一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has (1)_____ across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved (2)_____ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly (3)_____?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a (4)_____ to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech (5)_____ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled (6)_____ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential (7)_____ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to (8)_____ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could (9)_____ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license (10)_____ by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to (11)_____ just once but use many different services.
(12)_____ , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a (13)_____ community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with (14)_____, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure (15)_____ which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has (16)_____ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would (17)_____ be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with (18)_____ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet (19)_____. They argue that all Internet users should be (20)_____ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
1、(1)
A、swept
B、skipped
C、walked
D、ridden
解析：
答案精析：空格处需填入动词作that引导的定语从句的谓语。从前面的explosion（激增；暴涨）可知，空处所填动词与across搭配应表示相似的含义，sweep across表示“席卷，横扫”，与explosion一样具有“势头猛，数量多”的含义，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：skip across表示“跳过；略过”，B选项代入原文语义不通。C、D选项主语应该为人，across后的宾语应该是具体的地理位置，故错误。
2、(2)
A、for
B、within
C、while
D、though
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词应表明be preserved和bringing safety and security之间的逻辑关系。前文指出匿名虽然带来了隐私和言论自由，但也造成了网络犯罪激增，本段承接上文，询问隐私和安全是否可以兼得，从而引出下文针对该问题的解决方案，因此这里应该填入表顺承或并列关系的连接词，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项的for表示因果，B选项表示包含关系，D选项表示让步关系，均与原文文意不符。
3、(3)
A、careless
B、lawless
C、pointless
D、helpless
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词应该表明世界是怎样的。前文指出网络犯罪（cyber-crime）激增，再由空前的bringing safety and security（带来安全保障），根据逻辑，充满犯罪，需要安全的应是不守法的世界，可知空处应该填入lawless。
错项排除：A选项的careless和D选项的helpless一般修饰人，不可以修饰world，故错误。C选项无法与上下文形成呼应，故错误。
4、(4)
A、reason
B、reminder
C、compromise
D、proposal
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词是offered（提供）的直接宾语，破折号后“身份自动识别系统”为空处所填词的同位语，to make the Web a safer place（使网络更安全）是offered的目的，从后文可知，该系统的预期效果是实现网络安全，可判断它应该是施密特为政府提出的建议，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文中“身份识别系统”是使网络环境更安全的手段，并非原因，故A选项错误。B、C选项代入原文语义不通，不符合语境。
5、(5)
A、information
B、interference
C、entertainment
D、equivalent
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词是定语从句的表语，表明system的性质，of… ID card是空处所填词的后置定语，that引导的定语从句的大意为：该系统将是实体钥匙、指纹和带照片的身份证的_____。后文指出该系统会使用smart identity card（智能身份证），可见它是前面三者的等价物，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、B选项填入原文语义不通，系统不能是信息，也不是对实体钥匙等的干涉，故错误。原文没有提及该系统是否具有娱乐性，C选项缺少原文内容呼应，故错误。
6、(6)
A、by
B、into
C、from
D、over
解析：
答案精析：all指代前文所说实体钥匙、指纹和带照片的身份证，此处使用独立主格结构，表示该系统相当于实体钥匙、指纹和带照片的身份证三者合一，roll into表示“使合为一体”，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项带入原文表示“三者被一种东西卷入”，语义不通，故错误。roll不与from和over搭配，故C、D选项错误。
长难句分析：Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a proposal to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled into one.
本句主干为Howard Schmidt offered the federal government a proposal，是主语+谓语+双宾语的结构。the nation’s cyber-czar是Howard Schmidt的同位语，不定式to make the Web a safer place是后置定语，修饰proposal。a “voluntary trusted identity” system是proposal的同位语，其后的that引导的从句是system的定语从句，为主系表结构，其中of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card是介词短句作后置定语，修饰equivalent，all rolled into one是独立主格结构。
句意为：上个月，国家网络安全总督霍华德·施密特向联邦政府提出一项提高网络安全性的提议：一个相当于实体钥匙、指纹和带照片的身份证三者合一的高科技“身份自动识别”系统。
7、(7)
A、linked
B、directed
C、chained
D、compared
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词作后置定语修饰digital credential（数字证书），表明digital credential和computer之间的关系，数字证书只能是连接到计算机上，link to表示“与……连接”，符合句意，为正确答案。
错项排除：B选项中direct to表示“指引”时，后面应该是表示方向的词；表示“命令”时则语义不通，故错误。C选项表示用链条拴住，显然不符合数字证书与计算机之间的关系，故错误。原文并未将数字证书和计算机作比较，故D选项错误。
8、(8)
A、dismiss
B、discover
C、create
D、improve
解析：
答案精析：从上下文可知，该系统的理念还没有付诸实践，目前还处于设想阶段，因此应该是创建一个federation（联盟），故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项表示解散已有的组织，B选项表示发现已经存在但尚未被发现的东西，D选项表示对已存在的事物进行改善，三者都暗含federation已经存在，与原文文意不符，故错误。
9、(9)
A、recall
B、suggest
C、select
D、realize
解析：
答案精析：从前文a federation of private online identity systems中的systems可知这个系统联盟将由很多系统构成，故用户应该可以选择加入某个系统，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：用户只有在加入后才能够“回忆”或“意识到”自己加入了哪个系统，而句中的不定式to join表明用户尚未加入，故A、D选项错误。用户和建议之间应该是被动关系，即用户被建议加入某个系统，而非用户建议要加入系统，故B选项错误。
10、(10)
A、released
B、issued
C、distributed
D、delivered
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词为过去分词作后置定语修饰Internet driver’s license（网络驾照），表明网络驾照与政府之间的关系，即政府_____的驾照。按照逻辑，驾照由政府“颁发”，issue强调“正式发给”，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项表示“发行”，宾语通常为出版物、新闻或音像制品。C选项强调“分发”，一般指物品在一群人中分发。D选项强调“递送”或表示“发表演讲”。三项均不能用于表示“颁发的驾照”，故排除。
11、(11)
A、carry on
B、linger on
C、set in
D、log in
解析：
答案精析：第二个that引导的定语从句修饰systems，其含义与前置定语single sign-on（单点登录）一致，即用户只需登录一次，就可以使用多种服务，once与single对应，空处所填词应与sign-on（登录）含义一致，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：carry on后面需要接宾语，原句空后没有宾语，故A选项错误。B选项带入原文语义不通，故错误。C选项通常指不好的事情，故排除。
长难句分析：Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to log in just once but use many different services.
本句主干为Google and Microsoft are among companies，是主系表结构。第一个that引导的定语从句that already… systems修饰先行词companies。第二个that引导的定语从句that make it…services修饰先行词systems，其中使用了it充当make的形式宾语，真正的宾语是由并列连词but连接的两个不定式to log in和(to) use。
句意为：谷歌和微软等公司已经拥有“单点登录”系统，该系统中用户只需登录一次，就可以使用多种服务。
12、(12)
A、In vain
B、In effect
C、In return
D、In contrast
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词表明前后文逻辑关系。前文阐述了“身份自动识别”系统的运作原理，本段介绍create（产生）的效果，与上文是顺承的关系，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、C选项均有转折含义，与原文逻辑不符，故错误。C选项暗示上文某一行为产生本段的结果，隐含因果关系，在原文没有体现，故错误。
13、(13)
A、trusted
B、modernized
C、 thriving
D、competing
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词为community的定语。从前文的“walled garden”（带围墙的花园），“safe neighborhood”（安全的社区）和bright “streetlights”（明亮的街灯）可知这是能给人安全感和信任感的社区，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文使用了暗喻的修辞手法，community其实指网络环境，B、C选项不能修饰网络环境，故错误。D选项在原文中没有依据，与本段内容不符，故错误。
14、(14)
A、caution
B、delight
C、confidence
D、patience
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词表明个人和组织交易时的状态。前文指出该系统创造了安全的网络环境和trusted（信任的）社区，从空后的trusting（信任）可知，个人和组织对在线交易是信任的，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项与空后的trusting表达含义相悖，故错误。B、D选项在原文中没有体现，与原文主题相差甚远，故错误。
15、(15)
A、on
B、after
C、beyond
D、across
解析：
答案精析：空处填入介词，与runs构成搭配，其主语为transaction（交易），其宾语为定语从句的先行词infrastructure（基础设施）。交易是在基础设施上进行的，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：B选项代入原文表示“交易追赶基础设施”，C选项代入原文表示“交易超出基础设施”，语义不通，故错误。D选项（runs）across主语应该为人，故错误。
长难句分析：Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with confidence, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure on which the transaction runs”.
本句主干为Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem”，为主谓宾宾补结构。后面in which引导的定语从句修饰“voluntary ecosystem”，定语从句使用了主谓宾结构，with confidence是状语，trusting…infrastructure是现在分词作伴随状语，on which引导的定语从句修饰infrastructure。
句意为：施密特先生将这个系统描述为“自愿型生态系统”，在这个系统中，个人和组织可以放心地完成在线交易，信任彼此身份以及交易运行的网络基础设施的身份。
16、(16)
A、divided
B、disappointed
C、protected
D、united
解析：
答案精析：空处所填动词为句子的谓语，表明plan（计划）和privacy rights activist（隐私权维权人士）之间的关系。从下一句中的“一些人赞成，一些人担忧”可知，隐私维权人士的意见产生了分歧，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：B、C选项在原文没有体现，故错误。D选项与原文文意相反，故错误。
17、(17)
A、frequently
B、incidentally
C、occasionally
D、 eventually
解析：
答案精析：从原文中initiative（最初的）和toward可知，compulsory Internet “driver’s license”（强制网络驾照）是最终目的，push toward暗示发展的方向和结果，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、B、C在原文均无呼应，且均与频率有关，带入原文语义不通，故错误。
18、(18)
A、skepticism
B、 tolerance
C、indifference
D、enthusiasm
解析：
答案精析：空处所填词表明computer security experts（计算机安全专家）对该计划的态度，从后文的worry（担忧）可知，电脑安全专家的态度是负面的、质疑的，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：B选项表示虽然含有负面情绪，但最终是接受了，与原文含义不符。从worry可知专家并非对该计划漠不关心，故C选项错误。D选项与原文文意相悖，故错误。
19、(19)
A、manageable
B、defendable
C、vulnerable
D、invisible
解析：
答案精析：从前文的worry可知专家们对施密特的计划持怀疑态度，认为其存在缺陷，会使网络易受攻击，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、B选项与原文文意相反，故错误。Internet本来就是无形的，不是施密特计划的缺点，故D选项错误。
20、(20)
A、invited
B、appointed
C、allowed
D、forced
解析：
答案精析：从后文的in the same way可知，网络用户注册和身份验证应该和公路上的司机一样，而司机必须拥有驾照才能驾车，所以网络用户应该被强制性地进行注册和验证身份，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A、C选项语气过于委婉，与原文中must不符，故错误。注册和验证身份与职位无关，B选项appointed表示任命某人做某项工作或出任某个职位，不符合语境，故错误。
长难句分析：They argue that all Internet users should be forced to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
本句主干为They argue that …，为主谓宾结构，其中宾语为that引导的宾语从句，宾语从句为主谓结构，使用了被动语态，不定式to register and identify themselves为主语补足语，in the same way是方式状语，其后的that引导的定语从句修饰way。
句意为：他们认为，所有互联网用户都必须被强令注册并验证身份，就像司机必须要拥有驾照才能在公路上开车一样。
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009, Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up,” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
21、21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for ________.
A、gaining excessive profits
B、failing to fulfill her duty
C、refusing to make compromises
D、leaving the board in tough times
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Paragraph 1和criticized可定位至原文第一段第二、三句。首段第二句指出西蒙斯女士同时任职高盛外部董事和布朗大学校长期间without much criticism（并未招致太多批评），第三句指出但在2009年底，她任职高盛公司薪酬委员会时under fire（招致批评），后面的反问句指出了原因：她对巨额奖金的支出unremarked（不闻不问）。可见她受到批评是因为没有尽到职责，让巨额资金莫名地流失了，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文虽然提及enormous bonus payouts（巨额奖金支出），但并不是西蒙斯女士自己获得了这笔钱，而是她错误地发放了这笔资金，故A选项错误。原文并未涉及compromise，C选项属于无中生有，故错误。原文只是提到2010年2月份时，西蒙斯女士离开了董事会，并未说明是困难时期，且她离开董事会并非招致批评的原因，故D选项错误。
22、22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be ________.
A、generous investors
B、unbiased executives
C、share price forecasters
D、independent advisers
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位至原文第二段首句。该句指出外部董事应该作为helpful, yet less biased, advisers（可以提供帮助、少带偏见的顾问）。后文对此进行了详细阐述，外部董事要有足够的independence to disagree（提出不同意见的独立性），在困难时期能根据自己的经验give advice（提出建议）。可见外部董事应该是独立的顾问，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文虽然指出外部董事having made their wealth（已经赢得财富），但并未提及他们是否慷慨，也不能体现他们是投资者，故A选项错误。原文虽然指出外部董事应该less biased（带有较少偏见的），但他们应是作为advisers（顾问），而不是executives（高管），故B选项错误。原文只是提到在the share price, is falling（股价下跌时），外部董事可以给出建议，并不是说他们可以预测股价，故C选项错误。
23、23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to ________.
A、become more stable
B、report increased earnings
C、do less well in the stock market
D、perform worse in lawsuits
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Ohio University和surprise departure可定位至原文第三段第四、五句。这两句指出，外部董事突然离职后，公司需要重申收益的可能性上涨20%，卷入联邦集体诉讼的几率上涨，股票表现变差。C选项是对原文中the stock is likely to perform worse的同义转述，故为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项中more stable是根据第三段最后一句中more stable设置的干扰项，原文提到外部董事离开更危险的小公司，寻求更加稳定的大公司，并不是说外部董事离开后，公司会变得更加稳定，故A选项错误。B选项是根据原文中earnings increased by 20%设置的干扰项，原文中increased的主语是the possibilities，并非earnings，故B选项错误。原文只是提到公司卷入诉讼的几率增加，并未提及公司在诉讼中的表现如何，故D选项错误。
24、24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors ________.
A、may stay for the attractive offers from the firm
B、have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm
C、are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
D、will decline incentives from the firm
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位至最后一段。最后一段指出，即使以往记录显示，在外部董事仍旧在任期间有失误发生，只要在坏消息爆出之前离开，就可以更容易地避免名誉受损。想在困难时期留住外部董事的公司则需要create incentive（创建奖励机制）。言下之意，外部董事可能会因为奖励而留下来，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文只是提到，失误发生时外部董事在公司任职，但并未说明是外部董事产生失误，故B选项错误。C选项在原文中并未提及，属于无中生有，故错误。D选项与原文文意相反，故错误。
长难句分析：But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.
本句主干为the researchers believe that …，为主谓宾结构，宾语为that引导的宾语从句。在宾语从句中嵌套了if引导的条件状语从句和even if引导的让步状语从句，而if引导的条件状语从句中嵌套了before引导的时间状语从句；even if引导的让步状语从句中嵌套了省略that的宾语从句they were on the board充当shows的宾语，该宾语从句中嵌套了省略引导词的定语从句any wrongdoing occurred充当time的后置定语。
句意为：但是研究者认为，即使以往记录显示，失误发生在外部董事仍在董事会任职期间，只要外部董事在坏消息爆出之前离开，就可以更容易地避免名誉受损。
25、25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is ________.
A、permissive
B、positive
C、scornful
D、critical
解析：
答案精析：通读全文可知，作者只在第二段重点描述了外部董事的角色，认为他们是helpful, less biased adviser（能带来帮助的、少有偏见的顾问），并指出外部董事在公司危难时应该给出建议，可见作者对外部董事角色的态度是积极的，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：题干问的是对外部董事角色的态度，并非对其行为的态度，因而“纵容”一说并不成立，故A选项错误。作者对外部董事在公司危机时明哲保身，抽身而退的行为确实有一些嘲讽和批评，但这并不是对外部董事角色的态度，故C、D选项错误。
Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the Internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.
26、26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Line 3, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper ________.
A、neglected the sign of crisis
B、failed to get state subsidies
C、were not charitable corporations
D、were in a desperate situation
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位至原文第一段第四句。从本段中的the end seemed near，doom，save等短语和词汇可以判断，报纸生存境况堪忧，需要拯救，故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项中的sign of crisis出现在第二段首句，此处表明报纸业危机迹象不明显，并非报纸业忽视了危机的征兆，故A选项错误。原文只是提到拯救报纸业的讨论涉及国家是否需要提供救济津贴或者报业是否要变成慈善机构，并不是报纸业未获得津贴或不是慈善机构，故B、C选项错误。
27、27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because ________.
A、readers threatened to pay less
B、newspapers wanted to reduce costs
C、journalists reported little about these areas
D、subscribers complained about slimmer products
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的refused delivery to distant suburbs可定位至原文第三段第五句。该段介绍了报纸采取的各种措施以维持运营：裁减记者、涨价、缩减内容、拒绝向偏远地区配送。第三段最后一句的these…measures指代前文提到的这些措施，可知拒绝配送和裁减记者是一样的目的：降低成本，stay afloat（维持生存），故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项与原文中readers are paying more的说法相悖，且这不是报纸拒绝配送的理由，故错误。C选项在原文中没有体现，属于无中生有，故错误。原文提到内容缩水，但并未提及读者对此的反应，D选项的complained没有原文依据，故错误。
28、28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they ________.
A、have more sources of revenue
B、have more balanced newsrooms
C、are less dependent on advertising
D、are less affected by readership
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Japanese newspapers可定位至原文第四段最后一句。Not surprisingly表明日本报纸行业更稳定的原因在前文。前文指出美国报纸行业收入highly unusual in their reliance on ads（过度依赖广告），2008年收入的87%来自广告，而日本报纸业只有35%，可见日本报纸行业更稳定的原因在于对广告的依赖更少，故C选项为正确答案
错项排除：原文只是对比了广告在美国和日本报纸行业收入中的占比，并未对比两者的收入来源，故A选项错误。原文中balanced修饰的是businesses，并非newsrooms，故B选项错误。原文中提到收入来源有读者和广告两方面，广告收入在日本报纸行业占35%，读者应该占65%，即日本受读者的影响更大，故D选项错误。
29、29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?
A、Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.
B、Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
C、Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.
D、Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位至文章最后一段。该段指出，受损最严重的是least distinctive（最不具有独特性）的部分，也就是说具有独特性的部分被保留了，可见与众不同对报纸业至关重要，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文只是提到完整性不再是报纸维持生存的优势，但并不能得出完整性导致报纸的衰败，故B选项错误。原文指出海外分社被无情裁撤，可见它对报纸并不那么重要，故C选项错误。原文提到汽车和电影评论被删除是因为没有特色，并未提及读者对此不感兴趣，故D选项错误。
30、30. The most appropriate title for this text would be ________.
A、American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival
B、American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind
C、American Newspapers: A Thriving Business
D、American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story
解析：
答案精析：原文首段就指出，美国报业不像一年前那样衰败，在第二段指出美国报业have not only survived but often returned to profit（不仅生存了下来，还恢复了盈利），并介绍了美国报业为之采取的各项措施，可见文章是在介绍美国报业在危机中奋力求生，故A选项为正确答案。
错项排除：B、D选项与原文中returned to profit相悖，过于悲观，故错误。C选项中Thriving过于乐观，与原文中It has not been much fun（情况并不乐观）相悖，故错误。
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.
Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood—materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses—usually around 1,200 square feet—than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life—few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers—but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.
31、31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ ________.
A、prosperity and growth
B、efficiency and practicality
C、restraint and confidence
D、pride and faithfulness
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的postwar和housing style可定位至原文第二段最后一句。该句指出，经济大萧条和二战时的restraint（克制）以及战后对未来的confidence（信心）使小巧实用的房子变得流行，可见美国住房风格反映了美国人的克制和信心，故C选项为正确答案。
错项排除：A选项出现在原文第一段，指得是二战后的时代特征，并非美国人的特征，故A选项错误。题干问的是美国住房特点所反映出的美国人的特点，B选项是美国住房的特点，不是美国人的特点，故错误。D选项在原文中并未提及，故错误。
32、32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?
A、It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
B、Its designing concept was affected by World War II.
C、Most American architects used to be associated with it.
D、It had a great influence upon American architecture.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中Paragraph 3和Bauhaus可定位至原文第三段第二句。该句指出，包豪斯是一家设计学校，后一句的these designers指的是本段第二句中的“与包豪斯相关”，移民到美国并在美国建筑学校任职的人，这些人对美国建筑exert enormous influence（产生了巨大影响），D选项中的a great influence是对此表述的同义替换，故为正确答案。
错项排除：原文提到“少即是多”的理念是由米斯提出的，并非是包豪斯学院由米斯创立，故A选项错误。原文并未提到包豪斯的设计理念，故B选项错误。原文只是提到与包豪斯有关的设计师移民美国，并非大多数美国设计师都与包豪斯有关，故C选项错误。
长难句分析：The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools.
本句主干为The phrase… was actually first popularized by a German，为主谓宾结构，“less is more”是phrase的同位语。the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe是German的同位语。who引导的非限制性定语从句的主干是who emigrated… and took up posts。like other people是插入语，associated with the Bauhaus是过去分词作后置定语修饰people，a school of design是Bauhaus的同位语。to the United States为地点状语，表明移民的去处，before World War II为时间状语，表明移民时间。at American architecture schools为地点状语，表明任教的学校。
句意为：“少即是多”的说法实际上最初是由一位德国建筑师路德维希·米斯·范德罗推广开来的。他和其他与德国包豪斯设计学院相关的建筑师一样，在二战前移民到美国并在美国建筑学院任教。
33、33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design ________.
A、was related to large space
B、was identified with emptiness
C、was not reliant on abundant decoration
D、was not associated with efficiency
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的elegance of architectural design可定位至原文第四段第二句。该句指出，米斯认为优雅did not derive from abundance（并非源自于大量装饰）。C选项是对这一表达的同义转述，故为正确答案。
错项排除：第四段最后一句指出，米斯的设计是small and efficient（小巧实用），并非big and often empty（大而空洞），A、B、D选项均与原文此句表达的含义相反，故错误。
34、34. What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?
A、They ignored details and proportions.
B、They were built with materials popular at that time.
C、They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.
D、They shared some characteristics of abstract art.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive可定位至原文第五段。该段指出，米斯所建的公寓是the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time（当时风靡的抽象艺术在建筑上的相应体现）。也就是说，这些公寓具有抽象艺术的一些特征。故D选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文提到米斯的房子受欢迎的原因之一是the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions（建筑细节和比例的雅致），可见A选项与原文文意相反，故错误。原文第四段提到米斯使用的建筑材料在我们现今看来稀疏平常，但在当时symbolized the future（象征着未来），可见他使用的材料在当时并不常见，故B选项错误。原文第五段首句指出，米斯的建筑比临近的建筑smaller（更小），C选项与原文文意相悖，故错误。
35、35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study Houses”?
A、Mechanical devices were widely used.
B、Natural scenes were taken into consideration.
C、Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.
D、Eco-friendly materials were employed.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的“Case Study Houses”可定位至原文最后一段。该段指出，案例研究住宅是“少即是多”潮流的另一本土影响。在这些住宅中，美的效果源自风景、新材料和直观的细节。可见这些住宅的设计将自然风光考虑在内，故B选项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文出现mechanical是在说机械革命，并非机械装置，而且这些住房并未使用机械装置，故A选项错误。原文提到直观明了的细节是这些住宅的美学来源，因而并非忽略细节，故C选项错误。原文只是提到使用new materials，并未指明是eco-friendly materials，D选项偷换概念，故错误。
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.
A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: “European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labor costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.
36、36. The EU is faced with so many problems that ________.
A、it has more or less lost faith in markets
B、even its supporters begin to feel concerned
C、some of its member countries plan to abandon euro
D、it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词so many problems定位到第二段。第二段首句中those problems指代前文，根据上文可知问题包括债务危机、人口减少和增长缓慢，而第一段最后一句表明even the project’s greatest cheerleaders（欧盟最强烈的支持者）都在谈论这些问题，可见他们对这些问题都感到担忧，B项为正确答案。
错项排除：原文第二段说Markets have lost faith，是指市场对欧盟失去信心，A选项指欧盟对市场失去信心，属于本末倒置，故错误。C选项在原文中并未提及，属于无中生有，故错误。D选项在原文第二段有提及，但并非欧盟面临众多问题的结果或措施，故错误。
37、37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers ________.
A、are competing for the leading position
B、are busy handling their own crises
C、fail to reach an agreement on harmonisation
D、disagree on the steps towards disintegration
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词single currency, stuck和dominant powers定位到第三段。第三段第一句指出关于如何拯救统一货币免于分崩离析的讨论陷入僵局。第二句指出原因：两大主导力量——法国和德国——都同意要协调欧元区，但没能就协调的具体内容达成一致，其中disagree about what to harmonise（不同意具体协调的内容）和C项fail to reach an agreement on harmonisation（未能就协调协议达成一致）为同义替换，所以C正确。
错项排除：A项的leading position在原文中没有出现过，所以A排除。B项的crises出现在第一段，但原文的危机由欧盟所共有，而不只是dominant powers所拥有。D项的towards disintegration表示该政策已经开始瓦解，但原文的表述是save... from disintegration，指正在努力挽救，阻止瓦解，没有提及是否正处于瓦解状态，因此排除。
38、38. To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that ________.
A、EU funds for poor regions be increased
B、stricter regulations be imposed
C、only core members be involved in economic co-ordination
D、voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词Germany proposed定位到第四段第一句。定位句指出了德国的提议：在借贷、开销和竞争力上执行更严格的规则，并制裁那些不遵守规则的国家。总结起来即要在法规上更加严厉，stricter rules与stricter regulations为同义替换，因此B选项正确。
错项排除：A项的关键词funds for poor regions出现在第五段的法国的提议中，而德国对funds的态度是威胁冻结，所以排除。原文第四段最后一句指出，德国坚持经济协调应involve all 27 members（包括所有27个成员国），并非只包括核心成员，故C选项错误。第四段第二句指出，德国建议的规定包括the suspension of a country’s voting rights（暂停某个国家的投票权），并非保障，D项与原文相反，故错误。
39、39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that ________.
A、poor countries are more likely to get funds
B、strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries
C、loans will be readily available to rich countries
D、rich countries will basically control Eurobonds
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词French proposal定位到第五段。第五段第二句大意为，这意味着，政治家可干预货币政策和再分配系统，使资金从富国流向贫困国，可见贫困国更有可能得到资金援助，故A项为正确答案。
错项排除：B选项的monetary policy在原文中出现，但原文只是提及politicians要介入，而没有指出是否严格，事实上严格的货币政策在上一段中由德国提出，因此排除。原文指出资金由富裕国流向贫困国，可见富裕国家不易获得资金，C项与原文相反，故错误。D项在原文没有依据，属于无中生有，故错误。
40、40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel ________.
A、pessimistic
B、desperate
C、conceited
D、hopeful
解析：
答案精析：第一段用设问的方式引出欧盟面临的各种问题；接下来作者从客观的角度叙述欧盟两大主导力量——法国和德国——各自提出的经济援助计划；最后一段表明作者的观点：欧盟的篇章还没有画上句点，依然是世界上最大的贸易体，这得益于它的政策，单一市场使得商品、资本和人力自由流通，是磨平全球化棱角、使资本主义健康发展的一次前瞻性的尝试。可知作者对欧盟单一市场的态度是积极并充满信心的，所以选D。
错项排除：A和B两项与最后一段表述矛盾，所以排除。C项一般用来形容人，而文章论述的主题是欧盟的未来，所以不能用在该语境中，故排除。
41、 Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes” on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.
But senior medical figures want to stop first-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.
“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be,” said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.
Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver’s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change their behaviour.
Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. “If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes — by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,” he said.
Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.
Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”
He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and hospitals—areas within which takeaways cannot open.
A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this. ”
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.
【A】“fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
【B】the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools.
【C】“lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.
【D】cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
【E】the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.
【F】parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.
【G】the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.
参考答案：EDCBG
解析：
选项分析
[A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
应该对麦当劳之类的快餐生产商征收“肥胖税”。
[B] the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools.
政府应该禁止在学校周边地区开设快餐店。
[C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.
“说教”是改善英国学校午餐的有效方式。
[D] cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
应该用香烟警告的模式来告诉孩子们不健康饮食的危害。
[E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.
薯片和糖果生产商可以在“改变生活”运动中发挥很大的作用。
[F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.
家长应该在家健康饮食，为孩子树立榜样。
[G] the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.
政府应该加强在商业中的责任感。
试题解析
答案精析：人名出现在第二段和第六段。第二段没有与之对应的备选项，而第六段第二句讲到Lansley认为薯片和糖果生产商应该在Change4Life运动中扮演核心角色，该句与E选项表述完全一致，manufacturers和producers含义相同，play a central role和contribute significantly表意相同，故选E。
答案精析：人名出现在第四段第二句，本句指出，Stephenson认为不健康的食品应该被看作和吸烟或酗酒一样有害，但在选项中找不到该信息的同义替换。人名在第七段再次出现，Stephenson指出对不健康食品设定严厉的限制，就像限制香烟一样。而D项表明可以像限制香烟一样对不健康的饮食设立警告，D项最为符合，所以选D。
答案精析：人名出现在第六段第三句，该句指出Oliver高调尝试提高英国学生的午餐质量的行为被Lansley批评，来说明“说教”不是改变人的行为的有效方式，可见Oliver应与之相反，认为“说教”可以有效提高英国学校的午餐质量，故选C。
答案精析：根据人名定位到第九、十段。原文中，Bhugra表示要告诉学生食物与健康有关，而有些食物是不健康的。他还建议在学校和医院附近区域不能开设快餐店，与B项表述“政府应该禁止在学校附近开设快餐店”一致，因此选B。
答案精析：根据人名定位到第十一段，该发言人提到：我们应该创造公共健康的新景象，使社会各界能共同努力以过得更健康长寿。这包括在社会责任基础上，而非国家法规基础上和商家达成“责任条款”。分析这段话可以得知，政府将会在社会责任角度去强化公众健康意识，而不是制定法规，与G项信息strengthen the sense of responsibility对应，所以选G。
选项分析
[A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
应该对麦当劳之类的快餐生产商征收“肥胖税”。
[B] the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools.
政府应该禁止在学校周边地区开设快餐店。
[C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.
“说教”是改善英国学校午餐的有效方式。
[D] cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
应该用香烟警告的模式来告诉孩子们不健康饮食的危害。
[E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.
薯片和糖果生产商可以在“改变生活”运动中发挥很大的作用。
[F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.
家长应该在家健康饮食，为孩子树立榜样。
[G] the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.
政府应该加强在商业中的责任感。
试题解析
答案精析：人名出现在第二段和第六段。第二段没有与之对应的备选项，而第六段第二句讲到Lansley认为薯片和糖果生产商应该在Change4Life运动中扮演核心角色，该句与E选项表述完全一致，manufacturers和producers含义相同，play a central role和contribute significantly表意相同，故选E。
答案精析：人名出现在第四段第二句，本句指出，Stephenson认为不健康的食品应该被看作和吸烟或酗酒一样有害，但在选项中找不到该信息的同义替换。人名在第七段再次出现，Stephenson指出对不健康食品设定严厉的限制，就像限制香烟一样。而D项表明可以像限制香烟一样对不健康的饮食设立警告，D项最为符合，所以选D。
答案精析：人名出现在第六段第三句，该句指出Oliver高调尝试提高英国学生的午餐质量的行为被Lansley批评，来说明“说教”不是改变人的行为的有效方式，可见Oliver应与之相反，认为“说教”可以有效提高英国学校的午餐质量，故选C。
答案精析：根据人名定位到第九、十段。原文中，Bhugra表示要告诉学生食物与健康有关，而有些食物是不健康的。他还建议在学校和医院附近区域不能开设快餐店，与B项表述“政府应该禁止在学校附近开设快餐店”一致，因此选B。
答案精析：根据人名定位到第十一段，该发言人提到：我们应该创造公共健康的新景象，使社会各界能共同努力以过得更健康长寿。这包括在社会责任基础上，而非国家法规基础上和商家达成“责任条款”。分析这段话可以得知，政府将会在社会责任角度去强化公众健康意识，而不是制定法规，与G项信息strengthen the sense of responsibility对应，所以选G。
选项分析
[A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
应该对麦当劳之类的快餐生产商征收“肥胖税”。
[B] the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools.
政府应该禁止在学校周边地区开设快餐店。
[C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.
“说教”是改善英国学校午餐的有效方式。
[D] cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
应该用香烟警告的模式来告诉孩子们不健康饮食的危害。
[E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.
薯片和糖果生产商可以在“改变生活”运动中发挥很大的作用。
[F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.
家长应该在家健康饮食，为孩子树立榜样。
[G] the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.
政府应该加强在商业中的责任感。
试题解析
答案精析：人名出现在第二段和第六段。第二段没有与之对应的备选项，而第六段第二句讲到Lansley认为薯片和糖果生产商应该在Change4Life运动中扮演核心角色，该句与E选项表述完全一致，manufacturers和producers含义相同，play a central role和contribute significantly表意相同，故选E。
答案精析：人名出现在第四段第二句，本句指出，Stephenson认为不健康的食品应该被看作和吸烟或酗酒一样有害，但在选项中找不到该信息的同义替换。人名在第七段再次出现，Stephenson指出对不健康食品设定严厉的限制，就像限制香烟一样。而D项表明可以像限制香烟一样对不健康的饮食设立警告，D项最为符合，所以选D。
答案精析：人名出现在第六段第三句，该句指出Oliver高调尝试提高英国学生的午餐质量的行为被Lansley批评，来说明“说教”不是改变人的行为的有效方式，可见Oliver应与之相反，认为“说教”可以有效提高英国学校的午餐质量，故选C。
答案精析：根据人名定位到第九、十段。原文中，Bhugra表示要告诉学生食物与健康有关，而有些食物是不健康的。他还建议在学校和医院附近区域不能开设快餐店，与B项表述“政府应该禁止在学校附近开设快餐店”一致，因此选B。
答案精析：根据人名定位到第十一段，该发言人提到：我们应该创造公共健康的新景象，使社会各界能共同努力以过得更健康长寿。这包括在社会责任基础上，而非国家法规基础上和商家达成“责任条款”。分析这段话可以得知，政府将会在社会责任角度去强化公众健康意识，而不是制定法规，与G项信息strengthen the sense of responsibility对应，所以选G。
选项分析
[A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
应该对麦当劳之类的快餐生产商征收“肥胖税”。
[B] the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools.
政府应该禁止在学校周边地区开设快餐店。
[C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.
“说教”是改善英国学校午餐的有效方式。
[D] cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
应该用香烟警告的模式来告诉孩子们不健康饮食的危害。
[E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.
薯片和糖果生产商可以在“改变生活”运动中发挥很大的作用。
[F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.
家长应该在家健康饮食，为孩子树立榜样。
[G] the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.
政府应该加强在商业中的责任感。
试题解析
答案精析：人名出现在第二段和第六段。第二段没有与之对应的备选项，而第六段第二句讲到Lansley认为薯片和糖果生产商应该在Change4Life运动中扮演核心角色，该句与E选项表述完全一致，manufacturers和producers含义相同，play a central role和contribute significantly表意相同，故选E。
答案精析：人名出现在第四段第二句，本句指出，Stephenson认为不健康的食品应该被看作和吸烟或酗酒一样有害，但在选项中找不到该信息的同义替换。人名在第七段再次出现，Stephenson指出对不健康食品设定严厉的限制，就像限制香烟一样。而D项表明可以像限制香烟一样对不健康的饮食设立警告，D项最为符合，所以选D。
答案精析：人名出现在第六段第三句，该句指出Oliver高调尝试提高英国学生的午餐质量的行为被Lansley批评，来说明“说教”不是改变人的行为的有效方式，可见Oliver应与之相反，认为“说教”可以有效提高英国学校的午餐质量，故选C。
答案精析：根据人名定位到第九、十段。原文中，Bhugra表示要告诉学生食物与健康有关，而有些食物是不健康的。他还建议在学校和医院附近区域不能开设快餐店，与B项表述“政府应该禁止在学校附近开设快餐店”一致，因此选B。
答案精析：根据人名定位到第十一段，该发言人提到：我们应该创造公共健康的新景象，使社会各界能共同努力以过得更健康长寿。这包括在社会责任基础上，而非国家法规基础上和商家达成“责任条款”。分析这段话可以得知，政府将会在社会责任角度去强化公众健康意识，而不是制定法规，与G项信息strengthen the sense of responsibility对应，所以选G。
选项分析
[A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
应该对麦当劳之类的快餐生产商征收“肥胖税”。
[B] the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools.
政府应该禁止在学校周边地区开设快餐店。
[C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.
“说教”是改善英国学校午餐的有效方式。
[D] cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
应该用香烟警告的模式来告诉孩子们不健康饮食的危害。
[E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign.
薯片和糖果生产商可以在“改变生活”运动中发挥很大的作用。
[F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.
家长应该在家健康饮食，为孩子树立榜样。
[G] the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.
政府应该加强在商业中的责任感。
试题解析
答案精析：人名出现在第二段和第六段。第二段没有与之对应的备选项，而第六段第二句讲到Lansley认为薯片和糖果生产商应该在Change4Life运动中扮演核心角色，该句与E选项表述完全一致，manufacturers和producers含义相同，play a central role和contribute significantly表意相同，故选E。
答案精析：人名出现在第四段第二句，本句指出，Stephenson认为不健康的食品应该被看作和吸烟或酗酒一样有害，但在选项中找不到该信息的同义替换。人名在第七段再次出现，Stephenson指出对不健康食品设定严厉的限制，就像限制香烟一样。而D项表明可以像限制香烟一样对不健康的饮食设立警告，D项最为符合，所以选D。
答案精析：人名出现在第六段第三句，该句指出Oliver高调尝试提高英国学生的午餐质量的行为被Lansley批评，来说明“说教”不是改变人的行为的有效方式，可见Oliver应与之相反，认为“说教”可以有效提高英国学校的午餐质量，故选C。
答案精析：根据人名定位到第九、十段。原文中，Bhugra表示要告诉学生食物与健康有关，而有些食物是不健康的。他还建议在学校和医院附近区域不能开设快餐店，与B项表述“政府应该禁止在学校附近开设快餐店”一致，因此选B。
答案精析：根据人名定位到第十一段，该发言人提到：我们应该创造公共健康的新景象，使社会各界能共同努力以过得更健康长寿。这包括在社会责任基础上，而非国家法规基础上和商家达成“责任条款”。分析这段话可以得知，政府将会在社会责任角度去强化公众健康意识，而不是制定法规，与G项信息strengthen the sense of responsibility对应，所以选G。
42、 Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do—roughly 2 percent of all CO₂emissions?
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO₂, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO₂, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.
参考答案：
参考译文
有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体量跟全球航空公司产生的一样多——约占二氧化碳总排量的2%?
IT行业的很多日常工作对环境造成了惊人的破坏作用。根据人们得到“正确”答案所需查询的次数，谷歌搜索引擎会产生0.2到7克的二氧化碳排放量。为了快速将结果传递给用户，谷歌不得不在全球各地建立数据中心，并配备功能强大的计算机。在产生大量二氧化碳气体的同时，这些计算机会释放大量的热量，因此数据库中心必须要有良好的空调设备，这就会消耗更多的能源。
不过，谷歌和其他大型技术供应商们严密监控他们的工作效率，并做出改善。监控只是减排之路的第一步，但还有许多工作要做，而这也并不只是大公司的任务。
解析：
生词本
industry n. 行业
volume n. 量
greenhouse gas 温室气体
emission n. 排放
take a toll on 对……造成危害
leak v. 漏出；泄露
packed with 塞满
emit v. 释放
air-conditioned adj. 装有空调的
monitor v. 监控
efficiency n. 效率
表达难点
第一句：Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do—roughly 2 percent of all CO₂ emissions?
本句中would have thought使用了虚拟语气，翻译为“能想到，会想到”。其后的that引导的宾语从句为thought的宾语；as引导比较状语从句，the same…as表示“和……一样多”，do代替前半句中的produce。破折号后的内容为the same volume的同位语，翻译时保留破折号，顺译即可。
第二句：Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment.
本句为简单句，顺译即可，其中everyday tasks指IT行业的日常工作，因而这里需采取增译。
第三句：A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO₂, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer.
本句为主谓宾结构的简单句，后半部分的depending on…为现在分词作伴随状语，翻译为“取决于……”，转译为“根据……”。how many attempts指使用搜索引擎进行查询的“次数”。
第四句：To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers.
本句前半句的不定式To deliver为目的状语，可翻译为“为了传递”。maintain原意为“维持”，由于后面宾语是data centres，“维持数据”中心不符合中文逻辑，因而译为“建立数据中心”。packed with powerful computers为过去分词作后置定语修饰data centres，表示“（数据中心）塞满了功能强大的计算机”，可转译为“（数据中心）配备了功能强大的计算机”。
第五句：While producing large quantities of CO₂, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.
本句中While引导时间状语从句，表示“在……的同时”。主句为so连接的两个句子，后面的分句中centres指上文提到的数据库中心。which引导非限制性定语从句，指的是“数据中心必须安装良好的空调设备”，翻译时可以用“这”进行指代。
第六句：However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements.
本句为简单句，顺译即可。
第七句：Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.
本句中on the road to表示“在通往……的道路上”。reduction原意是“减少”，结合文意可知这里指“减少温室气体排放”，故增译为“减排”。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
43、Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to:
1) congratulate him/her, and
2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
Dear Li Ming,
I am writing to congratulate you on your being successfully admitted to Harvard University, which enjoys an international reputation for its academic excellence.
As you set out on a new journey, I guess you may have some doubts and worries. Hence I’d like to offer you some advice on how to prepare for your university life. First and foremost, you need to build a strong body for the future academic pursuit, so you can take some exercises during the breaks. In addition, I do recommend you to make full use of the library in your university by reading books besides the normal curriculum.
Congratulate you again and wish you a fruitful college life.
Sincerely yours,
Zhang Wei
参考译文
亲爱的李明：
我写信是为了祝贺你成功被哈佛大学录取，这所大学因其学术成就在国际上享有盛名。
在即将开始新的征程之际，我想你可能会有一些疑虑和担忧。因此我想就如何度过大学生活给你几条建议。首先也是最重要的是，你需要练就强健的体魄，为你的学术追求做准备。因此你可以在课间休息时做一些锻炼。其次，我建议你，充分利用大学的图书馆，阅读常规课程以外的书籍。
再次对你表示祝贺，并祝你有一个收获满满的大学生活。
谨致问候，
张伟
解析：
本篇作文考查建议信，要求考生向表弟李明写信，祝贺他被大学录取，并对大学生活给出建议。首段表明写作目的：祝贺对方考上大学。中间段就为大学生活做准备给出建议。结尾段表达对其大学生活的美好祝愿。
44、
Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
The column chart above indicates different market shares of automobiles of three brands between 2008 and 2009. During this period, there was a marked jump from 25% to 33% in the market portion of domestic brands, while that of Japanese brands declined significantly by 10% from 35% to 25%. At the same time, the percentage of American brands almost didn’t change.
It’s not difficult to come up with some possible factors to account for this trend. At the top of the list, with the rapid development of our economy and society, more and more people prefer domestic products to foreign ones. What’s more, it is undeniable that domestic cars become competitive and win the confidence of the Chinese customers.
From this graph, we can come to the safe conclusion that the Chinese automakers are doing a good job in outcompeting their Japanese and American counterparts in 2009. And I firmly believe this trend will continue in the years to come.
参考译文
上面的这幅柱状图指出在2008年至2009年期间三种品牌的轿车所占的市场份额。在此期间，中国品牌的市场份额从25%跃居到33%，提高了8%，而日本从35%骤降至25%，下降了10%。与此同时，美国品牌的市场份额几乎没有发生变化。
不难看出影响这一趋势的原因。首先最重要的是，随着我国经济和社会的快速发展，比起外国轿车越来越多的人更喜欢国产轿车。此外，不容否认的是，中国轿车变得具有竞争力，赢得了中国顾客的信心。
从这幅图表我们可以得出结论：中国轿车公司在2009年与日本和美国同行的竞争中脱颖而出，表现良好。我坚信这种趋势在未来将持续下去。
解析：
题目分析
本道题目是一篇图表题，其中有三个变量，变化各具特征，因此最好在首段都有所描述。从图片中可知，2009年，中国轿车市场份额超过了日系和美系品牌。考生可就此说明导致这种现象的原因。
文章大纲
第一段：描述三个品牌所占市场份额的变化情况。
第二段：解释发生这一变化的原因（主要围绕国产品牌）。
第三段：指出未来的发展趋势。
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