一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But (1)_____ some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does (2)_____ short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, (3)_____ heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to (4)_____, a good laugh is unlikely to have (5)_____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
(6)_____, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the (7)_____. Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter (8)_____ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help (9)_____ the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of (10)_____ feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state. (11)_____ one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted (12)_____ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry (13)_____ they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also (14)_____ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow (15)_____ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to (16)_____ a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a(n) (17)_____ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles (18)_____ more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, (19)_____ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. (20)_____, the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
1、(1)
A、among
B、except
C、despite
D、like
解析：
答案精析：此处考查句内逻辑关系，But表明前后句间的转折关系，前一句指出笑对身体健康重要，第二句则转折说明笑对身体健康收效甚微。some claims to the contrary（一些人持相反意见）指的是一些人的观点与句子主干相反，即不认同笑对健康收效甚微（也就是赞同亚里士多德的观点，认为笑是有益身体健康的），因而句内逻辑仍然是转折的关系，故填入despite。
错项排除：A选项的among表示包含关系，与原文要表达的转折关系不符，故排除。B选项的except不用于句首，故错误。D选项的like表示类比关系，与原文要表达的转折关系不符。
2、(2)
A、reflect
B、demand
C、indicate
D、produce
解析：
答案精析：前文表明笑对健康影响很小，空处前面的does表示“确实会”，有强调的意味。后文的But表示转折，笑unlikely to have benefit（不能产生裨益），可见空处是在讲笑的好处，即笑可以使心脏和血管功能产生一些短期的改变，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项和C选项表达含义相似，笑并不能反映或表明心脏和血管功能的变化，故错误。B选项颠倒了笑和变化的关系，并非有变化才会笑，而是笑导致变化，故B选项错误。
3、(3)
A、stabilizing
B、boosting
C、impairing
D、determining
解析：
答案精析：从本句中的changes以及后文的But和unlikely to have benefits可知，空处所填词应该体现笑能给心脏和血管功能带来的积极变化，这样才可以和But后的内容形成转折关系，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项无法体现变化的意思，C选项表示损害，是消极影响，D选项既无法体现变化又无法体现积极影响，故错误。
4、(4)
A、transmit
B、sustain
C、evaluate
D、observe
解析：
答案精析：从the way, say, walking or jogging does（像散步或慢跑那样的方式）可知，此处是将大笑与散步或慢跑的好处进行对比，散步和慢跑是可以长时间持续进行的，而大笑很难维持，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项与laughter不能构成搭配，语义不通，故错误。C、D选项均不能与“散步或慢跑那样的方式”构成对比，故错误。
5、(5)
A、measurable
B、manageable
C、affordable
D、renewable
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词为benefits的定语，表明笑的益处是怎样的。前文已经提到笑对身体健康has little influence（影响很小），而且此处也在对比大笑和散步或慢跑的好处，显然散步或慢跑的好处更大一些，因而这里应该是大笑不能产生显著的裨益，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：空处所填词应能与benefits形成搭配，B、C、D选项与benefits搭配均语义不通，故错误。
6、(6)
A、In turn
B、In fact
C、In addition
D、In brief
解析：
答案精析：此处考查上下文逻辑，前文指出笑的益处不如散步和慢跑的益处显著，本句是对上文内容的顺承，将笑与运动对肌肉的影响进行对比，进一步陈述事实，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项表明一种情况会引起另一种情况，暗示前文已经有过互相影响的情况，此处与前文没有呼应，故错误。C选项表示递进关系，原文没有体现。D选项表示总结，同样不符合语境。
7、(7)
A、opposite
B、impossible
C、average
D、expected
解析：
答案精析：从前文的instead of可知，此处应该表示笑和运动的作用相反，后文指出研究表明笑会decreasing muscle tone（降低肌肉张力），而运动会straining muscles（拉紧肌肉），可见笑和运动的作用确实相反，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：下文指出笑可以降低肌肉张力，所以并非不可完成，故B选项错误。文章不涉及平均数或平均效果，故C选项错误。文章并未提及运动或者大笑的预期目的，故D选项错误。
8、(8)
A、hardens
B、weakens
C、tightens
D、relaxes
解析：
答案精析：此处所填词应能表现笑对肌肉的效果，从前文的instead of straining muscles（并非拉紧肌肉），以及后文的decreasing muscle tone（降低肌肉张力）可知，笑可以放松肌肉，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、C选项与原文中strain意义相近，因此与原文文意相悖，故错误。weaken表示“使虚弱”，原文只是说笑会降低肌肉张力，使肌肉放松，并非使肌肉变得虚弱，故D选项错误。
长难句分析：Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter relaxes muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.
本句为复合句，句子主干为Studies indicate that…，是主谓宾结构。dating back to the 1930s是现在分词作后置定语，修饰studies。that引导的宾语从句是indicate的宾语，表明研究结果。decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes是现在分词作结果状语，其中嵌套了after引导的时间状语从句。
句意为：20世纪30年代的研究表明，笑可以放松肌肉，在笑声逐渐消失后，肌肉张力下降长达45分钟之久。
9、(9)
A、aggravate
B、generate
C、moderate
D、enhance
解析：
答案精析：此处的such bodily reaction指上文提到的放松肌肉，降低肌肉张力。空处所填词表明这些身体反应和the effects of psychological stress（心理压力的影响）之间的关系，从后文的improve an individual’s emotional mood（改善情绪）可知，此处应该是缓解心理压力，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、D选项与原文表达文意相悖，故错误。B选项表明因果关系，笑与心理压力之间并无因果关系，故B选项错误。
10、(10)
A、physical
B、mental
C、subconscious
D、internal
解析：
答案精析：other types of 10 feedback与上文的such bodily reaction形成呼应，other types暗示本句仍在就生理作用进行描述，空处所填词应该与bodily表达相似含义，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：B、C选项均表示与精神相关的含义，与原文文意相悖，故错误。D选项对应external，文中没有与之呼应的内容，故错误。
长难句分析：Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of physical feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state.
本句为主从复合句，句子主干是the act does produce other types of physical feedback，谓语部分does produce使用了强调。that引导的定语从句修饰other types of physical feedback，表明这些身体反应的作用。
句意为：总之，笑这一行为也许的确会产生其他类型的身体反应，从而改善个人的情绪状态。
11、(11)
A、Except for
B、According to
C、Due to
D、As for
解析：
答案精析：空后宾语核心词是theory，后面的our feelings are partially…是对该理论的详细阐述，理论应该是后面表述的依据，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项表示否定局部，肯定整体，此处理论和后面的陈述并非局部与整体的关系，A选项不符合文意。C选项表示因果关系，前后两部分并非因果。D选项表示讨论另一个对象，在原文中并无体现。
12、(12)
A、with
B、on
C、in
D、at
解析：
答案精析：此处考查固定搭配，根据语义，我们情绪的一部分根源于身体反应，be rooted in表示“植根于”，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、B、D选项均不与rooted构成搭配，故排除。
13、(13)
A、unless
B、until
C、if
D、because
解析：
答案精析：此处考查cry（哭）和sad（悲伤）之间的逻辑关系，but表转折，其后提到人们因为眼泪掉下来才感到悲伤，即因为哭泣才悲伤，故空处所表达的含义应该与之相反，即因为悲伤才哭泣，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、B、C选项填入空中不能形成but前后的语义对照关系，且逻辑并不通顺，故错误。
长难句分析：It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad but that they become sad when tears begin to flow.
本句中句子主干为it was argued that… but that…，使用了it作形式主语，真正的主语是由转折连词but连接的两个that引导的主语从句，分别又包含because引导的原因状语从句和when引导的时间状语从句，其中需要注意的是第一个主语从句中使用了否定前移，not修饰的是because引导的从句，即“人们哭不是因为……”。
句意为：19世纪末，人们认为，人类不是因为悲伤才哭泣，而是当他们流泪时才开始感到悲伤。
14、(14)
A、exhausts
B、follows
C、precedes
D、suppresses
解析：
答案精析：前文提到人们是因为流眼泪才悲伤的，也就是说tears在sadness之前，这里的also表明此句是对前文补充的另一种情况，即人们先悲伤再流泪，也就是sadness在tears之前，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、D选项带入原文语义不通，且与上下文没有关联，故错误。B选项带入原文表达的是与上一段相同的情况，与also暗含的含义不符，故错误。
15、(15)
A、into
B、from
C、towards
D、beyond
解析：
答案精析：前文讲述眼泪和悲伤（情绪）之间的先后关系，此处应该在讲情绪和肌肉反应之间的关系。从后面的实验可以看出，肌肉反应可以影响情绪，也就是说情绪可能产生自肌肉反应，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、C选项均与原文文意相悖，故错误。D选项带入原文语义不通，原文是在论述情绪和肌肉反应两者间的关系，不涉及情绪和肌肉反应以外因素的关系。
16、(16)
A、fetch
B、bite
C、pick
D、hold
解析：
答案精析：空处所填动词需要表明teeth（牙齿）和pen（笔）的关系，从后文的creating an artificial smile（形成假笑的表情），可知是用牙齿咬住笔，保持不动，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、C选项均不是用牙齿或lips（嘴唇）可以完成的动作，故错误。B选项表示咬的动作，不能表示咬着不动的状态，故错误。
17、(17)
A、disappointed
B、excited
C、joyful
D、indifferent
解析：
答案精析：此处填入的词应该表明用嘴唇含着笔会形成什么表情，由于实验采取了两种不同的咬笔的方式，并对其进行对比来研究表情和情绪的关系。用牙齿咬住是假笑，那么用嘴唇则应该是与之相反的表情才能形成实验对照，且后文whose mouths were contracted in a frown（皱眉绷着嘴）表明此处应该是不开心的、失望的表情，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：B、C选项与原文文意相反，与用牙齿咬着形成的假笑属于同一种表情，不能形成实验对照，故错误。D选项表示漠不关心，更多用于表示态度，与表情动作无关，故错误。
18、(18)
A、adapted
B、catered
C、turned
D、reacted
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词应该表明实验对象与funny cartoons（有趣的动画）之间的关系，从enthusiastically可以看出这里应该表示实验对象对动画的反应，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：实验对象为人，人不必“适应”、“迎合”或“转向”动画，A、B、C选项带入原文均语义不通，故错误。
19、(19)
A、suggesting
B、requiring
C、mentioning
D、supposing
解析：
答案精析：空后的句子expressions may influence emotions（表情可能会影响情绪）是总结性的句子，而前面的实验结果表明强迫使用笑肌的人比皱眉绷嘴的人对有趣的漫画更热情，也就是表情影响了情绪，可见空后句子是对前面实验结果的概括，即结论，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：B选项后面所接句子应该是前半句的必要条件，且需要使用虚拟语气，不符合原文逻辑关系，故错误。C选项的主语应该为人，空前为句子，并非人，故错误。D选项带入空格语义不通，故排除。
20、(20)
A、Eventually
B、Consequently
C、Similarly
D、Conversely
解析：
答案精析：前面实验证明表情可以影响情绪，使用笑肌的人更积极，空后的the physical act of laughter（笑的行为）也是表情的一种，因此空后所说的“笑可以改善情绪”与空前表述的含义相近，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项强调时间上的前后关系，不符合语境，故排除。B选项强调因果关系，而前后两句不存在因果关系，故错误。D选项表示前后两句相反关系，与原文文意不符，故错误。
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.
For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.
One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.
21、21. We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilbert’s appointment has ________.
A、incurred criticism
B、raised suspicion
C、received acclaim
D、aroused curiosity
解析：
答案精析：根据题干定位至原文第一段。该段第二句指出，针对吉尔伯特的任命，大多数人的反应是favorable（赞成的），而第三句中引述的critic（评论家）的评论“Hooray! At last!”（万岁，终于是他了！）同样表明对其任命的态度是正面的，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项与原文文意相悖，故错误。B、D选项在原文均未提及，故错误。
22、22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is________.
A、influential
B、modest
C、respectable
D、talented
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Tommasini和Gilbert as an artist可定位至原文第二段。该段第二句指出，托马西尼认为吉尔伯特“是一位谦逊的音乐家，他身上没有伟大指挥家令人畏惧的气势”。可知托马西尼认为吉尔伯特是谦虚的，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项与原文中little known（不出名）相悖，故错误。C、D选项在原文中均无依据，故排除。
23、23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers________.
A、ignore the expenses of live performances
B、reject most kinds of recorded performances
C、exaggerate the variety of live performances
D、overestimate the value of live performances
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的devoted concertgoers可定位至原文第四段，该段指出，认为现场演出无可替代的忠实听众忽视了关键点。随后作者指出了现场音乐会的缺点和录制品的优点，录制品价格低廉，higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances（艺术品质比现场演出更高），可见现场演出的价值并不像忠实音乐会听众认为的那样高，也就是被高估了，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文虽然出现money，但指的是艺术爱好者的钱，并非演出费用，也没有提到ignore，故A选项错误。原文只是说忠实的音乐会爱好者认为现场演出无可替代，不能反推他们不接受录制品，B选项属于过度推断，故错误。C选项中variety在原文中没有依据，故错误。
24、24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?
A、They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.
B、They are easily accessible to the general public.
C、They help improve the quality of music.
D、They have only covered masterpieces.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的recordings可定位至原文第四段倒数后两句。倒数第二句指出recordings are cheap, available everywhere（录制品价格低廉，随处可得），倒数第一句也指出录制品具有widespread availability（广泛可得性），B选项中的easily accessible是对这些内容的同义转述，故为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项与原文中recordings… higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances（录制品艺术品质比现场演出更高）的表述相悖，故错误。C选项中“有助于提高音乐品质”在原文中没有依据，故错误。原文提到录制的演出包含20世纪最伟大的古典音乐家的作品，但并不一定只收录杰作，故D选项错误。
25、25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels ________.
A、doubtful
B、enthusiastic
C、confident
D、puzzled
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic可定位至原文最后一段第二句。该句后半句指出，一位评论家认为吉尔伯特有能力使纽约爱乐乐团变成更有活力的组织。But表转折，可见作者观点与评论家的不同，而其后的反问句以及下一句的merely和not be enough均表明作者对于吉尔伯特重振纽约爱乐乐团的怀疑，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：作者对吉尔伯特重振纽约爱乐乐团是怀疑的态度，并不是正面的，B、C选项均与原文文意相反，故错误。作者最后指出如果吉尔伯特和纽约爱乐乐团想取得成功，需要改变乐团和观众间的关系，可见作者有明确看法，并不是迷惑的，故D选项错误。
长难句分析：If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.
本句主干为they must first change the relationship，为主谓宾结构。between…and…是relationship的后置定语，修饰主句的宾语relationship。it hopes to attract是省略引导词的定语从句，修饰audience。If引导的条件状语从句使用了主系表结构。
句意为：如果吉尔伯特和爱乐乐团想要成功，他们首先得改变这个美国最古老的管弦乐团和它想吸引的新观众之间的关系。
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”
Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”
26、26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being ________.
A、arrogant
B、frank
C、self-centered
D、impulsive
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的McGee announced his departure可定位至原文第一段首句，该句指出，麦基宣布离职时，他的解释出乎意料的straight up（直率），后面一句加以详细解释，他没有找usual vague excuses（惯用的含糊其辞的借口），而是come right out（很坦率），承认离开是为了追寻自己运营公司的目标。可见他宣布离职时的态度是很直率的，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、D选项在原文没有依据，故排除。原文只是提到麦基离职是为了追寻自己运营一家公司的目标，并未对此举是否自私做出评价，C选项是对此的过度推理。
27、27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by ________.
A、their expectation of better financial status
B、their need to reflect on their private life
C、their strained relations with the boards
D、their pursuit of new career goals
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Paragraph 2和senior executives可定位至原文第二段第四、五句。这两句指出高管离职是looking for a CEO post（希望成为首席执行官），以及executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on（未获得认可的高管可能也会想离开），可见促使高管离职的原因是他们想追求新的职业目标，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项的financial status和B选项的private life在原文中均未提及，故错误。原文只是提到董事会面临股东压力而严格审查继任计划，并不能推出高管和董事会关系紧张，C选项属于过度推断，故错误。
28、28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means ________.
A、approved of
B、attended to
C、hunted for
D、guarded against
解析：
答案精析：根据题干定位至原文第四段第二句。前面指出离职以look for a better one（追求更好职位）是unconventional（不符合惯例的），也就是说惯例应该是不主动去追求职位。第二句指出，高管和猎头for years（多年来）坚持的原则是最受欢迎的CEO候选人必须是poached，也就是说poached指的是一种遵循惯例的做法，是和主动寻求职位是相反的含义，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项属于根据常识设置的干扰项，在原文并无体现，故错误。B、D选项带入原文不能使上下文语义连贯，没有逻辑关系，故错误。
长难句分析：For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.
本句属于复合句，句子主干是executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule，为主谓宾结构。For years为时间状语。that引导的从句为同位语从句，解释rule的详细内容，其中嵌套了who引导的定语从句，修饰同位语从句的表语the ones。
句意为：多年来，高管和猎头们始终坚持一个原则：最具吸引力的首席执行官人选是那些需要去挖来的人。
29、29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
A、top performers used to cling to their posts
B、loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated
C、top performers care more about reputations
D、it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules
解析：
答案精析：根据最后一段中猎头的引言，传统的规则是留在原处更加安全，也就是高管们以往的做法是留在原岗位上，A项中的cling to their posts对应原文的stay where you are，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文中old disgrace is fading指的是高管主动离职的不光彩正在褪去，旨在说明高管不主动离职的情况已经有所改变，并不是指高管对公司的忠诚不重要，故B选项错误。C选项属于原文第二段末句的信息，在最后一段没有体现，故错误。D选项是对原文The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are的曲解，这句话是在说传统做法是留在原职位更安全，并不是坚持传统更安全，且后文指出受害最深的是在原职位待太久的人，可见坚持传统规则并不安全，故D选项错误。
30、30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A、CEOs: Where to Go?
B、CEOs: All the Way Up?
C、Top Managers Jump without a Net
D、The Only Way Out for Top Performers
解析：
答案精析：文章首先以麦基的事例引出leaving without a position（裸辞）这一现象，接着分析高管裸辞原因：追求更好的职业目标，爱护声誉，经济复苏，机会增多都使得高管愿意make the jump without a net（裸辞），之后点出高管裸辞现象的非传统性以及风险：Those who jumped without a job（裸辞）的人不见得都能快速找到高层职位，可见整个文章是围绕高管裸辞展开的，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、B选项中CEO只是高管离职的目标，并非本文的论述主体，本文论述主体是senior executives，故错误。D选项中only过于绝对，且“出路”只是文章论述的一部分，不能涵盖文章所有内容，故错误。
长难句分析：“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter.
本句是直接引语的形式，引号内是由but连接的并列句，主干是the traditional rule was… but that’s been fundamentally inverted。but前面的句子是主系表结构，it’s safer to… are是其表语，使用了it作形式主语，不定式做真正主语的特殊用法，where you are是嵌套其中的状语从句。but后面的句子是主谓结构，谓语动词使用了被动语态。
句意为：一位猎头说：“传统的规则是待在原来的位置比较保险，但这一规则已经被彻底颠覆了。”
The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media—such as television commercials and print advertisements—still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media—for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.
If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.
31、31. Consumers may create “earned” media when they are ________.
A、obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites
B、inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them
C、eager to help their friends promote quality products
D、enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的consumers和create “earned” media可定位至原文第一段第四句，该句前半句指出，热爱某种产品的消费者willingly promoting it to friends（乐意向朋友推荐该产品）而产生“口碑”媒体，D选项是对这一表述的转述，故为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项在原文并未提及，属于无中生有，故错误。原文提到公司可以利用“owned” media给网站注册用户发送产品和促销提示，这些邮件与“earned” media无关，故B选项错误。由原文可知，消费者将自己热爱的产品推荐给朋友而产生了“口碑”媒体，并非是为朋友推销产品，故D选项错误。
32、32. According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature ________.
A、a safe business environment
B、random competition
C、strong user traffic
D、flexibility in organization
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Paragraph 2和sold media可定位至原文第二段第四句，该句指出，售出媒体指的是whose traffic is so strong（那些流量巨大的）自有媒体，可见售出媒体的特点是巨大的流量，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项是根据原文第二段第四句的within that environment设置的干扰项，原文指的是流量巨大这一商业环境，但并未提及售出媒体的商业环境是否安全，故A选项错误。B选项是对原文中第六句中的competitive设置的干扰项，原文指的是产品具有竞争性，并非售出媒体的特点，故B选项错误。D选项是根据第四句中other organizations设置的干扰项，但这并非sold media的特点，flexible在原文并无体现，故D选项错误。
33、33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media ________.
A、invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers
B、can be used to produce negative effects in marketing
C、may be responsible for fiercer competition
D、deserve all the negative comments about them
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Paragraph 3和earned media可定位至原文第三段第二句，该句指出，hijacked media（被劫持媒体）是口碑媒体的对立面，冒号后对被劫持媒体进行解释说明：某一优点或宣传活动成为对品牌或产品做出不满指控的消费者、利益相关者或积极分子的“人质”。也就是说，口碑媒体可能被用来表达不满，造成负面影响，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：由原文可知，激动的消费者会劫持媒介给企业施压，因而冲突是发生在消费者和企业之间，并非在口碑媒体与消费者之间，故A选项错误。C选项在原文并未提及，故错误。原文中消费者make negative allegations（所作的不满指控）是针对品牌和产品，并非口碑媒体，且deserve在原文并无依据，故D选项错误。
34、34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of ________.
A、responding effectively to hijacked media
B、persuading customers into boycotting products
C、cooperating with supportive consumers
D、taking advantage of hijacked media
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Toyota Motor可定位至原文最后一段最后一句话。该句指出，丰田汽车通过relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign（相对快速、步调协调的社交媒体回应活动）减轻了汽车召回危机的损害。可见丰田公司有效应对了被劫持媒体，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：由原文可知，劝说他人抵制产品的是passionate consumers（热心顾客），不是丰田公司，B选项属于张冠李戴，故错误。C选项的supportive在原文并无依据，故错误。丰田公司是作为应对被劫持媒体的事例，而不是利用被劫持媒体，故D选项错误。
长难句分析：Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.
本句主干是Toyota Motor,…, alleviated some of the damage，为主谓宾结构，for example是插入语，from its recall crisis为地点状语，earlier this year 是时间状语，with…campaign是方式状语。which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰campaign，对其进行解释说明，其中不定式to engage with consumers为后置定语修饰efforts，表明努力的举措；on sites是地点状语，表明举措的地点；such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg为后置定语修饰sites，对地点进行举例。
句意为：例如，今年早些时候发生的召回危机中，丰田公司以相对快速、步调一致的社交媒体回应活动，减轻了汽车召回危机的损害，这些回应活动包括在推特和社会新闻网站掘客等网站上直接与客户进行交流。
35、35. Which of the following is the text mainly about?
A、Alternatives to conventional paid media.
B、Conflict between hijacked and earned media.
C、Dominance of hijacked media.
D、Popularity of owned media.
解析：
答案精析：本文在首段即指出了文章中心内容：尽管传统付费媒体仍起作用，公司可以采用很多alternative forms of media（其他替代的媒体形式），并在接下来的内容中介绍了自有媒体、付费媒体、售出媒体以及被劫持媒体，可见文章主要是在介绍传统付费媒体的替代媒体，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：B选项只是原文内容的一部分，不足以涵盖文章全部内容，故错误。C、D选项中的被劫持媒体和自有媒体均为原文一部分，不足以概括全文，且dominance与popularity缺乏原文依据，故错误。
It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I Love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive—and newly single—mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.
In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the childless. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.
It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.
36、36. Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring ________.
A、temporary delight
B、enjoyment in progress
C、happiness in retrospect
D、lasting reward
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Jennifer Senior suggest和her article可定位至原文第一段。该段指出，珍妮弗·西尼尔认为，尽管养育孩子的日常很艰辛，令人心力交瘁，但“此时此刻令我们沮丧的事日后将成为幸福和喜悦的来源”。可见珍妮弗·西尼尔认为养育孩子会让父母在回想过去时感到快乐，C选项中in retrospect与原文中later照应，为正确答案。
错项排除：原文中珍妮弗·西尼尔r并未就养育孩子带来的回报的持续时间给出评价，故A、D选项错误。由原文可知，珍妮弗·西尼尔认为day-to-day experience是很艰辛的，并不会带来愉悦，故B选项错误。
长难句分析：Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”
本句主干是Senior writes that…，是主谓宾结构，that引导的句子“the very…delight.”是writes的宾语从句，其中嵌套了that引导的定语从句that in the moment dampen our moods，修饰things。Even though引导的让步状语从句为主系表结构。
句意为：尽管一天天养孩子的困难经历令人心力交瘁，但西尼尔写到：“此时此刻令我们沮丧的事日后将成为幸福和喜悦的来源”。
37、37. We learn from Paragraph 2 that ________.
A、celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip
B、single mothers with babies deserve greater attention
C、news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining
D、having children is highly valued by the public
解析：
答案精析：根据题干定位到原文第二段。该段主要介绍了母亲怀抱孩子的新闻和明星收养孩子或怀孕的新闻也经常见诸报端，基本上每周至少有一次类似的新闻。这一现象说明大众对于养育孩子的高度重视，第三段段首的society that so persistently celebrates procreation（高度赞扬生育的社会）也印证了这一点，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项中permanent过于绝对，且本文主题是生育，与gossip（八卦）无关，故A选项错误。原文提及newly single mom是作为例子表明公众关注明星养育孩子，并不是将单身妈妈作为关注的主体，故B选项错误。C选项中entertaining只是表面现象，并非本质，也不是文章主要强调的内容，故C选项错误。
38、38. It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks ________.
A、are constantly exposed to criticism
B、are largely ignored by the media
C、fail to fulfill their social responsibilities
D、are less likely to be satisfied with their life
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Paragraph 3和childless folks可定位至原文第三段。该段第一句提到，承认你后悔生孩子就等于承认你支持杀死小猫，可见不生孩子这种想法是不被认可的。第三段最后一句指出，不幸福的没有孩子的人经常bothered with the message（受到别人言语的烦扰），他们的不幸被认为是人生中没有子女的直接后果，可见没有孩子的人会不断受到指责，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文并未提及媒体对于没有孩子的人是否关注，故B选项错误。原文没有提及social responsibilities，只是在论述养育小孩是否幸福，故C选项错误。原文只是对比了unhappy parents和unhappy childless folks的不同境遇，无法等同于没有小孩的人生活都不幸福，故D选项错误。
39、39. According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is ________.
A、soothing
B、ambiguous
C、compensatory
D、misleading
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Paragraph 4和celebrity magazines可定位至原文第四段第一句。该句指出，明星杂志呈现出的关于为人父母的形象是hugely unrealistic（非常不切实际的），D选项misleading与这一表述表达含义相同，故为正确答案。
错项排除：A、B、C选项均无法体现“不切实际”的含义，故错误。
40、40. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A、Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.
B、Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.
C、Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.
D、We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干定位至原文最后一段。该段指出大多数成年人都知道生孩子不像剪头发那么简单，但是我们每周看到的无忧无虑、幸福迷人的父母形象会以small, subconscious way（微小、潜意识的方式）加剧我们对真实育儿体验的不满，可见明星妈妈确实影响我们的育儿态度，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项是根据原文中glamorous设置的干扰项，原文只是提到明星妈妈使生儿育女看起来很有魅力，并未提到生儿育女对明星妈妈的魅力有何作用，故A选项错误。由原文可知，加剧我们不满的是杂志上明星们无忧无虑的父母形象，并非生儿育女，C选项属于张冠李戴，故错误。D选项在原文并未提及，故错误。
长难句分析：But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.
本句主干是But it’s interesting to wonder if…，是主系表结构，使用了it作形式主语，不定式to wonder if…为真正主语。if引导的从句是wonder的宾语从句，其主干是the images aren’t contributing to our own dissatisfactions，其中we see everyday是省略引导词的定语从句，修饰images；of… parenthood是介词短语作后置定语修饰images；in some small conscious way是方式状语修饰contributing to。in the same way是方式状语，也是其后that引导的定语从句的先行词；getting… Aniston是宾语从句作hope的宾语。
句意为：想想这点确实有趣：我们每周看到的毫无压力、幸福迷人的父母形象是否在以某种不明显的、潜意识的方式加剧我们对实际育儿体验的不满呢？就像我们中的少数人希望模仿瑞秋就可以使自己看起来有一点儿像詹妮弗·安妮丝顿。
41、G → 41. _______ → 42. _______→E → 43. _______→ 44. _______→45. _______
【A】No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, become a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
【B】His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read” —they form a sort of social glue.
【C】Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.
【D】One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.
【E】Besides professionalising the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr. Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialisation are transmissible but not transferable.” So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
【F】The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticise. “Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.” Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand does not say.
【G】The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.
参考答案：BDACF
解析：
试题解析
段落A大意：人文学科非常注重专业化，获得人文学科博士学位的时间长达九年，因而超半数英语专业博士生半途而废。
段落B大意：他的担忧主要在人文学科：人文学科在美国大学中地位降低；人们提倡通识教育，但很难在通识教育究竟如何开展上达成一致。
段落C大意：人文学科的教授需求减少。文科生的数量减少导致教授需求量减少，很多学生毕业后从事专业不对口的工作。
段落D大意：设计和教授某些课程的原因在于它们与美国现行的文科与专业学科分离，在不同学院上课的教学原则不符，且很多学生同时学习文科和专业学科，例如哈佛大学。
段落E大意：美国大学教育另一个问题在于教授专业化。政府对研究的资助增长了四倍，使得教授忙于研究，教学时间减少了一半，使得学科不仅垄断知识产出，还垄断了知识生产者的培养。
段落F大意：梅南认为大学改革的关键在于改变知识生产者的培养方式，学术研究应该更加包容和全面。
段落G大意：学生申请读博前可以读一下《观念的市场：美国大学的改革与阻力》这本书，因为书中介绍了美国大学里的奇怪的现象。
答案详解
答案精析：首段已经给出是G段，该段主要推荐了一本书，并指出书中讨论的主题是something curious has been happening in American universities（美国的大学里出现了一些奇怪的现象），是由哈佛大学的Louis Menan捕捉（captured）到的。可以推断出下文应该就Menand如何captured这些奇怪现象展开的。B段开头的His指代的即此处的Menand，concern也呼应了something curious。本段下文也对something curious进行了阐述，人文学科地位下降，大学虽然提倡学生接受通识教育，但对如何开展这一教育却没有共识，故B选项为正确答案。
答案精析：下一段已经给出是E段，该段开头Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation（除了通过分离人文教育和专业教育而实现学科的专业化以外），可知42题所填段落应该涉及专业的专业化和separation，D段中提到美国大学文科教育和专业教育be kept separate（分开）与E段的separation呼应，故为正确答案。
答案精析：C选项开头即为Equally unsurprisingly（同样不足为奇的是），可知前面必有一段提及unsurprisingly，本题上一段已经给出为E段，该段并无与之呼应的内容，故排除C选项。F段指出了改革方法，从concludes一词可知本段应该是总结性段落，故43题应该填入A段。
答案精析：C段开头的Equally unsurprisingly与A段末尾句的Not surprisingly呼应，应该紧接着A段出现，故为正确答案。
答案精析：F段中的concludes一词表明该段为结尾段，填入F段充当结尾，作为全篇总结。
试题解析
段落A大意：人文学科非常注重专业化，获得人文学科博士学位的时间长达九年，因而超半数英语专业博士生半途而废。
段落B大意：他的担忧主要在人文学科：人文学科在美国大学中地位降低；人们提倡通识教育，但很难在通识教育究竟如何开展上达成一致。
段落C大意：人文学科的教授需求减少。文科生的数量减少导致教授需求量减少，很多学生毕业后从事专业不对口的工作。
段落D大意：设计和教授某些课程的原因在于它们与美国现行的文科与专业学科分离，在不同学院上课的教学原则不符，且很多学生同时学习文科和专业学科，例如哈佛大学。
段落E大意：美国大学教育另一个问题在于教授专业化。政府对研究的资助增长了四倍，使得教授忙于研究，教学时间减少了一半，使得学科不仅垄断知识产出，还垄断了知识生产者的培养。
段落F大意：梅南认为大学改革的关键在于改变知识生产者的培养方式，学术研究应该更加包容和全面。
段落G大意：学生申请读博前可以读一下《观念的市场：美国大学的改革与阻力》这本书，因为书中介绍了美国大学里的奇怪的现象。
答案详解
答案精析：首段已经给出是G段，该段主要推荐了一本书，并指出书中讨论的主题是something curious has been happening in American universities（美国的大学里出现了一些奇怪的现象），是由哈佛大学的Louis Menan捕捉（captured）到的。可以推断出下文应该就Menand如何captured这些奇怪现象展开的。B段开头的His指代的即此处的Menand，concern也呼应了something curious。本段下文也对something curious进行了阐述，人文学科地位下降，大学虽然提倡学生接受通识教育，但对如何开展这一教育却没有共识，故B选项为正确答案。
答案精析：下一段已经给出是E段，该段开头Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation（除了通过分离人文教育和专业教育而实现学科的专业化以外），可知42题所填段落应该涉及专业的专业化和separation，D段中提到美国大学文科教育和专业教育be kept separate（分开）与E段的separation呼应，故为正确答案。
答案精析：C选项开头即为Equally unsurprisingly（同样不足为奇的是），可知前面必有一段提及unsurprisingly，本题上一段已经给出为E段，该段并无与之呼应的内容，故排除C选项。F段指出了改革方法，从concludes一词可知本段应该是总结性段落，故43题应该填入A段。
答案精析：C段开头的Equally unsurprisingly与A段末尾句的Not surprisingly呼应，应该紧接着A段出现，故为正确答案。
答案精析：F段中的concludes一词表明该段为结尾段，填入F段充当结尾，作为全篇总结。
试题解析
段落A大意：人文学科非常注重专业化，获得人文学科博士学位的时间长达九年，因而超半数英语专业博士生半途而废。
段落B大意：他的担忧主要在人文学科：人文学科在美国大学中地位降低；人们提倡通识教育，但很难在通识教育究竟如何开展上达成一致。
段落C大意：人文学科的教授需求减少。文科生的数量减少导致教授需求量减少，很多学生毕业后从事专业不对口的工作。
段落D大意：设计和教授某些课程的原因在于它们与美国现行的文科与专业学科分离，在不同学院上课的教学原则不符，且很多学生同时学习文科和专业学科，例如哈佛大学。
段落E大意：美国大学教育另一个问题在于教授专业化。政府对研究的资助增长了四倍，使得教授忙于研究，教学时间减少了一半，使得学科不仅垄断知识产出，还垄断了知识生产者的培养。
段落F大意：梅南认为大学改革的关键在于改变知识生产者的培养方式，学术研究应该更加包容和全面。
段落G大意：学生申请读博前可以读一下《观念的市场：美国大学的改革与阻力》这本书，因为书中介绍了美国大学里的奇怪的现象。
答案详解
答案精析：首段已经给出是G段，该段主要推荐了一本书，并指出书中讨论的主题是something curious has been happening in American universities（美国的大学里出现了一些奇怪的现象），是由哈佛大学的Louis Menan捕捉（captured）到的。可以推断出下文应该就Menand如何captured这些奇怪现象展开的。B段开头的His指代的即此处的Menand，concern也呼应了something curious。本段下文也对something curious进行了阐述，人文学科地位下降，大学虽然提倡学生接受通识教育，但对如何开展这一教育却没有共识，故B选项为正确答案。
答案精析：下一段已经给出是E段，该段开头Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation（除了通过分离人文教育和专业教育而实现学科的专业化以外），可知42题所填段落应该涉及专业的专业化和separation，D段中提到美国大学文科教育和专业教育be kept separate（分开）与E段的separation呼应，故为正确答案。
答案精析：C选项开头即为Equally unsurprisingly（同样不足为奇的是），可知前面必有一段提及unsurprisingly，本题上一段已经给出为E段，该段并无与之呼应的内容，故排除C选项。F段指出了改革方法，从concludes一词可知本段应该是总结性段落，故43题应该填入A段。
答案精析：C段开头的Equally unsurprisingly与A段末尾句的Not surprisingly呼应，应该紧接着A段出现，故为正确答案。
答案精析：F段中的concludes一词表明该段为结尾段，填入F段充当结尾，作为全篇总结。
试题解析
段落A大意：人文学科非常注重专业化，获得人文学科博士学位的时间长达九年，因而超半数英语专业博士生半途而废。
段落B大意：他的担忧主要在人文学科：人文学科在美国大学中地位降低；人们提倡通识教育，但很难在通识教育究竟如何开展上达成一致。
段落C大意：人文学科的教授需求减少。文科生的数量减少导致教授需求量减少，很多学生毕业后从事专业不对口的工作。
段落D大意：设计和教授某些课程的原因在于它们与美国现行的文科与专业学科分离，在不同学院上课的教学原则不符，且很多学生同时学习文科和专业学科，例如哈佛大学。
段落E大意：美国大学教育另一个问题在于教授专业化。政府对研究的资助增长了四倍，使得教授忙于研究，教学时间减少了一半，使得学科不仅垄断知识产出，还垄断了知识生产者的培养。
段落F大意：梅南认为大学改革的关键在于改变知识生产者的培养方式，学术研究应该更加包容和全面。
段落G大意：学生申请读博前可以读一下《观念的市场：美国大学的改革与阻力》这本书，因为书中介绍了美国大学里的奇怪的现象。
答案详解
答案精析：首段已经给出是G段，该段主要推荐了一本书，并指出书中讨论的主题是something curious has been happening in American universities（美国的大学里出现了一些奇怪的现象），是由哈佛大学的Louis Menan捕捉（captured）到的。可以推断出下文应该就Menand如何captured这些奇怪现象展开的。B段开头的His指代的即此处的Menand，concern也呼应了something curious。本段下文也对something curious进行了阐述，人文学科地位下降，大学虽然提倡学生接受通识教育，但对如何开展这一教育却没有共识，故B选项为正确答案。
答案精析：下一段已经给出是E段，该段开头Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation（除了通过分离人文教育和专业教育而实现学科的专业化以外），可知42题所填段落应该涉及专业的专业化和separation，D段中提到美国大学文科教育和专业教育be kept separate（分开）与E段的separation呼应，故为正确答案。
答案精析：C选项开头即为Equally unsurprisingly（同样不足为奇的是），可知前面必有一段提及unsurprisingly，本题上一段已经给出为E段，该段并无与之呼应的内容，故排除C选项。F段指出了改革方法，从concludes一词可知本段应该是总结性段落，故43题应该填入A段。
答案精析：C段开头的Equally unsurprisingly与A段末尾句的Not surprisingly呼应，应该紧接着A段出现，故为正确答案。
答案精析：F段中的concludes一词表明该段为结尾段，填入F段充当结尾，作为全篇总结。
试题解析
段落A大意：人文学科非常注重专业化，获得人文学科博士学位的时间长达九年，因而超半数英语专业博士生半途而废。
段落B大意：他的担忧主要在人文学科：人文学科在美国大学中地位降低；人们提倡通识教育，但很难在通识教育究竟如何开展上达成一致。
段落C大意：人文学科的教授需求减少。文科生的数量减少导致教授需求量减少，很多学生毕业后从事专业不对口的工作。
段落D大意：设计和教授某些课程的原因在于它们与美国现行的文科与专业学科分离，在不同学院上课的教学原则不符，且很多学生同时学习文科和专业学科，例如哈佛大学。
段落E大意：美国大学教育另一个问题在于教授专业化。政府对研究的资助增长了四倍，使得教授忙于研究，教学时间减少了一半，使得学科不仅垄断知识产出，还垄断了知识生产者的培养。
段落F大意：梅南认为大学改革的关键在于改变知识生产者的培养方式，学术研究应该更加包容和全面。
段落G大意：学生申请读博前可以读一下《观念的市场：美国大学的改革与阻力》这本书，因为书中介绍了美国大学里的奇怪的现象。
答案详解
答案精析：首段已经给出是G段，该段主要推荐了一本书，并指出书中讨论的主题是something curious has been happening in American universities（美国的大学里出现了一些奇怪的现象），是由哈佛大学的Louis Menan捕捉（captured）到的。可以推断出下文应该就Menand如何captured这些奇怪现象展开的。B段开头的His指代的即此处的Menand，concern也呼应了something curious。本段下文也对something curious进行了阐述，人文学科地位下降，大学虽然提倡学生接受通识教育，但对如何开展这一教育却没有共识，故B选项为正确答案。
答案精析：下一段已经给出是E段，该段开头Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation（除了通过分离人文教育和专业教育而实现学科的专业化以外），可知42题所填段落应该涉及专业的专业化和separation，D段中提到美国大学文科教育和专业教育be kept separate（分开）与E段的separation呼应，故为正确答案。
答案精析：C选项开头即为Equally unsurprisingly（同样不足为奇的是），可知前面必有一段提及unsurprisingly，本题上一段已经给出为E段，该段并无与之呼应的内容，故排除C选项。F段指出了改革方法，从concludes一词可知本段应该是总结性段落，故43题应该填入A段。
答案精析：C段开头的Equally unsurprisingly与A段末尾句的Not surprisingly呼应，应该紧接着A段出现，故为正确答案。
答案精析：F段中的concludes一词表明该段为结尾段，填入F段充当结尾，作为全篇总结。
42、 With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinketh by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.
(46) 【Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature.】 Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47)【 while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”】
Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded: “We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.
Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) 【This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.】
This, however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fact, (49)【 circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us, and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.】 Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.
The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50)【 The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.】
参考答案：
参考译文
46. 艾伦的贡献在于他抓住我们都认同的假说——因为我们不是机器人，所以我们能控制自己的思想——并揭示了其错误本质。
47. 尽管仅凭显意识我们或许就可以维持“控制”这种错觉，但现实中，我们总是面临这样的问题：为什么我不能让自己做好这件事或实现那个目标呢？
48. 这种说法似乎为忽视需要帮助的人的行为找到借口，使剥削的存在、上层人士的优越性和底层人群的卑微变得合理。
49. 环境似乎是为了激发我们的最大潜能而设，如果我们自己遭受“不公对待”，就不大可能有意识地努力摆脱自己的境遇。
50. 积极的一面在于，了解一切都取决于我们自己之后，就有了各种可能性；以前我们是擅长处理各种局限的专家，而现在我们能真正驾驭各种可能性。
解析：
生词本
assumption n. 假设；猜想
reveal vt. 揭示；揭露
erroneous adj. 错误的
sustain vt. 维持；保持
illusion n. 幻想；假象
conscious adj. 有意识的
achieve vt. 完成
justification n. 正当的理由
rationalization n. 合理化
exploitation n. 开发；利用
superiority n. 优越性
inferiority n. 自卑；卑微
contain vt. 包含
array n. 大量
limitation n. 限制；局限
authority n. 权威
表达难点
46. ①本句中句子主干是Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption… and reveal its erroneous nature.需要注意的是take在这里不是常见的“提出，接受”的含义，而是“拿出，抓住”的含义。②we all share是assumption的定语从句，可按照中文习惯前提到assumption前翻译；两个破折号之间的that引导的句子是assumption的同位语从句，其中又嵌套了because引导的原因状语从句，翻译时可以保留破折号，依然作为插入成分处理。
47. ①while引导让步状语从句，翻译为“尽管”。②the illusion of control中control指上文中的we therefore control our thoughts（我们可以控制自己的思想），因而the illusion of control指的是“我们可以控制思想这一错觉”。③conscious mind是与上文中unconscious mind对应的概念，因而此处需要翻译为“显意识”。④through the conscious mind alone是sustain the illusion of control的方式状语，可以翻译到前面，即“仅凭显意识来维持控制的错觉”。⑤this和that可以根据其前面的动词do和achieve增译为“这件事情”和“那个目标”。
48. ①本句中介词结构较多，需要弄清楚修饰关系。句首的This指代上一句中的引语，因此翻译为“这种说法”。②for neglect of those in need是后置定语修饰justification，翻译时需要前提为：为忽视那些需要帮助的人找到借口。③rationalization的后置定语中有很多of构成的短语，其后置定语是of exploitation, of the superiority and the inferiority，其中of those at the top修饰superiority，of those at the bottom修饰inferiority。
49. ①be designed to是被动，翻译时应翻译为主动“旨在……；为了……而设计”。②the best in us是指“我们的最大潜能”。③wrong在本句中使用了动词词性，意为“不公正地对待”。④begin a conscious effort表示“开始做出有意识的努力”，由于后面还有不定式作目的状语，此处转译为“有意识地努力”更合适。
50. ①contained in knowing… to us是后置定语修饰possibilities，翻译时需要前置，即“包含在了解一切都取决于我们自己之中的可能性”，这句话显然按汉语词序可以转译为“了解一切都取决于我们自己后，就有了各种可能性”。②be experts in表示“……的专家”，此处与limitations搭配，显然不能翻译为“局限性的专家”，应该翻译为“擅长处理各种局限性的专家”，同理，后面的be authorities of也翻译为“真正驾驭……”。③what is possible与前面的possibilities呼应，翻译为“各种可能性”。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
43、Part A
51. Directions:
Write a letter to a friend of yours to
1) recommend one of your favorite movies and
2) give reasons for your recommendation.
Your should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
Dear friend,
I’m writing to recommend a film—Beasts of the Southern Wild, which is a great touch to me.
There’re some reasons for my recommendation. Firstly, the plot is metaphorical. It’s about the power of people to survive, and about community and loneliness. You can find echoes with all these people in their craziness and uneducated wisdom. Secondly, the film captures an insightful look at a culture which hardly exists in the America any more, or even in any other country for its primitivism. At last, the film is thought-provoking, leaving the audience reflecting on the relationship of humankind and nature.
I hope you’ll enjoy the movie. I am looking forward to your reply. Take care!
Yours,
Li Ming
参考译文
亲爱的朋友：
我写信是为了向你推荐《南国野兽》这部电影，它对我触动很大。
以下是我的推荐理由。首先，情节具有隐喻性，这是一部关于人们顽强生存，关于社区和孤独的电影。你可以在这些人的疯狂和未经教育的智慧中找到共鸣。第二，电影深入探寻了在美国甚至其他国家都不复存在的原始主义文化。最后，这部电影令人深思，会让观众看后反思人类与自然的关系。
我希望你能喜欢这部电影。期待你的回信。祝好！
谨上，
李明
解析：
本篇作文考查推荐信，要求考生向一位朋友推荐自己最喜欢的一部电影并阐明原因。首段应开门见山点名写信目的；第二段阐明推荐原因：可以从情节、特效、演员阵容、启示等角度着手；最后一段表达希望对方喜欢的期望。
44、
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
The picture is thought-provoking: two tourists are sitting in the boat, enjoying beautiful scenery. Yet the lake behind them is full of rubbish, such as leftovers, fruit peels and plastic packages, because they are casually throwing litter into the lake. The words below read: leave “something” behind during the journey.
What the picture reveals is that tourists pollute the environment of scenic spots, turning a blind eye to public virtues. The phenomenon is not uncommon. Some tourists carve characters or draw on historic relics, climb on sculptures and architectures to take photos, and some people even spit and defecate indiscriminately. All these behaviors make our eyes sting: they spoil the scenery, and sometimes the damage caused are beyond repair, not only because historical relics are valuable but also because these uncivilized acts shadow the image of our social civilization.
I think it’s our responsibility to reverse the trend. On the one hand, every tourist should appreciate and obey public virtues and related regulations during their journey. On the other hand, those who damage historic relics and offend related regulations should be severely punished.
参考译文
这幅画发人深思：两位游客坐在船上，欣赏风景，然而他们背后的湖面上飘满剩饭、果皮、塑料包装等垃圾，因为他们随手把垃圾扔进了湖里。图画下方的字写着：旅途之“余”。
这幅画所揭示的是游客无视公共道德，污染景点环境。这种现象很常见。一些游客在历史遗迹上乱涂乱画，为了拍照去攀爬雕塑和建筑，有人甚至随地吐痰、大小便。这些行为都很刺眼：它们破坏了美景，而且有时所造成的损害是无法修复的，这不仅因为历史遗迹很珍贵，还因为这些不文明行为给我们的社会文明蒙上了阴影。
我认为我们有责任改变这种趋势。一方面，每位游客在旅途中应该尊重遵守公共道德和相关规定。另一方面，破坏文物、违反相关规定的人应得到严惩。
解析：
题目分析
本篇作文属于图画类作文，需要简要描述图画，解释图画所蕴含的道理并加以评价。从图画中可以看出本次作文考查环境保护：旅途中不要乱扔垃圾，其背后的含义在于：人们公共道德意识有待加强。
文章大纲
第一段：描述图画：两位游客坐在船上，一遍欣赏风景，一遍随手丢弃垃圾，湖面上已经飘满了垃圾，图片的文字是“旅程之‘余’”，所揭示的内容是游客缺乏公共道德意识。
第二段：指出图画所反映的现象具有普遍性，并指出其危害性。
第三段：呼吁人们加强公共道德意识，文明旅行。
喵呜刷题：让学习像火箭一样快速，快来微信扫码，体验免费刷题服务，开启你的学习加速器！
