Question 17 is based on the recording you have just heard.

Recording One

听力原文

        Most people dislike their jobs. It’s an astonishing but statistical fact. (16) [A primary cause of employee dissatisfaction, according to fresh research, is that many believe they have terrible managers.] Few describe their managers as malicious or manipulative, though, while those types certainly exist, they are minority. The majority of managers seemingly just don’t know any better. They’re often emulating bad managers they’ve had in the past. It’s likely they’ve never read a management book or attended a management course. They might not have even reflected on what good management looks like and how it would influence their own management style. The researchers interviewed employees about their managers, beginning with a question about the worst manager they had ever had. From this, the researchers came up with four main causes of why some managers are perceived as being simply awful at their jobs.

       (17) [The first cause was company culture,] which was seen by employees as enabling poor management practices. It was specifically stressful work environments, minimal training, and a lack of accountability that were found to be the most blameworthy. Often a manager’s superiors can effectively encourage a manager’s distasteful behavior when they fail to discipline the person’s wrongdoings. (17) [Such workplaces are sometimes described as toxic.]

       The second cause was attributed to the managers’ characteristics: those deemed to be most destructive were odd people, those without drive, those who allow personal problems into the workplace, and those with an unpleasant temperament or personality in general.

       The third cause of poor management was associated with their deficiency of qualifications: not so much the formal variety one obtains from a university, but the informal variety that comes from credible work experience and professional accomplishments.

        The fourth cause concerned managers who’ve been promoted for reasons other than potential. One reason in particular why these people had been promoted was that they had been around the longest. It wasn’t their skillset, or other merits that got them the job; it was their tenure.

      (18) [A point worth making is that the study was based only on the perspective of employees.] The researchers didn’t ask senior leaders what they thought of their frontline managers. It’s quite possible they’re content with how the individuals they promoted are now performing, merrily ignorant of the damage they’re actually causing, which might explain why, as the researchers conclude, those same middle managers are usually “unaware that they are a bad manager.”

17. What is one of the causes for poor management practices?（管理不善的原因之一是什么？）

解析：B。录音中提到了管理者在工作中被认为很糟糕的四个原因：公司文化；主管性格；资历欠缺；非能力晋升。B项的Toxic和company culture为原词复现，因此选B。

错项排除：录音中提到管理不善的主要原因是公司文化，具体的有工作环境压力大、培训项目少（minimal training）、缺乏责任心（lack of accountability），但这并不等同于A项的Ineffective training和C项的Lack of regular evaluation，故A、C项排除。D项的Overburdening在录音中未提及，故排除。