一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot (1)_______ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law (2)_______ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that (3)_______ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.
Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be (4)_______ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not (5)_______ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself. (6)_______ to the code of conduct that (7)_______ to the rest of the federal judiciary.
This and other similar cases (8)_______ the question of whether there is still a (9)_______ between the court and politics.
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law (10)_______ having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions (11)_______ they would be free to (12)_______ those in power and have no need to (13)_______ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely (14)_______ .
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social (15)_______ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it (16)_______ is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily (17)_______ as unjust.
The justices must (18)_______ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves (19)_______ to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, (20)_______, convincing as law.
1、(1)
A、emphasize
B、maintain
C、modify
D、recognize
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空处所填动词表明主语和谓语之间关系，主语是court（法院），宾语是its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law（作为法治守卫者的正当性）。一般情况下，法院就是法治的守护者，而美国行政、司法和立法三权分立，后文提到的法官行事像政治家必然会影响司法独立性，这种情况下法院不能维持其公正性，故正确答案为B选项。
错项排除：A选项“强调”暗含程度加强，但前后文均未体现legitimacy（公正性）在程度上的变化，故错误。C选项“修改”与legitimacy不能搭配，故错误。法院本身即是法治的守护者，其正当性无需法院自己“承认”，应该由外界进行评价，故D选项错误。
2、(2)
A、when
B、lest
C、before
D、unless
解析：
答案精析：连词辨析题。空格处填入连词作从句的引导词，表明主语和从句之间的关系。从句“法官行事像政治家”是“法院不能维持法治守护者身份的公正性”的前提条件，when可以引导条件状语从句，故正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：B选项表示“以免”，引导目的状语从句，表示主句是为了表明lest后面的情况，在这里不符合逻辑。C选项的before引导时间状语从句，这里没有时间上的先后关系，故C选项错误。D选项表示“除非，如果不”，强调唯一性，用在此处太过绝对，故排除。
3、(3)
A、restored
B、weakened
C、established
D、eliminated
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空处所填动词是从句的谓语，表明先行词ways（方式）和从句宾语reputation（名誉）之间的关系。这里的several instances（几起事件）和下一段的for example（例如）形成呼应，说明第二段是对此处事件的例证。第二段中法官安东宁·斯卡利亚出现在政治活动中的行为是会削弱法院的独立性和公正性的，故正确答案为B选项。
错项排除：A选项的“恢复”和C选项的“建立”均与原文想表达的含义相反，故错误。D选项“消除”太过绝对，个别行为不足以消除法院的名声，故排除。
长难句分析：Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that weakened the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.
本句为复杂句，句子主干是justices acted，主语是justices，谓语是acted。Yet表示上下文语义的转折。in several instances是地点状语，in ways是方式状语，后面that引导的定语从句修饰ways，定语从句是主谓宾结构，其中for being independent and impartial是介词结构作后置定语修饰reputation。
句意为：然而，在几起事件中，法官的行为都削弱了法庭独立和公正的声誉。
4、(4)
A、challenged
B、compromised
C、suspected
D、accepted
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空处所填动词表明court’s decisions（法院判决）和impartial judgments（公正判决）之间的关系。空格前的That kind of activity指前面举例所说的法官出现在政治活动中，这种行为会使人认为法院判决不公正，即不太可能认为法院判决是公正的。accept sth. as..表示“认为某物……”，故正确答案为D选项。
错项排除：A选项和C选项代入空处表示“不太可能质疑/怀疑法院判决是公正的”，与原文含义相悖，故错误。B选项compromised不与as搭配。
长难句分析：That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments.
本句话为复合句，句子主干是That kind of activity makes it less likely，是主谓宾宾补结构，其中it为形式宾语，后面that引导的宾语从句为真正的宾语，宾语从句中谓语部分will be accepted使用了被动语态，as impartial judgments是主语补足语。
句意为：这种活动使得法院的判决不太可能被视为公正的判决。
5、(5)
A、advanced
B、caught
C、bound
D、founded
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空格处所填动词表明justices（法官）和ethics code（道德准则）之间的关系，法官受道德准则的_____。前文指出法官的行为影响司法形象，此处则指出问题的部分原因在于法官不受道德准则约束，故正确答案为C选项。
错项排除：本句话主语“法官”是人，是不能被“提出”或“建立”的，故A选项和D选项错误。道德准则也不能抓住人，故B选项错误。
6、(6)
A、resistant
B、subject
C、immune
D、prone
解析：
答案精析：形容词辨析题。此处所填词表明court（法院）和code of conduct（行为准则）之间的关系。前文指出问题在于法官不受道德准则的约束，这里用At the very least表示转折，表明法院应该受行为准则支配，故正确答案为B选项。
错误排除：A、C选项均与原文所表达的含义相反，故错误。prone to后接的名词必须具有动词的含义，code of conduct不具有动词含义，故D选项错误。
7、(7)
A、resorts
B、sticks
C、leads
D、applies
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空处所填动词与that引导的定语从句的谓语动词，其主语是code of conduct（行为准则），这里将the federal judiciary（联邦司法体系）分为the court（法院）和the rest（其他司法机构），前文已经提到法院不受行为准则的支配，因而其他司法机构应该受行为准则支配，也就是行为准则适用于其他司法机构，故正确答案为D选项。
错项排除：A、B选项主语一般为人，且语义与此处的语境不符。C选项表示前后的因果关系，行为准则和其他司法机构之间并不存在因果关系，故C选项错误。
长难句分析：At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary.
本句为复合句，句子主干是the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct，属于主谓宾宾补结构。At the very least表明上下文的语义转折，that引导的定语从句修饰the code of conduct，是主谓宾结构。
句意为：至少，法院应该遵守联邦其他司法部门的行为准则。
8、(8)
A、evade
B、raise
C、deny
D、settle
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空处所填词表明cases（事件）和question（问题）之间的关系。This and other similar cases指上文所说法官出现在政治活动中以及类似的事件，这些事件引发了人们的疑问，故正确答案为B选项。
错项排除：A、C选项与原文所表达的含义相反，与原文语境不符，故错误。前文事件并未解决问题，故D选项错误。
9、(9)
A、line
B、barrier
C、similarity
D、conflict
解析：
答案精析：名词辨析题。空处所填是the court（法院）和politics（政治）之间的存在的东西，下文提到司法和政治本来是分开的，可见两者之间本来是有界限的，前面事例表明司法和政治有了交集，因而引发人们质疑这种界限是否依然（still）存在，故正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：原文只是提到司法应该独立于政治，并未提及二者之间有障碍或冲突，故B、D选项错误。司法和政治相对独立，属于不同体系，故不存在相似点，故C选项错误。
长难句分析：This and other similar cases raise the question of whether there is still a line between the court and politics.
本句是复合句，主句主干是This and other similar cases raise the question，是主谓宾结构，of whether…politics是介词结构做后置定语修饰the question。whether引导的宾语从句是介词of的宾语，其中使用了there be句型，between the court and politics是介词结构作后置定语修饰line。
句意为：这一事件以及其他类似的事件引出一个问题，即法院和政治之间是否依然存在界限。
10、(10)
A、by
B、as
C、through
D、towards
解析：
答案精析：介词辨析题。由于本句having authority apart from politics（有独立于政治的权威性）是对law（法律）的补充说明，是句子的宾语补足语，只有envision sth. as…表示此用法，表示“把某物设想为……”，故正确答案为B选项。
错项排除：A、C、D三项都不能与envision构成搭配，且填入空格处语义不通，故错误。
11、(11)
A、so
B、since
C、provided
D、though
解析：
答案精析：连词辨析题。此处填入连词表明前后两句的逻辑关系。注意前半句中They指的是上一句的The framers of the Constitution（宪法的制定者），后半句的they指的是justices（法官）。前半句说“他们给了法官终身职位”，后面大意是说法官可以不畏权贵，无需建立政治联系，可以判断前后是明显的因果关系，故正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：B选项表示“自从”引导时间状语从句，与语境不符；表示“因为”时，引导原因状语从句，但属于前果后因，代入原文导致因果倒置，故错误。C选项引导条件状语、D选项表示让步关系，这两项均与原文语境不符。
12、(12)
A、serve
B、satisfy
C、upset
D、replace
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。宪法制定者的初衷是使司法与政治分开，因而给了法官终身职位，也就是即使法官做了令当权者不开心的事时，其职位也不会受到影响，可见职位终身制是为了使法官不畏强权，自由地行使权力，故正确答案为C选项。
错项排除：A、B选项均与原文含义相悖，法官终身职位不是为了讨好当权者，故错误。法官和当权执政者属于不同体系，不可相互替代，故D选项错误。
13、(13)
A、confirm
B、express
C、cultivate
D、offer
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空格前的and为并列连词，前后语义一致，故have no need to _____ political support（不必____政治扶持）与be free to upset those in power（无所顾忌地压制权贵）表达相似含义，故空处应填入“寻求或培养”，故正确答案为C选项。
错项排除：A选项代入原文语义不通。B选项和D选项与原文表达含义相反，此处是说对法官的政治支持，并非法官对外表达或提供政治支持。
14、(14)
A、guarded
B、followed
C、studied
D、tied
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。because后面是将法律与政治分开的原因，根据后文Constitutional law is political（宪法本身就是政治）可以判断之所以需要人为分开法律和政治是因为两者本身就紧密联系着，故正确答案为D选项。
错项排除：此处在讨论法律和政治之间的关系，不涉及其他因素，A、B、C选项所表达动词的主体均为第三者，且代入原文语义不通，故均错误。
15、(15)
A、concepts
B、theories
C、divisions
D、conventions
解析：
答案精析：名词辨析题。like后面的liberty and property（自由和财产）是对空处所填词的举例，自由、财产均是单个概念，故正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：B选项的theories是由各种概念和关联组成的，自由和财产只是概念，并非原理。C选项表示“分支；分歧；不和”，原文并没有深入阐述分歧，故错误。D选项表示约定俗成的惯例，自由和财产并非社会惯例，故错误。
16、(16)
A、excludes
B、questions
C、shapes
D、controls
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。原文中it_____是定语从句，修饰the law，it指代the court，空处所填词的宾语是the law，法院和法律的关系。法院在判决社会政策时，会塑造法律，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、C选项均不符合语境，代入原文语义不通。法院虽然可以塑造、影响法律，但无法控制法律，故D选项错误。
17、(17)
A、dismissed
B、released
C、ranked
D、distorted
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。why引导的表语从句主干是decisions are _____ as unjust。从主干可知决策是不公正的，which指代的是前面提到的法院形成的法规带有政治性，这也是decisions are _____的原因，带有政治性且不公正的判决应该被驳回，故正确答案为A选项。
错项排除：B选项与原文表达的含义相反，故错误。原文没有提及给决策分等级，故C选项错误。D选项表示“扭曲”，前文提到这些决策带有政治性，因而这些决策就是不公正的，所以不能说将之“扭曲”为不公正的，故D选项错误。
长难句分析：When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily dismissed as unjust.
本句为复合句，句子主干是the law is political，是主系表结构，it shapes是省略引导词的定语从句，修饰the law。When引导条件状语从句，使用了主谓宾结构。破折号后which引导定语从句，其中嵌套了why引导的表语从句。表语从句的主干是decisions…are so easily dismissed as unjust，使用了被动语态，as unjust是主语补足语。split along ideological lines是动词过去分词作后置定语，修饰表语从句的主语decisions。
句意是：法院在处理社会政策决策问题时，所形成的法律会不可避免地带有政治影响——正因为如此，由于与意识形态相左的决定会很容易被视为不公从而遭到驳回。
18、(18)
A、suppress
B、exploit
C、address
D、ignore
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空处所填动词表明法官对待质疑的方式，前文提到法官要维持法院的正当性，因而必须应对别人的质疑，本句也给出了应对方法making themselves _____ to the code of conduct。故正确答案为C选项。
错项排除：A、D选项均不是法官面对质疑应该采取的态度，故排除。B选项表示“利用”，与质疑搭配语义不通。
19、(19)
A、accessible
B、amiable
C、aggreable
D、accountable
解析：
答案精析：形容词辨析题。第一段已经提到法院应该最起码subject to code of conduct（服从行为准则），这里应该是表达相似的含义，即法官应该遵从社会准则来应对质疑，accountable to表示“对……负责”，故正确答案为D选项。
错项排除：A、B、C选项分别表示“可得到行为准则”，“对行为准则亲切”和“同意行为准则”，代入原文语义不通，无法消除人们的质疑，故错误。
20、(20)
A、by all means
B、at all costs
C、in a word
D、as a result
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词表明separate from politics（独立于政治）和convincing as law（成为让人信服的法律）之间的逻辑关系。前文已经反复提及法律应独立于政治，否则使人质疑法庭的legitimacy，可见如果法律独立于政治，会让人觉得信服，因而两者是因果关系，故正确答案为D选项。
错项排除：A、B选项均表示方式和手段，原文不是在强调手段和目的，而是如果做到法律和政治分离会产生的结果，故排除。C选项表示总结，表示对上文的总结，但convincing as a law并非对前文的总结，故错误。
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Come on—Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good—drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.
The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers—teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
21、21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as ________.
A、a supplement to the social cure
B、a stimulus to group dynamics
C、an obstacle to social progress
D、a cause of undesirable behaviors
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中the first paragraph和peer pressure可定位至原文第一段第二、三句。原文第三句中It指代peer pressure，原文明确指出同辈压力usually leads to no good（经常导致不好结果），破折号后进行进一步解释：drinking, drugs and casual sex（酗酒、吸毒和滥交），D选项中的undesirable behaviors（不良行为）是对此的概括总结，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文提到罗森伯格认为同辈压力可以作为社会疗法的positive force（正面力量），并非supplement（补充），并且这只是罗森伯格的个人观点，故A选项错误。只有在社会疗法中，group dynamics（群体动态）才能作为stimulus（刺激因素），且这同样只是罗森伯格个人观点，故B选项错误。原文虽提及通常同辈压力会导致不良行为，但并未提及会阻碍社会进步，C选项属于过度推断，故错误。
22、22. Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should ________.
A、recruit professional advertisers
B、learn from advertisers’ experience
C、stay away from commercial advertisers
D、recognize the limitations of advertisements
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的public-health advocates可定位至原文第三段最后一句话。该句指出，罗森伯格认为公共健康倡导者应该take a page from advertisers（向广告商学习），B选项中的learn from是对原文中的take a page from的同义替换，故为正确答案。此句后半部分也说到，广告商非常擅长应用同辈压力，可知作者是认可广告商的。
错项排除：原文只是说要借鉴广告商的经验，并未提及聘用，故A选项错误。C、D选项与原文表达的“学习，借鉴”含义相反，故错误。
23、23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to ________.
A、adequately probe social and biological factors
B、effectively evade the flaws of the social cure
C、illustrate the functions of state funding
D、produce a long-lasting social effect
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中Rosenberg’s book fails to和选项内容可定位至原文第四段第二句。该句指出，《加入俱乐部》一书中无关细节太多，且not enough exploration of the social and biological factors（对社会和生物学因素探索不足），A选项中adequately probe是对enough exploration的同义转述，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文指出书中呈现了（as it represents here）社会疗法的缺陷，即无法长期有效，故B选项错误。国家资助只是例证中的论据，C选项属于论点论据混乱，故错误。D选项是书中所说社会疗法的缺陷，并非书本身的缺陷，故D选项错误。
长难句分析：Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.
本句为复合句，句子主干为Join the Club is filled with…and not enough…，of the social and biological factors是介词结构作后置定语，修饰exploration，表明探索的对象，that引导的定语从句修饰the social and biological factors，使用了主谓宾宾补结构。
句意为：《加入俱乐部》一书中充斥了大量无关细节，对使同辈压力影响如此强大的社会和生物学因素的探索却明显不足。
24、24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors ________.
A、is harmful to our networks of friends
B、will mislead behavioral studies
C、occurs without our realizing it
D、can produce negative health habits
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Paragraph 5和imitation of behaviors可定位至原文第五段最后一句。该句指出我们对日常看到的行为的模仿是unconsciously（无意识的），C选项中的without our realizing it是对unconsciously的同义转述，故为正确答案。
错项排除：原文虽然提到networks of friends，但只是说良好或不良的健康习惯会通过朋友圈传播，并未提及harmful，故A选项错误。B选项在全文并未提及，属于无中生有，故排除。原文提到不良健康行为会在朋友圈传播，并未表明不良健康习惯是由对行为的模仿产生的，故D选项错误。
25、25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is ________.
A、harmful
B、desirable
C、profound
D、questionable
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位至原文最后一段，该段首句指出，专家和官员选择同伴群体并将其行为导向正确方向的做法会有多成功（how successfully）还远不能确定（far less certain），后面又用老师将捣蛋的学生和表现良好的学生座位排在一起为例，说明这种方法并不奏效（never really works），可见同伴压力的作用值得怀疑，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文虽然提到同伴压力会导致不良后果，但那是大家通常的看法，并非作者的观点，也不是最后一段的内容，故A选项错误。B、C选项与原文表达的含义相悖，故错误。
长难句分析：Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.
本句为复合句，句子主干为Far less certain…is how…，句子使用了倒装结构，how引导的主语从句为句子的主语，正常语序为how…is far less certain。主语从句使用了and连接的并列谓语select和steer。
句意为：然而，专家和官员能在多大程度上成功选择同伴群体并将其行为导向正确的方向还远不能确定。
A deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the state’s strict nuclear regulations.
Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.
The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.
The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.
26、26. The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3, Para.1) is closest in meaning to ________.
A、condemning
B、reaffirming
C、dishonoring
D、securing
解析：
答案精析：该段开篇表明A deal is a deal（一言为定），然后指明安特吉公司并非如此，暗示了安特吉公司的违约行为，之后详细解释：安特吉公司宣布将reneging on承诺，而这种行为provoked justified outrage（激发了正当的民愤）。全文都在讲安吉特公司未能履行承诺及其造成的影响，所以此处应该是安特吉公司违背了承诺，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：安特吉公司的违约行为引发民愤，应受到谴责，而非因为安特吉公司谴责承诺的行为引发民愤，故A选项错误；B选项和D选项都是遵守承诺的含义，不应该引起民愤，故错误。
长难句分析：The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the state’s strict nuclear regulations.
本句为复合句，句子主干是The company…provoked justified outrage，是主谓宾结构，a major energy supplier是The company的同位语，in New England是地点状语，表明公司所在位置。in Vermont last week是状语，表明事件发生的地点和时间。when引导时间状语从句，其中嵌套了省略that的宾语从句it was…regulations作announced的宾语，to abide by the state’s strict nuclear regulations为不定式作后置定语修饰commitment，指明其内容。
句意为：该公司是新英格兰地区的主要能源供应商，它上周宣布要违反之前的一项长期协议，不再遵守该州严苛的核能法规，这在佛蒙特州引发了正当的民愤。
27、27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to ________.
A、obtain protection from Vermont regulators
B、seek favor from the federal legislature
C、acquire an extension of its business license
D、get permission to purchase a power plant
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中2002 agreement和顺序原则可定位至原文第三段。该段指出2002年时该公司购买了佛蒙特州的唯一一家核电站。As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale表明了2002年协定的目的，即获得州政府对此次收购的批准，D选项的get permission是对原文中receiving state approval的同义转述，故为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项中的Vermont regulators虽有提及，但原文只是说该公司在2012年后的运营将需要获得监管机构的准许，并未提及protection，且这只是协议的内容，不是签署协议的目的，故A选项错误。B选项中legislature和C选项中an extension of its business license均为2006年协议的内容，并非2002年协定的内容，故排除。
28、28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its ________.
A、managerial practices
B、technical innovativeness
C、financial goals
D、business vision
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中Paragraph 4和have problems with可定位至原文第四段第二句，该句中serious questions表明问题所在，可知一系列的事故暴露了佛蒙特扬基核电站的安全问题和Entergy’s management（安特吉公司的管理问题），也就是说安特吉公司的管理存在问题，A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：B、C、D选项在原文中均未提及，故排除。
29、29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test ________.
A、Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises
B、the nature of states’ patchwork regulations
C、the federal authority over nuclear issues
D、the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的the Vermont case可定位至原文第五段第二句。该句中出现test，检验的内容是后面的how far those powers extend（这些权限能扩大到什么地步），those powers指代前文所说的各州在核能上的管理权限，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：安特吉公司已经宣布要违约，所以此次事件不会考验其履行承诺的能力，故A选项错误。B选项中的nature在文中没有体现，故错误。C选项主语张冠李戴，原文说的是states（各州）在核问题上有some regulatory authority（一些管理权威），并非the federal authority（联邦政府），故C选项错误。
长难句分析：The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.
本句为复合句，冒号前后为两个分句，前面的分句较为简单，是主系表结构，冒号后的句子则是whereas连接的并列句，表示前后句的转折关系。whereas后的分句中嵌套了that引导的宾语从句，说明裁定的内容，其中do have是强调。后面的分句主干是legal scholars say that…，是主谓宾结构，that引导的从句Vermont case…extend是say的宾语，其中of how far those powers extend是介词结构作后置定语，修饰test。
句意为：这一事件中的法律问题并不明朗：尽管最高法院已经裁定各州对核能也拥有某些监管权限，但这些权限究竟能扩大到什么地步，法律专家认为佛蒙特州的案件提供了可作为先例的测试。
30、30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
A、Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected
B、the authority of the NRC will be defied
C、Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application
D、Vermont’s reputation might be damaged
解析：
答案精析：最后一段第二句指出安特吉公司违反承诺是有后果的，随后指明该公司在全美有11座核反应堆，并且正在申请普利茅斯的核电站再运作20年，核管理委员会在审核该公司的申请时会考虑安特吉公司有违约的前科，也就是会影响安特吉公司在其他地区的业务，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：B选项中核管理委员会的权威受到挑战，没有原文依据，故错误。原文只是提到安特吉公司申请普利茅斯核电站延期会受影响，并未提及安特吉公司将撤回申请，C选项属于过度推断，故错误。原文提及安特吉公司在佛蒙特州的声誉受损，并非佛蒙特州的声誉受损，故D选项错误。
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”
31、31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its ________.
A、uncertainty and complexity
B、misconception and deceptiveness
C、logicality and objectivity
D、systematicness and regularity
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的the first paragraph和discovery可定位至原文第一段第二句，该句指出，科学发现常常是ambiguous and complicated route（模糊而复杂的过程），A选项是对原文中这一表述的同义转述，故为正确答案。
错项排除：B选项中deceptiveness（欺骗性）是对原文中self-deception（自我欺骗）的偷换概念，且原文说误解、差错和自我欺骗无处不在只是为了强调科学发现的复杂性，这些并非科学发现本身的特点，故B选项错误。原文只是说科学发现aim to be objective（目标是做到客观），实际上生活经历会影响科学发现的客观，因而C选项错误。D选项在原文中并未提及，故排除。
32、32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires ________.
A、strict inspection
B、shared efforts
C、individual wisdom
D、persistent innovation
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Paragraph 2和credibility process可定位至原文第二段第三句，其中it指代前文，即本段第二句话。综合两句可知，可信度验证需要collective scrutiny and acceptance（集体仔细调查和认可），把研究人员个人的“我、这里、现在”变成集体的“任何人、任何地方和任何时间”。从collective和community可知这一过程需要的是集体的努力，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项是对原文中scrutiny的同义转述，但忽略了acceptance，且原文强调的collective在A选项中没有体现，A选项属于以偏概全。原文强调把individual转变为community，C选项与原文含义相悖。D选项在原文中，并未提及，故排除。
33、33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it ________.
A、[A] has attracted the attention of the general public
B、[B] has been examined by the scientific community
C、[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers
D、[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中a discovery claim和credible可定位至原文第三段最后一句。该句指出，当一项科学发现声明works its way through the community（经过科学界的检验），其中涉及的对科学和技术的共同或对立的信念间的互动和冲突会将个人发现的声明转变为集体的credible discovery（可信的发现），故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文提到最终大众及其他科学家receive the new discovery（接受新发现），并非只是关注，A选项是对原文的曲解。C、D选项对科学发现的声明被认可的过程中的其中一个步骤，不足以概括整个过程，属于以偏概全，故错误。
长难句分析：As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
本句属于复合句，句子主干是the interaction and confrontation transforms…into…，是主谓宾宾补结构。between shared and competing beliefs是主句主语the interaction and confrontation的后置定语，about science and technology involved是beliefs的后置定语。As引导的状语从句是主句的伴随状语。
句意为：当一项科学发现经过科学界检验的时候，对相关的科学技术的共同或对立的信念之间的互动和冲突就会把个人发现的声明转化为整个科学界认可的发现。
34、34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that ________.
A、scientific claims will survive challenges
B、discoveries today inspire future research
C、efforts to make discoveries are justified
D、scientific work calls for a critical mind
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Albert Szent-Györgyi可定位至原文第四段倒数第三句。该句指出，阿尔伯特·圣捷尔吉认为科学发现需要“见人人所见，思无人曾思”，也就是说要从日常生活的常见现象中做出新发现，这需要批判性思维，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：该段第五句指出，看似重大可信的发现总是要open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers（面对未来研究者的质疑、可能的修改甚至是驳斥），可见科学声明必须面对质疑，但未必经得起质疑，故A选项错误。B选项中的inspire在原文中没有体现，故错误。C选项在原文中并未提及，属于无中生有，故排除。
35、35. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?
A、Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development
B、Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery
C、Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science
D、Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science
解析：
答案精析：本文首段指出科学发现是模糊而复杂的过程，从而引出第二段对科学发现声明的可信度验证的概念，接着在第三段介绍可信度验证的过程；第四段指出验证过程中的悖论并加以评析，最后一段则总结了科学发现的可信度验证过程。可见，全文在围绕科学发现的可信度的演变过程展开行文，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项在原文虽有提及，但并非全文的重点，不足以概括全文主旨。原文提到collective scrutiny是在科学发现验证过程中所需的，并非科学发现过程中所需，故B选项错误。原文challenge的对象是科学发现，并非可信度，故D选项错误。
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servants. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.
There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.
John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but are bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.
36、36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that ________.
A、Teamsters still have a large body of members
B、Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant
C、unions have enlarged their public-sector membership
D、the government has improved its relationship with unionists
解析：
答案精析：原文第一段指出1960年霍法的司机协会全盛时，也只有十分之一的政府工作人员隶属工会，而现在则达到了36%。通过这一对比可知工会在公共部门的成员增加了，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文只是提到司机协会的鼎盛时期是1960年，并未提及现在的情况，故A选项错误。原文首句使用的是虚拟语气，并非真实情况，且原文使用的是represent（代表）,不能说明吉米·霍法曾是公务员，B选项错误。D选项在原文中并未提及，故错误。
37、37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?
A、Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.
B、Education is required for public-sector union membership.
C、Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.
D、Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.
解析：
答案精析：原文第二段第二句指出，公共部门的工会即使停工也不用承担太多后果，D选项中的seldom get in trouble是对原文中without suffering much的同义转述，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项中prudent在原文中没有提及，故错误。原文虽然提及工会成员大多头脑灵活，well-educated（受过良好教育），但这并非入会条件，故B选项错误。C选项与原文文意相悖，原文提到工党与工会主义长期关系密切，故C选项错误。
38、38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is ________.
A、illegally secured
B、indirectly augmented
C、excessively increased
D、fairly adjusted
解析：
答案精析：从第四段第二句可知，真正的收益在于profits and work practices（福利和工作体制），结合本段最后一句，薪资增长modest（适度），而不断增加假期和原本就已经很丰厚的pensions（养老金），可见收入的增长是间接的，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项illegally和C选项的excessively在原文中并未体现，故错误。D选项中fairly与原文文意相悖，原文提到养老金already generous（本来就已经很丰厚了），因而继续增加是不合理的，故D选项错误。
长难句分析：Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
本句为复合句，句子主干是Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals，是主谓宾结构，现在分词结构keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and…是伴随状语。that引导定语从句，修饰pensions。
句意为：政客们一再变相地提高公共部门的待遇——保持工资较低涨幅，但是假期不断增加，尤其是原本就已经很丰厚的养老金也在增长。
39、39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions ________.
A、often run against the current political system
B、can change people’s political attitudes
C、may be a barrier to public-sector reforms
D、are dominant in the government
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Wisconsin可定位至原文倒数第二段第二句。该句指出，威斯康星州的工会召集了数千名支持者反对强硬的共和党州长斯科特·沃克。从第四段首句可知，改革遭到工会的强烈反对，本段首句指出，由于工会对其他人的损害变得明显，政治家开始施压，这里斯科特·沃克应该就是强硬（hardline）施压的政治家之一，工会反对他体现了工会对改革的阻碍，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文只是提到工会反对改革，现有体制下的公共部门中很多人同样日子不好过，无法得出工会经常反对现有体制，故A选项错误。B选项在原文中并未体现，故错误。原文第二段只是提到工会在中偏左政治中占主导地位，并非整个政府，故D选项错误。
40、40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of ________.
A、disapproval
B、appreciation
C、tolerance
D、indifference
解析：
答案精析：根据John Donahue可定位至原文最后一段。该段指出，唐纳修认为西方公共服务的准则are bad for high achievers（对成功人士不利），而本段最后一句指出美国更大的问题在于不能激励成功人士的公共部门体系，可见约翰·唐纳修的态度是不赞同的。
错项排除：B选项与原文文意相悖，故错误。C选项在原文中并无体现，故错误。唐纳修对公共服务进行了研究和评价，说明他并非不关心这一问题，故D选项错误。
41、Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)_______________________________
The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century’s culture machine.
But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also act with caution. (42) _______________________________ I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.
All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods—paintings, sculpture and architecture—and superfluous experiences—music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) _______________________________
For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) _______________________________
Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (45) _______________________________
What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness”—creations and experiences to which others adhere.
参考答案：CDAFG
解析：
选项译文
[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.
译文：当然，正是这些额外的东西定义了人类文化，并最终定义了什么是人类。下载和吸收文化需要高超的技能，但如果不能超越下载模式，就会让人们失去人性的一个决定性要素。
[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.
译文：tumblr.com可以让用户将图片、文字和其他媒体以新颖的方式整合到一起，然后进行分享，这类网络应用因为可以取悦、娱乐和启发他人而具备增加“黏性”的潜力。
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.
译文：他们不仅发明了这个设备，还在世纪之交，成功将其植入每天有数亿用户访问的全球系统中。
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive consumption and active creation—whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.
译文：这是因为联网电脑已经引发了一场“上传”与“下载”——被动消费和积极创造之间的暗战，其结果将以我们无法想象的方式影响我们的未来。
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.
译文：因此，电脑给电视带来威胁的方式不同于CD播放机取代录音机，这并非单纯的一种形式取代另一种形式。
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium—television—and television is defined by downloading.
译文：这种金字塔的创造模式长期存在的一个原因是，在过去的半个世纪里，世界上大部分媒体文化被电视这种单一媒体所支配，而电视所倡导的正是下载文化。
[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.
译文：五十年来，联网电脑给我们提供了首次可扭转这一模式的机会，鼓励有选择地下载，更重要的是，进行有意义的上传。
试题解析
答案精析：本题所在段落介绍了20世纪后半叶创造出的一种惊人的机器（a fabulous machine），而下一段则详细介绍了联网计算机（networked computer），因而空处应该是承上启下的内容。C选项是过渡句，Not only…but…表递进，其中Not only承接上文，such a device表明上文出现了其指代的设备，but引出下文，表明下文是对worldwide system的介绍，填入此处后，such a device与上文的a fabulous machine对应，worldwide system与下文的networked computer对应，故C项为正确答案。
答案精析：空后出现call it a secret war，it指代前文，说明空处出现了secret war，D选项中出现了a secret war，故为正确答案。
答案精析：空前的句子指出人类有能力创造额外的有形物质（superfluous material goods），本段介绍了动物与人和下载之间的关系，划线处应体现人与下载的关系。A选项出现明显的指代关系：these superfluous things，these指代上文，可知本句前面的句子出现了superfluous things。从define human culture，human和humanity可知，A选项涉及人性与下载模式的关系，故A选项为正确答案。
答案精析：本题所在段落依然在介绍大多数人依然深陷下载模式，金字塔产量结构依然存在（a pyramid of production remains）。后一段开头出现Television这一前文未提及的名词，可见空处应该涉及television。F选项出现的this pyramid of production和television既能对应本段，又可引出下文，故为正确答案。
错项排除：E选项也出现了television，但主要强调电脑对于电视的威胁，而本段主要在阐述人们深陷下载模式，不涉及电脑对电视的威胁，故E选项错误。
答案精析：本段提到电视是a one-way tap flowing into our homes（流向千家万户的媒介），而下一段一开头就提出新概念meaningful uploading（有意义的上传），因而划线处应该能引出下文的meaningful uploading。G选项reverse the flow可以对应flowing into our homes，meaningful uploading则可以引出下文，故G项为正确答案。
选项译文
[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.
译文：当然，正是这些额外的东西定义了人类文化，并最终定义了什么是人类。下载和吸收文化需要高超的技能，但如果不能超越下载模式，就会让人们失去人性的一个决定性要素。
[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.
译文：tumblr.com可以让用户将图片、文字和其他媒体以新颖的方式整合到一起，然后进行分享，这类网络应用因为可以取悦、娱乐和启发他人而具备增加“黏性”的潜力。
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.
译文：他们不仅发明了这个设备，还在世纪之交，成功将其植入每天有数亿用户访问的全球系统中。
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive consumption and active creation—whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.
译文：这是因为联网电脑已经引发了一场“上传”与“下载”——被动消费和积极创造之间的暗战，其结果将以我们无法想象的方式影响我们的未来。
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.
译文：因此，电脑给电视带来威胁的方式不同于CD播放机取代录音机，这并非单纯的一种形式取代另一种形式。
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium—television—and television is defined by downloading.
译文：这种金字塔的创造模式长期存在的一个原因是，在过去的半个世纪里，世界上大部分媒体文化被电视这种单一媒体所支配，而电视所倡导的正是下载文化。
[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.
译文：五十年来，联网电脑给我们提供了首次可扭转这一模式的机会，鼓励有选择地下载，更重要的是，进行有意义的上传。
试题解析
答案精析：本题所在段落介绍了20世纪后半叶创造出的一种惊人的机器（a fabulous machine），而下一段则详细介绍了联网计算机（networked computer），因而空处应该是承上启下的内容。C选项是过渡句，Not only…but…表递进，其中Not only承接上文，such a device表明上文出现了其指代的设备，but引出下文，表明下文是对worldwide system的介绍，填入此处后，such a device与上文的a fabulous machine对应，worldwide system与下文的networked computer对应，故C项为正确答案。
答案精析：空后出现call it a secret war，it指代前文，说明空处出现了secret war，D选项中出现了a secret war，故为正确答案。
答案精析：空前的句子指出人类有能力创造额外的有形物质（superfluous material goods），本段介绍了动物与人和下载之间的关系，划线处应体现人与下载的关系。A选项出现明显的指代关系：these superfluous things，these指代上文，可知本句前面的句子出现了superfluous things。从define human culture，human和humanity可知，A选项涉及人性与下载模式的关系，故A选项为正确答案。
答案精析：本题所在段落依然在介绍大多数人依然深陷下载模式，金字塔产量结构依然存在（a pyramid of production remains）。后一段开头出现Television这一前文未提及的名词，可见空处应该涉及television。F选项出现的this pyramid of production和television既能对应本段，又可引出下文，故为正确答案。
错项排除：E选项也出现了television，但主要强调电脑对于电视的威胁，而本段主要在阐述人们深陷下载模式，不涉及电脑对电视的威胁，故E选项错误。
答案精析：本段提到电视是a one-way tap flowing into our homes（流向千家万户的媒介），而下一段一开头就提出新概念meaningful uploading（有意义的上传），因而划线处应该能引出下文的meaningful uploading。G选项reverse the flow可以对应flowing into our homes，meaningful uploading则可以引出下文，故G项为正确答案。
选项译文
[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.
译文：当然，正是这些额外的东西定义了人类文化，并最终定义了什么是人类。下载和吸收文化需要高超的技能，但如果不能超越下载模式，就会让人们失去人性的一个决定性要素。
[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.
译文：tumblr.com可以让用户将图片、文字和其他媒体以新颖的方式整合到一起，然后进行分享，这类网络应用因为可以取悦、娱乐和启发他人而具备增加“黏性”的潜力。
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.
译文：他们不仅发明了这个设备，还在世纪之交，成功将其植入每天有数亿用户访问的全球系统中。
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive consumption and active creation—whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.
译文：这是因为联网电脑已经引发了一场“上传”与“下载”——被动消费和积极创造之间的暗战，其结果将以我们无法想象的方式影响我们的未来。
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.
译文：因此，电脑给电视带来威胁的方式不同于CD播放机取代录音机，这并非单纯的一种形式取代另一种形式。
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium—television—and television is defined by downloading.
译文：这种金字塔的创造模式长期存在的一个原因是，在过去的半个世纪里，世界上大部分媒体文化被电视这种单一媒体所支配，而电视所倡导的正是下载文化。
[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.
译文：五十年来，联网电脑给我们提供了首次可扭转这一模式的机会，鼓励有选择地下载，更重要的是，进行有意义的上传。
试题解析
答案精析：本题所在段落介绍了20世纪后半叶创造出的一种惊人的机器（a fabulous machine），而下一段则详细介绍了联网计算机（networked computer），因而空处应该是承上启下的内容。C选项是过渡句，Not only…but…表递进，其中Not only承接上文，such a device表明上文出现了其指代的设备，but引出下文，表明下文是对worldwide system的介绍，填入此处后，such a device与上文的a fabulous machine对应，worldwide system与下文的networked computer对应，故C项为正确答案。
答案精析：空后出现call it a secret war，it指代前文，说明空处出现了secret war，D选项中出现了a secret war，故为正确答案。
答案精析：空前的句子指出人类有能力创造额外的有形物质（superfluous material goods），本段介绍了动物与人和下载之间的关系，划线处应体现人与下载的关系。A选项出现明显的指代关系：these superfluous things，these指代上文，可知本句前面的句子出现了superfluous things。从define human culture，human和humanity可知，A选项涉及人性与下载模式的关系，故A选项为正确答案。
答案精析：本题所在段落依然在介绍大多数人依然深陷下载模式，金字塔产量结构依然存在（a pyramid of production remains）。后一段开头出现Television这一前文未提及的名词，可见空处应该涉及television。F选项出现的this pyramid of production和television既能对应本段，又可引出下文，故为正确答案。
错项排除：E选项也出现了television，但主要强调电脑对于电视的威胁，而本段主要在阐述人们深陷下载模式，不涉及电脑对电视的威胁，故E选项错误。
答案精析：本段提到电视是a one-way tap flowing into our homes（流向千家万户的媒介），而下一段一开头就提出新概念meaningful uploading（有意义的上传），因而划线处应该能引出下文的meaningful uploading。G选项reverse the flow可以对应flowing into our homes，meaningful uploading则可以引出下文，故G项为正确答案。
选项译文
[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.
译文：当然，正是这些额外的东西定义了人类文化，并最终定义了什么是人类。下载和吸收文化需要高超的技能，但如果不能超越下载模式，就会让人们失去人性的一个决定性要素。
[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.
译文：tumblr.com可以让用户将图片、文字和其他媒体以新颖的方式整合到一起，然后进行分享，这类网络应用因为可以取悦、娱乐和启发他人而具备增加“黏性”的潜力。
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.
译文：他们不仅发明了这个设备，还在世纪之交，成功将其植入每天有数亿用户访问的全球系统中。
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive consumption and active creation—whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.
译文：这是因为联网电脑已经引发了一场“上传”与“下载”——被动消费和积极创造之间的暗战，其结果将以我们无法想象的方式影响我们的未来。
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.
译文：因此，电脑给电视带来威胁的方式不同于CD播放机取代录音机，这并非单纯的一种形式取代另一种形式。
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium—television—and television is defined by downloading.
译文：这种金字塔的创造模式长期存在的一个原因是，在过去的半个世纪里，世界上大部分媒体文化被电视这种单一媒体所支配，而电视所倡导的正是下载文化。
[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.
译文：五十年来，联网电脑给我们提供了首次可扭转这一模式的机会，鼓励有选择地下载，更重要的是，进行有意义的上传。
试题解析
答案精析：本题所在段落介绍了20世纪后半叶创造出的一种惊人的机器（a fabulous machine），而下一段则详细介绍了联网计算机（networked computer），因而空处应该是承上启下的内容。C选项是过渡句，Not only…but…表递进，其中Not only承接上文，such a device表明上文出现了其指代的设备，but引出下文，表明下文是对worldwide system的介绍，填入此处后，such a device与上文的a fabulous machine对应，worldwide system与下文的networked computer对应，故C项为正确答案。
答案精析：空后出现call it a secret war，it指代前文，说明空处出现了secret war，D选项中出现了a secret war，故为正确答案。
答案精析：空前的句子指出人类有能力创造额外的有形物质（superfluous material goods），本段介绍了动物与人和下载之间的关系，划线处应体现人与下载的关系。A选项出现明显的指代关系：these superfluous things，these指代上文，可知本句前面的句子出现了superfluous things。从define human culture，human和humanity可知，A选项涉及人性与下载模式的关系，故A选项为正确答案。
答案精析：本题所在段落依然在介绍大多数人依然深陷下载模式，金字塔产量结构依然存在（a pyramid of production remains）。后一段开头出现Television这一前文未提及的名词，可见空处应该涉及television。F选项出现的this pyramid of production和television既能对应本段，又可引出下文，故为正确答案。
错项排除：E选项也出现了television，但主要强调电脑对于电视的威胁，而本段主要在阐述人们深陷下载模式，不涉及电脑对电视的威胁，故E选项错误。
答案精析：本段提到电视是a one-way tap flowing into our homes（流向千家万户的媒介），而下一段一开头就提出新概念meaningful uploading（有意义的上传），因而划线处应该能引出下文的meaningful uploading。G选项reverse the flow可以对应flowing into our homes，meaningful uploading则可以引出下文，故G项为正确答案。
选项译文
[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.
译文：当然，正是这些额外的东西定义了人类文化，并最终定义了什么是人类。下载和吸收文化需要高超的技能，但如果不能超越下载模式，就会让人们失去人性的一个决定性要素。
[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.
译文：tumblr.com可以让用户将图片、文字和其他媒体以新颖的方式整合到一起，然后进行分享，这类网络应用因为可以取悦、娱乐和启发他人而具备增加“黏性”的潜力。
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.
译文：他们不仅发明了这个设备，还在世纪之交，成功将其植入每天有数亿用户访问的全球系统中。
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive consumption and active creation—whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.
译文：这是因为联网电脑已经引发了一场“上传”与“下载”——被动消费和积极创造之间的暗战，其结果将以我们无法想象的方式影响我们的未来。
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.
译文：因此，电脑给电视带来威胁的方式不同于CD播放机取代录音机，这并非单纯的一种形式取代另一种形式。
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium—television—and television is defined by downloading.
译文：这种金字塔的创造模式长期存在的一个原因是，在过去的半个世纪里，世界上大部分媒体文化被电视这种单一媒体所支配，而电视所倡导的正是下载文化。
[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.
译文：五十年来，联网电脑给我们提供了首次可扭转这一模式的机会，鼓励有选择地下载，更重要的是，进行有意义的上传。
试题解析
答案精析：本题所在段落介绍了20世纪后半叶创造出的一种惊人的机器（a fabulous machine），而下一段则详细介绍了联网计算机（networked computer），因而空处应该是承上启下的内容。C选项是过渡句，Not only…but…表递进，其中Not only承接上文，such a device表明上文出现了其指代的设备，but引出下文，表明下文是对worldwide system的介绍，填入此处后，such a device与上文的a fabulous machine对应，worldwide system与下文的networked computer对应，故C项为正确答案。
答案精析：空后出现call it a secret war，it指代前文，说明空处出现了secret war，D选项中出现了a secret war，故为正确答案。
答案精析：空前的句子指出人类有能力创造额外的有形物质（superfluous material goods），本段介绍了动物与人和下载之间的关系，划线处应体现人与下载的关系。A选项出现明显的指代关系：these superfluous things，these指代上文，可知本句前面的句子出现了superfluous things。从define human culture，human和humanity可知，A选项涉及人性与下载模式的关系，故A选项为正确答案。
答案精析：本题所在段落依然在介绍大多数人依然深陷下载模式，金字塔产量结构依然存在（a pyramid of production remains）。后一段开头出现Television这一前文未提及的名词，可见空处应该涉及television。F选项出现的this pyramid of production和television既能对应本段，又可引出下文，故为正确答案。
错项排除：E选项也出现了television，但主要强调电脑对于电视的威胁，而本段主要在阐述人们深陷下载模式，不涉及电脑对电视的威胁，故E选项错误。
答案精析：本段提到电视是a one-way tap flowing into our homes（流向千家万户的媒介），而下一段一开头就提出新概念meaningful uploading（有意义的上传），因而划线处应该能引出下文的meaningful uploading。G选项reverse the flow可以对应flowing into our homes，meaningful uploading则可以引出下文，故G项为正确答案。
42、 Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.
(46) 【In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.】 It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.
This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47) 【Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.】 Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48) 【To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.】
That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.
The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.
(49) 【The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.】
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) 【Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.】 Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.
参考答案：
参考译文：
46. 在物理学界，一种方法将这种寻求统一的冲动发挥到极致，并试图寻找一种可以阐明一切的理论——一个可以解释我们所看到的一切的生成公式。
47. 这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了理由，因为如果所有人类都有共同的起源，那么似乎有理由认为文化多样性也可以追溯到更有限的起源。
48. 从共有特征中筛选出独有特征或许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，以及从进化和认知角度理解是什么引导了文化行为。
49. 第二次努力——由约书亚·格林伯格发起——采用了更加经验主义的方法来研究语言的普遍性，确定了多种语言的共有特征（尤其在词序方面），这些特征被认为代表了由于认识限制而产生的偏见。
50. 乔姆斯基的语法应该体现语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于语言谱系或贯穿谱系的路径，而格林伯格的语言普遍性则预示了特定类型的词序关系之间存在着紧密的相互依赖关系。
解析：
生词本：
impulse n. 冲动 unification n. 统一
generative adj. 生成的 equation n. 等式；方程式
Darwinism n. 达尔文进化论 justification n. 正当的理由
diversity n. 多样性 constrained adj. 限制的；约束的
filter out 滤除；滤出 evolutionary adj. 进化的
cognitive adj. 认知的 in…terms 就……而言；从……角度
empirical adj. 经验主义的 universality n. 普遍性
trait n. 特性 constraint n. 限制
pathway n. 路径；途径 whereas adj. 然而
表达难点：
46. ①本句中for unification是impulse的后置定语，翻译时需要放在impulse之前，且与上一段中的search for universal principles（寻找普遍法则）表达相同含义，这里for应该转译为“寻找”。②take sth. to its extreme表示“将某物发挥到极致”。③we see是省略引导词的定语从句修饰all，翻译时同样放在all之前即可。
47. ①本句是主句+原因状语从句的结构，其中原因状语从句中又嵌套了条件状语从句和宾语从句，同时使用了it seems reasonable to suppose …，其中it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式进行了后置，翻译时尤需注意，这里需翻译成“似乎有理由认为……”。②constrained表示“被限制的”，也就是“有限的”。
48. ①本句中包含了四个从句，翻译时需要注意。filter out A from B表示“从B中筛出A”。②what is unique和what is shared是一组对应的名词性从句，从本句话前面的universal features（普遍特征）可知，这两个从句指的同样是features，可分别翻译为“独有特征”和“共有特征”。③后面的how和what引导的从句是understand的宾语，how可以译为“如何”。④it指代的是cultural behavior（文化行为），翻译时可以直接翻译出指代的内容。
49. ①本句中The second是承接上文中提到的The most famous of these efforts，因而此处需要增译为The second effort，同样by Joshua Greenberg需要增译为initiated by Joshua Greenberg。②Approach to universality中to需要转译为“研究”，结合语境可知universality指的是语言的普遍性，因而此处同样需要增译为“语言”。③which引导的非限制性定语从句可以顺序直译，将which指代的内容traits翻译出来即可。
50. ①that引导的定语从句修饰patterns，由于从句较长，可进行拆分，翻译为“这些模式独立于……”。②it指代pathway，tracked through it在翻译时可调整到pathway之前。③介词结构between…同样可以在翻译时进行前置。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
43、Part A
51. Directions:
Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to
1) extend your welcome and
2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
参考答案：
【参考范文】
Dear friends,
It’s great to know that you are coming to our university as international students. On behalf of the Students’ Union, I’d like to extend my warmest welcome to you.
We would like to give you some suggestions so that you can better adjust to the campus life here. First, it’s advisable that you learn Chinese and background knowledge of Chinese society such as social conventions and customs in advance. Second, I advise you to make the best of campus facilities and associations. Our university boasts the biggest library in China and various school associations, which could offer you opportunities to learn more and make friends.
We are looking forward to your coming and hope you would enjoy your stay here.
Yours,
Li Ming
【参考译文】
亲爱的朋友：
很高兴获悉你们将作为留学生来我校学习。我谨代表学生会向你们表达最热烈的欢迎。
为了能让你们更好地适应校园生活，我们想给出一些建议。首先，建议你们提前学习汉语和一些中国社会的背景知识，如社会习俗、风俗等。其次，我建议你们好好利用学校的设施和社团。我们学校有中国最大的图书馆和各种社团，这将为你们提供更多学习和结交朋友的机会。
我们很期待你们的到来，希望你们在这里生活愉快。
谨致问候，
李明
解析：
【题目分析】
本篇作文考查建议信，要求考生以学生会的名义给即将来学校学习的留学生写一封信，对他们的到来表示欢迎并为他们的校园生活提出建议。首段应以学生会的名义对留学生表示欢迎；第二段针对校园生活提出建议：2至3点即可；最后一段表达祝福。注意建议信语气应中肯，由于考生以学生会名义写电子邮件，因此语言应相对正式。
44、
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
参考答案：
【参考范文】
As is vividly depicted in the picture: facing the overturned bottle, one man is lamenting that everything screwed up, while the other man is bending down to pick it up, saying “Luckily, there is still something left.” Obviously, with the same difficulty, different people’s attitudes may totally differ—being optimistic or pessimistic.
In the face of obstacles, it is attitude that makes the difference. When trouble comes, optimistic people would choose to be hopeful and perceive the misfortune as a blessing in disguise, which helps to relieve anxious and facilitates to solve the problem. On the contrary, a pessimistic person will focus on the passive side of life, become desperate and be doomed to fail because when faced with challenge, they tend to give up without the slightest effort to change the situation.
As a college student, I’m convinced that it’s of great importance to be optimistic in life. Only when we bear an optimistic spirit will we be equipped to go through all the ups and downs in life, and achieve greater progress.
【参考译文】
正如上图的生动描绘：面对打翻的瓶子，一人哀叹一切都完了；而另外一人则弯腰去捡起瓶子，说道：“幸好还剩点儿。”显然，面对同样的困难，不同的人会有完全不同的态度——或积极或消极。
面对困难，正是态度造成了差异。当困难来临时，积极的人会充满希望，将不幸视为隐藏的祝福，这有助于缓解焦虑，促进问题的解决。相反，消极的人会关注生活的消极面，变得绝望，注定失败，因为面对挑战时，他们往往会直接放弃，不会为改变情况做任何努力。
作为大学生，我深信在生活中积极向上很重要。只有当我们有乐观精神时，我们才能度过生活的起起伏伏，取得更大的进步。
解析：
【题目分析】
本篇作文属于图画类作文，需要简要描述图画，解释图画所蕴含的道理并加以评价。从图画中可以看出本次作文考查人生态度：积极与消极；乐观与悲观，其背后的含义在于：当生活不顺时，心态不同会带来不同的影响，我们应保持乐观。
【文章大纲】
第一段：描述图画：面对打翻的瓶子，一人哀叹：“全完了！”；另一人却庆幸地说：“幸好还剩点儿”；揭示图画含义：面对困难，不同的人有不同的心态。
第二段：详细分析心态的重要性，不同的心态会产生不同的结果。
第三段：给出评价——面对困难，我们应该保持积极的心态。
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