一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting (1)_____ workers’ productivity. Instead, the studies ended (2)_____ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect,” the extremely influential idea that the very (3)_____ of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.
The idea arose because of the (4)_____ behavior of the women in the plant. According to (5)_____ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not (6)_____ what was done in the experiment; (7)_____ something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) (8)_____ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be (9)_____ to alter workers’ behavior (10)_____ itself.
After several decades, the same data were (11)_____ to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. (12)_____ the descriptions on record, no systematic (13)_____ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to (14)_____ interpretation of what happened. (15)_____, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output (16)_____ rose compared with the previous Saturday and (17)_____ to rise for the next couple of days. (18)_____, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers (19)_____ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before (20)_____ a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.
1、(1)
A、affected
B、achieved
C、extracted
D、restored
解析：
答案精析：文章开头指出两名工程师被派去指导一系列实验（sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments）。随后空格所在句指出了实验的目的，即弄清楚车间照明如何______工人劳动生产效率的。空格处应填入一个可以表示“车间照明”和“工人的生产效率”之间关系的词，选项中只有affected符合文意，表示主语对宾语的影响，因此选择A项。
错项排除：空格前后分别为shop-floor lighting（车间照明）和workers’ productivity（工人的生产效率）。将B、C和D项代入空格，意为弄清楚车间照明如何完成/提取/恢复工人劳动生产效率的，均不符合上下文语意，故排除。
2、(2)
A、at
B、up
C、with
D、off
解析：
答案精析：本题考查动词end的用法，本句介绍了实验的结果。句首的Instead暗示转折之意，即实验以出乎预料的结局而告终。end up doing为固定搭配，意为“以……告终；最终成为……”，符合语境，故选择B项。
错项排除：end一般不与at搭配，故排除A项。end with和end off意为“结束”，end with后一般接名词，end off表示事情顺利结束，后面一般不加宾语，均不符合语境，故排除C、D两项。
3、(3)
A、truth
B、sight
C、act
D、proof
解析：
答案精析：空格位于同位语从句中，the very _____ of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior是对idea的说明，the very表示强调，of being experimented upon作后置定语，修饰空格处的名词。句意为：“霍桑效应”这一极具影响力的概念就是指被用来做实验这一______本身就可以改变研究对象的行为。C项act代入空格表示“被用来做实验”这一事情本身，符合语境。
错项排除：文章只阐述了实验结果所表明的观点，并非真理，因此排除A项。文章未提及受试者的行为因自己正在接受实验“情景”或者“证据”而改变，因此B项和D项语义不通，故排除。
4、(4)
A、controversial
B、perplexing
C、mischievous
D、ambiguous
解析：
答案精析：本句应填入形容词，修饰behavior，说明女工在实验中的行为。根据后文可知，照明灯变亮和变暗的情况下，女工的每小时产量都会提高，由此可知，这种行为非常令人困惑，因此选择B项。
错项排除：文章中女工的工作行为不涉及争议性，因此排除A项。文章未提及女工在实验中故意捣乱，因此排除C项。文章指出女工在受关注的情况下提高工作效率是客观事实，且ambiguous常形容一个人的态度或说法模棱两可，不能修饰人的行为，因此D项不符合语境，故排除。
5、(5)
A、requirements
B、explanations
C、accounts
D、assessments
解析：
答案精析：根据空格前的According to可知，空格处应为一种依据和详细信息，空格后提及不管工厂的灯光变亮或变暗，女工的工作效率都会提高。由此可知，空格处应是对空格后内容的描述，因此C项“描述；叙述”符合题意。
错项排除：A项和D项代入文章分别意为，根据实验要求和根据实验评估，这与后文实际阐述的实验描述不相符，故排除。B项explanations意为“解释；说明”，阐述某件事发生的原因，这与对实验过程的描述不相符，故排除。
6、(6)
A、conclude
B、matter
C、indicate
D、work
解析：
答案精析：根据空格上一句可知，工厂照明灯变亮或者变暗均能提高工人的生产效率，即不管实验中做什么事情，工人的产量都会提高。B项matter代入文中，意为“实验中做什么都无关紧要”，符合语境。
错项排除：A项和C项均为及物动词，代入文中意为，这没有推断/表明，显然不符合逻辑，故排除。D项填入空格为It did not work（不起作用），后面不接从句，故排除。
7、(7)
A、as far as
B、for fear that
C、in case that
D、so long as
解析：
答案精析：空格处位于分号后，是对分号前面句子的补充。空格后的something was changed是指灯光变亮和变暗，生产效率就会提高。因此空格应填入表示条件的连词。D项so long as“只要”，表示某事发生的充分条件，符合上下文语义。
错项排除：A项as far as常引导状语从句，强调程度或范围。B项for fear that引导目的状语从句，表明做某事的目的。C项in case that可引导目的状语从句和条件状语从句，而文章中表示某事发生的充分条件，因此排除C项。
8、(8)
A、awareness
B、expectation
C、sentiment
D、illusion
解析：
答案精析：空格后的that引导同位语从句，具体说明其内容。根据上文可知，工人成为受试者会让他们改变自己的行为。A项awareness填入空中意为，工人意识到自己在接受实验这个事实本身似乎就足以改变工人的行为。因此A项正确。
错项排除：全文指出工人成为受试者是一种事实，他们改变行为是意识到这一事实，这不是一种期待或感情，也不是一种幻觉，因此排除B、C和D项。
9、(9)
A、suitable
B、excessive
C、enough
D、abundant
解析：
答案精析：本句描述了成为受试者对工人行为的影响，空格后的to alter workers’ behavior（改变工人的行为）说明成为实验对象所起的作用。C项enough填入空中意为，这一事实就足以改变工人们的行为，因此C项正确。
错项排除：实验目的是对原因和结果作客观分析，而A项suitable含有主观的因素，因此排除A项。B项excessive，表示超出合理的程度和范围，D项abundant强调数量多，两项均不能描述工人意识到自己在接受实验这个事实是导致他们改变行为的因素，因此排除。
10、(10)
A、about
B、for
C、on
D、by
解析：
答案精析：by oneself为固定搭配，此处指成为实验对象本身就可以改变工人的行为，因此选择D项。
错项排除：about oneself表示“关于某人自己”和B项for oneself意为“为了自己”，均不符合语境，故排除。C项on不能与oneself搭配，故排除。
11、(11)
A、compared
B、shown
C、subjected
D、conveyed
解析：
答案精析：空格处应填入过去分词，与were构成被动语态，并能与to搭配。be subjected to表示“使遭受；使经受”，填入空格表示，“同一数据被用于计量经济学分析”。因此正确答案为C项。
错项排除：be compared to意为“被比较；被比作”，是指通过对比两个或两个以上的事物，得出其相似点或不同点，而data和econometric analysis之间不存在可比性，因此排除A项。B项和D项填入文中表示“数据被展示给计量经济分析”和“数据被传递给计量经济分析”，两者均不符合逻辑，故排除。
12、(12)
A、Contrary to
B、Consistent with
C、Parallel with
D、Peculiar to
解析：
答案精析：上句提出霍桑实验还有另外一个意想不到的事实，因此空格所填的词应体现转折关系，意想不到的事实与实验记录的描述相反。A项Contrary to意为“与……相反”，符合语境。
错项排除：文章提及几十年后的分析和以前的记录有了惊人的发现，因此B项Consistent with不符合题意。C项Parallel with通常指两物体在位置上平行，与文章无关，故排除。D项Peculiar to表示所属关系，不符合文章语义，故排除。
13、(13)
A、evidence
B、guidance
C、implication
D、source
解析：
答案精析：空格应填入名词，被systematic修饰，作句子的主语。上文提到新的分析意外发现生产效率水平与照明变化无关，而当年的实验则证明两者的关系。A项填入空中意为，“与实验记录的描述相反，没有系统的证据表明生产率与照明变化有关”，因此A项正确。
错项排除：实验结果也是出乎意料的，并非为指导，因此排除B项。C项被systematic修饰，语义不当，故排除。文章描述了照明变化和生产效率有关系，D项中的source与此不搭配，故排除。
14、(14)
A、disputable
B、enlightening
C、reliable
D、misleading
解析：
答案精析：本句进一步分析了为何当年实验的解读存在问题。D项misleading填入空中意为：结果证明，实验所采取的特殊方式可能导致了对现象的误导性解释，故D项为正确答案。
错项排除：B项和C项为褒义词，不能说明对实验现象的解释存在问题，因此排除。A项disputable指人们对此未达成共识，并不能说明实验存在问题，因此排除。
15、(15)
A、In contrast
B、For example
C、In consequence
D、As usual
解析：
答案精析：空格中应填入逻辑衔接语。空格前一句指出实验方法的特殊性导致了以前对实验现象的解读有误，下文分析了实验中如何改变照明的。由此可知，空格处的词应用于引出后文的例子，因此B项符合文意。
错项排除：A项In contrast表对比和转折，但本句不存在对比的意思，故排除。本句也不存在因果关系，因此排除C项。D项与后面的always重复，不能起到承接上下文的作用，故排除。
16、(16)
A、duly
B、accidentally
C、unpredictably
D、suddenly
解析：
答案精析：空格所在句大意为，照明在星期天固定地发生变化，而工人的产量每逢星期一也必然增加，因而周一产出量增加是必然的，所以选择A项duly（按时地）。
错项排除：B、C和D项都有偶然和不确定性，与文章提及的每逢周一产量固定地变化相悖，因此排除。
17、(17)
A、failed
B、ceased
C、started
D、continued
解析：
答案精析：根据下文可知，工人在一周的前几天都比较勤奋，由此可知周一提高生产率之后还会继续提高。D项continued意为“继续”，符合题意。
错项排除：文章提及星期一产量增加，在接下来的几天产量也持续上升，因此A项和B项不符合语境，故排除。文章指出周一产出就开始上升，因此不可能是在接下来几天才开始上升，因此排除C项。
18、(18)
A、Therefore
B、Furthermore
C、However
D、Meanwhile
解析：
答案精析：上文提到照明的周期性变化与工人产量的周期性变化之间有关系，但下文指出，工人在一周的前几天比较勤奋，与照明无关，因此前后存在转折，故选择C项。
错项排除：本句与上一句不存在因果、递进和并列关系，因此A、B和D项均可排除。
19、(19)
A、attempted
B、tended
C、chose
D、intended
解析：
答案精析：根据上文对实验现象的描述可知，工人们的工作效率在一周之内会发生变化，此处表示一种存在的现实，tend to do sth.意为“往往会；倾向于做”，符合研究中观察的客观性，因此选择B项。
错项排除：文章讨论外界因素对工人效率的影响，并未突出工人自身主观意志的作用，因此排除A、C和D项。
20、(20)
A、breaking
B、climbing
C、surpassing
D、hitting
解析：
答案精析：文章指出工人的工作效率如同抛物线一样：在一周的前几天会很勤奋，当达到一个稳定的水平时就会松懈，因此空格处应填入表示“达到”意思的词汇，D项hitting符合语义。
错项排除：空格处应为对工人工作效率的描述，是前期和后期之间的过渡，“打破”和“超越”则意味着工作效率还将继续上升，因此排除A项和C项。B项一般不与plateau搭配，故排除。
长难句分析：When work started again on Monday, output duly rose compared with the previous Saturday and continued to rise for the next couple of days.
本句的主干为…output duly rose…and continued to rise…。When引导时间状语从句，rose和continued to为并列谓语，compared with the previous Saturday作比较状语，for the next couple of days为时间状语。
句意为：当周一又开始工作时，产出理所当然地比上周六要高，然后在接下来的几天会继续增长。
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”
Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
21、21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that ________.
A、arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers
B、English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews
C、high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers
D、young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位至文章第一、二段。文章第一段指出英国报纸的艺术报道在范围和严肃性方面都已经衰落，第二段指出现在人们对于日报上刊登大量的文艺评论感到惊讶，由此可知，现在的报纸上很少像过去一样刊登文艺评论，因此选择B项。
错项排除：文章二段第一句指出，过去大多数大城市的报纸上都刊登高质量的文艺评论，但这并不意味着艺术评论已从大城市的报纸上消失，因此排除A项。文章第二段提及high-quality arts criticism并未提及high-quality newspapers，因此排除C项。第二段最后一句指出人们对于日报上刊登大量的文艺评论感到惊讶，但并不能推断出年轻人对这种做法产生质疑，因此排除D项。
22、22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by ________.
A、free themes
B、casual style
C、elaborate layout
D、radical viewpoints
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的World War II可定位至文章第三段。根据文章第三段第一句可知，20世纪初期到二战前夕的英国报纸文章的特点是unfocused。unfocused在此处可理解为“没有重点的”，也就是主题自由。因此选择A项。
错项排除：文章第三段第三句提及当时的作家将新闻评论看做是严肃的事业，因此英国报纸评论应为严谨的，故B项错误。文章未提及当时新闻评论的布局和观点，因此排除C项和D项。
23、23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
A、It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.
B、It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
C、Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.
D、Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Shaw and Newman可定位至文章第三段第三至五句。根据第三段最后一句中So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism可知，很少有作家拥有足够的头脑或文学天赋保证他们在新闻业坚持下去。由此可以看出，并非所有的作家都有能力进行新闻写作，因此选择D项。
错项排除：A项在文章中未提及，故排除。文章提出作家把新闻工作当成一种使命，并为自己的文章能刊登而感到自豪，由此可知，两人并不认为新闻工作是可鄙的。原文提及I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as…（不禁想把‘新闻业’定义为……），并未说明作家可能被吸引到新闻工作之中，因此排除C项。
长难句分析：We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.
本句的主干为We are even farther removed…，from the unfocused newspaper reviews为状语，published in…World War II为过去分词短语作后置定语，逗号之后为状语，when引导定语从句，修饰a time，in which引导定语从句，修饰the publications。
句意为：从20世纪初到二战前夕，在英国发表的那些报纸评论话题广泛，这与现在就更不相同了。当时，新闻用纸非常便宜，辞藻华丽的文艺评论被认为是对刊登这种内容出版物的装饰。
24、24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
A、His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.
B、His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.
C、His style caters largely to modern specialists.
D、His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的人名Cardus可定位至文章第四段。第四段首句指出，令人遗憾的是，这些评论家几乎被人们遗忘了。该段最后一句提及卡达斯是英国重要的音乐评论人，除了专业人士之外，他的大量作品如今都不为人知。由此可推测出卡达斯的音乐评论对当今读者没有太大的吸引力，因此选择A项。
错项排除：文章只提及卡达斯作为音乐评论家的声誉，后来逐渐淡出人们的视线，并未提及他的声誉饱受争议，因此排除B项。根据第四段最后一句可知，卡达斯在音乐评论方面的大量作品多为专业人士所了解，但是并不能说明他的风格主要迎合专业人士，因此排除C项。文章最后一段提及业余爱好者撰写音乐评论的传统已经逐渐衰落，并不是说他的文章未遵循业余传统，因此排除D项。
25、25. What would be the best title for the text?
A、Newspapers of the Good Old Days
B、The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
C、Mournful Decline of Journalism
D、Prominent Critics in Memory
解析：
答案精析：文章第一段指出英国报纸上的艺术报道在范围和严肃性方面都已经衰落，随后介绍了过去艺术评论的辉煌，也介绍了报纸文艺评论的现状：曾经的评论家们被人们渴望，但文艺评论复现的前景令人担忧。由此可知，艺术评论已经不是报刊的一个重要的领域和板块了，故B项正确。
错项排除：文章提及报刊评论在过去饱受关注，随后谈论了该行业发生的变化和文艺评论复现的前景渺茫，因此A项以偏概全，不能作为文章的标题。文章讨论的是报刊文艺评论的衰落，而非新闻的衰落，因此排除C项。文章揭示了报纸文艺评论逐渐走向衰退，而不是回忆杰出的评论家，因此排除D项。
Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.
Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal”, says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”
Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.
The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court”, says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.
26、26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of ________.
A、their limited value to businesses
B、their connection with asset allocation
C、the possible restriction on their granting
D、the controversy over their authorization
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Business-method和recently可定位至文章第二段。第二段首句指出，国家最高专利法院为减少商业方法专利做好了准备。由此可知，商业方法由于授予被限制，最近备受关注，因此选择C项。
错项排除：文章首段指出，过去十年里，企业争相申请这个专利，由此可见商业方法专利有十分重要的商业价值，A项与此相悖，故排除。文章在举例时提及Merrill Lynch公司为了资产分配策略申请了专利，但不能说明商业方法必须与资产配置有联系，因此排除B项。文章第二段首句指出，这项专利从十年前首次获得批准就饱受争议，并非最近发生的事情，因此排除D项。
27、27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
A、Its ruling complies with the court decisions.
B、It involves a very big business transaction.
C、It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.
D、It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Bilski case可定位至文章第二段第三句。根据定位句可知，比尔斯基案关系到商业方法专利是否会被废除，而一旦商业方法专利被废除，对此类案例的法律裁决也会改变，因此正确答案为D项。
错项排除：文章第二段提及，美国联邦巡回上诉法院声称会用一起特定的案例对商业方法专利进行广泛的复审。由此可知，法院尚未对此案件进行判决，因此A项和C项错误，故排除。文章第二段第三句提及a very big deal（一个大事件），此处指案件的影响非常大，但不能推断出是一宗非常大的商业交易，因此排除B项。
长难句分析：In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.
本句的主语为the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said…，句首的介词短语作状语，that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz为定语从句，修饰a move。it would use…business-method patents为宾语从句，其中to conduct a broad review of business-method patents为目的状语。
句意为：美国联邦巡回上诉法院的一个提案引得知识产权律师们议论纷纷。在该提案中，美国联邦巡回上诉法院表示，它将借审理一个特殊的待审案件为契机，对商业方法专利进行广泛审查。
28、28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para. 3) most probably means ________.
A、loss of good will
B、increase of hostility
C、change of attitude
D、enhancement of dignity
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位至文章第三段第一行。根据文章第二段第一句可知，现在最高专利法院准备缩减商业方法专利权，而第三段第一句指出商业方法专利权是联邦巡回法院在1998年引入的。联邦法院前后对商业方法专利的态度不同，由此可知“about-face”意思是“态度转变”，因此选择C项。
错项排除：A项和B项语义重复，不可能同时正确，故排除；原文没有提及法院的尊严问题，故排除D项。
29、29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents ________.
A、are immune to legal challenges
B、are often unnecessarily issued
C、lower the esteem for patent holders
D、increase the incidence of risks
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位至文章最后两段。根据第五段可知，最高法院的法官表示，已经有太多的专利权授予给了平淡无奇的发明，由此可见，法官对商业方法专利持负面态度，认为商业方法专利往往是没有必要的，B项正确。
错项排除：文章多次提及商业方法专利有可能被法院限制甚至取消，由此可见商业方法专利会受到法律的挑战，因此排除A项。文章未提及专利对人的尊重，因此排除C项。文章第四段第一句提及，比尔斯基案涉及一项能源市场中风险规避方法的专利，并不能推测出商业方法专利会增加风险，因此排除D项。
30、30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
A、A looming threat to business-method patents.
B、Protection for business-method patent holders.
C、A legal case regarding business-method patents.
D、A prevailing trend against business-method patents.
解析：
答案精析：通读全文可知，本文主要讨论商业方法专利的问题。文章围绕法院对商业专利权的态度转变展开，法院由认可、授予到质疑、准备缩减甚至取消，可见商业方法专利面临着潜在的威胁，因此选择A项。
错项排除：文章未提及商业方法专利的持有人问题，因此排除B项。文章提及比尔斯基案意义重大，关于它的判决结果可能会影响到商业方法专利的废除，但这一案例只是一个引子，用来引出文章的主题，并非文章的主题，所以排除C项。最后两段虽然涉及法院的新举措，但这一举措是对最高法院反专利趋势的回应，并未提及行动尚处于流行的趋势，故D项排除。
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.
The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
31、31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to ________.
A、analyze the consequences of social epidemics
B、discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas
C、exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics
D、describe the essential characteristics of influentials
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的The Tipping Point可定位至第一段首句。作者开篇引用了该书的观点，随后以此为例子对有影响力的人士在风尚传播中的作用进行讨论。由此可见，作者的意图是借此引出话题，讨论影响力人士在社会风尚传播中的影响究竟有多大，因此选择B项。
错项排除：文章讨论社会风尚的推动力，而不是讨论社会风尚的后果，因此排除A项。文章第二段中提及从直觉上讲，这种观点令人信服，但是并不是说明作者例证人们对社会风尚的直觉反应，因此排除C项。文章虽然提及有影响力的人士的几种特征，但只是举例带过，下文没有就这些特征展开讨论，故排除D项。
32、32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” ________.
A、serves as a solution to marketing problems
B、has helped explain certain prevalent trends
C、has won support from influentials
D、requires solid evidence for its validity
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的“two-step-flow theory”可定位至文章第二段第一句。根据定位句可知，作者在介绍“两级传播”理论时谈到了自己对这一理论的评价：a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory（听起来合理，但很大程度上未经验证）。由此可知，作者认为该理论需要进行更多的验证，所以选择D项。
错项排除：A项将营销人员对“两级流动传播理论”的看法说成作者的看法，故错误。文章使用 seems to explain而并非helped explain，故排除B项。文章第二段第二句提及，营销人员已经接受了两级传播理论，并介绍了原因，由此可见支持和欢迎两级传播理论的人是营销人员，而不是有影响力的人士，故排除C项。
33、33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that ________.
A、the power of influence goes with social interactions
B、interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media
C、influentials have more channels to reach the public
D、most celebrities enjoy wide media attention
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的researchers have observed可定位至文章第四段。根据定位句可知，正是这些不出名但是有影响力的人通过直接影响他们的朋友和同事，促进了社会风尚的发展。第三句指出，每个受影响的人随后都去影响自己熟悉的人，然后这些被影响的人必须继而去影响他们所熟悉的人。由此可知，随着社会交往的增加，受影响的人会越来越多，因此影响力也会变得越来越大，因此选择A项。
错项排除：文章指出很多名人的影响力主要是媒体影响的作用，但不能推测出人际关系可以通过新闻媒体得以增强，因此排除B项。文章未提及接触公众的渠道，因此排除C项。文章第四段第一句提及，像奥普拉·温弗瑞这样的少数名人的强大影响力主要是媒体的作用，但是这并不等同于大多数名人受到媒体的广泛关注，因此排除D项。
34、34. The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who ________.
A、stay outside the network of social influence
B、have little contact with the source of influence
C、are influenced and then influence others
D、are influenced by the initial influential
解析：
答案精析：根据题干可定位至文章第四段。根据第四段第三句中each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs可知，需要每个受到影响的人随后都去影响他们熟悉的人，这些人必须继而去影响他们所熟悉的人。划线短语指那些受到他人影响，继而又去影响他人的人，因此选择C项。
错项排除：文章提及这些人与最初有影响力的人存在两个层级的距离，而并未提及这些人是远离社会影响网络的人，故排除A项。B项利用原文内容设置干扰，原文has little to do with the initial influential的主语不是these people，因此选项B错误。文章指出，在传播过程中，并非所有人都是被最初那位有影响力的人所影响的，该选项忽视了后来受影响且影响别人这一方面，因此排除D项。
35、35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?
A、The eagerness to be accepted.
B、The impulse to influence others.
C、The readiness to be influenced.
D、The inclination to rely on others.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的dynamics of social influence可定位至文章第五段。根据第五段第二句可知，出现全球性影响链的最主要因素不是个别影响力人士的存在，而是因为有相当数量易受影响的人群，因此选择C项。
错项排除：文章讨论了社会风尚的发展靠人来推动和传播，而不是人本身被接受的问题，因此排除A项。文章提及如果在影响链中有一个环节的人们抵制流行的趋势，不愿被影响，那么潮流的影响力就会极大地降低，因此重要的不在于是否愿意影响别人，而在于是否愿意被别人影响，因此B项错误。原文未提及依赖他人，故排除D项。
长难句分析：They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
本句的主干为They found…that引导宾语从句。宾语从句中的主语为the principal requirement，两个破折号之间的部分为“global cascades”的同位语。
句意为：研究人员发现，实现“全球影响链”，即影响力通过人际网络实现广泛传播，其主要条件并非存在少数有影响力的人，而是存在很多容易受他人影响的人。
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.
After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives”. Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of judgment by management”.
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.
36、36. Bankers complained that they were forced to _______.
A、follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
B、collect payments from third parties
C、cooperate with the price managers
D、reevaluate some of their assets
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词bankers complained和they were forced可定位到第一段第二句。定位句的下一句中可以得知银行抱怨的内容：他们制定的准则迫使自己汇报巨额损失，以第三方出价而非经理或监管部门定价来估值资产。由此可知，standard-setters给出的规定是用来资产评估（value assets）的，与A项的asset evaluation同义，而这种估值方式却受到抱怨，与A含义吻合。
错项排除：B项关键词third parties在原文中对应的句子是关于出价标准的，与collect payments无关。原文没有体现C项的cooperate所以排除。D项的reevaluate也不是银行家的行为，银行家对应的谓语是value，所以D排除。
37、37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in ________.
A、the diminishing role of management
B、the revival of the banking system
C、the banks’ long-term asset losses
D、the weakening of its independence
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词rule changes of the FASB可定位到第三段第一、二句。定位句指出，FASB修改的准则包括给银行更多评估非流动资产的自由和长期资产中承认损失的灵活性。第三段指出规则修改的细则，第二段对修改的理论进行了分析。第三段第二句指出，对资本市场重要的标准的独立性被削弱，其中compromise与weakening为同义词，所以D正确。
错项排除：原文提到FASB的措施还增强了the use of judgment by management，与A项的diminishing相反，故排除A项。B项的revival在第二段中提到是会变难的，所以排除。C项利用原文第三段第二句中出现的losses和long term asset进行干扰，但原文说的是这会使银行在确认收益表中的长期资产损失中有更大的灵活性，并不是说这一措施会导致银行长期的财产损失，故排除C项。
38、38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to ________.
A、keep away from political influences
B、evade the pressure from their peers
C、act on their own in rule-setting
D、take gradual measures in reform
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词McCreevy和IASB可定位到第四段第三句。第四段开头表明了欧洲官员和IASB在会计准则和制定问题的态度：暂时不进行改革，仍保持独立性，但其妥协的压力非常大。最后麦克雷维表示IASB不处在政治真空中，而是在现实中。由此可知，人们不能凭借自己的意志做决定，可见他反对委员会独自做决定。
错项排除：A项对应McCreevy说的not live in a political vacuum，但这是他的观点而非IASB客观正在做的事，所以排除。B项的peer pressure在原文中未提及，pressure指的是来自准则修订而非同行间。D项的“逐步的改革措施”也在原文未提及。
39、39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they ________.
A、misinterpreted market price indicators
B、exaggerated the real value of their assets
C、neglected the likely existence of bad debts
D、denied booking losses in their sale of assets
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的on the wrong planet可定位至第五段第一句划线部分。该句意为：作者认为银行不切实际，因为银行广泛存在高估财产的现象。B项的exaggerated是原文overvalued的同义替换。因此选择B项。
错项排除：A项的关键词misinterpret没有在文中体现，故排除。文章第五段第二句提到bad debts，但此处表示市价没有反映出坏账的程度，因此排除C项。原文只提及银行不愿提及账面损失，而非否认账面损失，故排除D项。
40、40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of ________.
A、satisfaction
B、skepticism
C、objectiveness
D、sympathy
解析：
答案精析：文章开头提及银行家对会计标准颇有怨言，随后说明保持会计准则制定者的独立性非常重要，然后对其在压力面前做出的让步表示无奈。由此可知，作者反对银行的做法，与会计准则制定者观点一致。因此选择D项。
错项排除：作者并未表现出对标准制定者现在的工作是否满意，所以A和B两项排除。作者也明确表示出了反对银行呼吁、支持标准制定者履行职责，所以也并非客观态度，C项排除。
41、41. ________→42. ________→43. ________→44. ________→E→45. ________
【A】The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
【B】Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
【C】Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.
【D】All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.
【E】Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and café. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.
【F】For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
【G】However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
参考答案：BFDGA
解析：
试题解析
段落A大意：本段主要讲在外用餐人数的快速增长，而在欧洲零售业以稍慢的速度稳步增长。但由于近年经济衰退，人们开始重新考虑在家吃饭。
段落B大意：欧洲零售业务停滞不前，虽然他们都在尝试发展电子商务和开拓海外市场，但忽略了批发业务。
段落C大意：这些变化并不会阻止零售业务发展，因为市场由买方而非卖方决定，这种变化最终会受到消费者的欢迎。
段落D大意：这一市场可以帮助大型零售商利用现有优势而获取利润，并开创新的经营模式。
段落E大意：欧洲批发商的结构大同小异，批发商销售数据和零售业销售数据呈现出两种截然相反的趋势。
段落F大意：批发业发展势头比零售业更迅猛，利润更高，需求也更高，因此批发商可以考虑联合起来。
段落G大意：本段主要讲这些要求都没有阻止大型零售商进入批发行业，因为掌握批发行业的流程可以获得巨大利润。
答案解析
答案精析：本段第一句讲欧洲零售业停滞不前，零售商急切寻求拓展业务的办法。下文讲述这些经销商重点在电子商务而忽视批发业务，而全文重点解释拓展批发业务的重要性，所以根据逻辑，本段后需要接与批发业有关的论述。本段以描述欧洲零售业现象开始，随后指出问题，最后引出全文主题，由此可推断本段为全文的首段。
答案精析：第一句由For example引出，可知本段承接上段论点给出具体例子。本段论述将批发业和零售业的特点作对比，所以上一段应该主要涉及零售业与批发业的发展情况，可知F段应在B段之后。本段最后一句指出，批发业作为一种零散的产业，现在有了联合起来的可能性，因此下一段应该连接联合之后的展望。
答案精析：本段由All in all引出，很容易被认为位于全文结尾，但根据全文主题，this指的是wholesale，本段讲大零售商可以利用自己的优势，如果使用wholesale的方式则可以获取利润。后半段讲大零售商面临的挑战，需要开拓新的经营模式才能占据优势，可知本段后应继续举新经营模式的例子以完善逻辑。
答案精析：本段与上一段构成转折关系，表明这些要求都不能阻碍大型零售商一试身手的机会。上一段的主语为big retailers，本段应在D段之后，requirements指的是上一段中所讲的new skills and unfamiliar business models。45. A
答案精析：本段为影响批发业发展的其中一个影响，the first容易让人以为本段位于文章开头，但仔细对比E和A两段可以发现A开头所指的原因其实是E段末尾所讲的零售业的食品饮料市场增长缓慢的原因。下文关于对在外用餐和购买商品增速的对比又转到可预测的用餐量减少，为批发业发展提供机会，可知本段为有利于wholesale发展的一个机会，符合总——分的写作逻辑，因此排在E段后面。
试题解析
段落A大意：本段主要讲在外用餐人数的快速增长，而在欧洲零售业以稍慢的速度稳步增长。但由于近年经济衰退，人们开始重新考虑在家吃饭。
段落B大意：欧洲零售业务停滞不前，虽然他们都在尝试发展电子商务和开拓海外市场，但忽略了批发业务。
段落C大意：这些变化并不会阻止零售业务发展，因为市场由买方而非卖方决定，这种变化最终会受到消费者的欢迎。
段落D大意：这一市场可以帮助大型零售商利用现有优势而获取利润，并开创新的经营模式。
段落E大意：欧洲批发商的结构大同小异，批发商销售数据和零售业销售数据呈现出两种截然相反的趋势。
段落F大意：批发业发展势头比零售业更迅猛，利润更高，需求也更高，因此批发商可以考虑联合起来。
段落G大意：本段主要讲这些要求都没有阻止大型零售商进入批发行业，因为掌握批发行业的流程可以获得巨大利润。
答案解析
答案精析：本段第一句讲欧洲零售业停滞不前，零售商急切寻求拓展业务的办法。下文讲述这些经销商重点在电子商务而忽视批发业务，而全文重点解释拓展批发业务的重要性，所以根据逻辑，本段后需要接与批发业有关的论述。本段以描述欧洲零售业现象开始，随后指出问题，最后引出全文主题，由此可推断本段为全文的首段。
答案精析：第一句由For example引出，可知本段承接上段论点给出具体例子。本段论述将批发业和零售业的特点作对比，所以上一段应该主要涉及零售业与批发业的发展情况，可知F段应在B段之后。本段最后一句指出，批发业作为一种零散的产业，现在有了联合起来的可能性，因此下一段应该连接联合之后的展望。
答案精析：本段由All in all引出，很容易被认为位于全文结尾，但根据全文主题，this指的是wholesale，本段讲大零售商可以利用自己的优势，如果使用wholesale的方式则可以获取利润。后半段讲大零售商面临的挑战，需要开拓新的经营模式才能占据优势，可知本段后应继续举新经营模式的例子以完善逻辑。
答案精析：本段与上一段构成转折关系，表明这些要求都不能阻碍大型零售商一试身手的机会。上一段的主语为big retailers，本段应在D段之后，requirements指的是上一段中所讲的new skills and unfamiliar business models。45. A
答案精析：本段为影响批发业发展的其中一个影响，the first容易让人以为本段位于文章开头，但仔细对比E和A两段可以发现A开头所指的原因其实是E段末尾所讲的零售业的食品饮料市场增长缓慢的原因。下文关于对在外用餐和购买商品增速的对比又转到可预测的用餐量减少，为批发业发展提供机会，可知本段为有利于wholesale发展的一个机会，符合总——分的写作逻辑，因此排在E段后面。
试题解析
段落A大意：本段主要讲在外用餐人数的快速增长，而在欧洲零售业以稍慢的速度稳步增长。但由于近年经济衰退，人们开始重新考虑在家吃饭。
段落B大意：欧洲零售业务停滞不前，虽然他们都在尝试发展电子商务和开拓海外市场，但忽略了批发业务。
段落C大意：这些变化并不会阻止零售业务发展，因为市场由买方而非卖方决定，这种变化最终会受到消费者的欢迎。
段落D大意：这一市场可以帮助大型零售商利用现有优势而获取利润，并开创新的经营模式。
段落E大意：欧洲批发商的结构大同小异，批发商销售数据和零售业销售数据呈现出两种截然相反的趋势。
段落F大意：批发业发展势头比零售业更迅猛，利润更高，需求也更高，因此批发商可以考虑联合起来。
段落G大意：本段主要讲这些要求都没有阻止大型零售商进入批发行业，因为掌握批发行业的流程可以获得巨大利润。
答案解析
答案精析：本段第一句讲欧洲零售业停滞不前，零售商急切寻求拓展业务的办法。下文讲述这些经销商重点在电子商务而忽视批发业务，而全文重点解释拓展批发业务的重要性，所以根据逻辑，本段后需要接与批发业有关的论述。本段以描述欧洲零售业现象开始，随后指出问题，最后引出全文主题，由此可推断本段为全文的首段。
答案精析：第一句由For example引出，可知本段承接上段论点给出具体例子。本段论述将批发业和零售业的特点作对比，所以上一段应该主要涉及零售业与批发业的发展情况，可知F段应在B段之后。本段最后一句指出，批发业作为一种零散的产业，现在有了联合起来的可能性，因此下一段应该连接联合之后的展望。
答案精析：本段由All in all引出，很容易被认为位于全文结尾，但根据全文主题，this指的是wholesale，本段讲大零售商可以利用自己的优势，如果使用wholesale的方式则可以获取利润。后半段讲大零售商面临的挑战，需要开拓新的经营模式才能占据优势，可知本段后应继续举新经营模式的例子以完善逻辑。
答案精析：本段与上一段构成转折关系，表明这些要求都不能阻碍大型零售商一试身手的机会。上一段的主语为big retailers，本段应在D段之后，requirements指的是上一段中所讲的new skills and unfamiliar business models。45. A
答案精析：本段为影响批发业发展的其中一个影响，the first容易让人以为本段位于文章开头，但仔细对比E和A两段可以发现A开头所指的原因其实是E段末尾所讲的零售业的食品饮料市场增长缓慢的原因。下文关于对在外用餐和购买商品增速的对比又转到可预测的用餐量减少，为批发业发展提供机会，可知本段为有利于wholesale发展的一个机会，符合总——分的写作逻辑，因此排在E段后面。
试题解析
段落A大意：本段主要讲在外用餐人数的快速增长，而在欧洲零售业以稍慢的速度稳步增长。但由于近年经济衰退，人们开始重新考虑在家吃饭。
段落B大意：欧洲零售业务停滞不前，虽然他们都在尝试发展电子商务和开拓海外市场，但忽略了批发业务。
段落C大意：这些变化并不会阻止零售业务发展，因为市场由买方而非卖方决定，这种变化最终会受到消费者的欢迎。
段落D大意：这一市场可以帮助大型零售商利用现有优势而获取利润，并开创新的经营模式。
段落E大意：欧洲批发商的结构大同小异，批发商销售数据和零售业销售数据呈现出两种截然相反的趋势。
段落F大意：批发业发展势头比零售业更迅猛，利润更高，需求也更高，因此批发商可以考虑联合起来。
段落G大意：本段主要讲这些要求都没有阻止大型零售商进入批发行业，因为掌握批发行业的流程可以获得巨大利润。
答案解析
答案精析：本段第一句讲欧洲零售业停滞不前，零售商急切寻求拓展业务的办法。下文讲述这些经销商重点在电子商务而忽视批发业务，而全文重点解释拓展批发业务的重要性，所以根据逻辑，本段后需要接与批发业有关的论述。本段以描述欧洲零售业现象开始，随后指出问题，最后引出全文主题，由此可推断本段为全文的首段。
答案精析：第一句由For example引出，可知本段承接上段论点给出具体例子。本段论述将批发业和零售业的特点作对比，所以上一段应该主要涉及零售业与批发业的发展情况，可知F段应在B段之后。本段最后一句指出，批发业作为一种零散的产业，现在有了联合起来的可能性，因此下一段应该连接联合之后的展望。
答案精析：本段由All in all引出，很容易被认为位于全文结尾，但根据全文主题，this指的是wholesale，本段讲大零售商可以利用自己的优势，如果使用wholesale的方式则可以获取利润。后半段讲大零售商面临的挑战，需要开拓新的经营模式才能占据优势，可知本段后应继续举新经营模式的例子以完善逻辑。
答案精析：本段与上一段构成转折关系，表明这些要求都不能阻碍大型零售商一试身手的机会。上一段的主语为big retailers，本段应在D段之后，requirements指的是上一段中所讲的new skills and unfamiliar business models。45. A
答案精析：本段为影响批发业发展的其中一个影响，the first容易让人以为本段位于文章开头，但仔细对比E和A两段可以发现A开头所指的原因其实是E段末尾所讲的零售业的食品饮料市场增长缓慢的原因。下文关于对在外用餐和购买商品增速的对比又转到可预测的用餐量减少，为批发业发展提供机会，可知本段为有利于wholesale发展的一个机会，符合总——分的写作逻辑，因此排在E段后面。
试题解析
段落A大意：本段主要讲在外用餐人数的快速增长，而在欧洲零售业以稍慢的速度稳步增长。但由于近年经济衰退，人们开始重新考虑在家吃饭。
段落B大意：欧洲零售业务停滞不前，虽然他们都在尝试发展电子商务和开拓海外市场，但忽略了批发业务。
段落C大意：这些变化并不会阻止零售业务发展，因为市场由买方而非卖方决定，这种变化最终会受到消费者的欢迎。
段落D大意：这一市场可以帮助大型零售商利用现有优势而获取利润，并开创新的经营模式。
段落E大意：欧洲批发商的结构大同小异，批发商销售数据和零售业销售数据呈现出两种截然相反的趋势。
段落F大意：批发业发展势头比零售业更迅猛，利润更高，需求也更高，因此批发商可以考虑联合起来。
段落G大意：本段主要讲这些要求都没有阻止大型零售商进入批发行业，因为掌握批发行业的流程可以获得巨大利润。
答案解析
答案精析：本段第一句讲欧洲零售业停滞不前，零售商急切寻求拓展业务的办法。下文讲述这些经销商重点在电子商务而忽视批发业务，而全文重点解释拓展批发业务的重要性，所以根据逻辑，本段后需要接与批发业有关的论述。本段以描述欧洲零售业现象开始，随后指出问题，最后引出全文主题，由此可推断本段为全文的首段。
答案精析：第一句由For example引出，可知本段承接上段论点给出具体例子。本段论述将批发业和零售业的特点作对比，所以上一段应该主要涉及零售业与批发业的发展情况，可知F段应在B段之后。本段最后一句指出，批发业作为一种零散的产业，现在有了联合起来的可能性，因此下一段应该连接联合之后的展望。
答案精析：本段由All in all引出，很容易被认为位于全文结尾，但根据全文主题，this指的是wholesale，本段讲大零售商可以利用自己的优势，如果使用wholesale的方式则可以获取利润。后半段讲大零售商面临的挑战，需要开拓新的经营模式才能占据优势，可知本段后应继续举新经营模式的例子以完善逻辑。
答案精析：本段与上一段构成转折关系，表明这些要求都不能阻碍大型零售商一试身手的机会。上一段的主语为big retailers，本段应在D段之后，requirements指的是上一段中所讲的new skills and unfamiliar business models。45. A
答案精析：本段为影响批发业发展的其中一个影响，the first容易让人以为本段位于文章开头，但仔细对比E和A两段可以发现A开头所指的原因其实是E段末尾所讲的零售业的食品饮料市场增长缓慢的原因。下文关于对在外用餐和购买商品增速的对比又转到可预测的用餐量减少，为批发业发展提供机会，可知本段为有利于wholesale发展的一个机会，符合总——分的写作逻辑，因此排在E段后面。
42、 One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46)【Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.】
It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47)【but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.】
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48)【Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.】 Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.
Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49)【In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.】 Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.
To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50)【It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.】 It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.
参考答案：
参考译文
46. 科学家们迅速出手拯救它们，并提出了不可信的证据，声称如果鸟儿不能控制昆虫的数量，昆虫就会把我们吃光。
47. 但我们至少近乎承认，不论鸟类对我们是否有经济利益，它们都应该持续存在，这是一个自身固有权利的问题。
48. 曾几何时，生物学家们总是滥用这一证据：这些生物通过捕食体弱的生物来维系健康的生物链，或者说它们仅仅捕食“无价值”的物种。
49. 在欧洲，生态林业较为发达，那些没有商业价值的树种被视为本地森林群落的成员，应该得到合理保护。
50. 这种保护系统往往忽视并因此最终消灭那些缺乏商业价值，但对其健康运转至关重要的物种。
解析：
生词本
jump to 赶快，立即
shaky adj. 不牢靠的
to the effect 大意是
eat sth. up 吃光
intrinsic adj. 本质的，固有的
overwork v. 过度工作
prey on 捕食
forestry n. 林业学
ecologically adv. 生态学地
eliminate v. 消除
表达难点
46. ①jumped to the rescue表示“迅速救援”。②shaky evidence表示“可疑的证据；站不住脚的证据”。③to the effect that…表示“大意是”，是evidence的后置定语。④that引导的同位语从句修饰the effect，其中嵌套了if引导的条件状语从句，最后部分的failed to control them并不能直接翻译成“不能控制它们”，需译为“不能控制它们的数量”。
47. ①draw near表示“临近，接近”，故draw nearer the point of admitting意为“近乎承认”。②that引导的宾语从句可直接作为“承认”的宾语，顺译即可。③intrinsic right意为“固有权利”。④regardless of …为让步状语，按照汉语习惯，翻译时将其前置。the presence or absence of economic advantage意思为“有无经济利益”。
48. ①Time was when表示“曾几何时”。overwork原本表示“过度工作”，这里可译为“滥用”。③or连接的两个that引导的句子为evidence的同位语从句，由于从句过长，翻译时可以用冒号将evidence和从句分开。
49. ①where引导的定语从句修饰Europe，既可以将其前置译成“在生态林业较为发达的欧洲”，也可以按原英文语序翻译成“在欧洲，生态林业较为发达”。②non-commercial意为“无商业价值的”。③插入语as members of the native forest community修饰的是the non- commercial tree species。④within reason表示“合理的；在合理范围内”。
50. ①本句主干为it tends to ignore and to eliminate many elements. ②elements原意指“元素，成分”，结合语境可知，此处应该是指“物种”。③but连接两个that引导的定语从句，修饰elements，翻译时可以前置翻译。land community可意译为“陆地群落”
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
43、Part A
51. Directions:
You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications for applicants and the other information which you think is relevant.
You should write about 100 words.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Postgraduates’ Association” instead. (10 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
Volunteers Wanted
To improve students’ ability and enrich extracurricular activities, the Postgraduates’ Association is recruiting volunteers for an international conference on globalization, which is to be held on April 8, 2018 in Beijing. And here are the necessary qualifications of the volunteers.
Firstly, applicants should have outgoing personality, be responsible and love to communicate with other people. In addition, candidates must be able to speak Chinese and English fluently, since most attendants will be foreigners. At last, you should be strictly ready for order according to the time schedule of the conference.
If you are interested in joining this program to contribute to the conference, please email to PostgraduateAssociation@yahoo.com.
Postgraduate’ Association
参考译文
志愿者招募
为提高学生能力及丰富课外活动，研究生协会现为2018年4月8日在北京召开的全球国际会议招募志愿者。以下为志愿者所需的资历。
首先，申请者需要性格外向、有责任心、乐于与他人交流。此外，申请者必须要中英文流利，因为大部分与会者是外国人。最后，你需要在会议的时间安排内随时待命。
如果你有兴趣加入项目，协助我们举办会议，请发邮件至PostgraduateAssociation@ yahoo.com.
研究生协会
解析：
此题要求考生为研究生协会写一篇告示，为全球国际会议招募志愿者。除了题目要求中提到的资历外，告示中还应该加上全球国际会议的背景信息以及背景方式。告示一般有一个居中的题目和署名。第一段交代全球国际会议背景、举办时间等。第二段描述志愿者的任职资格。第三段提供报名方式。
44、
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
In this thought-provoking picture, there is a boiling hotpot in which various ingredients representing multi-cultures are being boiled, such as celebrities home and abroad, philosophical concepts as Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, and moral values of Eastern and Western countries. It seems that the hot pot tastes very delicious because of the rich nutrition from the multi-cultures.
The author is trying to convey the message that Chinese and Western culture can merge into a unique form to a certain degree. Since China has opened its doors to the world, the cultural communication between China and Western countries has been intensified gradually. Many people from different countries are deeply fascinated about Chinese culture, while Chinese people are also heavily influenced by the foreign cultures. Since the trend of globalization has been irresistible, cultural integration emerges as a worthy issue. As long as we make the best of it, both the East and the West can benefit a lot. For example, the hit movie Kung Fu Panda is one of the successful examples of intercultural adaptation.
All in all, we shouldn’t regard foreign cultures as dreadful monsters and refuse them at the first glimpse. Meanwhile, merely accepting the foreign things and abandoning our own traditional cultures is also inadvisable. In terms of blending different cultures, we should be sensible enough to absorb their essence and to resist their shortcomings.
参考译文
在这幅引人深思的图片中有一个沸腾的火锅，里面包括多元文化的各种成分，比如中国和外国的名人、诸如佛家、道家、儒家等哲学概念、中西方价值观等。由于富有多国文化的营养物质，这个火锅看起来很美味。
作者似乎在传达这样一种信息：中西方文化在一定程度上可以融合。自从中国向世界开放之后，中西方国家间的文化交流不断加强。很多外国人深深地为中国文化所着迷，而中国人也深受外来文化的影响。因为全球化的趋势已势不可挡，文化交融变成了一个有价值的问题。只要我们妥善利用，中西方文化都会因此受益。比如，大热电影《功夫熊猫》就是其中一个成功的例子。
总的来说，我们不应该将外国文化视为洪水猛兽而不加区分地加以抵制。同时，一味接受所有外来文化而忽视传统文化同样不可取。当进行文化融合时，我们应该明智地吸取各种文化的精髓，并抵制它消极的一面。
解析：
题目分析
此篇作文的主题是“文化融合”。本题的写作方向多种多样，如中西文化融合可以带来益处、如何对待中西文化融合过程中的冲突、文化融合是全球化背景下的必然趋势等。
文章大纲
第一段：描述图片，但不需要把图片中的每一条信息都列出来，可适当进行概括。
第二段：中西文化可以在一定程度上融合，并给出具体的例子以及它的益处。
第三段：强调在中西文化的过程中，不可一味摒弃，也不能全盘接收。
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