基础阶段：被动语态应用 - 中英文被动句使用场景对比及翻译练习

在英语四级备考的基础阶段，掌握被动语态的应用是非常重要的。被动语态在英语中使用广泛，尤其在正式书面语和科技文献中。本文将通过中英文被动句的使用场景对比，帮助考生更好地理解和运用被动语态，并提供25例翻译练习以巩固所学知识。

一、被动语态的基本概念

被动语态是英语中的一种句式，用来表示动作的承受者而非执行者。被动语态的基本结构是“be动词+过去分词”。例如：
- The project was completed.（项目完成了。）

在英语中，被动语态常用于以下几种情况：
1. 强调动作的承受者：当重点在于动作的结果或影响时，常使用被动语态。
- The book was written by him.（这本书是他写的。）
2. 不明确或不必要提及动作的执行者：当执行者不重要或未知时，常使用被动语态。
- The problem was solved.（问题解决了。）
3. 正式书面语和科技文献：在这些文体中，被动语态更为常见。
- The experiment was conducted under strict conditions.（实验在严格条件下进行。）

汉语中的被动句

在汉语中，被动句的使用相对较少，通常通过上下文或特定的词汇来表示被动意义。例如：
1. 使用“被”字句：这是汉语中最常见的被动句式。
- 项目被完成了。（The project was completed.）
2. 使用“让”、“叫”、“给”等词：这些词也可以表示被动意义。
- 这本书让他借走了。（The book was borrowed by him.）

三、中英文被动句的对比分析

主语不同：英语被动句的主语通常是动作的承受者，而汉语被动句的主语可以是动作的承受者，也可以不明确。

英语：The project was completed.
汉语：我们完成了项目。（主动句），项目被完成了。（被动句）

表达方式不同：英语通过“be动词+过去分词”结构表示被动，而汉语通过“被”字或其他特定词汇表示被动。

四、翻译练习

为了更好地掌握中英文被动句的使用，以下提供25例翻译练习：
1. The meeting was postponed due to bad weather.
2. The contract was signed by both parties.
3. The mistake was corrected immediately.
4. The letter was written by her last night.
5. The problem was discussed at length.
6. The proposal was rejected by the committee.
7. The report was completed on time.
8. The house was built in 1990.
9. The car was repaired by the mechanic.
10. The policy was implemented last year.
11. The contract was terminated by mutual agreement.
12. The mistake was forgiven by the teacher.
13. The letter was sent to the wrong address.
14. The proposal was accepted with enthusiasm.
15. The report was presented to the board.
16. The house was painted last summer.
17. The car was sold quickly.
18. The policy was revised for better implementation.
19. The contract was renewed for another year.
20. The mistake was overlooked by the manager.
21. The letter was received by the wrong person.
22. The proposal was rejected due to lack of funds.
23. The report was approved by the management.
24. The house was demolished last week.
25. The car was stolen last night.