The architecture design specifies the overall architecture and the placement of software and hardware that will be used. Architecture design is a very complex process that is often left to experienced architecture designers and consultants. The first step is to refine the ( ) into more detailed requirements that are then employed to help select the architecture to be used and the software components to be placed on each device. In a (请作答此空), one also has to decide whether to use a two-tier, three-tier, or n-tier architecture. Then the requirements and the architecture design are used to develop the hardware and software specification. There are four primary types of nonfunctional requirements that can be important in designing the architecture. ( ) specify the operating environment(s) in which the system must perform and how those may change over time. ( ) focus on the nonfunctional requirements issues such as response time, capacity, and reliability. ( ) are the abilities to protect the information system from disruption and data loss, whether caused by an intentional act. Cultural and political requirements are specific to the countries in which the system will be used.

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