一、Section Ⅰ Use of English
Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It ( 1 ) in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then ( 2 ) starts to slowly decline as we age. But ( 3 ) aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.
One study found that muscle loss and the ( 4 ) of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the ( 5 ) that lifestyle factors might help prevent or ( 6 ) this type of decline.
The researchers looked at data that ( 7 ) measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and ( 8 ) that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people ( 9 ) higher measures of abdominal fat ( 10 ) worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years ( 11 ) .
For women, the association may be ( 12 ) to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be ( 13 ) . It is hoped that future studies could ( 14 ) these differences and perhaps lead to different ( 15 ) for men and women.
( 16 ) there are steps you can ( 17 ) to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental ( 18 ) The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your ( 19 ) of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style ( 20 ) that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.
1、(1)
A、pauses
B、returns
C、peaks
D、fades
解析：［解题思路］①句说明“流体智力（Fluid intelligence)”的含义：与短期记忆和快速、逻辑、抽象思维能力相关的智力。②句指出，它在青年时期 ，保持一段时间的平稳，然后开始随年龄增长而逐渐衰退。不难看出②句是在描述流体智力随年龄变化的过程，其中levels out（升／跌后呈平稳状态）暗示此前存在持续的升／降，starts to slowly decline（开始逐渐衰退）提示此前未曾出现衰退，由此可推知流体智力应该是年少时持续上升，直至青年期“增至峰值”。此外，由常识也可知，青少年时期人的短期记忆力最强，思维敏捷度最佳。综上，C正确。 ［错项排除］［A] pauses意为“停颉，暂停“，表示＂（某一情形待续一段时间之后）暂时静止／停锁（之后再重新开始同一情形）”。而空格前未提及某一情形的开始／延续，空格后也并非指出同一情形的继续，故不合情景。[BJ returns作不及物动词时表示”事物／情形（消失一段时间后）返回，回归“，而空格前并未提到流动智力的消失／降低，故错误。[DJ fades与decline近义，均表示“衰退，减少“，填人空中与 starts to... decline所提示的“流体智力在衰老开始前未曾有过衰退“不符。此外，任何事物必有增长过程才有下降余地，不会一直处千下降状态，故D错误。
2、(2)
A、alternatively
B、formally
C、accidentally
D、generally
解析：［解题思路］由上题分析可知处）句是在说明流体智力随年龄变化的规律，具有普遍性、一般性。且由②句核心信息”（但）科学家发现大脑某些变化可能并非不可避免”也可反推“流体智力随变老而衰退”只是一般情形。[DJ generally常用千“引出在大多数情况下成立的现象、观点等“，符合文意。 ［错项排除］［A] alternatively用于引出前一种做法的替代选择，例：The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own transport.（旅行社将为你安排旅行。或者，你也可以自己安排交通工具。）而文中levels out...、starts to slowly decline..．为连续变化的过程（同一变化的不同阶段），故A错误。[BJ formally用于强调“正式性、严肃性”，很少用千说明“生理变化”等自然发生的现象。[CJ accidentally用于引出偶然发生的少数情况，与文意相悖（尤其无法与②句构成转折逻辑）。
3、(3)
A、while
B、since
C、once
D、until
解析：［解题思路］空格句指出，一一一－衰老无可避免，科学家们发现大脑功能的某些变化或许并不是这样（并非不可避免）。利用句内情形对比＂衰老无可避免vs大脑功能的某些变化可以避免“可推知句子前后为“让步—转折“逻辑，［A] while可用于从句之首，引出与主句内容相对比的信息，符合文意。 ［错项排除］［BJ since用于引出主句现象发生的原因，［C] once表示只要从句现象发生，主句现象就会随之发生（即用于引出主句现象发生的前提条件），而文中“衰老无可避免“显然不是“大脑功能的某些变化可以避免＂的原因／前提条件，均可排除。CD] until用于引出主句所述持续状态最终结束的时刻，例： Until recently they were living in New York.（直到不久前他们还住在纽约。）而“直到衰老无可避免前，科学家发现大脑某些功能的变化可以避免＝衰老无可避免后，科学家不再发现……“显然逻辑不通，D错误。
4、(4)
A、detection
B、accumulation
C、consumption
D、separation
解析：［解题思路］空格句指出，研究发现“肌肉流失”及“腹部体脂 ”与“流体智力的衰退”相关。由句中并列关系可知＂肌肉流失“与“腹部体脂——-—“同向，而肌肉(muscle)和脂肪(fat)对立，所以空格词应与loss（失去、流失）反向，表示“增加／累积＂。另外，由首段已知，流体智力随年龄的增长而衰退，而由常识可知随年龄增长，往往会肌肉流失，腹部脂肪堆积。此外，下文多处信息均表明过多的腹部脂肪对流体智力不利（如higher... abdominal fat... worse... fluid intelligence)。综上兰条线索可确定B正确。 ［错项排除］空格词所在短语的并列事物muscle loss以及与之相连的现象a decline in fluid intelligence均为生理变化，所以空格词也应表示某种生理变化才能合理，而[A] detection意为＂（对已存在事物的）察 觉，探测“，为瞬间动作或待续状态，不涉及实质性变化，不合文意。[CJ consumption填人空格后，＂脂肪消耗”与“肌肉流失”为反向变化，无法以and连接，且违背通常情形“腹部脂肪随年龄增长而增加“，可排除。 [DJ separation指“将一个整体分为几个部分“，与loss看似同向可并列，但muscle和body fat对立，因此 muscle loss和separation of body fat无法以and连接，且后文并未提及“腹部脂肪的分隔"。
5、(5)
A、possibility
B、decision
C、goal
D、requirement
解析：［解题思路］空格句指出，这（肌肉流失及腹部体脂堆积与流体智力的衰退有关）表明了一种 生活方式因素可能有助于防止或……这种流体智力的哀退。可见空格名词应聚焦研究意义(This suggests the )，体现that从句的“性质”。而从句的整体语义和其中用词might help，以及主句的 suggests均指向一种“可能情形”。另外，本段两句间实为通过逻辑推理得出可能情形：由研究发现“肌肉流失及腹部体脂堆积会导致流体智力衰退“可推知“正确的生活方式可以减少肌肉流失和腹部脂肪堆积，从而防止流体智力衰退＂。综合两方面推理可知[A] possibility为正确项。 ［错项排除］［B] decision、[C] goal、[D] requirement分别指“某人主观上做出的选择／希望实现的目标／提出的要求“，因此三项均不合语义要求。
6、(6)
A、delay
B、ensure
C、seek
D、utilize
解析：［解题思路］空格词与prevent以并列连词or连接，共同宾语为this type of decline（流体智力的衰退），这表明两者方向一致，空格词应表示“避免／消除／延缓”等，［A] delay正确。 ［错项排除］［B] ensure、[C] seek、[D] utilize“确保／寻求／利用（这种衮退）“均含有“正面肯定流体智力衰退的价值”之意，既无法与prevent形成语义上的并列，也违背了“流体智力衰退是一种负面变化”这一文中反复强调的内容，故三项均错误。
7、(7)
A、modified
B、supported
C、included
D、predicted
解析：［解题思路］空格所在定语从句说明研究者所分析的数据(data)的特征：（这些数据） 4000多名中老年男性和女性的精瘦肌肉及腹部脂肪测员值(measurements)。“数据(that/data)“与“测扯值 (measurements)“为同类事物，故空格词只能表示“包含关系”。另外联系上文可知，本句与上段为”说明研究发现 介绍研究数据＂的对应关系，“数据包含研究对象的精瘦肌肉及腹部脂肪测让值“恰能对应上文提及的“影响流体智力的两个具体因素＂，确认[C] included正确。 错项排除］“数据调整／预测测拭值”显然搭配不当（应是研究者调整／预测测批值），［A] modified、 [D] predicted均错误。[B] supported表示“证实I支持某事是事实／情形，观点“，而空格后内容为研究的 “观测值”（而非研究结论或需要验证的情形），B错误。
8、(8)
A、devoted
B、compared
C、converted
D、applied
解析：［解题思路各项均可构成～sth to sth搭配，故需从“上下文语义“角度辨析。空格所在分句指出，研究人员将这些数据（受试者精瘦肌肉及腹部脂肪测拔值） 受试者六年来的流体智力变化。由上段已知研究发现为＂肌肉流失及腹部体脂堆积与流体智力的衰退相关”，而要测定这种相关性必然需要比较／比对相应的数据，由此可知[B] compared (to)正确。 ［错项排除］［A] devoted (to)、［D] applied (to)均表示“将A应用千B“，而文中的两类数据为并列比较对象，共同得到研究发现，并不存在将“一组数据“用千”一群对象，I一种情形”的关系，A、D均可排除。[ C] converted (to)表示“将A转变为B“，而文中的两类数据显然不存在转换关系，可排除。
9、(9)
A、with
B、above
C、by
D、against
解析：［解题思路］空格句以They found引出研究发现： ”更高腹部脂肪测扯值”的＂中年人“流体智力测址值……。结合上句提到的研究方式”将4000多名中老年人的腹部脂肪测量值和其流体智力变化数据相比对“以及上段说明的研究发现“流体智力下降与人们的体脂增加相关”，可知空格词应表示“具有／显示出”等，［A] with可表示“拥有或携带某物／具有某种特征＂，符合文意。 ［错项排除l [B] above表示“（数目、水平等）超过；（重要性、质扯）胜过“，随后一般跟“一个定值”而不是“比较级”，例：above 6%, average（超过6%／超过平均值）；［C] by常用于引出“方式”或“施动者“,例：pay by cheque/knocked down by a bus（用支票付款／被公共汽车撞倒）。［D] against表示“比照某物， 和某物相比“，例：weigh the benefits against the cost（权衡利益与成本得失）。兰项均无法在“中年人”与 ”更高的腹部脂肪测社值“间构成合理逻辑，故排除。
10、(10)
A、lived
B、managed
C、scored
D、played
解析：［解题思路］结合上文可知，空格动词应体现“腹部脂肪越多，流体智力越易衰退“这一关系以及“将腹 部脂肪测员值和受试者流体智力变化值进行比较＂的研究方法，即腹部脂肪测址值越高，流体智力测拭得分越低，“score十具体数值或表示好／差的副词及其比较级＋on＋某一方面”表示“在某项指标或测试中的具体得分情况“，例：scored 98/highly/higher on TOEFL（托福测试中得98分／得分高／较高），C符合文意。 ［错项排除］［A] lived (on)、［B] managed (on)表示＂靠……生活“，后面接“谋生所依（物品／T才乍等）“，而空格后的”更差的流体智力测批值“显然不属此类。[D] played (on)后常跟表示情绪的词，意为 “利用某人的感情”，例：Advertisements often play on people's fears.（广告常利用人们的恐惧心理。）该词也无法与“测扯值“搭配。
11、(11)
A、ran out
B、set off
C、drew in
D、went by
解析：［解题思路］空格句大意为：随若岁月 ，腹部脂肪越多的中年人流体智力越低。结合首段所述流体智力的变化规律”随年龄增长而衰退“，以及腹部脂肪的通常变化规律”随年龄增长而增加“，可知空格词应表示“（岁月）流逝／（时间）推移＇勹as the years go by为固定表达，意为“随右时光流逝“,D正确。 ［错项排除］［A] ran out表示＂（资源、燃料等）耗尽．用完＂，例：Supplies are running out.（给养快耗尽了。）［B] set off表示“（某人）出发（前往某地）“，例：They set off at a steady pace.（他们以不紧不慢的速度出发了。）［C] drew in通常与days/nights搭配，表示“（天黑）渐早；（白昼）渐短＂，例：The nights/ days are drawing in.（天黑得越来越早了。）三项均无法表示“（时间）流逝／人的变老“，故排除。
12、(12)
A、superior
B、attributable
C、parallel
D、resistant
解析：［解题思路］空格所在分句指出，这种联系（腹部体脂堆积与流体智力衰退相关）可能 腹部脂肪过多导致的免疫力变化。resulted from提示“免疫力变化”为＂腹部体脂堆积-流体智力衰退＂的中间环节，因此空格词应引出原因，搭建“根本原因（腹部脂肪增加)-直接原因（免疫力变化)-最终结果（流体智力衰退）”的完整因果链条，［B] attributable (to)符合文意。 ［错项排除］［A] superior (to)、[C] parallel (to)分别用于比较两种事物的优劣性／相似性，而本句显然是在围绕同一主题展开(the association... resulted from excess abdominal fat)。[D] resistant (to)表示“前一种事物不受后一种事物的影响“，与文意恰相悖。
13、(13)
A、restored
B、isolated
C、involved
D、controlled
解析：［解题思路］句中For women... attributable to changes in immunity... ; in men... the immune system did not appear to．．．形成平行对仗结构，分别说明“女性／男性的免疫力“对“这种联系（腹部体脂堆积与流体智力衰退相关）”的影响，空格词应与attributable语义指向一致，表示“有因果关联／牵涉”等， [C] involved可表示“某物是某种情况／事件／活动的重要参与者或影响因素”，符合文意。 ［错项排除J [A] restored、[B] isolated、[D] controlled均无法在句内形成“女性身上的这种联系跟免疫力有关VS男性身上的这种联系跟免疫力无关”的句内平行对比关系，故均可排除。
14、(14)
A、alter
B、spread
C、remove
D、explain
解析：［解题思路］空格句指出，希望未来的研究可以 这些差异。”这些差异”指前一句所述“女性身上的这种联系或许(may be)与免疫力变化相关，男性身上的这种联系似乎(appear to)与免疫系统无关”。其中may be、appear to均带有明显的推测语气，针对男性的内容仅否定了无关因素，并未指明相关因素，暗示还需进一步研究确认。另外，空格句中It is hoped that future studies could针对“后续的研究方向“传达出强烈的建议／期盼。综合两方面线索可知，空格词应表示“研究／分析／解释”等，以实现“当前研究局限一后续研究方向＂的呼应，［D] explain符合文意。 ［错项排除］［A] alter、[C] remove均指向“消除差异＂，暗示差异为不利因素；［B] spread指向“扩大差异＂，暗示差异为有利因素。而文中仅客观呈现男女差异，并未评价这种差异是否有利，“消除／扩大差异”更无从谈起，故兰项均可排除。
15、(15)
A、compensations
B、symptoms
C、demands
D、treatments
解析：［解题思路］and perhaps lead to...引出对未来研究的另一项期许：带来针对男性和女性的不同 。结合本句could... andperhaps lead to带有的＂递进语义”，上句“腹部脂肪与流体智力相关的原因存在性别差异“以及而第二段②句“研究的根本目的是通过改变生活方式延缓流体智力衰退“，可知 lead to different for men and women应体现对症下药，即针对男性和女性研制出不同的疗法／药物来延缓流体智力衰退，［D] treatments符合文意。 ［错项排除］［A] compensations指“对某人所受伤害或损失做出补偿＂，似乎符合语义要求，但随后不能是“人(men and women)“，而应该是“流体智力的衰退(the decline in fluid intelligence)”。[B] symptoms指 ”表明身体或精神状况不佳的变化／症状“,“带来不同症状“不符合研究的作用。[C] demands与for搭配时，表示“对……的需求“,“未来研究带来对男性和女性的不同需求“显然不符合逻辑。
16、(16)
A、Likewise
B、Meanwhile
C、Therefore
D、Instead
解析：［解题思路］上段末句愤憬未来研究成果Ot is hoped that future studies could...），空格句转而向读者提出建议(there are steps you can...），可见空格词应体现平行并列关系，指向两个方面的建议。[B] Meanwh心意为”与此同时“，用于引出某种情况／事物的不同方面，符合文意。 ［错项排除］［A] Likewise用于“引出前一事物的同类或相似事物”，强调相似性，例：To achieve this goal, you must have ambition; likewise you need to exert great efforts.（要实现这一目标，你必须有雄心壮志；同样，你还需要付出努力。）［C] Therefore用千“引出前一事物造成的结果”，体现因果关系，例： There is still much to discuss. Therefore, we shall return to this item at our next meeting.（要讨论的问题还有很多。所以，我们将在下次会议上再讨论这项议题。）［D] Instead用千＂引出前一事物的替代做法”，强调选择性，例：He didn't reply. Instead, he turned on his heel and left the room.（他没有回答，反而转身离开了房间。）空格词前后两句为“解决同一问题的两个并行努力方向，而非强调两物的相似性／因果关联／取舍选择，故三项均可排除。
17、(17)
A、change
B、watch
C、count
D、take
解析：［解题思路］空格词位于嵌套了定语从句的there be句型中，从句可改写为you c11n _ steps to...。to后的内容指向目的（减少腹部脂肪，保持肌肉批），可见空格词应表示“采取／使用（方法）”等， take steps to为固定搭配，表示“采取措施以做到某事”,［D] take正确。 ［错项排除J [A] change(steps)、［C] count(steps)分别表示“改变步骤”“计箕步数”，而上下文中并未提及做某事的具体步骤／程序，可排除。[B] watch常用于watch your steps这一固定表达中，意为“当心台阶；小心走路”，该表达既不符合文中语境，也与文中形式有出入，可排除。
18、(18)
A、well-being
B、process
C、formation
D、coordination
解析：［解题思路］空格句中以to... in order to．．．构建因果目的链：采取措施一减少腹部脂肪，保待肌肉社-维护自身的身心＿——-。联系贯穿全文的主旨“减少腹部脂肪、增加肌肉址可延缓流体智力衰退“,可知空格词意在说明”采取措施“的根本目的（维护身心健康：减少脂肪，保持肌肉，延缓流体智力衰退）。 physical and mental health/ well-being为固定搭配，表示“身心健康”,[A: well-being正确。 ［错项排除 [B] process、[C] formation分别指向事物的“发展“和“形成“过程，而文中的建议对象为＂中老年人＂，身心状态已趋向成熟和稳定，且”形成“”发展”等变化过程通常不与protect以及physical and mental搭配。[D] coordination强调“各部分形成一个整体共同运作“，而文中both”两者都”表明此处仍将“生理的一”和“心理的一“看作彼此独立的部分，且上下文中并未涉及“身心的协调”。
19、(19)
A、level
B、love
C、knowledge
D、space
解析：［解题思路］空格句指出两种强烈推荐的生活方式：保持或提升你的有氧运动＿＿—µ以及……。根据上一句提出的建议可知，空格句说明“减少腹部脂肪，保持肌肉社”的具体做法。结合常识可知，运动有助千减脂增肌，故空格词应表示“强度／频率／水平”等，［A] level正确。 ［错项排除］［B] love、=c] knowledge分别指向主观上的“喜好”和“了解、掌握程度“，停留在思想意 识层面；［D] space指向“物理空间”，停留在外在环境条件层面。兰项均未触及实际行动，无法真正实现上文提出的建议，且B、D很少构成increase your_of搭配，均可排除。
20、(20)
A、design
B、routine
C、diet
D、prescription
解析：L解题思路 本题的解题思路有二：1.句首”两种强烈推荐的生活方式(lifestyle approaches)”已为 Mediterranean-style——＿限定方向，选项中只有：B] routine、[C] diet能体现“生活方式”。2.定语从句 that is high in... foods“富含纤维，去除精加工食品”表明Mediterranean-style 是一种“饮食＂。综上，C为正确项。 辅助思路：地中海饮食以蔬果、鱼类、五谷杂粮等清淡、健康食材为主，为减脂增肌过程中常用的饮食方法。考生若掌握这一常识，也可快速选出答案。 错项排绘 [A] design、[B] routine的范围过于宽泛，空格后定语从句的解释说明内容巳明显指向“饮食”。[D] prescription一般指“医生开的药方“，与“生活方式”这一限定范围和定语从句描述的内容不符。
二、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.
Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.
However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.
The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways.Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
21、The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passenger fares
A、has kept pace with inflation.
B、is a big surprise to commuters.
C、remains an unreasonable measure.
D、will ease train operators’ burden.
解析：【深层解读】作者在本段明确提出事件“火车运营商再次上调票价＂，但并未直接表明态度，大家需从字里行间提炼作者站位：1.首句How can... possibly justify.一．．以反问句式传达质疑；2.贯穿全段的yet another、a grimly reliable annual ritual、every January、well above... CPI..．强调涨价频繁、涨幅过大； 3. imposing a significant extra burden、who have no option but..．呈现通勤者的被动地位”不堪重负却别无选择“。据此可推定作者的总体立场：同情通勤者、批判运营商。
22、The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for
A、car drivers.
B、rail travelers.
C、local investors.
D、ordinary taxpayers.
解析：［精准定位］首段首句提出事件”今年火车票价又一次上涨”并反问火车运营商如何才能对此作出合理解释，暗传作者态度“此举不合理”戏）②句介绍运营商涨价的两大特点“涨价频繁＂＂涨幅过大“，进一步明确作者态度：今年火车客运票价上涨不合理，C正确。 ［命题解密] unreasonable概括How can... possibly justify...、well above... CPI..．暗含的作者态度。其余各项均借首段细节设置干扰。A将末句“今年的涨幅远高于(well above)通胀水平“窜改为“二 者水平相当(kept pace with)”。B对O句反问How can... possibly..．断章取义，认为“涨价令通勤者大 感惊讶＂，但由②句“火车票价每年必涨“可知，通勤者对此应该是＂毫不意外”。D由②句“票价上涨给通勤者带来沉重的负担“过度推出“火车运营者的负担相应减轻“，但文中并未提及这种“你（乘客）多则我 （运营商）少＂的关系，该项属于主观腮断。
23、It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators
A、are offering compensation to commuters.
B、are trying to repair relations with the unions.
C、have failed to provide an adequate service.
D、have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.
解析：［精准定位］第二段CD句介绍政府允许提价的原因：铁路网的投资运营成本理应由其使用者(those who use it)而非全体纳税人承担。②句列举两个典型的人物具体说明CD句所述原因：一位驾车出行、靠退休金度日的人凭什么要补贴一位股票经纪人的日常通勤(the daily commute)？即谁乘车，谁买单，不乘车者没有义务为火车乘客买单。股票经纪人是“火车乘客／铁路网使用者”的典型代表，B正确。 ［命题解密J rail travelers同义替换CD句those who use it / the rail network，也体现②句daily commute。 A指向“林肯郡一位开车出行的领养老金者”，与股票经纪人所代表的“火车乘客”正相对。C利用 (D句中的investing设置干扰，但“投资者“未在文中出现，更非股票经纪人所代表的对象。D指向O句 “普通纳税人(the general taxpayer)“，有较强干扰性，但本文中不仅体现出股票经纪人是普通纳税人中 的一员，更强调其有别于其他纳税人的“火车乘客“身份，选项忽略了这一点。
24、If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face
A、the loss of investment.
B、the collapse of operations.
C、a reduction of revenue.
D、a change of ownership.
解析：［精准定位］末段末句指出，虽然国有化威胁可能目前暂时得以解除，但是火车运营商若不立即处理乘客的愤怒悄绪，这一威胁将会更猛烈地卷土重来。可见D正确。 ［命题解密］［D] a change of ownership是对The threat of nationalisation... will return的正确解读，体现铁路公司面临的威胁：若不能平息乘客怒火，铁路运营很可能将面临所有权变更 －“私有“变“国有＂。 A、C由②句more investment is needed... but passengers will not be willing to pay more推测若铁路 公司不能让乘客满意，则乘客将不愿付出高额票价，造成收益下降、投资损失。但这两项一方面夸大了事实（运营商减少的是车票收入，不一定是所有投资收入），另一方面又弱化了威胁（收益下降、投资损失仅是直接影响，未能体现运营商面临的终极威胁 国有化）。B由O句can continue to operate反向推测而来，误以为乘客的愤怒情绪会导致铁路运营瘫痪，但原文实际指“罢工“会导致服务瘫痪。
25、Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A、Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?
B、Constant Complaining Doesn’t Work
C、Can Nationalisation Bring Hope?
D、Ever-rising Fares Aren’t Sustainable
解析：［精准定位］首段引人事件”火车运营商再次调涨客运票价”并指出这给乘客增添沉重负担，并不合理。第二、气段分析事件，先让步指出，本着“谁使用、谁付费＂的逻辑，“乘客分担上涨的铁路成本“有其道理，再转而指出虽然乘客付出的费用不断攀升，其获得的服务水平却停滞不前，甚至根本未达到基本合格标准，持续涨价并不合理。末段向政府提议，向运营商发出警告：若仍旧“只涨票价，不提高服务水平＂，乘客将不再买账，铁路线路将面临国有化威胁。可见，全文围绕火车运营商“连年调涨火车票价“展开，意在表明这一不合理之举已引起众怒，绝非长久之计，D正确。 ［命题解密］D中的Ever-rising Fares准确锁定问题核心”一而再、再而兰涨价＇勹Aren't Sustainable 体现作者对此事的评判“乘客不会一直容忍持续涨价／持续涨价不可取“。 A、C两项的核心词汇均只在文中某一个或两个段落出现(strikes仅在第三段着重论述， nationalisation仅在末段末句提及），并非全篇的论述对象，且第二段只是借罢工说明乘客获得的铁路服务之差，而非讨论谁该为罢工负责；末段末句意在以国有化威胁警告运营商作出改变，而非探讨国有化是否可行。B虽总体符合全文话题“票价上涨引发乘客不满“，但错将矛头指向乘客，与作者的整体立场不符：文章并未指责乘客抱怨，而是批判运营商行为不合理。
Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro , an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012— including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. “We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.
That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty, Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”
26、According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to
A、facilitate healthcare reform.
B、help poor families get better off.
C、improve local education systems.
D、lower deforestation rates.
解析：【深层解读】第三、四段段际逻辑：第四段②句虽以That's because凸显原因解释，实际仍是对第三段惯常行法的展开说明：一方面点明扶贫的本质，即促进经济增长，另一方面将上文抽象概念conflicting （相互矛盾）的内涵具体化，即经济与环境的关系为＂一方的增长可能意味着另一方的恶化”。第四段段内逻辑：由②句However凸显的句群转折实际暗含了本文对惯常认识的质疑，即经济增长与环境恶化的相关性只代表二者有比较模糊的联系，没有充分的证据证明二者有因果关系，即经济增长很可能不会导致环境恶化，这与下文引出的事实（研究发现）实现逻辑顺承。
27、The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that
A、cattle raising has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.
B、CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.
C、antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.
D、economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.
解析：［精准定位］第四段②句指出一项基于墨西哥某地的研究证实了传统石法(the traditional view)，所以应追溯上文明确“传统看法”的具体所指，而由上文第＝．段＄句often viewed as和第四段②句That's because可知传统看法为“扶贫与环保相矛盾，经济增长与环境恶化成正相关＂，故[D]符合此意。 ［命题解密］”题干十正确项[D]“近义对应第四段②句（其中the traditional view回指上文的惯常看法poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals以及economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation)，选项中的tends to、cause分别对应文中的 often/ traditional、be correlated with/ causality。 [A]由第四段②句中cattle to raise for meat主观推测出养牛是穷人的主要生计，［B］将第四段©@句中的碎片信息supported、traditional、cattle to raise for meat杂揉，捏造出“帮助保护传统生活方式“, [C]则将第四段②句所述的“当地农民领取扶贫资金后养殖肉牛的行为“曲解为＂衣民积极参与扶贫计划”，而且此兰项均剧于研究事例本身，井非作者引用例子的目的。
28、In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out
A、its acceptance level of CCTs.
B、its annual rate of poverty alleviation.
C、the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.
D、the role of its forests in climate change.
解析：［精准定位］第五段②句引出费拉罗的研究：他想了解印度尼西亚的扶贫计划（即上文的CCT计划）是否影响森林砍伐。第六段O句指出其研究方法（根据卫星数据分析了该国七千多个林村的年度林木减少情况）及研究发现（扶贫计划与森林砍伐的变化有关）。综合可知，此项研究意在探究CCT计划与 森林减少的关联，［C］正确。 ［命题解密］正确项[C是基于第五段研究目的(if... poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation)及第六段研究发现(the program is associated with... deforestation)做出的合理概括，其中 relation、CCTs、forest loss分别对应文中的is associated with、poverty-alleviation program、deforestation。 [A]由第四段②②句中CCTs、supported、people望文生义而来，supported指向“研究结果证实传统 看法”而非“印尼居民接受CCT计划”;[B]将首段的关键信息rate of deforestation”（年度）森林砍伐率”及第六段费拉罗分析的对象annual forest loss“年度森林减少扯“偷换为annual rate of poverty alleviation “年度减贫率”;[D]由第五段末句信息”印尼森林资源丰富，森林砍伐严重“以及未段信息”二氧化碳排放 （气候变化的影响因素）“膀断而来；兰个选项均非费拉罗的研究内容。
29、According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that
A、it will benefit other Asian countries.
B、it will reduce regional inequality.
C、it can protect the environment.
D、it can benefit grain production.
解析：［精准定位］文末句引述了费拉罗对CCT计划价值的看法：该计划即使没有减贫效果，也有利于减少森林砍伐，而减少森林砍伐有利于应对二氧化碳排放问题，单就这一方面的价值就超越了该扶贫计划的成本。由此可知，费拉罗认为CCT计划有巨大环保价值（即可以通过减少森林砍伐缓解气候变化）， [C]正确。 ［命题解密］正确项[C]是对末段末句人物引语的合理推断与提炼，文中the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone强调减少森林砍伐在吸收二氧化碳方面的价值意义，补齐了扶贫计划与环境问题之间的因果链条(CCT扶贫计划-减少森林砍伐-吸收更多二氧化碳缓解环境问题）。 [A]曲解末段②句信息（针对印尼CCT计划的研究结果也许适用于亚洲其他地区，暗示亚洲其他地 区的CCT计划也可能使这些地区受益），且把原文的委婉语气(may)偷换为肯定语气(will)。[B]将第二段 ②句的reduce inequality与地区信息Indonesia、elsewhere、other parts of Asia杂揉，捏造出“地区间经济不平等／发展不平衡“，但文中inequality泛指社会阶层间的不平等（贫富差距），并未论及不同地区间的经济差距。[D]用第七段②句的水稻生产相关信息设笠干扰，但该段实际意在解释CCT计划为何有助于减少森林砍伐（贫困农民可以把CCT扶贫资金当作粮食歉收的临时保险，不必再毁林开地扩大水稻生产），故从森林砍伐与粮食生产的关系来看，CCT计划实际上不利于粮食生产（减少毁林开地不利于扩大水稻生产）。
30、What is the text centered on?
A、The effects of a program.
B、The debates over a program.
C、The process of a study.
D、The transferability of a study.
解析：［精准定位］本文首段先点明全文主旨（印尼的一项扶贫计划有助于减少森林砍伐，即有环保作用），随后第二段详述印尼实施的扶贫计划（即CCT计划），第三、四段转而阐述“扶贫可能与环保相矛盾“这一传统看法；第五至末段围绕Ferraro的研究展开论述，指出印尼的扶贫计划实际上有环保作用（呼应开篇主旨）。综合可知，本文意在论述一项扶贫计划(CCT计划）所带来的环保效果，［A］最贴合此意。 ［命题解密］正确项[A]是对全文主述内容的高度概括，a program对应印尼实施的一项扶贫计划 (CCT计划），effects对应该扶贫计划产生的效果／影响（体现于文中的多处近义表述：CCT programs... effects on the environment、economic growth... correlated with environmental degradation、Such programs... negatively affect the environment、the program is associated with... reduction in deforestation). [B]中debates（指向不同的或对立的看法）虽然呼应第三、四段的惯常看法(are often viewed as、 traditional view)以及第五至末段的新研究发现（即新看法），但文中并非并列陈述两种观点，而是先以惯常看法做铺垫，然后引出挑战惯常看法的新发现，后者才是本文论述的重点。[C]聚焦研究过程，［D］仅聚焦研究结果的适用性层面，两项均偏离全文论述的重点（研究发现）。
As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past,I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling ( what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so anon-committal blank stare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin ( especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks,tramps,and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
31、According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter
A、changed people’s impression of the Victorians.
B、highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies.
C、re-evaluated the Victorian’s notion of public image.
D、illustrated the development of Victorian photography.
解析：第一段②句指出，作者将微笑的维多利亚人的照片发布到推特上后，它们持续引发热议。 随后②②句具体阐述：人们惊讶地发现，维多利亚时代的人玩得很开心而且确实会笑；人们注意到维多利亚时代的人似乎突然变得更有人情味儿了。这都表明人们对维多利亚时代人的印象发生了改变，［A］正确。
32、What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
A、They are in popular use among historians.
B、They are rare among photographs of that age.
C、They mirror 19th-century social conventions.
D、They show effects of different exposure times.
解析：［精准定位］根据题干关键词Victorian portraits he has collected定位至第二段②句。该句指出，我收集的“微笑的维多利亚人“只占了1840至1900年间大址的肖像照的极小一部分，故[B]正确。 ［命题解密］正确项[B]是第二段①句的同义改写，其中rare对应only a tiny percentage. [A]根据作者在首段首句中表明的身份historian推测出这些照片也被其他历史学家应用于研究，但在文中找不到依据。[C]张冠李戴，作者收集到的是“微笑的维多利亚人“照片，这些照片只占当时大从照片的极小比例，无法反映社会习俗。另外，原文讨论的是当时人们拍照时的神态表情，而非社会习俗，social conventions也有偷换概念之嫌。[D]由第三段的关键词exposure times捏造而来，但第兰段讨论的是为什么大多数维多利亚人在照片中不笑，与作者所收集的“微笑的维多利亚人“照片无关。
33、What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
A、Their inherent social sensitiveness.
B、Their tension before the camera.
C、Their distrust of new inventions.
D、Their unhealthy dental condition.
解析：［精准定位］根据题干关键词kept the Victorians from smiling和in the 1890s定位至第四段末句。该句指出，19世纪90年代时，自然的微笑己比较容易捕捉，人们拍照时不笑另有他因。第五段继而提出一种可能解释“露齿笑显得有失尊严”并借由古簸言追溯时代背景”当时牙科学尚未诞生，人们的牙齿卫生状况极差＂。可见，90年代的人拍照不笑是因为“微笑会暴露牙齿的不健康状态，有失芍严“,［D]正确。 ［命题解密］正确项[D]概括改写第五段mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene... A flashing set of... wasa rare sight，体现维多利亚人掩藏牙齿、以笑为耻的缘由。 [A]干扰在social sensitiveness一词，其指“能察觉他人情绪、理解他人观点的交际能力”（而非“关注自身形象、在乎他人观点的敏感心态”)。[B]由第二段0句被拍摄对象状态＂姿势痛苦而低硬(posing miserably and stiffly)“膀断出“人们在相机前感到紧张“，但这是＂摄影曝光时间太长”所致，而非由千紧张。另外，该选项定位错误，与题干中in the 1890s的定位信息不符。[C]由第气段碎片信息the early days of photography、non-committal blank stare捏造出“因为相机是新发明，所以人们在拍照时不愿表露情感，只 是木然凝视“，但由第四段可知“90年代时摄像技术已实现巨大飞跃，相机已不算新发明“，且全文未提及 “人们对拍照持抵触、怀疑态度”。
34、Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was
A、a deep-root belief.
B、a misguided attitude.
C、a controversial view.
D、a thought-provoking idea.
解析：［精准定位］题干问及作者引用马克·吐温之言的目的，应到马克·吐温的话语之外寻找作者观点，由此锁定第六段首句。该句首先指出，露齿笑有失身份，也即拍照时不应该笑，随后对比两类人 (drunks, tramps, and music hall performers vs properly bred persons)指出，粗俗之人才会咧嘴大笑，而 （大笑）这种举止与教养良好的人并不相称。再结合马克·吐温的例子“尽管他喜欢纵情大笑，却认为拍照时微笑是愚蠢之举“，可见“在维多利亚时代，拍照时不得微笑的观念已根深蒂固、深入人心，［A］正确。 ［命题解密］正确项[A]符合第六段首句“露齿笑有失身份“这一杜会观念，同时也符合例子本身“马克·吐温虽喜欢开怀大笑，却认为拍照时绝对不能微笑”之意。 [B]结合首段”作者发现了不少维多利亚时期人微笑的照片“推断而来，但第二段即指出“大部分摄影作品中的人物表情严肃＂，末段亦体现社会主流观点“微笑有失身份"。[C」将nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile vs enjoyed a hearty laugh传递的“马克·吐温观点与其自身性格矛盾“误解为 “马克·吐温观点与他人观点相矛盾（不赞同拍照微笑的观点是有争议的）”。［D]由马克·吐温的写作风格”以幽默笔触讽刺社会现实“腋断出“其观点发人深省、引人深思”。
35、Which of the following questions does the text answer?
A、Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?
B、Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?
C、What made photography develop in the Victorian period?
D、How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
解析：［精准定位］本文首段介绍作者发现“不少维多利亚人面带微笑的照片“，第二段陈述事实”当时的肖像照中，面带微笑者仅占少数，多数被拍摄者姿势偎硬、表情淡漠”并提出问题“如何解释这一现象？”,第三至六段分别阐释了三个原因“早期的相机曝光时间过长，人们难以保持微笑；当时人们牙齿卫生极差，露齿笑有失尊严；社会普遍认为媒齿笑有失身份、缺乏教养＂。综合可知，全文旨在剖析”为何大部分维多利亚时代的人拍照不笑／表情严肃＂（第二段段末问句即为文在主题），［A：正确。 ［命题解密］正确项[A]为文兹主题句How do we explain this trend (this trend代指sitters posing miserably and stiffly... or staring absently)的同义改写。 [B]中view（看；仔细察看）源自第二、三段复现词staring、stare，但其指”被拍摄者的空洞凝视”而非 “人们察看、欣赏照片”。[C]源自第三、四段“维多利亚早期相机曝光时间长，而维多利亚晚期相机曝光时间大幅缩短“以及第四段②句所述曝光时间缩短的原因之一”便携式相机投人使用“，但文章井未深人分析”相机曝光时间缩短／摄影术发展进步的原因“。[D]中post-Victorian属无中生有，全文并未提及 ”后维多利亚时代的拍照方式”。
From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals’. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the Internet.
Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.
The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV.Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.
On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move.But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “ avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.”
In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.
The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.
36、There has long been concern that broadband providers would
A、bring web-based firms under control.
B、slow down the traffic on their network.
C、show partiality in treating clients.
D、intensify competition with their rivals.
解析：［精准定位］第一段CD句指出，自打宽带问世初期，消费者权益倡导者就担心宽带运营商会有如下做法：偏袒自己的关联网站而歧视竞争对手的网站，即区别对待客户。②句进一步说明其影响：宽带运营商可以决定网上的赢家和输家。C是对权益倡导者担忧的正确概括。 ［命题解密］题干＋正确项C正确改写首段②句：has long been概括From the early days of broadband; show partiality in treating clients改写favor affiliated websites over their rivals'。 A利用个别词汇web-based companies及宽带运营商可能做法”歧视某些网站＇勹捏造出运营商意欲控制互联网公司，但文中缺乏信息支持。B将宽带运营商令人担忧的做法＂偏袒自身关联网站，限制竞争对手网络流址的传输速度“泛化为“降低所有网络流址的传输速度”。D源于②句rivals'一词，但这里指宽带运营商（流扯掌控者）对于对手网站（流拭使用者）的掣肘，并未涉及宽带运营商之间竞争加剧。
37、Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC
A、sticks to an out-of-date order.
B、takes an anti-regulatory stance.
C、has issued a special resolution.
D、has allowed the states to intervene.
解析：［精准定位］第二段②句指出，FCC于2017年通过了网络中立性方面的最新决议；②②句进一步指出，这份决议废除了原先严苛的网络中立性原则，且规定州政府和地方政府均不得监管宽带运营商。由此可知，FCC如今对网络中立性采取了反监管立场，B正确。 ［命题解密］正确项B是对原文eliminated the strict net neutrality rules、state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers等信息的高度概括。 A源千第四段②句unhinged from the realities”与现实脱节”，但这是法官对判决结果的解读，而非作者对FCC现行规则的描述。C源于②句a badly needed resolution，但这里指“上诉法院未能就网络中立给出解决办法”，并非“FCC提出了特别解决方案来保证网络中立”。D与②句“FCC不允许州政府监管宽带运营商”相悖。
38、What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?
A、It protects against unfair competition.
B、It engages in anti-competitive practices.
C、It is under the FCC’s investigation.
D、It is in pursuit of quality service.
解析：［精准定位］第兰段O句指出，某些宽带运营商会进行反竞争行为，比如AT&T以牺牲Netflix和 Apple TV的利益为代价，偏袒自家流媒体服务。由此可知，AT&T进行了反竞争行为，B正确。 ［命题解密］正确项B是对AT&T行为favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix..．的正确解读，选项中的“anti-competitive practices“体现其性质anti-competitive behavior。 A将②句所述对抗反竞争行为的负责方由＂（除FCC之外的）其他部门”歪曲为AT&T，而后者实为受监管对象而非监管方。C错误有二：文中并未直接提及AT&T受到反竞争行为调查；且即便其可能正在接受调查，调查者也并非FCC，而是②句所提及的other agencies。D将AT&T”以竞争对手的利益为代价偏袒自家流媒体服务”这一负面行为歪曲为“追求高质员服务“的正面行为。
39、Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decision
A、focus on trivialities.
B、conveys an ambiguous message.
C、is at odds with its earlier rulings.
D、is out of touch with reality.
解析：［精准定位］第四段②句指出，帕特丽夏·米利特法官认为判决结果与现实脱节，国会或最高法院可进行干预，以避免网络监管滞后千技术进步，D正确。 ［命题解密］题干the appeals court's decision结合正确项is out of touch with reality是对②句the result is unhinged from the realities..．的同义改写。 A、B均对②句“判决结果偏离现实(the result is unhinged from the realities)“断章取义，理解成帕特丽 夏·米利特法官认为栽决＂仅聚焦于琐事／并未处理重大问题”或“模棱两可，未切中现实情形”。C与CD句 “上诉法院援引了最高法院2005年的一项裁决”相悖，且与帕特丽夏·米利特法官的个人看法无关。
40、What does the author argue in the last paragraph?
A、Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.
B、The FCC should be put under strict supervision.
C、Rules need to be set to diversify online services.
D、Broadband providers’ rights should be protected.
解析：本题旨在考查末段的段落主旨，首句总结事件“法律之争没完没了，FCC反复无常”并概述建议”FCC内外部问题不断，亟需国会介人＂。②句细述两条建议：国会需赋权FCC以确保网络监管／中立得以实施，并制定相关法规以确保网络的开放性和创新性。A符合上述建议，故正确。 正确项A是对末段．．．cry out for Congress to act、to give... to bar... to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online所述建议的合理概括。 B、D均与末段②句“国会需直截了当授权FCC禁止宽带运营商干预网络流攸“不符，B将应受到严格监管的对象从“宽带运营商“偷换为“FCC",D则将权利受到保护的对象从“FCC“偷换为“宽带运营商'。C将②句“需制定明确法规来保护网络的开放性和创新性(... protecting openness and innovation online)“曲解为＂需制定法规以确保线上服务的多样化(... to diversify online services)",而线上服务多样化是保陓网络开放与创新的结果之一，其本身不足以体现制定法规的目的。 了 本题考查末段主旨／作者核心建议，因此完全可以从全文高度出发解题：首段介绍对网络中立性的需求由来已久，第二、＝gt指出网络中立性无法实施并聚焦监管部门FCC的不合理政策，第四、五段分析上诉法院有关网络中立的最新判决的不足，第六段进而对国会提出建议。由此可知，作者自始至终都在关注网络中立性／网络公平与开放，而选项中体现这一点的只有A；再将其与原文信息比对，即可发现选项内容与“国会应当赋权FCC，禁止宽带运营商干预网络流拭／保证网络中立性”相符，由此初步判断A正确；最后排除张冠李戴的B、D及原文并未明确提到的C便可最终锁定答案A。
In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-andgloom mass unemployment predictions?
A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computeractivities than in automating human activities. Here are a few ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:
Better hiring practices
Companies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious biasfrom hiring decisions. “There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,” says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. “(41) ” One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.
More effective marketing
Some AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42) _________ These are "tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people,” says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.
Saving customers money
Energy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the environment.Companies can also optimize their ownenergy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk. Domingos says, “ (43) ”
Improved accuracy
“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics which makes data more valuable,” says Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions.” (44) __ Protecting and maintaining infrastructure A number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. "If they fail first and then you fix them , it’s very expensive,” says Domingos. “(45) ”
[A] AI replaces the boring parts of your job. If you’re doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for.
[B] One accounting firm, BY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during anaudit. This process, along with employees reviewing the · contracts, is faster and more accurate.
[C] There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.
[D] You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go to.
[E] Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.
[F] We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.
[G] AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates .
41、(41)
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
解析：由选项分析可知，［G］为本题备选项。 [G]指出人工智能招聘相较于人工招聘的优势“能查看更多简历，筛选出更具潜力的求职者”，即人 工智能可以让更多求职者得到被考虑的机会，并更多基于求职者的能力（而非性别、种族等因素）确定人选。[G]与空格所在段标题“助益企业招聘”相符，且可视作是在阐明人丁智能招聘在公平性上的出色表现，以论证空格上文观点”人工智能招聘更加公正，可以去除偏见“，并导出空格下文例子”人工智能如何去除偏见“(doing this回指using artificial intelligence to remove... bias)，故为正确项。
42、(42)
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
解析：42.由选项分析可知，［A][B][C]为本题备选项。 [A]指出人工智能能代替人类做一些查找信息之类的枯燥任务，看似与空格下句温斯顿之言”这些 都是帮人类利用数据、而不是代替人类的工具”相契合，但是仔细阅读选项可知，该项实际着眼于人工智能对员工个人的益处”在员工时间紧、任务重的时候代其完成相对枯燥的任务”，与空格所在段小标题所示核心主旨”提升营销效果“不符，故排除。 [B]举安永会计事务所借用人工智能辅助审查合同的做法为例说明”人工智能可提升飞作的速度和 准确度”，同样看似与空格下句温斯顿之言相契合，用以强调”技术对人的帮助“，但是选项整体语义显然也无法与空格所在段标题”提升营销效果“契合，故排除。 介绍Acquisio这类公司可以分析各个网络平台的广告投放效果并就此作出调整及建议，可与空格上文例子“Phrasee公司借人工智能分析营销邮件主题以提高邮件打开率，并因此带来巨大收入提升“形成并列(One company... There are also companies...），共同说明人工智能在营销领域的应用，契合空格所在段标题”提升营销效果“，又可与空格下文专家评论”这些工具能帮助人类利用数据“中的These... tools构成回指(These... tools回指空格上文中的AI software及[C]中隐含的“人工智能分析工具”之意，use data对应空格上文及[C]中的analyze... ema止analyzes... advertising performance)，因此[C]正确。
43、(43)
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
解析：43.代由选项分析可知，［DTEJ[F]为本题备选项。 [D]中predict if something needs attention now看似可以与空格前句accurately access risk衔接，即利用人工智能对风险作出准确的预判，从而预测某些问题是否需要立即予以关注，但选项中point to where it's useful for employees to go to指向的是与员工相关的行为举动，换句话讲，本选项讲述企业利用人工智能助益企业自身，与空格所在段标题所示“助益客户“无关，故排除。 [E]描述保险公司过去的保费设定方法：要么过高，对客户不利；要么过低，对自己不利，可与空格上文“当前保险公司可利用人工智能准确获知风险从而设定保费”形成今昔对比，侧面说明人工智能可以帮助保险公司及其客户省钱，逻辑衔接合理，而且契合空格所在段小标题“帮客户省钱”，且该项的主语是代词they，放入空格43处则they指代前一句出现的Insurance companit>s，前后语义一致，为正确项。 [F]虽然复现小标题中的customers，而且第一人称也符合空格处外围双引号的特征，但“提供比打电话更好的渠道“无法与空格前句的“保险”产生关联，而且该项未体现小标题中的“省钱”，故排除。
44、(44)
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
解析：44.由选项分析可知，［A][B]:G]为本题备选项。 [A]中have AI... look for... sources and information”可让人工智能去寻找原始资料和信息“似与空格前Machine learning... provides a more reliable form of statistics”人工智能能提供更可靠的统计形式“照应，但选项侧重人工智能帮人分担枯燥的任务，未提及使数据或信息更准确，与本段主旨不符，故排除。 [B]叙述安永会计事务所利用人工智能协助员工审查合同，从而使审计过程更快、结果更准确 (faster and more accurate)，即人T径智能的审查功能可以提店数据准确度和工作效率。空格前两句概述人工智能可以提高数据的价值，帮助人们做出更明智的决策，B项是对前两句的具体例证，而且选项中的more accurate恰好呼应小标题Improved accuracy，为正确项。 [G]说明人工智能浏览更多简历从而筛选出更具潜力的求职者，看似与空格前句“人工智能帮助人们做出更明智的决策”相契合，但无法彰显空格前两句more reliable”更可靠＂，以及空格所在段标题 Improved accuracy”更精准／准确”所传递的＂（数据／结果）更可靠、更准确”之意。且该项更契合空41上下文语义及所在段的核心主旨，故排除。
45、(425)
A、A
B、B
C、C
D、D
E、E
F、F
G、G
解析：由选项分析可知，［D］为本题备选项。 [D]描述理想情况＂（利用人工智能）预测需要立即予以关注的问题并指引员工去做有益（于解决问题）的事情”，可与空格前一句虚拟情形”（未利用人工智能）出了问题再去弥补会耗费太多财力“形成对比，凸显人工智能在检修基础设施、防止发生设备故樟及泄漏等方面的作用，也可与本段小标题“保护和维护基础设施“相契合．故正确。
World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modem Western societies.(46) Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war. But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education. (47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.
The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth: (48) in many countries of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.
Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, (49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty. And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution-this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.
46、(46) ~ (50)
解析：46-战争刚刚结束时，这些社会的适龄群体入学率为3%~5%，这是战前几十年基本恒定未变的水平。 47-这些社会中，人们对接受高等教育的需求越来越高，甚至及延到了战前从未想过上大学的群体和社会阶层。 48-在许多西欧国家，高校学生人数在20世纪60年代每5年便翻一番，到70年代中期，这一人数在7、 8或10年内又翻了一番。 49-且当新进教员主要是刚从研究生院毕业的青年男女时，他们会在很大程度上决定该院系的学术生活规范。 50-高增长率增加了学术创新的可能性；同时也弱化了在稳定期或缓慢增长期，教师和学生获准加人某学者团体所需的形式和流程。
三、Section Ⅲ Writing
47、
51.Directions:
A foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a
job in China. Write him/her an email to make some suggestions .
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. ( 10 points)
解析：罗列关键词 browse a job site/board浏览求职网站；apply for a job/job application申请工作；submit a resume提交简历；applicant/ employer/ employee申请者／雇主／雇员 行文思路 第一段：寒喧表示祝贺，并表明写作目的；第二段提供具体建议； 第三段表达期待与祝愿。
48、
52.Directions:
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should
- describe the picture briefly,
- interpret its intended meaning, and
- give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
解析：句子成形步骤： ①写出简单句 The purpose of pursuing a hobby or a dream is not to make others happy. The purpose of pursuing a hobby or a dream is to make ourselves have a better life. ②利用连词将简单句整合，并将重复部分省略 The purpose of pursuing a hobby or a dream is not to make others happy, but to make ourselves have a better life. ②添加形容词并替换动词和形容词，以提升表达精确性、内容饱满度及美感，替换副词以增强语气 The ongmal purpose of pursuing a hobby or a dream is by no means to please others, but to lead ourselves ro a more fulfilling and meaningful life. ［思路拓展］ 此图考查“人生哲理类”话题。第一段描述图片后，可在第二段引人更具体的事例论述观点，在第三段简要给出相关建议。此外，在论述观点的过程中，也可适当提及以戏曲为代表的中国传统文化的重要性，但不建议以此作为全篇文章的立意。
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