子可知，除BMI以外，衡量肥胖与否还有更多的标准，这一数值并不像数字那么简单。所以空格处的形容词应与“简单”意义相近，D选项代入空格表示，BMI看似直观，然而还有更复杂的界定肥胖的方法，因此正确。
错项排除：A选项表示复杂，但BMI确实复杂而非看似复杂，故排除。B项和C项的含义都与语境不相关，也可排除。
10、(10)
A、so
B、while
C、since
D、unless
解析：
答案精析：题目所在句存在对比关系，空格前指出一些人的BMI指数很高，但事实上却很健康，空格后指出一些人的BMI指数很低，但身体却并不健康。由此可知，此处需要填入一个含转折意义的词连接。B项表示“然而”，含转折意义，所以正确。
错项排除：A、C项表因果，D项表条件，均不符合语境，故排除。
11、(11)
A、shape
B、spirit
C、balance
D、taste
解析：
答案精析：题目所在句大意为：有些人BMI指数很高但身材很好，而有些人BMI指数低但_______不好。因此空格处应填入表示“身材”的词，只有A项符合。
错项排除：其余三个词均不能表示“身材，体形”，也不能与上文的fit对应，故排除。
12、(12)
A、start
B、qualify
C、retire
D、stay
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。题目所在句表示，很多大学生足球选手和职业足球选手_______肥胖的特征，但BMI指数却很低。根据上文提及的“一些BMI指数很高的人事实上却很健康，而一些BMI指数较低的人，身体却并不健康”，可以判断出空格处应填入表示“符合……”的词汇，因此B正确。
错项排除：其他三项代入空格均不符合语境，故排除。
13、(13)
A、strange
B、changeable
C、normal
D、constant
解析：
答案精析：题目所在句指出，相反，一些人体型较小但体脂含量却很高，而BMI指数却又 ，因此应填入与high body fat构成反义的词，C项表示体脂含量高但BMI指数却很正常，符合题意。
错项排除：A、B、C三项均不能与high body fat构成反义，故排除其他三个选项。
14、(14)
A、option
B、reason
C、opportunity
D、tendency
解析：
答案精析：题目所在句指出对肥胖偏见的话题，空格处大意为，“现在的一个现象是把肥胖视为可耻的事”。这种现象对应的选项应是一种“趋势”，D项符合语境。
错项排除：将肥胖视为可耻的事并非社会普遍存在的选择、原因或机会，因此其余三项不符合逻辑，可排除。
15、(15)
A、employed
B、pictured
C、imitated
D、monitored
解析：
答案精析：题目所在句为对“人们认为肥胖可耻”进行论证，肥胖人士被 的脸在媒体上都被打上马赛克。由此可知媒体对他们的形象进行了处理，picture作动词表示“描绘（肥胖人士的图像）”，所以B选项符合题意。
错项排除：媒体不会进行雇用、模仿或监控这些行为，所以其余三项均可排除。
16、(16)
A、compared
B、combined
C、settled
D、associated
解析：
答案精析：空格处意为，“人们通常会把肥胖与懒惰、缺乏意志和不太可能成功 起来”。空格处与Stereotypes搭配，表示“人们通常认为与肥胖_______的”，最符合题意的为D项，表示“联系”。
错项排除：A项表示与肥胖对比的刻板印象，逻辑不通，因此排除。B项表示与肥胖结合的刻板印象，不符合语义。C项settled不与with连用，故排除。
17、(17)
A、Even
B、Still
C、Yet
D、Only
解析：
答案精析：题目所在句由两个并列句构成，描述儿童和在校学生会因肥胖而遭到嘲笑。上文的主语为老师、雇主和健康专家，下文过渡到孩子的遭遇，所以应该用Even一词来强调歧视问题的严重性，因此选A。
错项排除：Still和Yet表转折，但文章是递进关系而非转折关系，所以排除B和C两项。Only则会否定之前所有的歧视和偏见，所以排除。
18、(18)
A、despised
B、corrected
C、ignored
D、grounded
解析：
答案精析：空格处表示，_______健康而对肥胖抱有负面态度。根据concerns可知健康是对肥胖的负面态度的出发点，因此应填入grounded，表示“基于，根据”，因此选D。
错项排除：将其余选项代入空格，A项表示鄙视关注健康，不符合逻辑，故排除。B项表示更正对健康的关注，偏离原文题意，故排除。C表示忽略对健康的关注，不符合题意，所以排除。
19、(19)
A、discussions
B、businesses
C、policies
D、studies
解析：
答案精析：名词辨析题。题目所在句表示这种负面态度引发了一系列的反肥胖_______。根据下文列举的一系列政府所采取的措施，可知最符合题意的选项是C项。
错项排除：由于这些措施已经采取，不只是讨论，所以排除A项。而business与studies更不可能由政府发起，因此排除B和D。
20、(20)
A、for
B、against
C、with
D、without
解析：
答案精析：介词辨析题。题目所在句大意为，米歇尔·奥巴马发起了一个知名度很高的运动来_______肥胖。上文提及出台了很多反肥胖政策，可见此处提及的运动也应该属于反肥胖的一部分，所以应填入against。
错项排除：for指支持肥胖，with指使用肥胖，without指运动将儿童肥胖排除在外，均不符合逻辑，因此其余三项均可排除。
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Ha ppy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.
These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms. Dunn and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time—as stories or memories—particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.
This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck”. It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason McDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib—a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.
Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.
21、21. According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?
A、A big house.
B、A special tour.
C、A stylish car.
D、A rich meal.
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词人名Dunn and Norton和the most rewarding purchase可定位到文章第二段第五句。第五句指出，邓恩和诺顿认为，把钱花在新体验上会更好，比如有趣的旅行、特别的美食或看场电影。因此可以直接判断出B项正确，interesting trips和a special tour表示的含义相同。
错项排除：A项和C项在文中出现在第二段第二、三句，但原文指出车子和房子等物质消费带来的满足感会wear off fairly quickly（迅速消退），可见作者对物质消费的观点是负面的，因此A、C两项排除。D项中将原文中的unique偷换为rich，使选项和原文含义出现偏差，也应排除。
22、22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is _____.
A、critical
B、supportive
C、sympathetic
D、ambiguous
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词watching TV可定位到第三段第二句，括号内的内容修饰watching television。定位句指出，似乎大部分人如果能缩短通勤时间，多花点时间陪家人和朋友，少花点时间看电视就能更快乐，括号中指出美国人平均每年花两个月看电视。由此可知，作者认为美国人看电视的时间太长，建议少花些时间在看电视上可能会更快乐，即作者对看电视的态度是负面的、批评的，A项正确。
错项排除：supportive表明作者支持看电视，与作者的态度相反，B项排除。C项在文中没有提及，故排除。D项表示对看电视这一行为的态度不明，但原文已经明确表示most people would be better off这一立场，因此排除。
长难句分析：It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).
本句句子主干为it seems most people would be better off，其中most people would be better off为省略that的表语从句。其后的if引导条件状语从句，从句包含两个并列的谓语shorten和spend，其中spend又对应两个并列的宾语more time with friends和less of it watching television，it指代time。括号里的something是watching television的同位语，后面是省略引导词的定语从句，其主干是the average American spends…and is…。
句意为：似乎大部分人只要减少通勤时间，花更多时间与朋友家人相处，少花点时间看电视（一般美国人每年会花高达两个月看电视，而且并不会让他们更快乐），他们就会更幸福。
23、23. McRib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that _____.
A、consumers are sometimes irrational
B、popularity usually comes after quality
C、marketing tricks are often effective
D、rarity generally increases pleasure
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词McRib可定位到第三段第四句，使用McRib作为例子，介绍了这款麦当劳产品的限量供应的原因，这种营销策略让麦当劳的猪排堡成为人们抢购的对象，与D项意义相同，所以选D。
错项排除：McRib的例子与消费者是否理性无关，因此A排除。文中也没有提及McRib的质量如何，因此B排除。限量供应猪排堡是一种营销手段，但该例子只是其中一种而已，并非主要介绍营销手段，故C项也排除。
24、24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money _____.
A、has left much room for readers’ criticism
B、may prove to be a worthwhile purchase
C、has predicted a wider income gap in the U.S.
D、may give its readers a sense of achievement
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位到文章最后一段末尾。最后两句点明主题，提出虽然不是所有人都会赞同作者的观点，但大部分人在读完这本书后会觉得买这本书是值得的。money well spent与a worthwhile purchase为同义替换，因此选B。
错项排除：文章未提及与批评有关的信息，排除A项。最后一段表达了富人和穷人在消费中产生的感觉不同，但未提及收入差距，因此排除C项。文章最后一段也没有提及achievement，因此排除D项。
长难句解析：Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers.
主句为主谓宾结构，主语为代词短语not everyone。which引导的定语从句修饰the authors’ policy ideas，谓语range from...to…，表示涵盖的范围从mandating more holiday time（授权增加节假日时间）到reducing tax incentives（减少征税名义）。
句意为：并非所有人都认同作者们的政策意见，包括授权增加节假日的时间和为美国购房者减税。
25、25. This text mainly discusses how to _____.
A、balance feeling good and spending money
B、spend large sums of money won in lotteries
C、obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent
D、become more reasonable in spending on luxuries
解析：
答案精析：第一段从一名彩票中奖者引出话题：如何能在花钱中获得快乐？第二段讲Happy Money这本书里的观点。第三段举例说明书中所说的获得幸福的各种途径。最后一段点明了这本书的局限性，但仍值得购买。全文都围绕消费与幸福感进行论述，因此C项可以概括全文，为正确答案。
错项排除：A项将feeling good和spending money看作两个对立的行为，而文中只是论述了两者之间的关系，因此与主旨矛盾。作者从未提及彩票中奖者如何处置奖金，因此排除B项。D项定位到第三段关于奢侈品消费的论述，符合原文态度，但以偏概全，故排除。
An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.
We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.
Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image—which most did—they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.
Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion,” says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.” If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.
Knowing the results of Epley’s study, it makes sense that why people hate photographs of themselves so viscerally—on one level, they don’t even recognize the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer’s paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyle. It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, “but they portray an idealized version of themselves.”
26、26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist has found that _____.
A、our self-ratings are unrealistically high
B、illusory superiority is baseless effect
C、our need for leadership is unnatural
D、self-enhancing strategies are ineffective
解析：
答案精析：根据题目可定位到文章第一段，再通过关键词social psychologist可定位到首段第三句。定位句的大意为：社会心理学家的研究结果表明，我们中70%的人认为自己的领导能力比一般人高，93%的人认为自己的驾驶能力比一般人高，85%的人认为自己的人际交往能力比一般人高。由此可知很多人对自我评价过高，这些评价是不客观的，A项说自我评价不切实际地高，两者表述相同，所以A为正确答案。
错项排除：B项中的baseless effect对应本段的above average effect，而illusory superiority（虚幻的优越感）出现在研究课题中，而不是发现的结果。C项关键词为unnatural，文中未提及，故排除。D项的self-enhancing strategies（自我提升的策略）是一种basic need（基本需求），没有被涵盖在社会心理学家的研究内容中，故排除。
27、27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s _____.
A、rapid watching
B、conscious choice
C、intuitive response
D、automatic self-defence
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词Visual recognition可定位到原文第三段第三句。定位句指出，视觉识别（visual recognition）是一种自发的心理过程，会快速而出自直觉地发生，并且几乎不经刻意的思考。因此C为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项的rapid对应visual recognition的发生过程，而不是watching，A选项为拼凑概念，因此排除。B项与原文表述相反，visual recognition通常不是conscious（有意识）的，所以排除。文章第二段指出人们在受到批评时会自我保护，与视觉识别无关，故排除D项。
长难句分析：Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive.
本句主干为he asked them…rather than have people…，使用了sb. do rather than do的结构asked them to identify…使用了ask sb. to do的固定用法，from a lineup为地点状语。including versions为后置定语，修饰lineup，表明其内容。that引导的定语从句修饰versions。Have people rate their beauty是动词+宾语+宾补的结构，compared with others为方式状语，表明评定美貌的方式是和他人作比较。
句意为：他并未让实验者只是简单地把自己的外貌和别人作比较，而是让他们从一系列照片中选出代表他们真实相貌的照片，这一系列图片中包括没有修饰的原图和有过修饰而变得更好看或不那么好看的照片。
28、28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to _____.
A、underestimate their insecurities
B、believe in their attractiveness
C、cover up their depressions
D、oversimplify their illusions
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词Epley和people with higher self-esteem定位到第四段第三句。定位句大意为，那些认为被美化的形象就是真实的自己的人，自尊心会很强，可以推断出那些相信自己吸引力的人也在其他方面表现出自尊心，与B项表述相同，因此B正确。
错项排除：A项与原文含义相反，自尊心强的人并未表现出不安全感，且第四段中提及自尊心不强的人才会去掩饰自己的不安全感，因此A错误。C项中的“抑郁”只是与自我提升有关，并未提及“掩盖”的含义，故排除。D项中的delusion出现在第四句“我不认为我们得到的结果是个人妄想的证据”，未提及是否有过度简化，所以排除。
29、29. The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to _____.
A、instinctively
B、occasionally
C、particularly
D、aggressively
解析：
答案精析：该词所在句大意为：在了解艾普利的研究结果以后，很多人_______地讨厌自己的真实照片，这一点就不难理解了。根据上下文艾普利所做研究的内容发现，第三段曾提及人们倾向于选择美化过的照片作为自己的形象，该现象是一种本能行为，所以对自己未经修饰的照片的否定应该是出于本能，所以viscerally与instinctively是近义词，选A。
错项排除：人们“偶尔”讨厌自己的真实照片、“攻击性强地”讨厌照片，都不符合逻辑，所以B、D可以排除。而particularly应该有参照物作对比，而文中并未存在对比，所以C也可排除。
30、30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.
A、present their dishonest profiles
B、define their traditional lifestyles
C、share their intellectual pursuits
D、withhold their unflattering sides
解析：
答案精析：根据题目关键词Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise可定位到第五段第二句。定位句指出了Facebook适合自我抬高者的原因是人们讨厌看到自己真实的样子，而Facebook能让人只晒出自己美化修饰过的照片，也就是说人们可以“不公开自己不吸引人的一面”，因此选择D项。
错项排除：第五段第三句指出，该现象并不等同于dishonest profiles（欺骗性个人资料），与A选项矛盾，所以排除A项。B选项把share偷换成define，使选项不符合原文，而且原文未提及traditional lifestyles（传统生活方式），所以B错误。C选项对应the cream of their wit，但没有提及对知识的追求，也可排除。
The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can’t immediately foresee.
When there is exponential improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT’s Center for Digital Business.
This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.
Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U. S. that tend to be “tightly scripted” and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity”. In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.
It’s time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work. Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events”. That’s not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.
As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”
31、31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would _____.
A、ease the competition of man vs. machine
B、highlight machines’ threat to human jobs
C、provoke a painful technological revolution
D、outmode our current economic structure
解析：
答案精析：根据题目可定位到第一段，再根据关键词economic downturns可定位到首段第一句。定位句指出，从工业革命时期开始就有人和机器的竞争了，但这一竞争的感觉在经济衰退（economic downturns）时尤为激烈，由此可以推断出机器给人带来的竞争压力在经济下滑时期尤为突出，B项符合题意，所以正确。
错项排除：第一段表达出机器与人之间的竞争会因经济下滑而加剧，A项与此相反，故排除。C项对应原文第一段第二句，原文指出，我们看起来正在经历一场痛苦的繁荣与萧条的轮回，但这种看法是错误的，而且痛苦一词修饰的是轮回，而不是技革命，故C项排除。D项对应第一段第三句中的经济体制被淘汰一点，但文中说的是被机器生产淘汰而非被经济下滑淘汰，因此排除。
32、32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that _____.
A、technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities
B、automation is accelerating technological development
C、certain jobs will remain intact after automation
D、man will finally win the race against machine
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词书名Race Against the Machine可定位到第二段。第二段介绍《与机器赛跑》一书的作者认为人类的工作因技术的进步而受到威胁，也就是说技术在逐步吞噬、减少人类的工作，与A表述意义相近，所以选A。
错项排除：文章首段指与自动化无关的工作也会面临被取代的威胁，而非自动化加速技术发展，因此排除B项。C项的关键信息remain intact（完好无损）在第二段中并未提及，相反，该书表示有些本以为不会受影响的工作也会受影响，选项与原文存在矛盾之处，故排除。D项的总结性论述也没有出现在第二段中，所以D项也排除。
33、33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U. S. are often _____.
A、performed by innovative minds
B、scripted with an individual style
C、standardized without a clear target
D、designed against human creativity
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词Hagel和jobs in the U.S.可定位到第四段第一句。定位句指出黑格尔认为美国人将工作设成tightly scripted and highly standardized（照本宣科和过度标准化），从而没有为发挥个人主动性和创造力留下空间，与D项表述的“被设计得阻碍了人类创造力”相吻合，所以正确答案为D。
错项排除：A项表示工作由那些有创新精神的人完成，文中没有提及，故排除。通过上述分析可知，美国的工作并非个性十足，因此B项排除。C项中的standardized在定位句中存在，但without a clear target出现在第四段最后一句，并非Hagel的看法，属于拼凑信息，所以C排除。
长难句分析：In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events”.
In our rapidly changing economy为地点状语，修饰主句we... need people...，more than ever修饰need，表明需求的程度。in the workplace为地点状语，后接一个who引导的定语从句，修饰people，表明所需人才应具备的素质是可以take initiative and exercise their imagination（发挥主动性并实践想象力）。引号内的不定式短语为exercise their imagination的目的状语。
句意为：在我们日新月异的经济中，我们从未如此需要在工作场合中能发挥主动，并实践想象力“来应对预料之外的事件”的人。
34、34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed _____.
A、the predictability of machine behavior in practice
B、the formula for how work is conducted efficiently
C、the ways machines replace human labor in modern times
D、the necessity of human involvement in the workplace
解析：
答案精析：根据题目可定位至最后一段，从关键词Brynjolfsson and McAfee可定位到最后一句。定位句指出，两人提及的是指代上文的this point，即第五段论点：现代社会需要能发挥主动性和想象力的人，机器并不具有这些能力，机器只是执行那些可预测的工作。该论点表明机器并不能取代人类，社会依然需要人类参与工作，因此选D。
错项排除：A项对应原文第五段最后一句，机器被设计出来执行可预测的工作，并非机器本身的工作可预测。B项关键词formula位于第五段第一句，但仍属于黑格尔的观点，并非后面两人的讨论内容，故A排除。C项表示机器正在取代人力，但下文第六段中内容提到，我们应该关注如何增强人力，而非让机器取代人类，原文语义与C项表述矛盾，故排除。
35、35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?
A、How to Innovate Our Work Practices
B、Machines Will Replace Human Labor
C、Can We Win the Race Against Machines
D、Economic Downturns Stimulate Innovations
解析：
答案精析：本题为主旨题，第一段引出机器生产威胁人类工作的论点，第二段至第五段分析这种现象产生的原因源自工作方式未能跟上科技进步，最后一段呼吁转变工作方式。全文围绕人类工作与机器工作之间的关系展开论述，因此C项最符合题意。
错项排除：A项只提到创新，未提及受到机器进步的刺激和驱动，以偏概全，故排除。B项为一个在文中已经否定的观点，因此排除。文章没有提及机器生产与创新与经济下滑的关系，故D项错误。
When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.
Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.
Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.
The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.
There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.
Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.
But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour Party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.
While the government’s commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.
36、36. The author believes that the housing sector _____.
A、has attracted much attention
B、involves certain political factors
C、shoulders too much responsibility
D、has lost its real value in economy
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词the housing sector可定位到第二段。第二段最后一句指出，可能最重要的原因是房地产问题受到政治的制约，所以选B。
错项排除：第一段指出人们很少提及房地产，A项与此矛盾，故排除。C项的responsibility在第二段出现，但原文表述为“必须承担责任”，并非表示已经承担了太多责任，因此C项排除。D项关键词real value出现在第二段第三句，但原文说我们忽视了这些住房在经济发展中真正发挥的价值，并非客观上失去了这些真正的经济价值，选项与原文矛盾，因此D项排除。
37、37. It can be learned that affordable housing has_____.
A、increased its home supply
B、offered spending opportunities
C、suffered government biases
D、disappointed the government
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词affordable housing可定位到第四段。第三段讲经济适用房面临着严峻的形势，第四段讲现在有一个机会能够改变这一状况，但需要政府放下偏见。这说明政府目前对经济适用房存在偏见，因此C项正确，其中prejudices与biases为同义词，表示“偏见”。
错项排除：第三段指出住房供应难以满足，A项与此矛盾。B项中的关键词spending opportunities与关于经济适用房的论述无关，故排除。文中并未提及经济适用房已经令政府失望了，D项属于无中生有，故排除。
38、38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may _____.
A、allow greater government debt for housing
B、stop local authorities from building homes
C、prepare to reduce housing stock debt
D、release a lifted GDP growth forecast
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词人名George Osborne可定位到第五段第二句。乔治·奥斯本将采取更灵活的政策来提高政府在住房上的借债（borrow against their housing stock debt）的借债上限（current gap），即可以借更多债务用于住房方面，与A项的greater government debt含义相同，因此选择A项。
错项排除：政府要解决住房问题不可能通过减少建房的方式，B项与原文表述相反，故排除。C项与A项表达的含义相反，与原文相悖，因此排除。D项的growth forecast在原文中对应的主语是借债这一方式，而非对应奥斯本，故排除。
39、39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would _____.
A、lower the costs of registered providers
B、lessen the impact of government interference
C、contribute to funding new developments
D、relieve the ministers of responsibilities
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词a stable rental environment可定位到第六段。定位段指出，部长们还应该关注为租赁环境创造更多稳定性，这样对供应商提供更多的开发项目资金援助有重要影响，所以C项正确。
错项排除：A项中registered providers的对应部分为fund new developments，只是提到了对新的开发的资金投入，没有提及成本，所以A项排除。文章没有提及减少政府介入的影响，B项属于无中生有，故排除。而D项与原文意义相反，原文提及部长还应负起这部分责任，而非减轻责任，故排除。
40、40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may _____.
A、implement more policies to support housing
B、review the need for large-scale public grants
C、renew the affordable housing grants programme
D、stop generous funding to the housing sector
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词after 2015和the government定位到第七段第二句。原文定位句指出政府针对经济适用房的45亿英镑拨款将会在2015年过期，再根据后半句中“不太可能继续延期”，这表明这项拨款可能会停止，而D项表示慷慨的赞助将会停止，因此正确答案为D。
错项排除：A选项与原文信息完全相反，故排除。B选项中的review在原文没有体现，而且本段的宾语也不是large-scale public grants（大规模公共拨款），而是范围更精确的affordable housing（经济适用房），故排除C项。文章并没有提及更新这些项目，只提及了拨款会过期，因此排除C项。
41、 Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.
The British land art, typified by Richard Long’s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long’s photograph of his work is the work. Since his “action” is in the past the photograph is its sole embodiment.
That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects.
Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stand for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity that characterizes most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.
Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.
Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.
In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’t help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.
参考答案：DEGCA
解析：
选项分析
[A] originates from a long walk that the artist took.
源于艺术家进行的一次长途徒步。
[B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art.
表达了一种以风景为中心的光概念艺术。
[C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.
让人们想起了英格兰风景画的传统。
[D] represents the elegance of the British land art.
代表英国大地艺术的优雅。
[E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art.
展现了英国大地艺术寻常的一面。
[F] embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors.
体现了向苏格兰户外生活的浪漫逃离。
[G] contains images from different parts of the same photograph.
包含了同一张照片的不同部分。
试题解析
答案精析：Stone Circle位于文章第四段，原文第一句指出这幅作品represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form（代表这种作品的优雅和精妙的一面），其中this form指代land art，组合起来就是这幅作品代表了elegance of British land art，与D项含义相同，所以本题选D。
答案精析：Olaf Street Study位于文章第四段第四句，这幅作品的作者是Mark Boyle等人，特点为one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity（是少数采用世俗风格的作品之一），后面的定语从句指出该作品描绘出我们看待景物时大部分情况的体验，即寻常的眼光去看待寻常的事物，与E项的关键词ordinary side对应，所以选E。
答案精析：Across the Park出现在原文第五段，其作者是John Hilliard，本段最后指出，这幅画的内容turn out to be different parts of the same photograph（原来是一张照片的不同部分），与G项表述完全一致，所以G正确。
答案精析：Towards Avebury出现在第六段第三句，作者为Derek Jarman，这部电影的内容evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching...（唤醒了人们对传统英格兰风景画的传统），evokes与C项的reminds在语义上含义一致，因此C项正确。
答案精析：Seven Days出现在第七段第二句，作者为Hamish Fulton，定位句指出，本作品单独由一张美丽的黑白照片组成，这张照片在一次史诗般的徒步旅行中拍摄，在作品下方标注了里程和花费的时间。原文表述与A项一致，即作者创作的这幅作品来源于一次徒步旅行，所以选A。
选项分析
[A] originates from a long walk that the artist took.
源于艺术家进行的一次长途徒步。
[B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art.
表达了一种以风景为中心的光概念艺术。
[C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.
让人们想起了英格兰风景画的传统。
[D] represents the elegance of the British land art.
代表英国大地艺术的优雅。
[E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art.
展现了英国大地艺术寻常的一面。
[F] embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors.
体现了向苏格兰户外生活的浪漫逃离。
[G] contains images from different parts of the same photograph.
包含了同一张照片的不同部分。
试题解析
答案精析：Stone Circle位于文章第四段，原文第一句指出这幅作品represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form（代表这种作品的优雅和精妙的一面），其中this form指代land art，组合起来就是这幅作品代表了elegance of British land art，与D项含义相同，所以本题选D。
答案精析：Olaf Street Study位于文章第四段第四句，这幅作品的作者是Mark Boyle等人，特点为one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity（是少数采用世俗风格的作品之一），后面的定语从句指出该作品描绘出我们看待景物时大部分情况的体验，即寻常的眼光去看待寻常的事物，与E项的关键词ordinary side对应，所以选E。
答案精析：Across the Park出现在原文第五段，其作者是John Hilliard，本段最后指出，这幅画的内容turn out to be different parts of the same photograph（原来是一张照片的不同部分），与G项表述完全一致，所以G正确。
答案精析：Towards Avebury出现在第六段第三句，作者为Derek Jarman，这部电影的内容evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching...（唤醒了人们对传统英格兰风景画的传统），evokes与C项的reminds在语义上含义一致，因此C项正确。
答案精析：Seven Days出现在第七段第二句，作者为Hamish Fulton，定位句指出，本作品单独由一张美丽的黑白照片组成，这张照片在一次史诗般的徒步旅行中拍摄，在作品下方标注了里程和花费的时间。原文表述与A项一致，即作者创作的这幅作品来源于一次徒步旅行，所以选A。
选项分析
[A] originates from a long walk that the artist took.
源于艺术家进行的一次长途徒步。
[B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art.
表达了一种以风景为中心的光概念艺术。
[C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.
让人们想起了英格兰风景画的传统。
[D] represents the elegance of the British land art.
代表英国大地艺术的优雅。
[E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art.
展现了英国大地艺术寻常的一面。
[F] embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors.
体现了向苏格兰户外生活的浪漫逃离。
[G] contains images from different parts of the same photograph.
包含了同一张照片的不同部分。
试题解析
答案精析：Stone Circle位于文章第四段，原文第一句指出这幅作品represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form（代表这种作品的优雅和精妙的一面），其中this form指代land art，组合起来就是这幅作品代表了elegance of British land art，与D项含义相同，所以本题选D。
答案精析：Olaf Street Study位于文章第四段第四句，这幅作品的作者是Mark Boyle等人，特点为one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity（是少数采用世俗风格的作品之一），后面的定语从句指出该作品描绘出我们看待景物时大部分情况的体验，即寻常的眼光去看待寻常的事物，与E项的关键词ordinary side对应，所以选E。
答案精析：Across the Park出现在原文第五段，其作者是John Hilliard，本段最后指出，这幅画的内容turn out to be different parts of the same photograph（原来是一张照片的不同部分），与G项表述完全一致，所以G正确。
答案精析：Towards Avebury出现在第六段第三句，作者为Derek Jarman，这部电影的内容evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching...（唤醒了人们对传统英格兰风景画的传统），evokes与C项的reminds在语义上含义一致，因此C项正确。
答案精析：Seven Days出现在第七段第二句，作者为Hamish Fulton，定位句指出，本作品单独由一张美丽的黑白照片组成，这张照片在一次史诗般的徒步旅行中拍摄，在作品下方标注了里程和花费的时间。原文表述与A项一致，即作者创作的这幅作品来源于一次徒步旅行，所以选A。
选项分析
[A] originates from a long walk that the artist took.
源于艺术家进行的一次长途徒步。
[B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art.
表达了一种以风景为中心的光概念艺术。
[C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.
让人们想起了英格兰风景画的传统。
[D] represents the elegance of the British land art.
代表英国大地艺术的优雅。
[E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art.
展现了英国大地艺术寻常的一面。
[F] embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors.
体现了向苏格兰户外生活的浪漫逃离。
[G] contains images from different parts of the same photograph.
包含了同一张照片的不同部分。
试题解析
答案精析：Stone Circle位于文章第四段，原文第一句指出这幅作品represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form（代表这种作品的优雅和精妙的一面），其中this form指代land art，组合起来就是这幅作品代表了elegance of British land art，与D项含义相同，所以本题选D。
答案精析：Olaf Street Study位于文章第四段第四句，这幅作品的作者是Mark Boyle等人，特点为one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity（是少数采用世俗风格的作品之一），后面的定语从句指出该作品描绘出我们看待景物时大部分情况的体验，即寻常的眼光去看待寻常的事物，与E项的关键词ordinary side对应，所以选E。
答案精析：Across the Park出现在原文第五段，其作者是John Hilliard，本段最后指出，这幅画的内容turn out to be different parts of the same photograph（原来是一张照片的不同部分），与G项表述完全一致，所以G正确。
答案精析：Towards Avebury出现在第六段第三句，作者为Derek Jarman，这部电影的内容evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching...（唤醒了人们对传统英格兰风景画的传统），evokes与C项的reminds在语义上含义一致，因此C项正确。
答案精析：Seven Days出现在第七段第二句，作者为Hamish Fulton，定位句指出，本作品单独由一张美丽的黑白照片组成，这张照片在一次史诗般的徒步旅行中拍摄，在作品下方标注了里程和花费的时间。原文表述与A项一致，即作者创作的这幅作品来源于一次徒步旅行，所以选A。
选项分析
[A] originates from a long walk that the artist took.
源于艺术家进行的一次长途徒步。
[B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art.
表达了一种以风景为中心的光概念艺术。
[C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.
让人们想起了英格兰风景画的传统。
[D] represents the elegance of the British land art.
代表英国大地艺术的优雅。
[E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art.
展现了英国大地艺术寻常的一面。
[F] embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors.
体现了向苏格兰户外生活的浪漫逃离。
[G] contains images from different parts of the same photograph.
包含了同一张照片的不同部分。
试题解析
答案精析：Stone Circle位于文章第四段，原文第一句指出这幅作品represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form（代表这种作品的优雅和精妙的一面），其中this form指代land art，组合起来就是这幅作品代表了elegance of British land art，与D项含义相同，所以本题选D。
答案精析：Olaf Street Study位于文章第四段第四句，这幅作品的作者是Mark Boyle等人，特点为one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity（是少数采用世俗风格的作品之一），后面的定语从句指出该作品描绘出我们看待景物时大部分情况的体验，即寻常的眼光去看待寻常的事物，与E项的关键词ordinary side对应，所以选E。
答案精析：Across the Park出现在原文第五段，其作者是John Hilliard，本段最后指出，这幅画的内容turn out to be different parts of the same photograph（原来是一张照片的不同部分），与G项表述完全一致，所以G正确。
答案精析：Towards Avebury出现在第六段第三句，作者为Derek Jarman，这部电影的内容evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching...（唤醒了人们对传统英格兰风景画的传统），evokes与C项的reminds在语义上含义一致，因此C项正确。
答案精析：Seven Days出现在第七段第二句，作者为Hamish Fulton，定位句指出，本作品单独由一张美丽的黑白照片组成，这张照片在一次史诗般的徒步旅行中拍摄，在作品下方标注了里程和花费的时间。原文表述与A项一致，即作者创作的这幅作品来源于一次徒步旅行，所以选A。
42、 Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.
Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down—say, after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner: some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.
参考答案：
参考译文
多数人会把乐观当作无休止的快乐，以及觉得杯子永远只有半满的心态。但积极的心理学家恰恰不推荐这种假装愉悦的心态。一名哈佛大学的教授塔尔·本沙哈尔说：“健康的乐观意味着要与现实接轨。”根据本·沙哈尔的观点，实用主义乐观者是把已发生的事情做到最好的人，而不是相信所有事情都会往最好方向发展的人。
本·沙哈尔进行了三项乐观主义训练。当他感到不开心，比如讲座讲得很糟糕时，他正视自己作为普通人的身份。他提醒自己，不是所有的讲座都会赢得诺贝尔奖，总有一些人会比其他人效率低一些。接下来是重构。他分析那些讲得不好的讲座，从讲座中有效和无效的信息中吸取教训以在未来做好。最后是洞察力，包括要认识到在生命的长河中，一次失败的讲座算不了什么。
解析：
生词本
optimism n. 乐观
perpetually adv. 永恒地
cheerfulness n. 高兴
recommend vt. 推荐
optimist n. 乐观主义者
realistic adj. 现实的
permission n. 批准
reconstruction n. 重构
perspective n. 洞察力
acknowledge vt. 承认
grand adj. 宏大的
scheme n. 计划
表达难点
第一句：Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full.
本句由主句Most people... endlessly happy，状语with a glass和that后的定语从句构成。主句中情态动词+实意动词作谓语，would表虚拟语气，optimism为宾语，as being endlessly happy是宾语补足语，前半句译为“大部分人会把乐观定义为无休止的快乐”。with a glass结合语境可知此处为比喻意义，with译作“如同，就像”，that后引导定语从句修饰a glass，perpetually表示“永远”。这部分译为“就像一个永远半满的杯子”。
第二句：But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend.
本句包含定语从句，第二个that后的主谓结构修饰false cheerfulness，wouldn’t表示虚拟语气，与第一句中的would呼应。主句的the kind of false cheerfulness为表语，故本句译为：但积极的科学家们不推荐这种虚假的快乐。
第三句：“Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor.
本句为Tal Ben-Shahar的话，being动名词作宾语，in touch with译为“与……保持联系”，本句译为“健康的乐观主义者代表着与现实保持联系”；引号后says谓语倒装，a Harvard professor是Tal Ben-Shahar的同位语。本句译为：哈佛大学教授塔尔·本沙哈尔说：“健康的乐观意味着要与现实接轨。”
第四句：According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.
本句主干为realistic optimists are those…, but not those…，为主系表结构。第一个who引导的定语从句修饰第一个those，表示“那些……的人”。make the best of译作“把……做到最好”。而从句that happen又作定语，修饰things，表示“发生了的事情”。这部分译为“根据本·沙哈尔的说法，实用主义的乐观者是那些把已经发生的事情做到最好的人”。第二个who引导的定语从句中，believe后接省略that的宾语从句，后半句译为“不是那些相信所有事情都会往最好方向发展的人”。
第五句：Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises.
本句为一个主谓宾简单句，exercises在此译为“练习方法”，本句译为“本·沙哈尔使用三种培养乐观情绪的练习方法”。
第六句：When he feels down—say, after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself permission to be human.
本句前半句为条件状语从句，破折号后为When he feels down的举例，down作形容词，译为“失落的，不开心的”，say译作“比如”。主句中的不定式作定语，be human译为“做凡人”，即他告诉自己，自己并非圣贤。整句译为“当他感觉失落时，比如做了一场不成功的演讲时，他会告诉自己他只是个凡人”。
第七句：He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner: some will be less effective than others.
本句中that宾语从句指代He reminds himself的内容，而分号后的简单句与not every lecture can be a Nobel winner并列，some后省略了lectures。整句译为：他告诉自己不是所有的讲座都能赢得诺贝尔奖，有些讲座会比其他的讲座稍逊色些。
第八句：Next is reconstruction.
本句为主系表结构，Next作名词，表示“下一步的事情”，本句译为：下一步就是重构。
第九句： He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t.
本句中的现在分词表递进关系，表明learning lessons是在analyzes the weak lecture的基础上进行的。what doesn’t 后省略了work。整句译为：他分析那些讲得不好的讲座，从有效和无效的信息中吸取教训以在未来做好。
第十句：Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.
本句主句为there is perspective，这里perspective译为“洞察力”，which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰perspective。该从句中包含一个that引导的宾语从句。整句译为：最后是洞察力，包括认识到在生命的长河中，一场讲座没什么大不了的。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
43、Part A
Directions:
Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him an email to
1) tell him about your living habits, and
2) ask for advice about living there.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
Dear John,
My name is Li Ming and I am writing to tell you that I will soon be going to London to study and be your roommate. I am genuinely delighted to have such an experience and I would like to introduce myself and seek some advice from you.
I can perfectly fit in an international lifestyle despite some possible culture differences. I may use the kitchen every other day and take showers at night, but I assure you I will minimize any inconvenience that I may cause. Besides, because this is the first time I study abroad, it would be really nice of you if you could give me some suggestions about everyday life such as food, shopping, climate and transportation.
Thank you for your consideration and I am convinced that we will get on well in the UK.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
参考译文
亲爱的约翰：
我叫李明，我写信是为了告诉你我很快要去伦敦学习，并成为你的室友了。有这样一次经历我真的非常开心，我先介绍一下我自己，并向你寻求一些建议。
我可以很好地融入国际化的生活方式中，尽管有可能会遇到一些文化差异。我每隔两天会用一下厨房，而且我晚上洗澡，但我保证会将我的影响降到最小。除此之外，因为这是我第一次在国外学习，如果你能在饮食、购物、气候和交通方面给我一些建议就真的太好了。
感谢你的耐心，我相信我们在英国会相处很融洽的。
谨致问候，
李明
解析：
本题要求考生以Li Ming的身份为一名外国学生John写信，告诉他你即将到国外学习并成为他的室友。信中可介绍自己的生活习惯并向他询问国外生活的建议。根据题目要求，可以确定写作的内容应包括：
第一段：写信目的：自我介绍和寻求一些建议。
第二段：简要举例介绍自己的生活习惯，然后询问一些生活建议。
第三段：表达感谢和对未来相处的展望。
44、
Part B
Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
The bar chart illustrates the urban population and rural population changes in China from 1990 to 2010. There were only 300 million people living in cities while 834 million people still lived in the countryside in 1990. However, in 2000, city population increased by more than fifty percent to 458 million while rural population only had a minor decrease. The most recent statistics in 2010, however, showed that the number of those who dwelled in cities had increased to almost equivalent to that of those in the countryside, with 666 million and 674 million respectively.
This trend has reflected a rapid urbanization process of China. Many factors may have accelerated this process, including the privileged income, infrastructure, healthcare and education in cites, as well as the limited benefits of agriculture caused by shrinking arable lands.
Urbanization does not mean the mere substitution of cities for villages, and to make urbanization more scientific, the government should pay more attention to the problems caused by the floating population. Meanwhile, measures that may shorten the gap between urban areas and rural areas appear to be a major concern in the future.
参考译文
这张柱形图展现了1990年到2010年间中国城镇人口和乡村人口的变化情况。在1990年，只有3亿人生活在城镇而在农村生活的人口高达8.34亿，但在2000年，城镇人口迅猛增长了超过50%，达到4.58亿，而农村人口却呈少量下降。最近的数据表明，2010年住在城市里的人和住在乡村里的人口数量几乎一样，分别为6.66亿和6.74亿。
这一趋势反映了中国快速的城市化进程。有许多因素在加速这一进程，包括城市在收入、基础设施、医疗和教育上有更高的水平，以及耕地缩小导致的农业利益的局限性。
城市化不仅仅等同于把村庄替换为城市。如果要使城市化更科学，政府就要更加留意城市流动人口带来的问题。同时，还应该采取措施来缩小城乡差距，乡村地区显然是未来的一个主要关注点。
解析：
题目分析
本篇作文属于图表类作文，需要分析数据变化以及数据间的关系。表格的横坐标为年份，纵坐标包括两个数据：中国的城镇人口和乡村人口，需要对比两者随年份的变化来推测和总结发生变化的背景和原因。
文章大纲
第一段：首先描述图表，并对数据进行分析。
第二段：分析数据变化的原因。
第三段：总结图表反映的现象并给出自己的观点。
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