一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic (1) _____ by the World Health Organization in 41 years.
The heightened alert (2) _____ an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising (3) _____ in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.
But the epidemic is “ (4) _____ ” in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization’s director general, (5) _____ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the (6) _____ of any medical treatment.
The outbreak came to global (7) _____ in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths (8) _____ healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to (9) _____ in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.
In the United States, new cases seemed to fade (10) _____ warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was (11) _____ flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the (12) _____ tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U. S., it has (13) _____ more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.
Federal health officials (14) _____ Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began (15 ) _____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is (16) _____ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those (17) _____ doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not (18) _____ for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other (19) _____. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups: health care workers, people (20) _____ infants and healthy young people.
1、(1)
A、criticized
B、appointed
C、commented
D、designated
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。原文首句提到，在墨西哥发现的猪流感疫情被宣布为全球流行病。空格所在句是对前一句的进一步解释说明，具有强调语意，应和首句所表达的意思相近。It is the first worldwide epidemic中的It代指前一句中的swine flu（猪流感），空格处要填过去分词作后置定语，修饰worldwide epidemic（世界性流行病）。根据语意，这是世界卫生组织41年来第一次 的全球性流行病。再结合四个选项的词义可知，此空应填入designated，表示“被世界卫生组织认定的全球性流行病”。
错项排除：A、C两项代入原文后明显和语意不符，并且世界卫生组织对于流行病的功能不应该是批判或者评论，故排除A、C两项。B项为强干扰项，也有“指定”的意思，但appoint后面通常跟sb.，表示“任命某人为……”，或者多指约定的时间和地点，故B项错误。
2、(2)
A、proceeded
B、activated
C、followed
D、prompted
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。本题考查heightened alert（加强的警觉性）和emergency meeting（紧急会议）之间的先后关系，需要理解是警觉性加强促使了会议的召开，还是会议召开后导致了警觉性的加强。根据后面的after a sharp rise in case…可以推断出，会议的召开是由于病例的激增引起的，由此可知heightened alert并不是会议召开的原因，应该是会议召开后的结果。故本空应填入followed，表示“会议召开后，警觉性加强了”。
错项排除：A项中的proceeded表示“继续进行”，带入空格后意味着heightened alert先于emergency meeting前发生，和语意逻辑不符，而且proceeded为不及物动词，后面应搭配to或者with，不能直接跟宾语，故A项错误。B、D两项代入空中都表示heightened alert促使了emergency meeting的召开，与之前分析的逻辑关系相反，故排除B、D两项。
3、(3)
A、digits
B、numbers
C、amounts
D、sums
解析：
答案精析：名词辨析题。空格前的rising和前文的a sharp rise都表示“增加”的意思，由and可知，前后应为并列关系。因此，and前后的内容表达意思相近。and前说到澳大利亚病例的激增，故空格处应填入一个和“病例”含义相同的词，numbers代入空中表示“病例数的增加”，故本空应填入numbers。
错项排除：A项digits表示“数字，数位”，并不能表示“数量”，所以不能和前面的rising搭配，故排除A项。C项amounts虽可以表示“数量”，但其修饰不可数名词，而原文中的cases为可数名词，故C项错误。D项sums表示“总数，总和”，代入空中不能表达“病例数”，故排除D项。
长难句分析：The heightened alert followed an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising numbers in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.
本句主干为：The heightened alert followed an emergency meeting…，为主谓宾结构。emergency meeting后面有两个介词短语with flu experts，in Geneva作后置定语，修饰emergency meeting。后面that引导定语从句修饰flu experts，用于解释流感专家聚集开会的原因。
句意为：随着澳大利亚病例数量急剧上升，以及英国，日本，智利和其他地区感染人数的不断增加，日内瓦的流感专家召开了紧急会议，会议后加强了对流感的警觉性。
4、(4)
A、moderate
B、normal
C、unusual
D、extreme
解析：
答案精析：形容词辨析题。根据空格前的But可以推断出，该句在此处和前文形成转折关系。前文说到流感病例的激增和严重性，空格句用But表示转折，表达和前文相反的意思，也就是说流感病情没有那么严重。再根据后文的mild symptoms（轻微症状）和full recovery（完全康复）可知，流感是可以完全康复的，同样指疫情并不是很严重。因此，空格处应填入moderate表示病情是“温和的”，而非“严重的”。
错项排除：流感的情况不能用是否正常来形容，而且normal一词无法和前文形容的流感严重性形成对比，故A项错误。C、D两项都表示流感非常严重，与句首的But转折意义不相符，故C、D两项错误。
5、(5)
A、with
B、in
C、from
D、by
解析：
答案精析：介词辨析题。本题考查独立主格结构，空格前的内容是完整的句子...the epidemic is moderate…，为主系表结构。空格后是非谓语动词experiencing，majority of patients 为逻辑主语，所以空格处为独立主格结构。with引导独立主格结构作状语，用于解释说明流感严重性为温和的原因，结构为with+名词短语（the overwhelming majority of patients）+动词ing形式（experiencing…）。此处只能用with连接引导独立主语，故本空填入with。
错项排除：根据文意，空格前在说流感病情没有那么严重，之后又在说绝大多数患者只经历了轻微症状并且能完全康复，可见空格后的内容是对空格前文的进一步说明，表示一种伴随情况。B、C、D三项的介词代入空中和语意不相符，故排除。
6、(6)
A、progress
B、absence
C、presence
D、favor
解析：
答案精析：名词辨析题。空格所在句的大意为，疫情的严重程度是温和的，绝大多数患者只出现了轻微症状，而且通常在 经过任何医疗治疗的情况下可以完全康复。根据语意可知，此处应表示没有经过任何治疗就可以痊愈，而且由空格后的any可推断，空格处应填入一个具有否定含义的词。故本空应填入absence。
错项排除：A、D两项代入空中和in搭配应该构成in progress（进行中）和in favor of（支持，赞成），不应有the，且代入空中和语意不相符，故排除A、D两项。C项presence表示“有，存在”，与absence是反义词，和原文意思相悖，故排除C项。
长难句分析：But the epidemic is “moderate” in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization’s director general, with the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the absence of any medical treatment.
本句主干为But the epidemic is “moderate”…，为主系表结构。后面的according to Margaret Chan为插入语，用于说明前一句内容的来源，the organization’s director general是Margaret Chan的同位语，用于对Margaret Chan的身份进行解释说明。随后的with引导独立主格结构，作主句的伴随状语，用于说明“流感病情是温和的”。句末的in the absence of…作状语修饰experiencing…a full recovery。
句意为：但据世界卫生组织总干事陈冯富珍说，疫情的严重程度是“温和的”，绝大多数患者只出现了轻微症状，而且通常在没有任何医疗治疗的情况下可以完全康复。
7、(7)
A、reality
B、phenomenon
C、concept
D、notice
解析：
答案精析：名词辨析题。根据空格后文语意，墨西哥当局发现了大量异常的住院和死亡病例，可知空格所在句是想表达后文情况出现的背景。也就是说，疫情的爆发引起了全球的关注，后文描述了墨西哥的情况，最后在段末还提及了其他国家的情况。故本空应填入notice，表示“全球性的关注”。
错项排除：come to…notice为固定搭配，表示“引起……的注意”，其余三项均不能和come to构成搭配，且和文意不符，故排除A、B、C三项。
8、(8)
A、over
B、for
C、among
D、to
解析：
答案精析：介词辨析题。此处应用一个介词来表示空格前后内容的关系。空格前指出“大量异常的住院和死亡”，空格后为“健康的成年人”， 由此可推断，这些异常的住院和死亡应该是出现在健康的成年人当中。因此空格处应填入among。
错项排除：原文说的是，墨西哥当局注意到健康成年人中住院治疗和死亡的人数异常之多，A、B、D三项均不能用于表示“在……之中”，故排除。
9、(9)
A、stay up
B、crop up
C、fill up
D、cover up
解析：
答案精析：动词短语辨析题。根据空格所在句语意，在恐慌最严重的时候，墨西哥城的大部分地区都关闭了，纽约市、美国西南部以及全世界的病例开始 。可见此处是在描述流感病例不断出现的情况，故本空应填入crop up，用于强调病例是在其他地方突然出现的。
错项排除：A、D两项代入空中，明显不符合语义，病例和“熬夜”或者“掩盖”没有任何关系。A项中的stay up也可表示“待在原地不动”，但由前文可知，流感是在墨西哥城爆发，随后又说在纽约等地“停留”，语义上逻辑不通，应该是在纽约等地“新出现”，故A、D两项错误。根据语意，流感是逐步蔓延到其他地区的，而不是一开始就“充满了”其他地区，C项与文意不符，故排除。
10、(10)
A、as
B、 if
C、unless
D、until
解析：
答案精析：连词辨析题。此处需要用一个连词来表示空格前后内容的关系。空格前在说“新的病例似乎在消失”，空格后说到“气候变暖了”，前后内容应该是时间关系。由此可推断，随着天气变暖，新病例似乎逐渐减少。故本空应填入as。
错项排除：B、C两项都表示条件关系，而空格处表示的是时间关系，B、C两项和原文逻辑不符，故排除。D项until虽表示时间关系，但代入空格后语意则为，直到天气变暖，新的病例才开始减少。这样无法和后一句的But构成转折关系，而且until主句中的谓语动词应该是连续性动词，但空格句中的seemed to fade是一种短暂性的动作。因此until不能用于此处作连接，故排除D。
11、(11)
A、excessive
B、enormous
C、significant
D、magnificent
解析：
答案精析：形容词辨析题。空格所在句的句首用But开头，表示转折，说明此句是对前一句“随着天气变暖，新病例似乎逐渐减少”的否定。也就是说，疫情并没有减缓，反而是更严重了。根据空格所在句语意，几乎每个州都有 流感病情。此处应填入一个形容流感更为严重的形容词，用于和前一句形成转折。故本空应填入significant，表示“显著的流感病情”，以强调它的严重性。
错项排除：A项excessive用于表示强调“过度，过分”的意思，不符合原文逻辑，故排除。B项enormous用于表示强调数量、体积或尺寸等的庞大，无法用于形容疫情的严重性，故排除B。D项magnificent强调整体的事物是壮观的，不能用于形容事物数量的多少，故排除D。
12、(12)
A、categories
B、examples
C、patterns
D、samples
解析：
答案精析：名词辨析题。空格所在句是that引导的宾语从句，空格处需要填入一个名词作宾语从句的主语，后面的tested为后置定语，修饰空格处的名词。根据语意，几乎所有的检测 都是新型猪流感，由此可推断空格处应填入一个和医疗检测相关的名词。故本空应填入samples，表示“检测样本”。
错项排除：原文是说通过对人群进行取样检验来确定身患流感的类型，并非对已经有的种类或者模式进行检验，A、C两项与原文意思不相符，故排除。example通常指同一类事物中的一个例子，并不能用于表示检验的样本，故排除D项。
13、(13)
A、imparted
B、immersed
C、injected
D、infected
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空格处应填入一个动词，和has构成句子的谓语，来表示流感和100多万人之间的关系，并且要和后文caused形成并列关系。空格所在句的it代指前文所说的新型猪流感，前文已经说到，通过对人群检验确认了流感的类型，空格后也说到有许多人都因此住院或死亡。再根据语意，它已经 了100多万人，造成600多人死亡，6000多人住院治疗。可知本空应填入infected，表示“新型猪流感已经感染了100多万人”。
错项排除：A、B、C三项代入空中均不能表示人群和流感之间被感染的关系，和原文语意不符，故排除。
14、(14)
A、released
B、relayed
C、relieved
D、remained
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空格处的动词需要表达主语officials和Tamiflu之间的关系。根据空格所在句语意，联邦卫生官员从国家储备中 了用于儿童的达菲。由后文的flu vaccine可知，Tamiflu（达菲）指的是一种针对流感的疫苗，所用的对象是儿童。而Tamiflu和Federal health officials（联邦卫生官员）之间的关系应该是“被发布，被发放”的关系。故本空应填入released，表示“卫生官员发放了流感疫苗给儿童使用”。
错项排除：B项relayed后所跟的内容多指演出、比赛一类的电视节目，可以被转播，和原文的流感无法搭配，故排除B。C项relieved后通常为痛苦、忧虑等带有感情色彩的词，和流感无关，故排除C。D项代入空中逻辑不通，故排除。
15、(15)
A、placing
B、delivering
C、taking
D、giving
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。前文说到联邦卫生官员从国家储备中发放了用于儿童的达菲疫苗，空格后又接着指出疫苗的来源，是来自各州新型猪流感疫苗的订单。由空格后的from可知，orders（订单）应该是指卫生官员收到的，而不是发出的。故本空应填入taking。
错项排除：由之前的分析可知，卫生官员和订单之间应该是一种接受关系，而非发出关系，A、B、D三项均表示一种向外发出的关系，故排除。
16、(16)
A、feasible
B、available
C、reliable
D、applicable
解析：
答案精析：形容词辨析题。本空应填入一个形容词，用于形容主语The new vaccine（新疫苗）的特点。空格后的ahead of expectations表示“在预期之前”，根据语意，与年度流感疫苗不同的是，这种新疫苗比预期提前 ，结合选项意思和逻辑推断，此处应该说的是比预期提前投入使用。再根据空格后的内容，2009年10月初将有超过三百万种剂量可供使用，该句中的be made available，就是对前一句新疫苗比预期提前投入使用的进一步解释。故本空应填入available。
错项排除：A项feasible和C项reliable用于强调事物的效果是如何的，此处说的是疫苗投入使用的时间，并非在讲药效如何，故排除A、C两项。D项applicable通常和to连用，用于表示可以用在什么地方，和文意不符，故排除D。
17、(17)
A、prevalent
B、principal
C、innovative
D、initial
解析：
答案精析：形容词辨析题。空格前的those代指前半句中的More than three million doses，也就是前文提到的The new vaccine（新疫苗）。前文说到新疫苗比预期提前上市，空格前半句还指出，这种新疫苗在2009年10月初将有超过三百万种剂量可供使用，也就是说这次使用应该是首次使用，in early October 2009表示新疫苗首次使用的时间。故本空应填入initial，和前文首次使用形成对应关系。
错项排除：由上述分析可知，这种疫苗是新的，A项prevalent 和B项principal都不能表示出疫苗是新的这一特点，不符合文意，故排除。该疫苗只是针对流感病毒新制成的，文章并没有针对疫苗的制作是否是创新的进行说明，故C项错误。
18、(18)
A、presented
B、restricted
C、recommended
D、introduced
解析：
答案精析：动词辨析题。空格所在句前面由though引导了一个让步状语从句，指出了疫苗的局限性，后文的But又表示转折，说明该药剂可以用于其他高危人群，所以本句应该在说药剂不能用于某些人身上。根据语意，尽管最初的剂量大多是鼻腔喷雾剂，不 孕妇、超过50岁的人或患有呼吸困难、心脏病或其他一些问题的人使用。但仍有可能给其他高危人群接种疫苗。根据逻辑可以推断出，这些药剂是不推荐给孕妇等人使用的，故本空应填入recommended。
错项排除：A项presented代入空中不符合文意，且通常与with或to搭配，故A错误。B项restricted和D项introduced通常和to搭配，不和for连用， B、D两项在语法上不符，故排除。
长难句分析：More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those initial doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not recommended for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other problems.
本句主干为More than three million doses were to be made available…，为主系表结构。第一个逗号后的though引导让步状语从句，of the...type作该状语从句中的表语，相当于一个形容词。which引导定语从句，修饰type，用于解释这种药剂类型不适用的人群。句末的with…为后置定语，修饰those，用于具体解释第三类不适用的人群。
句意为：2009年10月初将提供300多万剂，但大多数初始剂量为鼻腔喷雾剂，不建议孕妇、50岁以上的人或有呼吸困难、心脏病或其他问题的人使用。
19、(19)
A、problems
B、issues
C、agonies
D、sufferings
解析：
答案精析：名词辨析题。由空格前的or可知，空格处所填入的名词应和前面的breathing difficulties，heart disease保持一致，表示身体疾病方面的问题。故本空应填入problems，表示“其他健康问题”。
错项排除：B项issues也表示“问题”，但通常指备受争议的话题或者议题，不能用来指身体健康方面的问题，故B项错误。C、D两项表示“精神上或肉体上的一种痛苦或折磨”，不足以概括前文提到的breathing difficulties和heart disease，因此不能用于表示身体疾病问题，故排除C、D。
20、(20)
A、involved in
B、caring for
C、concerned with
D、warding off
解析：
答案精析：动词短语辨析题。空格处应填入一个动名词形式的短语，用于形容people（人员）和infants（婴儿）之间的关系。空格所在句列举了三种并列的high-risk groups（高危人群），结合选项可知，空格处所指应是照顾婴儿的人员，也就是婴儿护理员。此类人群非常容易得流感，是一种高危人群，故本空应填入caring for。
错项排除：A项involved in后面不接人作宾语，故排除。B项concerned with代入空格表示“关心婴儿的人员”，此类人群并不属于高危人群，故排除B。D项warding off代入空中明显和原文意思相悖，故排除。
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than £70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.
In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.
The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”
What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.
21、21. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst’s sale was referred to as “a last victory” because ________.
A、the art market had witnessed a succession of victories
B、the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids
C、Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces
D、it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Damien Hirst和a last victory可定位至原文首段第三句。本题在问被称之为“最后的胜利”的原因是什么，需要结合整段的意思做推断。首段前两句指出拍卖会以戏剧性的方式结束了一个世纪以来艺术市场历史上最长的牛市，随后提到了拍卖会成交额的数量之大。该段最后一句又说到，当拍卖师叫价时，纽约华尔街最古老的银行之一雷曼兄弟申请了破产（金融危机的开端），原文第三段也详细说明了艺术品市场衰落的情况。由此可推断，这次拍卖会是艺术品市场走向衰退前的一次高峰，而这次高峰之后就发生了金融危机，所以该拍卖会是在世界金融危机之前成功举办的，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：原文并没有对拍卖会是否“见证了一连串的胜利”进行描述，A项属于无中生有，故排除。B项中的auctioneer和two pieces是原词复现作为干扰，但首段最后一句说的是当拍卖师叫价时，并非拍卖师以高价买下了那两件作品，而且该段第二句也说到，那两件作品是没有拍卖成功的，B项与原文不符，故排除。C项中Beautiful Inside My Head Forever指的是拍卖会的主题，并非达米恩·赫斯特的作品，C项曲解文意，故排除。
长难句分析：The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008.
本句主干为The longest bull run…ended…，主谓结构，意为“最长的牛市结束了”。 in a century of art-market history作后置定语，修饰bull run，用于解释其范围。on a dramatic note和with a sale of…分别作方式状语和伴随状语，同修饰谓语ended。Beautiful Inside My Head Forever是a sale的同位语，指拍卖会的名称。
句意为：2008年9月15日，在伦敦苏富比拍卖行举行的“美丽永驻我心”拍卖会上，随着达米恩·赫斯特的56件作品的出售，艺术市场百年历史上最长的牛市以戏剧性的方式结束了。
22、22. By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable” (Para. 3), the author suggests that ________.
A、collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions
B、people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries
C、art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent
D、works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Para. 3和引号里的内容可直接定位至原文第三段首句。随后第二句紧接着对首句做出了解释，在艺术界，这意味着收藏家远离了画廊和拍卖场。之后又对艺术品销售的下降给出了具体的数据证明。由此可推断，首句是在暗示收藏家不再积极参与艺术市场的拍卖，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：B项干扰性较强，stayed away from galleries为原词复现，但B项前半部分说的“人们停止了各种消费”过于绝对，B项属于过度推断，故排除。原文中的unfashionable在此意为“不合时宜的，冷清的”，和时尚与否并没有关系，由此可排除C、D两项。
23、23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A、Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.
B、The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.
C、The art market generally went downward in various ways.
D、Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.
解析：
答案精析：本题需要针对选项逐个定位到原文后选出答案。B项中的momentum出现在原文第二段首句，该句说到自2003年以来，世界艺术品市场已经有一段时间失去了增长势头。段末出现了other industries，最后一句在说艺术品市场产生的利益远远超出其规模，因为它汇集了巨大的财富、极度的自我、贪婪、激情和争议，而很少有其他行业能与之匹敌。这两句内容都没有对艺术品市场和其他行业的发展势头进行对比，B项属于曲解文意，故答案为B。
错项排除：第二段第二句说到，As its peak in 2007（2007年是艺术品市场的顶峰时期），随后说到，从那以后艺术品市场开始下滑。原文第三段用具体数字表明，截止到2008年，艺术品的销售额下降了近90%，所以A项“从2007年到2008年，当代艺术的销售额急剧下降”是正确的。第三段首句指出，在赫斯特作品拍卖会后的几周和几个月里，任何形式的消费都变得非常不合时宜。随后该段又对艺术品销售额的下滑进行了具体的数字解释，所以C项“艺术品市场在多个方面呈下跌趋势”是正确的。原文最后一句提到，但是那些不必出售作品的人都在等待，等待信心回归，D项是对这一句的同义替换，故D项正确。
长难句分析：But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.
本句主干为But the market generates interest…，主谓宾结构。far beyond its size为后置定语，修饰interest。because引导原因状语从句，用于解释主句内容的原因。句末的in a way matched by few other industries为介词短语作方式状语，matched by few other industries为过去分词作后置定语修饰a way。
句意为：但艺术品市场产生的利益远远超出其规模，因为它汇集了巨大的财富、极度的自我、贪婪、激情和争议，而很少有其他行业能与之匹敌。
24、24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ________.
A、auction houses’ favorites
B、contemporary trends
C、factors promoting artwork circulation
D、styles representing Impressionists
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的three Ds可定位至原文最后一段第三句。该句指出这三个D分别指死亡、债务和离婚，这些仍然在为艺术品市场提供作品。随后末句提到，但是那些不必出售作品的人都在等待，等待信心回归。由此可推断哪怕在这种市场衰退的情况下，这三种因素依旧可以促进艺术品的流通，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：全文并没有提到“拍卖行的最爱”和“当代流行趋势”的相关内容，A、B两项属于无中生有，故排除。D项中的Impressionists出现在第四段首句，但原文提到的Impressionists和文章末尾的三个D并无关联，故D项错误。
25、25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ________.
A、Fluctuation of Art Prices
B、Up-to-date Art Auctions
C、Art Market in Decline
D、Shifted Interest in Arts
解析：
答案精析：主旨题，需要对全文进行理解。文章开头以艺术品拍卖为背景，揭示出艺术品市场受到金融危机的影响而走向衰退。随后详细说明了艺术品市场下跌的趋势和情况，文章一直都是在围绕艺术品市场的衰退进行讨论。故最适合的标题应为“衰退的艺术品市场”，正确答案为C。
错项排除：文章一直在强调的是艺术品销售额的下滑，并非是艺术品本身的价格波动，故A项错误。文章的重点是在讨论艺术品的市场，而非艺术品的拍卖，同样文章也没有讨论人们对艺术品的兴趣是否转移，B、D两项偏离主题，故排除。
I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women’s group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don’t talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, “She’s the talker in our family.” The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. “It’s true,” he explained. “When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn’t keep the conversation going, we’d spend the whole evening in silence.”
This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year—a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.
In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking and social arrangements. Instead, they focused on communication: “He doesn’t listen to me.” “He doesn’t talk to me.” I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.
In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.
26、26. What is most wives’ main expectation of their husbands?
A、Talking to them.
B、Trusting them.
C、Supporting their careers.
D、Sharing housework.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的most wives和expectation可定位至原文第四段最后一句。该句提到，大多数妻子都希望自己的丈夫首先是一个可以谈话的对象，但很少有丈夫会对自己的妻子抱有这种期望。该段前半部分也说到，通常女性对丈夫的抱怨不在于自己对家庭付出的多少，而在于她们的丈夫在家是否能和她们进行沟通。由此可推断，大多数妻子对丈夫的主要期望是能和她们交谈，故正确答案为A。本题定位句较为靠后，通过文章首段第三句，女士们经常抱怨她们的丈夫不跟她们说话，以及第三段提到的缺乏沟通会导致离婚，同样可以推断出妻子希望的是丈夫能和她们交谈。
错项排除：全文并未提到有关trust（信任）的相关信息，B项属于无中生有，故排除。原文第四段第一句出现了career, daily life-support work等词作为C、D两项的干扰词，但该句说的是女性对丈夫的抱怨通常不是集中在实际的不平等上，比如放弃工作陪伴丈夫，或者做了更多的家务活。她们更重视的是夫妻之间的交流。所以妻子对丈夫的期望并不在于“支持她们的事业”或“分担家务”，故C、D两项错误。
27、27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc” (Para. 2) most probably means ________.
A、generating motivation
B、exerting influence
C、causing damage
D、creating pressure
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的wreaking havoc可直接定位至原文第二段最后一句，本题是在考查this pattern和marriage之间的关系。this pattern指的是前一句的讽刺：尽管美国男性在公共场合的讲话往往比女性多，但他们在家里讲的话却比女性少。文章在第一段第三句提到，女士们经常抱怨她们的丈夫不跟她们说话，随后在第三段第二句也说到，夫妻间缺乏沟通是导致离婚的主要原因。由此可推断this pattern（丈夫在家很少说话）对于婚姻来说是会造成伤害的，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：A项中的motivation表示正面的、积极的“动机”，而原文中出现的complain和divorce都表示负面的意思，A项与原文意思相悖，故排除。B项的influence过于宽泛，既可以表示正面影响，也可以表示负面影响，但原文中主要强调的是对于婚姻的伤害，也就是负面影响，B项不够具体，故排除。D项pressure虽然体现出了负面影响的意思，但原文第三段提到导致离婚的因素是缺乏交流，pressure一词的严重程度较轻，并不能直接导致离婚，故D项错误。
长难句分析：This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home.
本句主干为This episode crystallizes the irony…，为主谓宾结构。that至句末引导同位语从句，修饰irony，用于解释说明这一讽刺具体指的是什么。同位语从句中包含了一个由although引导的让步状语从句，其中more than women为比较状语，in public situations为地点状语。
句意为：这段插曲凸显了一个具有讽刺意味的事实：尽管美国男性在公共场合讲话往往比女性多，但他们在家里讲话却比女性少。
28、28. All of the following are true EXCEPT ________.
A、men tend to talk more in public than women
B、nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation
C、women attach much importance to communication between couples
D、a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse
解析：
答案精析：本题需要针对选项逐个定位到原文后选出答案。B项中的nearly 50 percent出现在原文第三段第三句，但该句说的是，目前美国的离婚率接近50%，相当于每年有几百万起离婚案发生，这实际上是失败沟通导致的流行病。原文指出了美国离婚率高达50%，但并没有说明这50%的离婚都是由于失败的谈话引起的，B项与原文不符，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：根据原文第二段首句，尽管美国男性在公共场合的讲话往往比女性多，但他们在家里讲的话却比女性少，由此可知男性在公共场合更健谈，而女性在家里更健谈，故A、D两项均符合文意。原文第四段提到，女性对丈夫的抱怨不在于自己对家庭付出的多少，而在于她们的丈夫在家是否能和她们进行沟通，可见女性非常重视夫妻间的交流，故C项符合文意。
长难句分析：Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year—a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.
本句主干为…that amounts to millions of cases…，主谓宾结构，that在这里是代词做主语，指代前面the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent。句首的Given…为条件状语，用于说明当前的情况。破折号后面的内容为插入语，用于对主句进行补充说明。
句意为：鉴于目前美国的离婚率接近50%，这相当于美国每年有数百万起离婚案件——这实际上是失败沟通导致的流行病。
29、29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?
A、The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.
B、Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.
C、Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.
D、Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.
解析：
答案精析：主旨题，本题需要结合全文意思进行分析。文章开头以一次小聚会为例，揭示男女之间交流方式的不同，女性经常抱怨丈夫在家不和她们交谈。第二段指出了男女在谈话模式上的不同，可知男性在公共场合更健谈，而女性在家里更健谈。三、四两段描述了这种沟通差异会给婚姻造成伤害，最后一段又再次强调了这一差异。由此可知，本文的主题一直是围绕着男女谈话的差异进行讨论的，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：A项中的moral decaying（道德败坏）在原文中并未出现，文章也没有对其进行讨论，A项属于无中生有，故排除。原文第四段出现了tangible inequalities作为B项的干扰词，但原文是说大多数妻子认为导致离婚的重要因素是缺乏沟通，并非性别上的不平等，故B项错误。第四段最后一句说到，大多数妻子都希望自己的丈夫首先是一个可以谈话的对象，但很少有丈夫会对自己的妻子抱有这种期望，这其实说的还是由于谈话模式上的不同，造成了这种期望差异，C项过于片面，故排除。
30、30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on ________.
A、a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk
B、[B] a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon
C、other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.
D、a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker
解析：
答案精析：本题可以直接定位至原文最后一段，该段以描述一个典型的漫画场景再次强调了当前这种婚姻危机：一个男人坐在早餐桌旁，一边吃饭一边埋头看报纸，而他的妻子怒视着报纸的背面，想要和他说话。作者在最后一段，非常简要的描述了这幅经典漫画的场景，对前文内容做了一个小结。根据文章逻辑可推断出，作者在接下来的段落中很可能会针对漫画所暗示的内容展开进一步的描述，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：A、C、D三项中的Divorce Talk、high divorce rate和Andrew Hacker出现在原文第三、四段，并且该段也对这三项内容也做了较为详细的解释，而且在最后一段中也并未再提到有关divorce（离婚）和Andrew Hacker的内容，如果接下来的段落还接着讨论离婚或者Andrew Hacker的话，无法和最后一段内容做承接，故A、C、D三项错误。
长难句分析：In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.
本句主干为…the image…is the stereotypical cartoon scene…，主系表结构。that引导定语从句，修饰image。of a man…, while a woman…为后置定语，修饰cartoon scene，用于对漫画场景进行具体描述。
句意为：简而言之，最能形象地描绘目前这种危机的是一个典型的卡通场景：一个男人坐在早餐桌旁，一边吃饭一边埋头看报纸，而他的妻子怒视着报纸的背面，想要和他说话。
Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.
“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”
The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to—Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.
If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.
A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.
“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”
Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
31、31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap ________.
A、should be further cultivated
B、should be changed gradually
C、are deeply rooted in history
D、are basically private concerns
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Dr. Curtis 和habits like hand washing with soap可定位至原文第二段首句。柯蒂斯博士说道：“像不用肥皂洗手这类基本的公共卫生问题仍然威胁着人们的健康，这是因为我们不知道该如何改变人们的习惯。”随后这位博士又说道：“我们想向私营企业学习如何创造自动发生的新行为。”也就是说，专家们仍不知道该如何把用肥皂洗手变为人们的生活习惯。由此可以推断出，用肥皂洗手这样的习惯应该要进一步培养，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：原文第二段第一句出现了change people’s habits和remain，分别作为B、C两项的干扰，但原文说的是人们不用肥皂洗手的习惯仍然存在，并且应该被改变，B、C两项属于反向干扰，故排除。原文明确说到这些是public health problems（公共卫生问题），并非private concerns（私人问题），D项与原文不符，故排除。
32、32. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to ________.
A、reveal their impact on people’s habits
B、show the urgent need of daily necessities
C、indicate their effect on people’s buying power
D、manifest the significant role of good habits
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的Paragraph 5可直接定位至第五段。该段举了三个日用品例子做文章的论点，分析论点是什么需要结合第五段前后文的内容。文章开头说到私营企业会针对消费者创造自动发生的新行为，也就是让消费者形成新习惯。随后第四段又说到，我们在日常使用的许多产品都是商家针对消费者制造新习惯的产物，并以刷牙为例来证明这一点。之后第六段也提到，成功的产品已经成为消费者生活的一部分了。由以上分析可推断，作者在第五段提到的那些日用品是为了揭示它们对人们习惯的影响，故正确答案为A。
错项排除：原文中并没有提到这些产品是daily necessities（必需品），B项属于无中生有，故排除。文章重点强调的是这些产品对人们生活习惯的影响，并非对buying power（购买力）的影响，并且文中也并未提及有关购买力的相关内容，故C项错误。原文中并没有讨论这些新形成的生活习惯是好是坏，所以D项属于无中生有，故排除。
33、33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?
A、Tide.
B、Crest.
C、Colgate.
D、Unilever.
解析：
答案精析：根据题干中的create people’s habits可定位至原文第三段，对应introduce new routines。该段说到，柯蒂斯博士求助于三家公司，希望从这些企业中学习到如何利用消费者在生活中的微妙线索来引入新的生活习惯。Unilever是三家公司其中的一家，可见Unilever并不是产品，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：根据原文第四段最后一句Colgate（高露洁）和Crest（佳洁士）牙膏的例子，以及倒数第二段第一句提到的Tide，Crest and other products（汰渍、佳洁士和其他产品），可知其余三种都是企业生产出来的产品，并且在消费者身上创造了新的生活习惯，故排除A、B、C三项。
长难句分析：The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to—Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.
本句主干为The companies…had invested hundreds of millions of dollars…，为主谓宾结构。句首的that引导定语从句，修饰主语The companies，用于指出柯蒂斯博士求助的公司，破折号中间的内容为插入语，用于解释说明是哪些公司。finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives是现在分词短语作目的状语，用于解释公司投入庞大资金的目的所在。之后的that引导定语从句，修饰前面的subtle cues。
句意为：柯蒂斯转而求助于宝洁、高露洁-棕榄和联合利华公司，这些公司已经投入了数亿美元来寻找消费者生活中的微妙线索，企业可以利用这些线索来引入新的生活方式。
34、34. From the text we know that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to ________.
A、perfected art of products
B、automatic behavior creation
C、commercial promotions
D、scientific experiments
解析：
答案精析：原文最后一段首句指出，通过反复不断的广告，把某些行为与习惯性的暗示联系起来是很有影响力的。综合前文分析的，私营企业会针对消费者创造自动发生的新行为，而且我们在日常使用的许多产品都是商家针对消费者制造新习惯的产物，由此可推断广告可以促使人们形成新的生活习惯。C项中的commercial对应原文中的advertising，故正确答案为C。
错项排除：A项是对原文首段had perfected the art of的干扰，原文说的是许多公司已经完善了在消费者中创造自动行为习惯的艺术，并非是完美的产品艺术，故A项表述错误。B项中automatic behavior（自动的创造行为）指的就是题干中的consumer’s habits（消费者的新习惯），这并不能作为原因来对题干进行解释，故排除B。文章最后一段首句出现了experiments，但该句是说，通过实验和观察，专家们认识到了消费者的习惯是由于商业广告而养成的，experiments并不能作为习惯养成的原因，故D项错误。
35、35. The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is ________.
A、indifferent
B、negative
C、positive
D、biased
解析：
答案精析：原文最后一段首句提到ruthless advertising（无休止的广告）影响了人们的行为习惯。之后接着说到，随着这种新习惯科学的出现，当这些策略被用来销售有问题的美容霜或不健康的食品时，就引发了争议。可见广告对于人们习惯的影响是有问题且备受争议的，由此可以推断出作者对其态度是消极的、不赞同的，故正确答案为B。
错项排除：原文中作者对广告给人们生活习惯造成的影响进行了讨论，并表明了自己的态度，可见作者对此并不是漠不关心的，故A项错误。根据上述分析，可知作者对此影响的态度是消极的，并非积极的，原文第六段第二句提到了Creating positive habits..., 但此处指的是商家所说的观点，并非作者的观点，C项与原文意思相悖，故排除。原文中作者客观的描述了广告对人们习惯的影响，既描述了正面的影响，也指出了问题的存在，所以不能说作者的态度是由偏见的，故D项错误。
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.
But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.
The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.
In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.
36、36. From the principles of the U.S. jury system, we learn that ________.
A、both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries
B、defendants are immune from trial by their peers
C、no age limit should be imposed for jury service
D、judgment should consider the opinion of the public
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词principles和U.S. jury system定位到第一段首句。该句对美国陪审团制度的五项原则进行了描述。最后一项原则表明审判结果应该代表社会良知，而不仅仅是法律条文。由此可推断，判决需要考虑公众的意见。D项中的judgment对应原文的verdicts，the opinion of the public对应原文的the conscience of the community，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：A、C项对应原文第一句五项原则的第一点，但文中说参加陪审团需要minimal qualifications of age and literacy，即对年龄和受教育程度都有限制，所以A和C两项均排除。B项对应第四点that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers（被告有权由其同阶层的人审判），而原文的are entitled to（有权）与are immune from（免于）矛盾，故B项排除。
37、37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed ________.
A、the inadequacy of anti-discrimination laws
B、the prevalent discrimination against certain races
C、the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures
D、the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词elite jurors prior to 1968和so-called elite jurors定位到第二段最后一句。该句指出，选择所谓精英陪审团的做法为绕过那些反歧视法提供了便利。由此可知，反歧视法律中尚有不足存在。A项中的inadequacy与provided a...way around this为同义转述，所以A项正确。
错项排除：B项以肯定的态度说明出现了种族歧视，但原文只是说存在elite jurors会绕过种族歧视法律，并没有直接提及歧视行为。C项并未在原文中找到与conflicting ideals相关的信息，所以排除。而在1968年前的行为并没有提及Supreme Court judges，也没有提及arrogance，所以D项排除。
38、38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because ________.
A、they were automatically banned by state laws
B、they fell far short of the required qualifications
C、they were supposed to perform domestic duties
D、they tended to evade public engagement
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词1960s和women were seldom on the jury list定位到第三段第三、四句。本题为细节题。定位句指出，有些州会自动将女性排除在陪审团名单之外，除非她们主动要求。下一句叙述某些州的这种做法被“女性的职责是承担家庭责任”这一论调维护，women were needed at home与C项的perform domestic duties为同义转述，因此C正确。
错项排除：定位句已经指出，女性如果主动要求则有资格参加陪审，与A项的banned by state laws（被州法律禁止）矛盾。原文没有提及B项的required qualifications，所以B排除。文章虽然指出女性needed at home，但这并不与evade public engagement（躲避公共事务）矛盾，而原文也没有体现出“躲避公共事务”的观点，更没有体现出女性的“倾向”，所以D排除。
39、39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed, ________.
A、sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished
B、educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors
C、jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community
D、states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system
解析：
答案精析：根据关键词the Jury Selection and Service Act定位到第四段。定位句在第四段第一、二句，第一句指出该法案开启了陪审团民主改革的新时代，第二句指出法案内容是废除了对联邦陪审员的特定教育程度需求，并要从整个社会中交叉随机选出。根据第二段内容可知过去选拔陪审员需要他们满足某些特别的教育经历，再根据第一段得知现在的陪审员只需要满足最低教育程度即可，该法案对联邦陪审员的教育要求放宽了，故正确答案为D。
错项排除：1968年法案中没有提及关于性别歧视的话题，该话题出现在1975年法案中，A排除。法案只是规定jurors要从entire community中随机选出，而没有要求他们代表整个社会，C项错误。原文没有提及各州的做法，所以D项也错误。
40、40. In discussing the U.S. jury system, the text centers on ________.
A、its nature and problems
B、its characteristics and tradition
C、its problems and their solutions
D、its tradition and development
解析：
答案精析：本题为主旨题。第一段通过列举人们对陪审团的印象，和陪审团对民主的体现，说明了陪审团制度对美国的意义。第二段和第三段分别讲述过去的陪审团在选拔成员的标准和性别上存在偏见，体现过去陪审团制度的局限性。这两段也提及了这些制度的逐渐改变和废除的过程，而第四段着重介绍了陪审团选拔制度中的不公平和偏见是如何废除的，说明该制度至今经历了改良和发展，对应D项的development。回到第一段，陪审团的存在可以看作美国民主制度的传统，所以tradition也符合题意，选D。
错项排除：第一段只体现了陪审团制度的特征，并没有涉及到本质，direct democracy不能看作是它的本质，虽下文可归纳为problems，但A项中没有提及这些问题的改正，A排除。B项只归纳了第一段的讨论内容，而忽略了制度的问题和发展历史，所以排除。C项只归纳了后三段的内容，而忽略了第一段，也需排除。
Copying Birds May Save Aircraft Fuel
Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.
The answer, says Dr. Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape—expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.
When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr. Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most favorable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.
There are, of course, knots to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in companion? Dr. Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the intimate groupings favored by display teams like the Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organization has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.
It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr. Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights.
As it happens, America’s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year the country’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War, but Dr. Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. “My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,” he adds. So he should know.
41、41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.
A、正确
B、错误
解析：
译文：斯坦福大学研究者的发现将会促进新的波音和空客飞机的销售。
解析：F。根据关键词Stanford University, Boeing and Airbus aircraft定位到第一段。第一段第一句提到波音和空客公司都在吹嘘他们新飞机的优点，第三句指出斯坦福大学的研究人员提出了一个可以减少油耗又不需要购买新飞机的办法，可知这项研究不利于新飞机的销售，所以题目与原文含义矛盾。
42、42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.
A、正确
B、错误
解析：
译文：在上洗流中飞行可能会节省推动力并减少阻力。
解析：T。根据关键词upwash, propelling energy和resistance定位到第二段。第四句表明upwash可以使鸟类感受到更小的拉力（drag），也可以消耗更少的推动力，这里的drag与resistance同义，save propelling energy和spend less energy propelling themselves同义，所以本题表述正确。
43、43. Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers cannot see the other planes.
A、正确
B、错误
解析：
译文：列队飞行更加舒适，因为乘客看不见其他飞机。
解析：F。根据关键词formation flight, more comfortable和cannot see the other planes定位到第四段。第四段通过设问引出乘客在列队飞行的飞机中是否舒适，并通过Dr. Kroo给出答案：各飞机会相隔几海里，不会像空军飞机那样挨得紧密。下一句指出乘客向窗外看，不会看到其他飞机，这两句话都只是对飞行的场景进行描述，并未表达出列队飞行会更舒适，因此本题表述错误。
44、44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.
A、正确
B、错误
解析：
译文：天气对列队飞行的影响尚不明确。
解析：T。根据关键词weather和formation flight可以定位到第五段第一、二句。定位句说it remains to be seen（还需观察），需要观察的是天气如何使列队飞行更加有效，由此可知，天气对列队飞行的影响尚不明确，因此本题表述正确。
45、45. It has been documented that during World War II, America’s armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.
A、正确
B、错误
解析：
译文：有记载在第二次世界大战期间，美国空军曾尝试用列队飞行来节约燃料。
解析：F。根据关键词World War II定位到原文最后一段第一句和第三句。最后一段第一句指出美国空军已经开始利用列队飞行。第三句大意为，有报道称在二战期间，一些飞机在燃料短缺时列队飞行，但紧接着指出这些报道并没有事实依据，因此本题表述错误。
“Sustainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.
Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been through the dot-com boom and bust and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.
It didn’t go well. “It was a really bad move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable. I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll turn the corner, give it some time.’”
46、 “Sustainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.
Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been through the dot-com boom and bust and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.
It didn’t go well. “It was a really bad move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable. I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll turn the corner, give it some time.’”
参考答案：
参考译文
如今，“承受力”已经成为了一个流行词。但是，对泰德·宁来说，他对这个词有着亲身的体会。在忍受了一段难以承受的痛苦生活之后，他清楚地认识到，以承受力为导向的价值观必须透过日常行为和抉择来体现。
宁回忆起20世纪90年代后期销售保险那困惑的一年。在经历了互联网泡沫的兴盛和衰败之后，他急需找到一份工作，于是和博尔德代理公司签了合约。
事情进展并不顺利。“那的确是很糟糕的一步，因为那并非是我的激情所在，”宁如是说。不出所料，工作上的困境造成了他销售业绩的不佳。“我很痛苦，并且愁绪万千，以至于我会在半夜醒来，盯着天花板发呆。我身无分文，又需要这份工作。大家都说，‘等等吧，过一段时间总会有转机的。’”
解析：
生词本
sustainability n. 可持续性
endure v. 承受；忍受
boom and bust 繁荣与萧条
move n. 行动；改变
dilemma n. 困境
predictably adv. 可预言地
turn the corner 转危为安
表达难点
第一句：“Sustainability”原意为“可持续性”，但结合后文可知，这里表示的是人的“承受力”。the concept如果译为“这个观念”会显得生硬、难理解，分析句子可知，它指的是前面的“Sustainability”这个词，因此可直接译作“这个词”。personal meaning在这里指的是有“亲身的体会”。这句话可译为：如今，“承受力”已经成为了一个流行词。但是，对泰德·宁来说，他对这个词有着亲身的体会。
第二句：Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life为本句主语，使用了完成时have done的动名词结构，翻译时要翻译为“在……之后”。it为本句的形式宾语，后面that引导的从句为真正的宾语。make sth. clear表示“使……清楚”，此处可翻译为“清楚地认识到”。sustainability-oriented values可处理为“以承受力为导向的价值观”。这句话可译为：在忍受了一段难以承受的痛苦生活之后，他清楚地认识到，以承受力为导向的价值观必须透过日常行为和抉择来体现。
第三句：本句为主谓宾结构，sb. recall doing，表示某人回忆起做过某事。后面的selling insurance是现在分词结构作伴随状语，解释说明前面的a confusing year，翻译时可两者结合翻译为“销售保险时那困惑的一年”。 这句话可译为：宁回忆起20世纪90年代后期销售保险那困惑的一年。
第四句：第四句主干为He’d been through…and signed on with…，大意为“他经历了……并且与……签约”。dot-com boom and bust意思为“互联网泡沫的兴盛和衰败”。Boulder可音译为“博尔德”。这句话可译为：在经历了互联网泡沫的兴盛和衰败之后，他急需找到一份工作，于是和博尔德代理公司签了合约。
第五、六句：第五句为简单句，sth. go well表示“某事进展顺利”。第六句中直接引语部分为主从复合句，because引导原因状语从句，顺序直译即可。后半句中whose引导非限制性定语从句。可以采取拆译方式翻译。translate into表示“引起，造成”。这两句话可译为：事情进展并不顺利。“那的确是很糟糕的一步，因为那并非是我的激情所在，”宁如是说。不出所料，工作上的困境造成了他销售业绩的不佳。
第七句至最后：这段话是直接引语。第七句为简单句，直译即可。第八句中使用了so… that…的结构，表示“太……以至于……”。so much anxiety可生动地译成“愁绪万千”。最后一句中同样包含了直接引语，引语中turn the corner的意思是“转危为安”，这里可译成“有转机”。give it some time表示“等一段时间”。这段话可译为：“我很痛苦，并且愁绪万千，以至于我会在半夜醒来，盯着天花板发呆。我身无分文，又需要这份工作。大家都说，‘等等吧，过一段时间总会有转机的。’”
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
47、Part A
47. Directions
You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to
1) express your thanks for his/her warm reception;
2) welcome him/her to visit China in due course.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
Dear Jim,
I’m writing to convey my heartfelt thanks for your warm reception when I participated in the exchange program in USA.
Thanks to your hospitality, I had a very pleasant time during my stay and had a chance to experience various American cultures, such as the music, the food and the historical sites. Those memories shared with you will be long lasting. I sincerely invite you to visit China, and it will be my pleasure to show you around.
Please accept my sincere thanks and invitation. I’m looking forward to your visit.
Sincerely yours,
Zhang Wei
参考译文
亲爱的吉姆：
我写信是想对你在我参加美国的交换项目期间的热情款待表达感激之情。
由于你的热情好客，我在美期间度过了愉快的时光，有机会体验到了美国的各种文化，比如音乐、饮食和历史古迹。这些和你一起分享的记忆将长存不忘。我真心邀请你来中国，我会很开心带你四处转转。
请接受我真诚的感谢和邀请，期待你来中国。
谨致问候，
张伟
解析：
本篇作文考查感谢信，要求考生作为中美文化交流项目的成员，向美国同事写一封信，以感谢对方的热情招待并邀请对方在适当的时候来中国。首段应表明写作目的：感谢对方的招待。中间段详细描述对方所给予的帮助并邀请对方来中国。结尾段表达自己的感谢和期待。
48、
Part B
48. Directions:
In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
参考答案：
参考范文
From the chart above, we can see the mobile-phone subscriptions in developed countries have a steady yet slight increase from 2000 to 2008, while in developing countries, there is a sharp increase of mobile-phone users during the past years, and in 2008, the number is 3 times more than that in developed countries.
The factors of population and economy account for this contrast. Firstly, the developing countries have a large population which results in a large demand for mobile service. As the mobile phone service becomes cheaper, more people will benefit from the service. Secondly, although developed countries have reached prosperity in economy, the economy growth is not as fast as that of developing countries. As people in developing countries become increasingly rich, the needs for the mobile-phones are constantly on the rise.
To sum up, it’s not a surprising result. Manufacturers of mobile phones who want to seize the global market should notice this trend and join in the markets in the developing countries.
参考译文
从上面的图表，我们可以看到从2000年到2008年期间，发达国家移动手机的订购量稳步增长，但幅度不大。而在发展中国家，移动手机用户在过去几年间有了大幅增长。在2008年，其订购数量比发达国家多三倍。
人口和经济因素能够解释这种对比。首先，发展中国家人口众多，对移动手机服务的需求很大。随着移动手机的服务变得越来越便宜，从这项服务中受益的人也就变多了。其次，虽然发达国家经济富裕，但经济增长并没有发展中国家那样迅速。随着发展中国家的人变得越来越富裕，他们对移动手机的需求也在不断增加。
总的来说，这种结果并不让人惊讶。想要占领国际市场的移动手机厂商应该注意到这种趋势，并加入发展中国家的市场。
解析：
题目分析
本篇图表作文比较了过去几年发达国家和发展中国家的移动手机订购量。描述图片时只要把显著特点表达出来即可。而在正文，考生需要解释造成这种趋势的原因。
文章大纲
第一段：描述图片：发达国家手机订购量增长缓慢、2008年发展中国家的移动手机订购量比发达国家多三倍等。
第二段：从人口和经济增长角度解释增长差异不同的原因。
第三段：提出建议：移动手机生产商应该重视这种趋势。
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